Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka ʻikepili i ka makika, ʻoi loa ma muli o ke komo ʻana o ka lewa o ka lewa mai ke Kaiāwai a me nā kahe ʻike o ka ʻāina.

ʻO nā hoʻoilo hoʻoilo -10-15 ° С, ma nā Urals a hiki i -20 ° С, kauwela + 20 + 25 ° С. Hoʻomoe ʻia nā ea o ka ea ʻo Arctic e ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui i ka -30-35 ° C a kumu i nā ʻōhua wai. I ke kauwela, hoʻoili hou nā makani mai nā tropul i ke mahana i + 30 + 35 ° C, e lawe mai i ka maloʻo.

ʻO ka loea ʻo 600-700 mm / makahiki me ka ua nui.

Hoʻopilikia hana

ʻO ka hana waiwai waiwai ma nā ulu ākea o Lūkia e hoʻopili ʻia me nā lepo momona a me ka hana o nā phosphorites a me nā clau glite.

I kēia mau lā, ua loaʻa nā ʻāina a me nā mahiʻai i kahi o nā nahele, ua nalo hoʻi ka nahele ma nā wahi āpau, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka Prioksko-Terrasny, Bryansk Forest a me nā mea mālama ʻē aʻe i mālama i nā kaiāulu kūlohelohe.

Kūpono

Nui nā pāpaʻi lapalapa. Ma ka luna luna e kau ai, lehu, maples, elms. In undergrowth linden, wild wild and pear, hazel, warty spindle tree, buckthorn, viburnum, bird cherry.

Kuhi. 1. He pua ka pua o ka lāʻau.

Hōʻike ʻia nā puaʻa e nā mea make, ferns, chives, horsetails, nivyanik, hoʻopoina-me-nots a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe.

He mea maʻamau ka ephemeroids puna - nā wai hau, ka ʻōpū, ka anemone, nā pua kuʻi, nā mea i ʻike ʻia mai lalo o ka hau a lele koke a hiki i hope puna wai.

Kuhi. 2. Kūʻaiʻo Prioksko-Terrasny, galanthus a i ʻole snowdrop.

Nā holoholona

ʻO ka hele mai ana o nā ʻano lāʻau mai nā ʻano kai like ʻole (brown bear, elk, lynx) a me nā ʻano lāʻau (red deer, wild boar, roe deer, rodents, bats) he ʻano.

Mai ka makahiki 1948, ʻo ka Prioksko-Terrasnyi Zapovednik e hānai ana i nā bison i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka Red Book of Russia; ma luna o ke kau ʻana ma mua o 600 mau bison ka hānau ʻana ma ʻaneʻi, kahi i hoʻi i ko lākou noho mua ma Rūsia, Belarus, a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe;

Kuhi. 3. Bison ma ka Hale ʻO Prioksko-Terrasny.

Puʻuwai

• Nā Kūleʻa pili

• ʻO nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu o ka pae steppe
• Wao holoholona Lusia
• Nā lāʻau i hoʻohui ʻia a hoʻopono
• Kūlana holoholona i kahi o nā wahi ākea o Russia
• Nā hiʻohiʻona Taiga
• Nā holoholona hihiu
• ʻOihana holoholona
• ʻO ka honua holoholona hihiu o Lūkia
• ʻO nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe o ka Hikina mamao
• Hoʻoiho
• ʻO nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe o Rūsia
• Nā lawaiʻa

Ma ke noi kuʻuna, hiki i kēia manawa: mālama i kāu mau hopena, e loaʻa i nā helu a komo i ke kūlana holoʻokoʻa.

1. 1. Polad Ismailov 503
2. 2. Murad Alekperov 499
3. 3. Valentin Drugakov 348
4. 4. Vagif Ismailov 260
5. 5. Adelia Avkhadeeva 255
6. 6. Katya Deeva 249
7. 7. Tatyana Galkina 193
8. 8. Daria Markelova 192
9. 9. Ksenia @@ 175
10. 10. Julia Zharikova 164

1. 1. Kristina Volosocheva 19,120
2. 2. Ekaterina 18,721
3. 3. Julia Bronnikova 18,580
4. 4. Darth Vader 17,856
5. 5. Alina Saibel 16,787
6. 6. Maria Nikolaevna 15,775
7. 7. Larisa Samodurova 15,735
8. 8. Liza 15,165
9. 9. TorkMen 14.876
10. 10. Vlad Lubenkov 13.530

Nā mea e hoʻohana nui ai i ka pule:

• 1. Victoria Neumann - kāleka makana no ka hale kūʻai puke no 500 rubles.
• 2. Bulat Sadykov - kāleka makana no ka hale kūʻai puke no 500 rubles.
• 3. Daria Volkova - hale waihona kāleka makana no 500 rubles.

Ekolu 'llo poino i hala ma ka liʻiliʻi 1 hoʻāʻo:

• 1. Natalya Starostina - kāleka makana no ka hale kūʻai puke no 500 rubles.
• 2. Nikolay Z - kahi kāleka makana no ka hale kūʻai puke no 500 rubles.
• 3. David Melnikov - kāleka makana no ka hale waihona puke no 500 rubles.

Nā leka uila (code), e hoʻouna ʻia lākou i nā lā e hiki mai ana e ka leka uila a Vkontakte a i ʻole leka uila.

Nā lāʻau kūleʻa

Hoʻopilikia ʻia nā ululāʻau ʻōiwi ululāʻau maʻEulopa. Mau haneli mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻokipa lākou i ka hapa nui o Europa a aia i waena o ka mea waiwai a nui ʻē hoʻi i ka honua. I nā XVI - XVII mau makahiki. ulu nā ulu oak maoli ma kahi o nā miliona hepa, a i kēia lā, e like me ka waihona o ka nahele, ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 100 tausani heka. No laila ma waena o nā kenekulia, ua emi mau ka palena o kēia mau nahele. Kūkulu ʻia e nā lāʻau deciduous me nā ʻula lau lau nui, ka ulu lāʻau ākea i maʻamau ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, ʻEulopa, Northern China, Japan, a me ka Far East. Noho lākou i ka ʻāina ma waena o nā ululāʻau i hoʻohui ʻia i ke kūkulu ʻākau a me nā ʻeke, ʻo ʻAmelika a i nā mea kanu subtropical ma ke kūkulu hema.

Ulu nā ululāʻau ākea i nā wahi me ka humuhū a me ke anuanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo, kahi i loaʻa ke kahele like ʻana o ka ua (mai 400 a 600 mm) i kēlā me kēia makahiki a me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka mahana ma waena o Ianuali he -8 ... 0 ° C, a i Iulai + 20 ... + 24 ° C. Mahalo i nā hiʻohiʻona maʻalahi a me ka palupalu, a me ka hana a nā mea ola lepo (nā maʻi, nā peʻe, nā invertebrates) e hāʻawi i ka wikiwiki wikiwiki o nā lau a me ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā humus. Ma lalo o nā ululāʻau ākea ākea, ulu ʻia nā ulu lāʻau hina a me ka ʻōpala maloʻo, liʻiliʻi pinepine nā chernozems.

ʻO ka luna kiʻekiʻe ma kēia mau nahele e noho ʻia e oak, beech, hornbeam a linden. I ʻEulopa he lehu, elm, maple, elm. Kūkulu ʻia ka undergrowth e nā ulu lāʻau - hazel, pua warty spindle, forest honeysuckle. I ka uhi pohō a me ka nāhelehele nui o ka nahele pāpaona ʻEulopa he mau ʻaumea, greenfinch, mauʻu huʻu, medunica, Woodruff, huluhulu i nā lauoho, spring ephemeroids: creme creme, anemone, snowdrop, scilla, goose bawang, etc. wale no keia aina pae. I nā nāhelehe hema o ka hemisie hema, ulu ʻia ka beech kūkulu hema.

ʻO nā ululāʻau ākea ākea ākea a me konifous-broad-broad i kūkulu ʻia i ʻelima mau makahiki he ʻumi mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i ka wā e hoʻomehana ai ka honua a hoʻomālamalama i nā ʻano lāʻau ākea hiki loa iā lākou ke hele. Ma muli o ka mileniuma e hiki mai ana ke ʻano o ke anuanu a ua emi iki nā wahi o nā wao nahele. Mai ka wā i ulu ʻia ai nā ʻāina momona loa mai ka ululāʻau ʻōiwi āpau ma lalo o kēia mau ululāʻau, neʻe nui ka ulu lāʻau i ka nahele, a maloʻo nā wahi i ulu. Eia kekahi, ʻoak, kahi lāʻau ikaika loa ia, i hoʻohana nui i ka hana.

ʻO ke au iā Peter ka manawa no Rūsia e hana ai i kahi holo lele holo moana. Manaʻo ʻo "Tsar" i ka nui o nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe, no laila ke kiaʻi ʻia nei nā ʻāpana o nā moku. ʻO ka poʻe noho o nā wao nahele a me nā kumu lāʻau alaʻuhele e ʻokiʻoki i nā kumu lāʻau ʻaʻole i komo kahi o nā wahi i mālama ʻia ma lalo o ka ʻāina a me nā ʻōpala. Ma waena o ka makahiki XIX. ka pau o ka holo ʻana o ka moku holo moana, hoʻōla ka nahele, ua hoʻomaka ka ulu ʻana o nā ulu lāʻau i ʻoi loa.

