ʻO ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻāpana o ka meteorite Murchison, i hāʻule i ka mahina ʻo Kepakemapa 1969 ma Ausetalia, ʻike ʻia e nā kānaka ʻepekema nā hapa o ka stardust, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo 5-7 biliona mau makahiki i hala a ʻo ka waiwai kumu mua loa loa i ʻike ʻia ma ka Honua. Kahi ʻia nā mea kupaianaha i hōʻike ʻia ma ka nūpepa Proceedings of the National Academy of Science.
“ʻO kēia kekahi o nā haʻawina hoihoi i hana wau. Ua loaʻa iā mākou ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea ʻike mua loa ma ka honua kahi e hōʻike nei iā mākou e pili ana i ka hānau ʻana o nā hōkū i kā mākou Galaxy, ”wahi a Philip Heck, alakaʻi kumu o ke aʻo ʻana mai ke University of Chicago, USA.
ʻO ke ʻano o ke ola o nā hōkū a like like. Kūkulu ʻia lākou mai nā papala o ka lepo a me ka hau e holo ana i ka lewa, kahi e ʻike ai kekahi i kekahi, e pili pū me ka wela. A laila hoʻopau lākou i mau miliona mai ka mau miliona o nā makahiki a make, e hoʻolei ana i loko o ka kosmos nā hale kūkulu hou i kūkulu ʻia i ko lākou mau makani no nā hōkū, nā planeta, nā satelite, nā mea kanu a me nā asteroids - nā welo hōkū.
ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ua hoʻohiki ʻia kekahi o kēia mau hua kanu presolar, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā pālaʻi paʻa i mua o ka hānau ʻana o ka Lā, kahi i haki ʻia ai ka meteorite Murchison, kahi lākou i holi ʻole ai no nā mau miliona o nā makahiki a "hoʻihoʻi ʻia" i ka Honua.
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā wahi liʻiliʻi o ka stardust i loko o nā hale hōʻeuʻeu o ka hale o waho mai kahi hana paʻakikī loa, no ka mea paʻakikī loa ia a loaʻa i nā ʻelima hapa wale nō ka meteorite.
“E hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaka ʻana me nā koena meteorite huehue i loko o ka pauma, ka mea e hoʻopiʻi i kahi ʻano pāpaʻi me kahi ʻano ʻono o ka ʻono huina o ka pauʻai. A laila hoʻopau ʻia kēia hana i ka waikawa a noho wale nā hua kanu presolar. He like ia me ke puhi ʻana i kahi nahelehele e loaʻa ai kahi lāʻau lāʻau, ”wehewehe ʻo Philip Heck.
Ma hope o ka kaawale ʻana o ka lepo stellar, hoʻomaka ka poʻe ʻepekema e hoʻoholo i kona makahiki a me ke ʻano o ka hōkū o ka host. Ma kēia e kōkua ʻia e nā ʻili kuila, ʻo ia nā hāmeʻa kiʻekiʻe e kahe ana i kā mākou galaxy a komo i loko o ka waiwai. Pili kekahi poʻe o lākou me ka waiwai a hoʻokumu i nā mea hou, a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka wehe ʻana o nā lepo lepo, ʻoi aku ka hana ʻana o kēia mau mea. Ma ke ana ʻana i kā lākou helu ma ka palaoa presolar, hiki i nā ʻepekema ke hoʻoholo inā pehea ka lōʻihi i hōʻike ʻia ai i nā ʻōmole cosmic a hoʻoholo i kona makahiki.
A ʻo ka hopena, ua ʻike nā mea noiʻi i kekahi o nā hua liʻiliʻi ma ka laʻana o Murchison meteorite ka mea kahiko loa i ʻike ʻia: ʻo ka hapa nui he mau grains mai 4.6 a 4.9 biliona paha nā makahiki he nui, a ʻo kekahi mau meaʻoi aku ma mua o 5.5 biliona mau makahiki.
Akā ʻo ka nui o nā mea kanu presolar ka mea hoʻokahi o nā mea i loaʻa. I ka wā e puka ai ka wā e make ai kahi hōkū, hiki i kēia mau lālā ke haʻi i nā moʻolelo e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala o ka hōkū i ka Milky Way. A ʻo 7-9 biliona mau makahiki i hala ma kā mākou Galaxy, ʻoiaʻiʻo paha, kahi ʻano pēpē pēpē i hana ʻia.