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka kenekulia 20 ʻo nā mea wale nō o ka puʻupuʻu i hui pū ʻia a laulā nui o nā māla ākea e mālama ʻia ana. ʻOiai naʻe, ua hoʻāʻo lākou e ulu i nā lāʻau hou, akā ua paʻakikī kēia: ua make nā ʻoka ʻoka ʻōpala ma muli o nā palaka pinepine. ʻO nā haʻawina i alakaʻi ʻia ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana o ka mea hoʻokalakala Lūkia nui V.V. Hōʻike ʻo Dokuchaev, ua pili kēia mau pōʻino i ka hoʻopili ʻana me ka nui o ka hoʻopalapula nui ʻana a me ka hopena, nā hoʻololi i ke kaomi hydrological a me ke aniau o ka pae.

Eia nō naʻe, i ka kenekulia 20, ua ʻoki loa ʻia nā ulu lāʻau ʻokiʻoki. ʻO nā meaʻino a me nā anuanu maloʻo o ka hopena o ke kenekulia e hoʻopau i nā ulu lāʻau ʻoka i ka pono.

I kēia mau lā, i kekahi mau wahi kahi i ulu nui ai nā ululāʻau mauʻu ulu, nā ulu lāʻau kūlohelohe a me nā mea kanu lāʻau, kahi i ulu nui ai nā ʻano lāʻau ulu. ʻAʻole hikiʻole ke hoʻihoʻi hou i ke ʻano a me nā kumukanawai o nā lāʻau oak kūlohelohe ʻaʻole wale ma Russia, akā ma ʻEulopa (kahi i loaʻa ai iā lākou ka hopena o ka anthropogenic).

Nā hiʻohiʻona ʻano

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ululaau ākea ākea hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea ʻelua ʻokoʻa. ʻOi aku kekahi o lākou, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa. Holoi kēia mau nahele, ulu nā mauʻu i loaʻa i nā kumu he ʻekolu, ʻo ka uhi ʻāina e hōʻike ʻia e nā lichens a me nā mosses.

ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻona o ke ʻano māmā. Ma nā ulu lāʻau, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kukui ʻelua. Kuhi ʻia ka mea mua i ka pūnāwai, i ka wā ʻaʻole i uhi ʻia nā lāʻau me nā lau. ʻO ka lua - i ka hāʻule, ke wā keʻokeʻo nā lau. I ke kauwela, heʻuʻuku ka peni māmā. ʻO ka hōʻike ma luna nei e wehewehe i ka hiʻohiʻona o ka uhi uhi lau.

ʻO ka lepo o nā ululāʻau ākea ākea i momona i nā mea hoʻomohala organik-mineral. Hōʻike lākou he hopena o ka decomposition o ka lāʻau litter. Mau lāʻau nāhele nahele i loaʻa i ka lehu. ʻOi aku ka nui o ia mea ma nā lau - aneane ʻelima keneta paha. ʻO Ash, ma ka huli ʻana, he waiwai i ka calcium (iwakālua pakeneka o ka nui). Ana pū kekahi pāhala (e pili ana i ʻelua mau kaona) a me kahi silika (a ʻekolu mau pakeneka).

Nā lāʻau lāʻau nahele

Hōʻike ʻia nā ululāʻau o kēia ʻano ʻano me ke ʻano waiwai o nā ʻano lāʻau. Hiki ke helu ʻia ka hope loa ma kahi o ka ʻumi. ʻO nā ululāʻau ulu ākea o ka taiga, no ka laʻana, ʻaʻohe waiwai nui o kēia ʻano. ʻO ke kumu ke leʻaleʻa nei nā kūlana o ke aniʻa o ka taiga e like me ka ulu a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka flora. Nui nā ʻano lāʻau e koi ana i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka lepo a me nā pōkole i hiki ʻole ke ola i nā kūlana ʻino.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka'āina o Tula kahi iʻa kaulana hoʻi. Hāʻawi ia i kahi manaʻo maikaʻi loa i ka mea e hiki ai i nā ulaula ākea. Leka ʻia ka ʻāina ʻāina o kēia ʻāina no ka ulu ʻana o nā lāʻau e like me petioles, lindens liʻiliʻi-holved, holly a me nā palapala honua, nā lehu maʻamau, elm, elm, nā ʻōpū maikaʻiʻala a me ka pī. ʻO nā kumulāʻau a me nā lāʻau lehu kiʻekiʻe loa, ukali ʻia e holly maples, elms a me nā lindens. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa loa he mau papa honua, nā ʻano ʻōpala a me nā kumula lāʻau. E like me ke ʻano, he kūlana o ka mana nui, a ʻo ke koena o nā lāʻau e hana ai e like me ka satelite.

E noʻonoʻo hou i nā kikoʻī o luna o dendroflora.

Oak. ʻO ia ka kumu lāʻau nui lāʻau hoʻomohala nui i ka nahele ʻEulopa. ʻO Cherry oak kekahi o nā lāʻau ulu lōʻihi loa a he nui. Loaʻa ia ma nā wahi pilikino i nā hana ʻāina mehameha. Ma muli o ka hiki i ke oak e ʻae i ka pruning, hiki ke hoʻopiha i nā tapeworms maikaʻi loa me nā kiʻi spherical, obovate, a me nā lei pena.

Nā puaa

Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā mea kanu nahele nui e nā ʻula nui a ākea ākea. No kēia kumu, kapa ʻia lākou i nā lāʻau ʻoak broadgrass. Hoʻoulu kekahi mau lāʻau kanu i nā uluheau, ʻaʻole lākou i hana i ka lāʻau ākea impenetrable. ʻO kekahi, ʻo ia, ke hana i kahi ʻano kalepa e uhi ana i nā kahua nui. Kahi mau ʻano lāʻau like ʻole. I waena o lākou, kahi ākea maʻamau, sedge lauoho a me zelenchuk melemele e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia.

ʻO ka hapanui o nā mea kanu kūloko e noho nei i nā nahele deciduous. E ola ana lākou i kekahi mau makahiki he mau makahiki. Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, kākoʻo ʻia ko lākou ola e nā mea ulu lāʻau. Ma ka hua luhi ua hoʻohiki maikaʻi lākou. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o kēia mau mea kanu - he lōlima a lalo o lalo a me nā pua o lalo aku, e ulu wikiwiki ana i nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole a hopu i ka ʻāina hou.

ʻO nā wahi kūlohelohe o ka hapanui o nā ʻelele o nā ʻōiwi o ka palaleka. Hoʻopili wale ʻia nā aʻa a me nā rhizome ma ka overwinter lepo. Loaʻa iā lākou nā pua kūikawā, mai kūkulu ʻia nā pua hou i ka pūnāwai.

ʻO Hurry Oak Ephemeroids

ʻO kēia mau mea kanu mea makemake nui i nā poʻe loea e aʻo ana i nā flora ulu lāʻau. I waena o lākou he spring chisty, buttercup anemone, nā ʻano like ʻole corydalis a me nā kaala kulala. Kahi liʻiliʻi ka liʻiliʻi o kēia mau mea kanu, akā ulu koke lākou. Ke wikiwiki nei ka Ephemeroids i ka hānau koke ʻia ma hope o ka nalowale ʻana o ka uhi ʻana o ka hau. Hoʻopau kekahi mau wana frisky i ko lākou ala a i ka hoʻoilo. Ma hope o hoʻokahi hebedoma, ua pua nā pua o lākou. Ma hope o kekahi mau pule, he mua a hua a nā hua. Ma hope o kēia, moe ka mea kanu i ka lepo, huli i ka melemele, ma hope o ka make o ka hapa o lākou o ka mea i luna ma luna o ka lepo. Eia kekahi, ke hoʻomaka nei kēia kaʻina hana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka manawa kauwela, i ka manawa e like me ka mea e like me ke ʻano, nā kūlana no ka ulu a me ka hoʻoulu. He maʻalahi ka mea huna. ʻO ka Ephemeroids kā lākou ponoʻī o ke ola, kahi e ʻokoʻa i ka papa hana hoʻomohala o nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe. Hoʻōla wale lākou i ka mahina, ke kauwela ke manawa ia e maloʻo ai.

ʻO ka wā maikaʻi loa ia i kā lākou hoʻomohala ʻana. I kēia manawa o ka makahiki, ua ʻike ʻia ka nui o ka māmā i ka nahele, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā lāʻau a me nā lāʻau i kā lākou uhi uhi maloʻo. Eia kekahi, i kēia manawa, ʻokoʻa ka lepo i ka momona. Aʻo ke kiʻekiʻe wela o ke kauwela, ʻaʻohe pono o nā ephemeroids i nā āpau. Pau mau mea kanu kēia. ʻAʻole lākou e make ma hope o ka pau ʻana o kā lākou wahi mahele o ka ʻāina. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā kumu lalo ola e nā kōpō, nā ʻōpala a i ʻole rhizomes. Kuhi kēia mau ʻāpana i nā mea kanu, nā mōʻī. ʻO ia ke kumu e ʻike nui ai nā lau, nā lau a me nā pua.

Hoʻopukele ʻia nā Ephemeroids i nā ulu lāʻau ʻōpala. I ka huina he ʻumi mau pua. Kanu ka pua o kā lākou pua i ke kala ʻulaʻula, uliuli, a me nā kala melemele. I ka wā kanu, puka nā ephemeroids i kahi kāpeka nani nani.

ʻO nā nahele ākea o Rūsia kahi o ka ulu ulu ʻana o nā ʻano ʻano mosses. ʻAʻole e like me nā nahele ʻoiga, kahi e hoʻopō ai nā kumulāʻau i nā uhi lepo anuʻu, ʻaʻole nui ka honua i nā kumu o nā lāʻau iʻa. ʻO ke ʻano o nā mosses i nā ululāʻau hoʻopunipuni he mea maʻalahi. ʻO ke kumu nui ʻo ka moʻomeheu o ka lau lau nahele i mea e pōʻino ai i kēia mau mea kanu.

Fauna

ʻO nā holoholona o nā ululāʻau ulu o Rūsia he mau lewa, nā mea kuke, nā inikini, nā mea hao a me nā ʻopa. ʻO ka ʻanuʻu nui loa e ʻike ʻia i loko o ia mau ʻāina ʻaʻole i hoʻopā ʻia e ke kanaka. No laila, i nā nahele ākua ke ʻike ʻoe i nā kahe de roe, nā ʻalalā hihiu, nā kahe lele, sika a me ka ʻulaʻula, elk. Hoʻolālā ʻia ke kauoha o nā mea wānana e nā alopeke, nā ʻīlio, nā martens, nā ermines a me nā weasels. Lehele nahele nāhelehele, nona ka momona a me nā ʻokoʻa, he home no nā beavers, squirrels, muskrats a me nā nutria. Eia kekahi, ʻo kēia mau ʻāina āpau i noho ʻia e nā moʻo, nāʻuhele, nā molika, nā hedgehog, nā shrew, nā ihe, nā lizards a me nā pūkini.

Ka manu o nā nahele deciduous - larks, finches, scallops, tits, flytraps, swallows, starlings. ʻO nā mea ʻawaʻawa, nā ʻakiʻaka, ke kīwī uliuli, nā mea hoʻohana lāʻau, nā mea āpau, nā ʻīlio, nā kīpiki a me nā māka e noho pū kekahi i laila. ʻO nā manu o ka iʻa maka ʻia e nā ʻanuʻu, nā ʻūhā, nā ʻūhā, nā ʻūlū aeto a me nā moons. Kohu kikowaena - home no nā mea hana, cranes, herons, gulls, ducks and geese.

I ka wā ma mua, ua noho ʻia nā wana nahele e bison. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka mea pōʻino, ua nui nā poʻe o lākou i koe. Mālama kēia mau holoholona me ke kānāwai. Noho lākou i Belovezhskaya Pushcha (i ka Republic of Belarus), ma Prioksko-Terrasny Nature Reserve (Lūkini Russian), ma kekahi mau mokuʻāina o Western Europe a ma Polani. Ua lawe ʻia aku nā holoholona he nui no ka Caucasus. Ma laila lākou e pili kokoke i ka bison.

Ua loli hoʻi ka nui o nā kaʻe ʻula. Ua lilo lākou i liʻiliʻi iki ʻia ma muli o nā hana a ke kanaka. Hoʻopilikia loa ka make a me ka ʻohi ʻana i nā māla no kēia mau holoholona nani. Hiki i ka Deer ke piʻi aku i ʻelua a me ka hapa mika ka loa a ʻekolu ʻekolu a me kanahā kilokilo ka paona. Noho lākou i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi a hiki i ka holoholona he ʻumi. ʻO ka mea ʻokoʻa i ka hapanui o nā hihia. Noho pū kāna keiki me ia.

I ka wā hoʻoilo, hōʻiliʻili nā kāne i kahi ʻano harem. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia i ke kani o ka paipa, ko lākou kāhea e lawe ʻia ana i ʻekolu a ʻehā mau kilomita a puni. ʻO ka ʻelele maikaʻi loa, ke lanakila ʻana i nā kaua o kā lākou hoa paio, hiki ke hōʻuluʻulu i ka iwakālua wahine a puni lākou. Pēlā i hana ʻia ai kekahi ʻano puaa ʻōmaʻomaʻo. I ka hoʻomaka mua o ke kauwela, e hānau ʻia nā cuber deer.Ua hānau ʻia lākou ma ke kaupaona ʻana he ʻewalu ʻumikūmākahi kilogram. I kēia mau mahina eono lākou i ulu ulu ulu. ʻO nā kāne ʻekahi mau makahiki loaʻa nā pū.

ʻAi nā mea kanu i ka nāhelehele, nā lau a me nā ʻōpū o nā kumulāʻau, nā ʻuhihi, nā lichens, nā ʻima, nā lāʻau ʻalaʻawa. ʻAʻole kūpono nā wili i ka meaʻai. Ma ka ulu lāʻau, ola ke kanaka i nā makahiki he ʻumikumamālima. I ka pio, ua pāpālua ʻia kēia hōʻailona.

ʻO nā Beavers kahi noho noho o nā nahele ulu-lapalapa. ʻO nā kūlana maikaʻi loa no lākou ke nānā ʻia ma ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, ʻĀsia. ʻO ka kaupaona nui o kēia holoholona he kanakolu kilokilima, a ʻo hoʻokahi lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ke kino. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia kahi beaver e kahi kino nui a me kahi ʻoi ʻeleʻele. ʻO nā membrane ma waena o nā manamana wāwae o ka wāwae o ke aʻalolo e kōkua i ke alakaʻi i kahi ʻano kaola. Hiki ke kala o ka hulu manu mai ka brown brown i ʻeleʻele. Lubricating i ko lākou lauoho me kahi huna pilikino, pale ʻia nā beavers mai ka ʻoluʻolu. A hoʻohuʻu ʻia i ka wai, pili nā pepeiao o kēia holoholona holoholona, ​​a kokoke nā wēlau. Ke kōkua ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i ka ea iā ia e noho ma lalo o ka wai a hiki i ka ʻumikumamālima mau minuke.

ʻO nā puaʻa puaʻa kekahi o ka noho ʻana o nā ululāʻau ākea ākea. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi poʻo nui a me ka Snout lōʻihi ikaika loa. ʻO ka mākaukau ikaika loa o kēia mau holoholona ka mea hoʻokalakupua i nā leʻa trihedral, e kūlou ana a i hope. ʻAʻole maikaʻi maikaʻi ka ʻike ʻana o ka puaʻa, akā ʻo kēia ke offset e ka lohe maikaʻi loa a me ka makemake nui o ka ʻoni. Loaʻa i nā mea nui ka nui o ʻekolu haneli kilokilo. Mālama ʻia ke kino o kēia holoholona e nā pua brown brown. He lōʻihi loa ʻo ia.

He mau kānaka maikaʻi loa a he mau lawai lawaiʻa maikaʻi. Hiki i kēia mau holoholona ke aʻalolo ma kahi wai o ka wai, ka laulā he nui nā kilomita. ʻO ke kumu o kā lākou meaʻai, he mea kanu, akā hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo i nā pua ʻalā he omnivores. ʻO kā lākou mea punahele punahele he acorn a me nā beech bepe; ʻaʻole lākou e hōʻole i nā baki, nā kiole, nā moa, nā mea like ʻole a me nā mea nakahi.

Nā ʻelele o nā reptile

Noho ʻia nā nahele ākea e nā nāhelehele, nā ʻoka, nā ʻōpala, nā spindleworms, ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā viviparous ʻalā. Hōʻike ka pōʻino wale i nā kānaka ma o nā ʻehā wale nō. Noho hewa nui ka poʻe he nui no ka mea ʻawaʻawa nō ka make, akā ʻaʻole naʻe kēia. ʻO nā ʻili he nui loa o nā ululāʻau deciduous.

Nā hiʻohiʻona kōkua

ʻO ke kahawai o nā nahele ulu-palalulu (a hui ʻia) ma ka ʻāpana ʻĀina o Rūsia kahi kahi kahi kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa. Mai ka ʻoi o kēia kuʻina i uhi ʻia ʻoi loa ma mua o ka hau i ka ʻāina ma Quaternary, ʻuʻō loa ka hoʻomaha. ʻO nā ʻaha i ʻike ʻia ka hiki mai o ka Valdai Glacier i mālama ʻia ma ke komohana ʻākau. Ma laila, ke kahua o ka nahele ākea a me nā ʻano i hoʻohui ʻia e ke ʻano o nā puʻupuʻu heʻe nui, nā kahe pali, nā loko paʻa a me nā ihu. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao hema o ke kaona i wehewehe ʻia e hōʻike ʻia e nā ʻaoʻao moraine tuarua, i hana ʻia ma muli o ke kahe ana o ka pa i nā wahi i nā pihi. Hoʻohālikelike ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā kumu lāʻau i kāwili ʻia a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma ke alo ʻana o nā awāʻu o nā ʻāpana like ʻole o nā nui like ʻole. ʻO ko lākou kumu kumu wai-glacial. Loaʻa lākou i ka waviness, hiki i kekahi manawa ke ʻike i ke one dunes.

Mōʻīwili kūpilikiʻi kūloko o ka Lāpule Lūkini

Aia kēia pāʻina ma ka palaka huluhulu wela. Aia ke anā no ke anuanu, haʻalulu. ʻO ka lepo o kēia mau ʻāina he sod-podzolic. ʻO ke kikowaena o ka moana ʻĀina e hoʻoholo i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻomaha. Hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi ʻia ka pūnaewele kahawai ma nā ulu lāʻau coniferous-deciduous. He wahi nui o nā loko.

Hoʻoholo ʻia ka hana o ke kaʻina wai waterlogging e ka kokoke o ka wai lepo a me ke aniani ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Kūpono nā mea kanu i ka uhi o ka mauʻu i nā ʻāpana lau ākea.

Hoʻohālikelike

ʻO nā ululāʻau ulu ʻeleʻele e noho ana ma ʻEulopa e helu ʻia he mau ʻenekona pōʻino. Akā i loko o ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mau makahiki i hala, ʻo lākou kekahi o nā mea ʻokoʻa loa i ka honua a ua noho lākou ma ka hapa nui o ʻEulopa. No laila, i nā makahiki ʻumikumamāwalu ʻumikumamāwalu mau, ua noho lākou i kahi e like me nā miliona hectares. I kēia mau lā, ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli tausani hekahi.