“Ua loaʻa iā mākou he mau wahi ʻōpio nui aʻe o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia. ʻO kēia kekahi mea nui. ʻLelo aku ʻo ia ka hoʻololi o ka wikiwiki o ka hōkū i ka Milky Way, a hōʻike ʻia i kona nui ʻoi aʻe e pili ana i 7 miliona mau makahiki i hala. E kōkua kēia ʻike i ka hoʻohālike ʻana i ke ola o ko mākou Galaxy a hōʻike i kona wā i hala, "wahi a Philip Heck.
ʻO ke kanaka noho ola kahiko
ʻO ke kanaka kahiko ma ka Honua i kēia manawa he kama'āina ʻo Iapana, ʻo Kane Tanaka. Wahi a nā hōʻike hou mai ka Guinness Book Records, ʻo kēia wahine ka noho kahiko o ka Honua. Ua hala aku kona makahiki ma mua o 117 mau makahiki, a i Ianuali 2, 2021 ʻo kona mau makahiki he 118.
Kane Tanaka
ʻO ke ola o Kane Tanaka he mea hōʻoiaʻiʻo ia e hāʻawi ʻole ʻole ʻoe i kekahi makahiki.I loko o 103 mau makahiki, ua hōʻike ʻo ia i ka maʻi maʻi (cancer cancer), akā ua lanakila ʻo ka wahine i ka maʻi a hoʻomau ka hauʻoli i ke ola. Hōʻoiaʻiʻo ia e pili ana ka mea huna o ka lōʻihi i ka manaʻolana, ke kākoʻo ʻohana, kaʻai kūpono a me ka hiamoe.
ʻO ka mea paʻa mua loa, ʻo Nabi Tajima, ola i 117 mau makahiki a me 260 mau lā, a ua hala loa i ka 2018.
A ʻo ke poʻomanaʻo o ke kāne kahiko ma ka honua mai nā kāne ola ma Pepeluali 2020, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i mana ʻia, i hala ʻia ma ka Pelekane ʻo Robert Waighton. ʻO kāna palapala palapala i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka lā 29 o Malaki, 1908, a ma hope koke iho nei e hoʻohanohano i kona lā 112 lā. E noʻonoʻo wale ia i ka makahiki i kona hānau ʻia, ʻo Theodore Roosevelt ke pelekikena o ʻAmelika, ua hāʻule ʻo Tunguska meteorite ma Siberia, a ʻo ke Titanic ʻaʻole nō i hoʻomaka i ka kūkulu.
Robert waiton
I kekahi manawa, hoʻokele ʻo Waiton e hana ma ka ʻenehana me ke kumu kula, kipa aku iā Taiwan, Iapana a me Kanada, a ke noho nei kēia i ka hale kahu hānai ma ke kūlanakauhale o Alton. He ʻelua keiki kāne kāna, he kaikamahine, 10 mau moʻopuna a me 25 na moopuna. Ke hele wāwae nei ka palū lōʻihi no nā māla, a ma luna o kāna mau wāwae, he mau hōʻailona hōʻailona haʻaheo - 111. Hoʻopau ʻo ia i ka waiʻona wale nō i loko o nā hihia kūikawā, ʻaʻohe hoka a ʻaʻole hoʻi e ʻai i ka ʻai ʻaina. Akā no kekahi mau meaʻai kūikawā, ʻaʻole i loaʻa iā Robert Waighton.
"ʻAʻohe aʻu i hana i ka pono a hiki i kēia makahiki. ʻO wau wale nō kekahi o nā pōpilikia, ”i ʻōlelo ai ke kanaka ola mua loa ma ka Honua. A hāʻawi akula ʻo ia i ka poʻe makemake e ola i kāna mau makahiki hoʻokahi wale nō. Mai make ʻoe!
Robert waiton
Ma mua ona, ʻo ka kānaka kahiko loa ma ka honua ʻo Masazo Nonaka, ke kamaʻāina o Hokkaido, i make i ka makahiki 2019 i ka makahiki o 113.