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kenekulia iwakālua, ʻo ia wale nō o nā palahalaha o ke kāwili ākea ākea i noho ʻole ʻole ʻia. I ke kakahiaka o kēia kenekulia, ma nā wahi neoneo i hana ʻia e hana i nā mea ulu lāʻau. Akā, ua lilo kēia i mea paʻakikī loa: ʻo ka make o nā ʻoka ʻoka ʻōpala ma muli o nā kolo mau ʻana. I kēlā manawa, ua mālama ʻia nā haʻawina, e alakaʻi ʻia e ka mea kaulana kaulana o Rūsia Dokuchaev. I ka hopena, ua ʻike ʻia nā hemahema i ka kanu ʻana i nā kumulāʻau hou e pili me ka nui o ka deforestation nui, me ka loli mau ʻana o ka mana hydrological a me ke ʻano o ke anā.

I kēia mau lā, i nā wahi i loaʻa i ka ululāʻau hoʻopunipuni, ulu nui nā nahele kūlohelohe, a me nā kanu mea kanu. Ua lanakila nā lāʻau Conclace ma loko o lākou. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, e like me ka poʻe loea e ʻōlelo nei, ʻo ka dinamics a me ke ʻano o nā lāʻau oak kūlohelohe i pale ʻole ʻia.

Nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ulu lāʻau coniferous o Rūsia

Aia ka nahele Coniferous ma ka wahi kūlohelohe o ka taiga, a noho a loaʻa ma kahi o 70% o ka nui o ka nui o ka wao o ka ʻāina. ʻIke ʻia kēia wahi no ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka lewa haʻahaʻa. E neʻe ana nā nahele Coniferous mai ka palena komohana o Rūsia a hiki i ka Verkhoyansk Range. ʻO nā ʻano nui o ka nahele nā ​​mea kanu, nā pine, ke ahi a me ka larch.

I ka loaʻa ʻana o nā haʻalulu ʻano, ʻike ʻia nā ulu lāʻau i loaʻa: mau konohu ​​ʻeleʻele a me nā kukui coniferous. Hoʻokumu maikaʻi nā lāʻau lāʻau Evergreen. Hoʻomaka ka Photosynthesis i ka pūnāwai me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kūlana maikaʻi i nā ʻāina. Hoʻomaka kūlohelohe ka taiga. Eia ka lepo podzolic a me nā māhoe he nui. Hoʻololi nā mea kanu i nā pūlima, kahi a ka decomposed, e hoʻokuʻu i nā mea waiwai i mea e make ai i nā mea kanu he nui. Ua uhi ʻia ka ʻāina, me he kānāwai lā, me nā mosses a me nā lichens. Ke ulu nui nei nā mau pua a me nā pua ma nā kapa o nā kahawai, ma nā wahi o nā ululāʻau he kakaikahi wale nō o lākou. Aia nā lingonberry, junipers, lehu ahi, blueberries a me nā līkeli pua.

ʻO nā kūlana hoʻohālikelike e hoʻoholo i ka honua kanu o Lūkia. I ke kaʻe ulu puʻu, ulu ke kāla i kahi ʻōiwi. ʻO nā maloʻo he maloʻo a me ke anuanu, aʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma hope o ʻeono mahina. ʻO nā wela pōkole nā ​​mea mahana a me ka palu, me nā nui lehulehu. E like me ke kānāwai, hoʻokahi mahina i hoʻolilo ʻia no ka wā o ka ʻohi a me ka pūnāwai. ʻAʻole koi ka mea koi.

Hoʻohana ʻo nā ʻelele o ka honua holoholona i ka moss, lichens, bark a me nā cones. Mālama ʻia kahi lei kiʻekiʻe lāʻau i nā holoholona mai ka makani, a hiki i nā lālā ke hiki ke kūkulu i nā nests. ʻO nā mea maʻamau o ka fauna o nā nahele coniferous he voles, hares keʻokeʻo, koloni, chipmunks. No nā momi nui, hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka tiger Siberian, brown bear, lynx a me nā elk, a ʻo ka reindeer e hele mai ana mai ka nahele ʻo-tundra e hana ai i nā ulu lāʻau koniferous. ʻO nā ʻaeto a me nā mau manu e lele aʻe i ka lewa.

ʻO ka lāʻau Coniferous i manaʻo ʻia kekahi o nā mea nui loa. ʻO kona hōʻiliʻili kālā he 5.8 bilona cubic kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohui ʻia i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka taiga, ke lawe ʻia ka aila, kāila a me ka hau. ʻO nā nahele ulu ʻo Russia. Ua ʻeha ʻia ʻo ia i nā ʻāeʻe ʻana o ka nahele a me ka pale ʻole ʻana. Ma muli o nā hana maikaʻi paha a ka poʻe, make ka holoholona nui. Nui nā wahi mālama, akā no ka hoʻihoʻi piha ʻana i nā ululāʻau, pono e hoʻonohonoho pono i ka pale a me ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i nā waiwai lāʻau o ka ʻāina.

Nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ulu lāʻau lapalapa o Lūkia

Aia ka palena ʻo nā wahi ākea ākea mai ka palena komohana o Russia a me nā mauna Ural. ʻO nā ʻano lāʻau nui he beech, oak, elm, linden, maple a me nā kūpeʻe. He nui ka punawai ka nahele: ʻo nā luna o luna ka mea i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā alaloa a i lalo o kahi mauʻu. Ua uhi ʻia ka lepo me nā mosses. Aia nā wahi i hoʻopau ʻia ai nā lei aliʻi i ka palaualelo. ʻŌpala, hina, hina a hana i nā humus. Loaʻa ka ʻāina undergrowth i nā mea hoʻomehana organik-mineral.

Aia nā wao ma ka palona hona. Ua ʻoluʻolu ke anuanu i ka wahi i hele aku ai ma mua o ke taiga pili. Hoʻomaʻo i ke kauwela ʻehā mau mahina, ʻo ka lōʻihi ma ke kauwela he + 10 ° C. Hāʻawi kēia i ka ulu ʻana o nā lāʻau deciduous. ʻAnoʻula ka makani, he nui ka ua. ʻO ka awelika o ka mahina ma Ianuali e hāʻule loa i -16ºº. Kūleʻe ka puʻu kiʻekiʻe i ke kauwela, ʻaʻohe hohonu o ka uhi uhi hau.

ʻAʻole hiki i nā lau ke ola i ka manawa anu, a hāʻule i ka waena waena. I uhi ʻia ka uhi o nā lau, nā lālā a me ka ʻili. Mālama ka lepo i nā mea pena, he hoʻolako i nā lāʻau me nā mea āpau e pono ai. ʻO ka lau i lalo o nā lau no ka hoʻoilo ka uhi i ka ʻōnaehana kumu, pale iā ia mai ke anuanu a hoʻoulu i nā aʻa i ka ulu hou.

ʻĀnō ka mea like o ke aupuni holoholona i ka wahi ʻEulopa e like me nā ululāʻau Far East. Hoʻopili nā ʻāina ʻĀsia i nā mākaʻu o ka fern, ilmeni a me nā linden. ʻO Elk, ka Orima Himalayan a me nā tiger Ussuri e noho ana i nā mākeke makā. ʻO Shchitomordnik, viper a me nā ʻōpū Amur he mau reptile maʻamau. Ua lilo ka nahele ākea o Europe i home no ka puaʻa, elk, kākā, wolf, weasel, beaver, muskrat a me nā nutria. ʻO ka ʻiʻo, nā lizards, nāhe, nā moles a me nā hedgehog e noho ai ma laila. Hōʻike ʻia nā manu e nā ʻunina ʻeleʻele, nā ʻāne, nā ʻūlū, nā ʻūkeʻa, nā meʻa a me nā larks.

Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka ulu lāʻau nahele me ke kanaka, a ma ke komohana o Lūkia. Pono ka hōʻemi o ka poʻe i ka wahi kūloko no ka ʻohiʻala, ka hana ʻana a me ka kūkulu ʻana i ke kūlanakauhale. ʻO nā kumulāʻo ia ka waiwai kumu nui no ka ʻoihana loiloi. Ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia ke kaʻina hana o nā recyclables. Waiwai nui nā subsoil i nā minela, a ma nā muliwai nui he nui ka pono no ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka hydropower.

Ua hoʻemi nui ʻia ka ʻāina ululāʻau, ʻoiai e ʻoki ʻia nā ulu lāʻau i mua o ka pae i mua. Ma muli o ka hopena anthropogenic, ke make nei nā kaila Book Red a me nā holoholona. ʻO ka poʻe kālepa kākuhi hana hōʻoki i nā wahi nui o ka nahele. No ka mālama ʻana i nā mea ʻike kūlohelohe, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā papa waiwai a me nā kīkaha lahui, akā ʻaʻole lawa. Kūleʻa nui nā kumulāʻau ulu-ulu. Pono e hoʻonohonoho pono i ka kanu ʻana i nā hua kanu ma ka palena o nā ululāʻau i hōʻoki ʻia, me ka hoʻohana pono i ka ulu lāʻau i mālama ʻia.

Nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ululāʻau i hui ʻia o ka Lūkia

Aia nā māleau i hui ʻia ma nā wahi o ka Laki Rūkini, West Siberian Plain, ʻAmek Region a me Primorye. Ma kēia ʻāina, ua loaʻa nā ʻano lāʻau ākea. Hōʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻano lāʻau i ka loiloi. ʻO nā poplars, pines a me nā puna e hele i ka mālamalama. Ma lalo o lākou e piʻi ai i nā maples, elms, lindens a me nā oaks. Hōʻike ʻia nā kūloko o nā hua lāʻau i ka hawthorn, wild rose, raspberry a me nā ʻeleʻele. ʻO nā lichens, nā mosses a me nā lau nahele haʻahaʻa e uhi i ka lepo.

Lawe ʻia nā kumulāʻau i nā lāʻau ulu kino i ka ʻāhū o ke kaʻe ma mua o nā ʻaoʻao ākea e pili ana. ʻO nā lau momona i hoʻōla mau i nā pōpō i lalo i -30ºº. Hoʻololi ʻia ka mākaukau ma nā ʻāpana. Nui aku ka hau ma nā ululāʻau ʻEulopa ma mua o ka Far East. Loaʻa ka nui o ka ua ma ka mahana wela. ʻO ke kauwela a mālie. Hele mai ke aniani mai ke aniani a hiki i ka konenika, mai ke komohana a i ka hikina.

ʻO ka hoʻonui hou ʻana i ka lau ʻōmaʻomaʻo e kōkua i ka hānai i nā lāʻau a hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka honua o nā mea pono ʻole. Hoʻohana ka poʻe noho o ka nahele i nā kumuwaiwai o nā āpau āpau ma ke ʻano kai. Hoʻohui nā hua kanu e pili ana i nā manu, ʻai nā rodents i nā nati, nā ʻōpio ma lalo o ka huaʻaʻai he meaʻai no nā manu manu ʻehā.

Nui nā holoholona i pau i ka wā i pau ʻole ai i ka hopu ʻia. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hui pū me nā kahe ʻōwili a me ke puaʻa. Mālama ʻia nā bison a me ka ʻulaʻula wale i nā wahi mālama. ʻO ka mea nāna i wānana kaulana i ka nahele wili kahi laulā maʻamau. Ma ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa, ola kahi kanaka kino. ʻO ka Squirrel, mink, sleepyhead, marten, the cat cat, brown bear ua manaʻo ʻia he mau ʻelele maʻamau o ka fauna o nā ulu wili. He ʻokoʻa nō ka honua o nā manu, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kumulāʻau, capercaillie, nā manu hihiu, nā kihi a me nā ʻāpana malulu.

Aia nā kumukūʻai lāʻau koʻikoʻi ma ka ʻāpana ʻĀsia. ʻO Manchurian walnut, cedar Korea, ua paʻa ka lau o ka lau i ko lākou ikaika a me ke kū'ē i ka pala. No nā pono lapaʻau, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Eleutherococcus a me Schisandra. Ke hana ʻia nei nā hana hoʻopiʻi ma ʻEulopa.

Ua hoʻopilikia nui ʻia nā ululāʻau hanili i nā lima kanaka. Ua alakaʻi kēia i kahi pilikia o ke kaiapuni. ʻO ka pono no ka ʻāina mahiʻai i alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻopili kino ʻana i kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi i nā wahi. Ma muli o ka loaʻaʻana o nā pahulā, ua loli ka ʻōnaehana. ʻO ka ulu o nā wahi noho, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ke komohana, ua alakaʻi i kahi hōʻemi o ka uhi lāʻau ma ka 30%.

Hoʻopili maikaʻi nā ʻōpala i nā kumulāʻau i ke kalapona. Me ka hana ʻana, ua hōʻea i ka nui o nā eka. Ma muli o kēia, hōʻiliʻili nā mea ʻino i ka lewa, hana i ka hopena ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO nā haneli o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu ola e nalowale ana mai ka maka o ka honua. Ma muli o ka hewa o ka poʻe, kū mai nā ahi ahi e loli nui i ka ʻenekona. Hōʻele ʻia nā ʻano ʻoare ʻole ma ke ʻano pono ʻole. Hoʻopau loa nā kumu, ʻo ka hoʻopili wale ʻana o ka mokuʻāina a me nā kamaʻāina e hiki ke kāpae i ke kaʻina o ka luku ʻana i nā ululāʻau hui o ka ʻāina.

ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana i nā māla laupaʻa liʻiliʻi ma Rusia

Hoʻomāluulu ʻia nā wahi o nā ululāʻau liʻiliʻi mai ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka Hikina ʻEulopa a hiki i ka Hikina Hema. Hōʻalo nā nāhelehele i kahi kaula kuʻi, i kekahi manawa ke hoʻopili nei i ka broadleaf. ʻO nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi-kālepa e hana i ka lua o ke ululāʻau, e hoʻohuli i nā ʻōnaehana ākea ākea a me koniferous.

ʻO nā ʻano mea nui ma ka ulu lāʻau ʻo Birch, alder a me aspen. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ko lākou mau ʻōpala ma kahi papa lau liʻiliʻi. Kahi pono nā lāʻau i ke aniau a me ka ʻike maikaʻi o ka lepo. ʻO nā ululāʻau Birch ka mea maʻamau.

Ulu pinepine nā lāʻau ma ke kahua o ke ahi a i ʻole deforestation. Hoʻoula ka mua ma o nā pua, a me ka aspen - e ka hua kanu. ʻAʻohe wahi ulu, ulu nā lāʻau ma nā hua. Kahi hiʻohiʻona ka hiki ke hōʻiliʻili i ka umu. Kāwele i nā lau o ke alder a me ka birch i ke ala e puhi ai i ke ahi, ʻaʻole e ʻae e pālahalaha i nā ʻano hanohano.

Hoʻokumu ka honua holoholona ma lalo o ke ʻano o nā kumulāʻau kaiʻai. Nui manu. ʻO nā mommals, hares, lynxes, moose a me nā squirrels i loaʻa. ʻO nā kānana o ka ulu lāʻau liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e loli me ka mahiʻai i nā wahi punahele no nā ʻīlio raccoon.

Hāʻawi ka lua o nā nahele i ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana i nā wahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻoiai e pili ana iā ia ma kahi o 180 mau makahiki e hoʻopau hou ai. Ua hana lākou i ka mea puhi ahi. Ke manaʻolana ʻia e kōkua ai nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i ka hoʻopili hou ʻana i ka pono o ko mākou ʻāina.

Ke Ala Kaiulani ʻO Russia

E loaʻa ana i kahi ākea ākea o ka Lūkini kahi wahi i loko o ke ʻano o kahi kūpeʻe. Aia kona ʻākau ma ke wāwae o ka mauna Ural, a ʻo ke kumu aia ma nā palena komohana o ka ʻāina. ʻO nā ʻāpana o nā lāʻau ākea ākea i hōʻike ʻia no ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa: ka hema o Central Russia, nā ʻāina o ka Middle Volga.

Kuhi ʻia ka waiwai o kēia mau massifs e ka ʻano like o nā ʻano lāʻau a me nā mea kanu e ulu ana ma aneʻi. ʻO ke kāhāhā nā mea ʻo ia nā ululāʻau ka mea maʻamau i ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina o ko mākou ʻāina ma muli o kā lākou hiki ke hoʻololi i nā kūlana o ke anuanu a me nā kūlana wela.

ʻO ke kaona o nā ululāʻau kūpaʻa i loko o Rūsia, a ma hope hoʻi o kāna ʻāpana Pākīpika, ua hoʻomāhala ʻia e ke kanaka mai ka wā kahiko mai a pono i ka pale kūikawā mai ka hopena anthropogenic o kāna mau pua a me nā manu.

ʻO ka lehu maʻamau

E hiki i ka mea kanu i kanakolu a hiki i ke kanaha mau kiʻekiʻe. Kuhi ʻia kēia lāʻau me kahi ʻala kūpono, ʻo kahi ʻala hina hina (e ʻeleʻele ana i ka manawa), he lei paʻa kahe e hoʻouna ana i ka nui o ka lā. Kahi paʻu kāna ʻano kumu, ikaika loa, inflorescences a paniculate. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona kaʻawale - nā koi nui i ka hoʻokumuʻana o ka lepo. ʻO ka lehu maʻamau kekahi o nā ʻano nui o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka māla. He lāʻau mahana a photophilous kēia, ʻaʻole ia e ʻae i nā puna wai maikaʻi. Hoʻokomo ka pua puaʻa ma Mei, ʻo ka kaʻina hana koho e hana ana me ka makani. ʻO ka wā ʻala hua ka lā o ʻOkakopa-Nowemapa. Ke hāʻule lākou i ka hoʻoilo a i ka hoʻoilo mua paha.

Mīkini ʻoihana

Ke hoʻomau nei ka helu ʻana i nā kumulāʻau e ulu i loko o ka nahele ulu. Aia a hiki i ʻehā mau mika ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka hapalua mika ke anawaena. ʻO kaʻili Beech ka māmā hina, nā elliptical ka lau. ʻO nā wahi ākea ka nui o nā komohana o ʻEulopa, ka Caucasus, a me Crimea. ʻO ka waiwai nui o ka beech mahele lāʻau i loko o kāna mau hua. Hoʻomala nā niki ulu maikaʻi i ka manawa mai Kepakemapa a ʻOkakopa. Hiki lākou he kanakolu o ka pākēneka i hoʻokumu ʻia ʻia o nā aila momona semi-drying, ʻo ka nui like o nā mea e pili ana i ka nitrogenous. ʻO nā huaʻaiʻai waiwai nui kekahi i nā kō, nā kō, nā kumuwaiwai (malic a me citric), nā tannins.

ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ʻo ka mea momona a alkaloid i kapa ʻia phagin e hoʻohālikelike i ka wā i ʻōlehu ʻia. No laila lilo ia i palekana palekana no ke olakino kanaka. Kahi ʻia kahi mea kofe mai ka Kaʻa mai nā hua, a i ka wā i hoʻohui ʻia ai, hoʻohui ʻia lākou i ka palaoa maʻamau i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā huahana palaoa. ʻO ka lāʻau beech kahi mea hana nani a nani.

ʻO nā ululāʻau ākea ākea e loaʻa ma ka ʻāpana ʻĀina o Rusia, a me ka Caucasus, i hōʻikeʻia kahi wahi maikaʻi no ke uluʻana o nā palapala acutifoliate (maʻamau). Ua ulu kēia mau lāʻau i ka iwakālua mau mika i ke kiʻekiʻe. He nui nā lau o lākou, ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻelima-lobed. ʻAno hina ka kala o ke ʻula.

Hoʻohana nui nā wana a me nā lau o kēia lāʻau no ka mālamaʻana i nā maʻi like ʻole. ʻO kēia mau makana o ke ʻano he nui ka nui o ka ascorbic acid, alkaloids, tannins. Hoʻokomo nā decocops a me infusions i nā hōʻeha, nā mumū. Hoʻopuka pū kekahi hoʻi i ka hopena choleretic, diuretic, antiseptic a me nā analgesic. Hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi loa nā poʻe ʻohana o ka lāʻau lapaʻau i nā mea lāʻau i loko o ka nahele deciduous e pōmaikaʻi loa. No laila, ua noi ʻia nā lau maple a me nā ʻōpio no ka mālama pono ʻana o ka jaundice, nā pōpiki, e hoʻopau i ka maʻi a me ka luaʻi.

He papa maʻamau ʻo Linden o nā ululāʻau ākea ākea a ulu a hiki i 30 mau kiʻekiʻe. He lace ʻeke loa ka linden, luna o ka lei oval. ʻO nā lālā liʻiliʻi linden aila maʻalahi ke hoʻomaopopo i ka hoʻoilo i ka wā hoʻoilo ʻole nā ​​lau. Aia nā kihi o Oval i ke poʻo ma kahi e kū pono ana ma ka pana. Kūpono lākou a piha paha, akā hoʻokahi kā lākou ʻano kikoʻī - ua uhi ʻia kēlā me kēia lōlani i ʻelua maupaona wale nō. ʻAʻole hiki i kēia mau ʻāpana ke loaʻa i loko o kā mākou mau lāʻau.

Hoʻopukala ʻo Linden ma mua o ke koena o kā mākou mau kumulāʻau, ke waena o ke kauwela. ʻO kona mau pua ʻōpala melemele liʻiliʻi nā mea ʻala maikaʻi a momona i nā nectar. ʻO Linden kekahi o nā lāʻau meli maikaʻi loa.

He ʻano maile o ka hoʻohanohano ʻo Linden. I kēia, ʻo ka lua wale nō ka beech, spruce, fir, hornbeam. ʻO ka pale-a ke ahonui a he mau pua wai o ka linden, e ulu pono ana ma lalo o ka uhi ʻana i kahi lau nui, a koi aku i nā shading ma nā wahi ākea. Eia nō naʻe, aia ma lalo o ka waihona o kahi ululāʻau pale-ʻona a hoʻomāhuʻi nui ʻia ia i ka lepo.

Nā Pākuʻi

Mammals o nā ka nahele holomoa o ke Komohana a me ʻEulopa ʻEulopa: ka puaʻa ʻona, ka ʻulaʻa (red deer, i ka wao nahele ma waho o ʻEulopa kona mau huaʻōlelo e like me ka deer red, wapiti, deer red), elk, roe deer, bison, squirrel forest, chipmunk, beaver, red vole, Mīleʻele-ʻeleʻele, dormouse (polchka, dormouse no ka nahele, ka māla a me ka ʻonanekona), ka hiʻu keʻokeʻo, ka hiʻu ʻona, hedgehog maʻamau, cat cat, lynx, fox, wolf, brown bear, badger, ermine, pine marten, weasel, European mink. Ua ola wale nā ​​holoholona nui i nā hui kūwaho i hoʻopau ʻia e nā hana waiwai a ke kanaka (no ka laʻana, ma nā mauna Carpathian).

ʻO ka manu nui o nā ululāʻau mauʻu lehelehe nui ma ka Hikina (Amur-Ussuri, Kina, Korea) me nā waiwai, no ka mea, e kaʻe mai ka hema mai laila. No nā momi, mole Ussuri, nā manchu hare, sika deer, goral, Ussuri black bear (Himalayan, a i ʻole nā ​​ʻoniʻoni keʻokeʻo), harza, ʻīlio hihiu, Amur tiger, Far leopona Wae, me ka nahelehele mahele o East Eastern he ʻano.

ʻO kahi holoholona hihiu o nā ululāʻau ākea ākea o ʻAmelika ke ala. Me ke kaʻe ʻeleʻele ʻōpiopio mai ke poʻo a hiki i ka huelo fluffy nunui a ʻelua mau kaila keʻokeʻo ākea. ʻO kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe e noho ana i ka ululāʻau he ʻAmelika he raccoon, a i ʻole he pelu manu.

Nā manu

He nui nā manu e hānai ana i nā lei o nā lāʻau. He mau ʻekeʻawa kēia a me ka wai, ke koʻo a me nā ʻalā, nā lau a me nā pō. I ka manawa pinepine e loaʻa i nā ʻalāʻau nā manu, bullfinches, woodpeckers, magpies, cuckoos, orioles. I waena o nā manu nui, nā pheasants a me nā māka ʻeleʻele hoʻi, me nā ʻāpana manu a me nā ʻūlī manuʻa, ʻike ʻia ma nā wao nahele. ʻO kekahi mau hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo, a haʻalele kekahi i ko lākou ʻāina a lele i ka nui o nā manawa wela i ka hāʻule, e hoʻi ana i ka wai.

Nā ʻpana a me nā ʻĀmike

I nā ululāʻau hoʻopunipuni he nāhelehele a me nā vipers, nā nahelehele a me nā ʻūhaka. ʻO kahi papa inoa liʻiliʻi o nā nahesa. Nui nā kaʻaila ma nā ulu lāʻau. He mau ʻōmaʻomaʻo mau kēia, nā manamanu, nā viviparous. Nā baki lāʻau, nā wele, nā pūkini, nā helehelena aniani a me nā ʻōpū o nā bako, nā mea hou i ʻike ʻia, ʻike ʻia nā salamanders e kokoke ana i nā kino wai.

Aia wale ia i ka wahi i loko o ka nahele lapalapa ākea a me nā kino wai aia ma ko lākou wahi. Ma nā kahawai, nā loko a me nā ʻapu, nā lua a me nā cyprinids i loaʻa. Hiki ke ola pū i nā iʻa, pike, minnows a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Pono pono ka nahele

Pono nā nahele Broadleaf i ke kōkua kanaka. Paradoxical e like me ke kani, akāʻo ia wale nō ke hiki iā ia ke hōʻemi i ka hopenaʻinoʻole i ke kūlohelohe.

E mālama i ka nahele, pono ʻoe:

• e kanu i nā hua ma kēlā mau wahi i kahi ʻole ʻia ai ka ulu lāʻau no kekahi kumu,
• ʻoi aku ka palekana o ka palahalaha ʻē aʻe a me nā ʻano lāʻau ʻē aʻe mai nā hooweliweli ʻana e nā poimana a me nā ʻoihana like ʻole, ʻokiʻoki i ka ʻāina nui o kēia ʻano mea maʻamau.
• E hoʻokumu i nā kūlana āpau i kahi kokoke i nā hale a me nā kūlanakauhale ma kahi mamao o ka ulu lāʻau.

ʻAʻole maʻalahi kēia mau ʻano āpau e ʻike, no ka mea, ʻaʻole mālama ʻia ka nui o lākou e ka mokuʻāina. Ke lawe nei ka nui o nā ʻoihana i ka nui o nā puka i loko o kā mākou lewa. Hiki wale i nā nahele ke kōkua i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o ka ea. No laila he mea koʻikoʻi ko lākou mālama i ka wā e hiki mai ana o kā mākou honua.

ʻO nā ululāʻau ākea ākea, e like me nā lāʻau āpau, he māmā nā honua. Ke ʻole o nā ululāʻau, ʻaʻole e hiki i ko mākou honua ke noho ma ke ʻano kahi e hana ai a hoʻomohala nei i kēia manawa.

ʻO nā mea āpau e pono ai i ka mālama i ka olakino olakino o ka honua ʻo ia ka pale o nā ululāʻau. ʻAʻole paʻakikī kēia, e noʻonoʻo ana wale nō i ko mākou ʻāina ulu nā ulu lāʻau ulu-ulu, kahi aneane like ʻole nā ​​kikowaena i ka honua ma ka lōʻihi o kā lākou mau iwi. No ka mea e ulu a waiwai a puni nā ʻāina, pono e mālama ʻia.

He aha ka ulu lāʻau decid

Nui nā ululāʻau ulu ai nā nāhelehele i ulu ai nā lāʻau me nā papa lau ākea. I ka hāʻule, e hāʻule nā ​​lāʻau i nā lau, no laila ua kapa ʻia lākou he deciduous. ʻO kēia ka mea, ʻo ka mea mua loa, nā ʻaka, no kēia kumu ua kapa pinepine ʻia nā ulu lāʻau ʻoka.

Akā no ka hapa nui, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mau ʻano lāʻau e nā ʻano mea kanu maikaʻi o nā kumulāʻau, kahi maʻamau ka mea maʻamau:

ʻO kēia ʻano o ka ululāʻau e uhi i kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o Western Europe, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike iā lākou i Polani, Ukraine, Russia, nā ʻāpana ʻāina o Kina, Korea, Iapana, ʻAmelika ʻĀkau.

Kahi o ka wahihele ululāʻau ulu o Rūsia

E loaʻa ana i kahi ākea ākea o ka Lūkini kahi wahi i loko o ke ʻano o kahi kūpeʻe. Aia kona ʻākau ma ke wāwae o ka mauna Ural, a ʻo ke kumu aia ma nā palena komohana o ka ʻāina. ʻO nā ʻāpana o nā lāʻau ākea ākea i hōʻike ʻia no ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa: ka hema o Central Russia, nā ʻāina o ka Middle Volga.

ʻO nā pua pālahalaha a me nā wahi kūlohelohe ma Rūsia

A uhi pū lākou i nā panalāʻau liʻiliʻi ma nā ʻaoʻao hema o ka Far East. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā ululāʻau ma Siberia ma muli o nā kūlana ʻino loa.

Honua holoholona

Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā nahele ākea o Lūkini e kahi mea waiwai ʻano like ʻole o ka honua holoholona. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka nui o nā ulu o nā ululāʻau o ke kikowaena waena a me ke kūkulu hema o ka Hikina Hema.

Ma ka nahele ākea ākea a Far East hiki iā ʻoe ke hālāwai me nā hui kūʻokoʻa o ka honua holoholona, ​​e like me:

• Nānana meheu,
• Amur ula,
• Kūkulu lauole
• uliuli bear,
• ʻO ka leopona Hema
• Manaʻo Manchu.

Ma ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa, ka hapanui like ʻole o ka fauna i kēlā wahi o ka nahele ululāʻau i hoʻomohala ʻole ʻia e nā kānaka.

Nā mea kanu lāʻau

ʻO nā nahele ākea o Lūkia, ʻo ʻEulopa a me Far Eastern hoʻi, he ʻokoʻa i ka ʻano ʻano like o nā lāʻau, nā lāʻau, nā lau nahele. Ma ka manawa like, e like me ka hihia o ka haunaele, nā mea kūikawā ʻokoʻa i kēia wahi ua loaʻa i ka Hikina mamao.

ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o kēia kahawai ka lāʻau o ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. Ma aneʻi ʻoe e ʻike ai i nā lindens keneka, nā ʻōhule nui.

Ke ulu pū ʻole nō hoʻi ma nā ululāʻau hema o ka Far East:

• leaf-leaf,
• Amur linden,
• Lehu Manchu
• ilmen
• Nā kedera Korea
• Lanu Manchurian.

Ma ka laulā, keʻano o ka nahele o kēia ʻano e ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā mea kanu e nā papahele a i ʻole nā ​​kūpeʻe.

I waena o nā ululāʻau ākea ākea, kahe oak oak. ʻO ke koena o nā mea kanu kona mau hoa. He lāʻau thermophilic ka lāʻau, no laila e ulu ia ma waena o Rūsia, mai nā Urals a hiki i ka palena komohana o ka ʻāina.

Pono ia i ka lepo momona, ʻaʻole lākou e ʻae i kona momona nui. Kahi ʻano ʻano oak: ʻano nani ka lei, pālahalaha ka ʻili, kālai ʻia me nā paʻi he nui, pālahalaha nā lālā. Ke ulu nei nā ʻona i nāʻu i ka nahele o ka nahele, kahi ma waena o nā mea kanu mau ke hakakā mau no ka mālamalama.

I loko o kēlā mau lāʻau, ʻaʻole i laulā ka lei, e hoʻomaka ana mai ke kiʻekiʻe aku. Inā ulu kēia lāʻau i ka hamama, hiki i ka liʻiliʻi, akā loaʻa i kahi lei maikaʻi a pālahalaha pale, kahi e kū pono ana i ka lepo.

ʻO Oak ka lāʻau ikaika loa, ka mea i koho ʻia i nā hana hale.

I ka manawa pinepine ma ka nahele deciduous hiki ke ʻike i ka linden. ʻAʻole ia e like me ke anuanu e like me ka lāʻau nui, a no laila e ulu i nā wahi ʻākau me nā climates koʻikoʻi. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka pale o ka linden i ke anuanu, he nui ka lei o kona lei. He mea kanu nani kēia mea kanu.

ʻO kāna mau pua liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, me kahi ʻono maikaʻi, loaʻa i nā nectar waiwai. He palupalu ka lāʻau Linden. Mai ka wā kahiko, ua hana ʻia nā kīʻaha lāʻau a me nā ʻano huahana. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia i nā mea hana loina.

ʻO nā mea kanu i nā lāʻau oak, ua loaʻa pinepine ka hazel. Ua koi ʻia nā hua e nā kānaka a me nā kamaʻāina o nā nahele: nā puʻuwai, nā kiʻi. He huahana momona nui nā Hazelnuts, ʻoiai lākou e loaʻa ai i ka momona A, ka nui o ka huaora B, ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻonaʻa ʻana o nā mea kanu ʻai i loko o lākou - e pili ana i 60%.

Ma waena o nā lāʻau loona i loko o nā lāʻau lāʻau, ua mahalo nui ka moeʻuhane. Ma ka ulu lāʻau oak kahiko a ʻōhulu ia i nā mānoanoa nui. Hiki ke ʻai ʻia nā lau ʻōpio. I kekahi mau wahi ua hoʻohanaʻia no ka kuke ʻana i ka ʻōlato ʻaala ʻapapa, e like me ka nettle a i ʻole sorrel.

ʻO nā mea kanu kumulepau he ephemeroids o ka nahele deciduous. Nui lākou, akā he pōkole loa kā lākou ulu ulu ʻana, he mau hebedoma wale nō. No ka laʻana, buttercup anemone. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kona mau pua melemele i ka nahele, i ka wā e hoʻoheʻe ai ka hau. A i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kauwela, e nalowale nā ​​hua a me nā lau o ka mea kanu me ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi palapala.

Aia ka aʻa i ka lepo. A i nā mahina e hiki mai ana e hāʻawi ʻo ia i nā pua hou. Aia hoʻi ka ʻīlio puaʻa liʻiliʻi i nā mea kanu like ʻole. Hōʻike nā wai hōʻai uila nani i ka puna mua a me ka pua ma loko o nā lā liʻiliʻi wale nō.

ʻO nā ʻāina kumu

ʻO nā ʻano ʻeleʻele e pili ana i nā wao nahele.

• Hinahina
• palaunu
• ululā nahele hina
• chernozems - i nā hihia loaʻa ʻole.

Kūkulu ʻia nā ʻano palaka o ka ʻāina ma muli o ka maluhia o nā lau, nā mea kanu a me ka hōʻiliʻili o nā humus. Loaʻa lākou i kahi nui o nā mea kūlohelohe a ke hōʻike nei lākou e ka momona maikaʻi.

Mālama ʻia nā ʻano hina hina he nui a humus, a, no laila, he mau mea kanu no nā mea kanu. He ʻano transitional kēia ma waena o nā chernozems i loaʻa i loko o ke kahua pāhiʻu a me ka lepo sod-podzolic o ka ulu wili.

Hōʻike ʻia ka lepo o nā ululāʻau ākea ākea e ka loa o ka ea. Nui ka lawa, akā ʻaʻole i ka nui, no ka mea ua hoʻomakiʻi pono kēia mau ʻano lepo.

Nā pilikia pilikia

ʻO nā nahele ākea o Lūkini i loaʻa i ka maʻi ma mua o ka mea ʻoi i nā makahiki he nui i ʻoki ʻia i nā lāʻau i loko o lākou. ʻO ka mea nui loa ka oak. Hoʻohana ʻia kāna lāʻau no ka hana ʻana i nā mea kūʻokoʻa o loko, nā mea lako, a me nā mea o ka hale. No kēia kumu, ua hōʻemi nui nā palena o nā lāʻau oak.

He mea paʻakikī loa ke hoʻihoʻi hou i ka nahele oak. ʻO ka wahi o nā oaks olded ua noho a piha ʻia e aspen a i birch, ʻaʻole e ʻae i ka ulu o nā mea ʻōpiopio. Aia ka loli o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa, nā ʻalalahi Birch a i ʻole nā ​​mea aspen i loaʻa i ka pā o nā lāʻau oak.

ʻO ka wao nahele i ʻoki ʻia, e ʻoki ʻia i ala e hoʻōla ai nā mea kanu mea kanu, no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā pā, nā alanui nui, nā ʻāpana o ke alanui. Hāʻawi kēia āpau i kekahi o ka pilikia o ke kaiapuni koʻikoʻi - deforestation. Ke neʻe nei lākou ma kahi manawa e hoʻāki ai - no kēlā me kēia 10 mau makahiki, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka 1 miliona mau mita square. ku ana o ka nahele ulu.

Ke hōʻā ʻia nei nā ahi ahi i nā ululāʻau poʻokela. ʻAʻole wale lākou kumu no ke kauwela wela ʻole ka ua, akā ua hoʻolilo ʻia nā lei aliʻi maikaʻi i nā lawehala, nā mea ʻuʻuna a i ʻole nā ​​mea ʻimi. Eia nō hoʻi, haʻalele ka poʻe i hope o lākou o nā ʻōpala o ka ʻōpala. Hiki i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā palapala kō anuʻu i ka waena waena o nā ululāʻau ke alakaʻi ʻole i nā pehu o nā wahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo.

ʻO nā mea hoʻohui kai i loko o ka mea i loaʻa i ka waiū e komo i ka lepo a me ka wai, e hōʻeha ai i ka ʻānaʻu āpau holoʻokoʻa - mai ka flora a i ka fauna.

ʻAʻole hele ʻia ke hoʻololi ʻana i ke anuanu a me nā panu ea o ka lewa me ka waiho ʻole ʻana o ka wahi i ka nahele. Hoʻopili ka flora wao i ka ua hoʻohemo a me nā mea kanu. Ke alakaʻi nei lākou i ka haunaele o nā kaʻina photosynthesis, pili maikaʻi i ka ulu a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau.

ʻO kēia a pau i kahi paʻakikī e lilo i kumu no kekahi mau wahi i haki ʻia ka kūpaʻa o nā ulu lāʻau i ulu ʻole ʻia, ua nalowale kekahi o lākou.

Keʻāina Kōkua Hema

Aia ia ma ka palena o Bashkortostan, kahi wahi liʻiliʻi o ke kikowaena paha i loaʻa ma ka ʻaoʻao Chelyabinsk. Noho ka nahele ākea mahele he 8 tausani mau ʻeka ma luna o nā ʻāina i mālama ʻia. Paʻi ʻia ia i kahi kaula siko ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana o nā mauna Ural, aia kekahi ʻāpana alpine.

ʻO nā ʻano lāʻau nui:

• English ʻukena
• mauna ilm,
• Linden,
• hololi maple.

I kahi mau wahi, ua hui pū ʻia me ka birch a me ka aspen. Aia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kumu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai ka palena hikina o ka laʻana o ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā lāʻau laulā laulā e pālahalaha ana.

Ma kahi o 250 mau holoholona o nā holoholona i loaʻa i ka puʻu ma ka ʻāina mālama ʻia; ʻoi aku ma mua o ka 1000 o nā mea kanu kiʻekiʻe, nā lichens, nā mosses a me nā ʻalohue e ulu. Kuhi ʻia nā ʻano lāʻau 8 a me 3 mau mea laikini i loko o ka Red Book o Rūsia.

Sikhote-Alin State Reserve Reserve

ʻO kekahi o nā mea kahiko ma ka Hikina mamao, ua hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki 1935. Noho ʻo ia i kahi o 350 tausani ha. Aia ma ke Teritori Primorsky. He mau kilomita o ka nahele, nui nā mauna mauna - ma kēia wahi ua loaʻa nā wahi paʻakikī i kahi e ʻike ʻole ai nā holoholona.

Ulu ka ʻōkole nui ma ʻaneʻi, ua pālahalaha nā lāʻau nahele sedera-ākea, lehu, elm, a me nā alder, ua koho lākou i nā awāwa kahawai. Nui loa ka pā o kēia mau ʻāina. Eia kekahi ma kahi o nā 1000 o nā mea kiʻekiʻe, he mau haneli he nui o nā moss, nā ʻeke, nā algae e ulu ai ma aneʻi, aia nā mea kanu a me ka hopena.

ʻAno ʻē ka manu noho manuahi: mau manu ma mua o 60 mau ʻano, nā manu - ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka 300. Ma ka wahi i pale ʻia ʻia, e uku ʻia ana ka mālama kūikawā, e mālama ʻia ana ka noiʻi ma ka mālama a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o ka nui o kēia holoholona hihiu.

ʻO ka Hale Aupuni ʻo Bolshehehtsirsky

Kau i ke Kuleana Kānāwai. Apana - ma luna o 44 mano ha.Maanei me nā ulu lāʻau coniferous (fir a me ka puaʻa) aia nā lāʻau sedera-lapalapa. Pēlā nō hoʻi i ulu i ka lāʻau ʻoka ma nā ʻāina o ka mea i hoʻolaʻa ʻia, ka lehu, alder, a me ka poplar i loaʻa i nā awāwa kahawai a ma nā wahi pāpū.

ʻO ka pua o nā ʻāina i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā mea he 750 mau o nā mea kanu, nā manu ola - 267 mau ʻano holoholona. Aia nā mea ʻuʻina i kapa ʻia i loko o ka Puke Hoʻolei. ʻO nā mea kanu, he wahi manu nunu ia, ʻo Brazil, i nā holoholona - ka puaʻa Amur, ʻo ka ʻoi aku ka Far Eastern.

Nā kuʻuna o ka flora

ʻO nā ʻano lāʻau nui o nā mea i hui ʻia he mau ʻalā a me nā linden, nā kumulāʻau a me nā maples, nā manu a me nā ʻōpū, nā elms a me ka lehu.

p, ka mea pā 4,0,0,0,0,0 ->

Oak

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Linden

p, ka mea i pīhoihoi 6.0,0,0,0,0 ->

Chestnut

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ʻAʻāina

p, paukiki 8,0,0,0,0 ->

Polokalamu Beech

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Nā Hornbeam

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Elm

p, ka mea pā 11,0,0,0,0 ->

Ash

p, paukiki 12,0,0,0,0 ->

Ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, aia nā ʻoka lāʻau, beech-maple a me nā nahele oak-hickory.

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Nā kiʻi ʻulā

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Beech a me map Grove

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Hiki ke loaʻa nā mea kanu i lalo i nā ulu lāʻau ʻEulopa:

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ʻ cherlelo ʻeha manu

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Euonymus

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Hazel

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Holly Holi

p, paukiki 20,0,0,0,0 ->

Yew berry

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Kekahi

p, paukō he 22,0,0,0,0 ->

Elder

p, mea huna 23,0,0,0,0 ->

Kālepa

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Viburnum

p, he pāʻālua 25,0,0,0 ->

Dogrose

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Ma waena o nā mea kanu loulou o nā ulu lāʻau make, he laila nā hau a me nā aniani, nā ʻōpala a me nā copepods, Corydalis a me nā anemones, nāʻu me ka ʻulaʻakai.

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Nā ʻōpio

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ʻOka pua

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Zubyanka

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Nā ʻlelo

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Corydalis

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Anemone

p, mea ʻokiʻoki 33,0,0,0 ->

Meadow clover

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Hoʻokomo ʻia ka palupalu

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Mea ulu a me nā lichens, a me nā fern, ulu ma ʻaneʻi.

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Laka

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Pūnaewele

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ʻO ka palena "Bryansk forest"

Aia ma ka ʻāina Bryansk. Apana - ʻoi aku ma mua o 12 tausani heka. 80% o ka ʻāina ka nahele. Ma ke awāwa ʻo ka muliwai ʻo Nerussa, ua pālahalaha nā papaha nāhele nui, e like me ka lāʻau a me ka lehu. ʻO ka mālama mua ʻana i nā kumu lāʻau ʻoka ua hana mua ʻia i kēia wahi mālama. Eia pū kekahi o kēia mau nahele aia nā maple a me linden. Aia nā wahi ma kahi palolo e pili kokoke i ka puna.

ʻOi ʻo Flora i ʻoi aku ma mua o 780 mau mea kanu mea nui, ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau no ka ulu lāʻau ʻalopela maʻEulopa ʻEulopa. I ka waihona mālama ʻia he 272 mau ʻano holoholona. Ke hana nei ka hana i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka helu o ka bear brown a me nā bison, e mālama i ka lehulehu o ka stork ʻeleʻele i komo i loko o ka Red Book o ka Russian Federation.

Reserve "Forest in Vorskla"

ʻO kēia kahi hapa o ka mālama nui "Belogorye" ma ka'āina Belgorod. Kūpono ʻia kēia mau wahi ma kēlā mau lāʻau lāʻau ʻoka ua mālama ʻia ʻo ia ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka muliwai ʻo Vorskla. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā kumulāʻau i kū i ka kenekulia. A ma kahi kahua me kahi heʻe o nā hectar he 150, aia kekahi mau lāʻau oak, ua ʻoi aku kona mau makahiki he 300 mau makahiki.

ʻO ka Flora a me ka manuʻai ka mea maʻamau o ka ulu lāʻau lapalapa o waena o Rūsia.

ʻO nā ʻike e pili ana i nā ulu lāʻau decid

ʻO ka lāʻau nui o ka nahele deciduous - oak - hiki ke ulu a hiki i 500 mau makahiki. I ka manawa like, e hoʻonui ʻia kona lei i kēlā me kēia makahiki e 1 m. No ka lā 1, hiki i kahi kenenenen ke "kō" a hiki i ka 600 liters o ka wai. I ka manawa like, lawe ka lāʻau i ka 1/10 pono o nā mea āpau e pono ai ke ola a me ka ulu ʻana mai ka lepo. Hoʻomaʻa ʻia ke koena mai ka lewa.

ʻOʻoki i ka ulu lāʻau lāʻau paʻakikī ke hoʻōla. I kēia manawa, ʻo 80 kg o nā kumu uila i hoʻouna ʻia no ka hana hoʻōla e hiki ke mālama i ka lāʻau 1.

ʻO kekahi lāʻau ākea ākea - linden - ulu a hiki i 400 mau makahiki. Akā he mau kenenarian kekahi i kū i ka laina o 1000 mau makahiki.

ʻO ka kumu o nā inoa kikoʻī ma waena o nā Slav e pili pū me linden: Lipki, Lipovets, Lipetsk, Lipno, Podlipki. I waena o nā lāʻau wikiwiki e ulu i ka maple. Hiki i kēia lāʻau ulu-palu ulu ma ka 2 m i hoʻokahi makahiki. E aloha ʻia nā Maples e nā pua no ka mea he mau meli maikaʻi lākou. No laila, kanu pinepine lākou i nā ʻaoʻao apiaries.

ʻAʻole nui ka nui o ka ululāʻau ulu i loko o Rūsia. ʻO ka inoa o ka ulu lāʻau nui ʻaʻole i ka ʻāina wale nō, akā i ka honua i paʻa ʻia e ka Sigaia taiga. Akā ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ke kumu o ka ulu ʻana o nā ulu kāwili i hoʻomili ʻia a pāwihele ʻia ka ʻāina i kū ai ka moʻomeheu, nā kuʻuna a me nā moʻomeheu o ka Rūsia.

Nā ʻatikala: ʻO Vladimir ka Nui