Masazo Nonaka
ʻAʻole i hōʻea ʻo Little i kāna lā hānau 113 o Chitetsu Watanabe, a i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kēia makahiki, ua loaʻa ke poʻo o ke kanaka kahiko loa ma ka honua mai ka Guinness Book of Records. Ua hala ʻo ia ma kahi mai, ʻo 23 Pepeluali 2020, i ka makahiki o 112 makahiki, 355 lā. I loko o kona ola ʻana, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Watanabe, ʻo ka mea huna o ke ola lōʻihi loa i loko o ka huhū a me ka ʻakaʻaka pinepine ʻana.
Makemake e ʻike i nā mea āpau
Ua loaʻa i nā kānaka ʻepekema ma North North a shark i hānau ʻia, e like me kekahi mau manaʻo, i ka makahiki 1505. Ke hoʻomaopopo nei i ka makahiki o ka iʻa e hoʻohana ana i ka loiloi radiocarbon, ua hoʻolaha lākou e hiki i kēia "wahine kahiko" ka mea paʻa paʻa loa no ka manaʻolana o ke ola ma waena o nā vertebrates.
No kēia ʻāpana he pili i nā ʻano o Greenland, a i ʻole polar, nā ʻaka e ulu ana i ko lākou ola a pau, e hoʻonui ana i ka 1 cm i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO ka manaʻo o kekahi e pili ana iā lākou e loaʻa i kahi nui o ka ʻelima mau mika e hōʻike ana i kahi ola lōʻihi o kēia mau iʻa. Akā ua hiki iā mākou ke hōʻoia i kēia ma kēia manawa.
Ua aʻo mākou pehea e hoʻoholo ai i ka makahiki o nā māka e hoʻohana ana i ka ʻaʻa radiocarbon. Ua hana i nā ʻepekema ʻepekema kahi radiocarbon i loaʻa i ka nucleus o ka lens o ka maka o nā māka.
Ua ʻike ʻo ka mea ola olakino ʻo Julius Nielsen o ke Kulanui o Copenhagen he 5.4 mika ʻo Greenland ka mea i aʻo ʻia e kāna hui ma ka liʻiliʻi o 272 mau makahiki ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia. ʻOi aku kona mau makahiki ma mua o 512 makahiki.
Ua loaʻa kēia holoholona holoholona i kekahi mau mahina i hala. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā makahiki hiki i ka pēpē ma kahi noiʻi e ke Kulanui ʻO Arctic o Norewai, i paʻi ʻia ma ka puke paʻi Science. Hiki i kahi shark ke hānau ʻia ma 1505, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ia ma mua o Shakespeare. Ua nānā nā ʻepekema ʻepekema 28 i nā ʻuhane ʻē aʻe o kēia ʻano, hiki ke mālama lōʻihi ʻia lākou āpau.
Ke noho nei kēia mau mea luhika lohi e noho i ke kai anuanu o ka moana Arctic a me ke Komohana akau. Ua hōʻea lākou i ka wā poperty ma "ka makahiki ulu" 150 mau makahiki.
Hoʻomaopopo ka ʻepekema ʻepekema i ka lōʻihi o kēia mau ʻuhane i kahi pōmaʻomaʻo palupalu, a me ka manawa haʻahaʻa hoʻi. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina hou i hiki i ke anuanu ke kōkua i ka hoʻoluliluli i ka wā kahiko, a ua hōʻoia kēia i kēia mau hiʻoki kahiko.
No kēia mau mea kupaianaha, hiki ke lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ka wā: ua hele ka nui o kēia ʻanoʻano i nā lāʻau lapaʻau e hū ana i ka maka.
Loaʻa pinepine ʻia ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā poʻe i kau ʻia ma nā ʻaka kūleʻa ʻo Greenland.Noho lākou i nā wai anu, kahi aneane hiki ʻole ke hālāwai me kahi kanaka. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kahi hihia i ka wā i pio ai ka moku ʻo St. Lawrence i ka moku Greenland polar i ka moku. Ua alualu ʻia kekahi pu me kekahi pūʻulu o nā mea like ʻole a kaomi iā lākou e kū i ka wai.
Manaʻo kekahi poʻe lawaiʻa e kīwī nā puhipeka i ka Greenland i ka ʻōpala a ka luku ʻana i ka iʻa, a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana iā lākou he mea pōpilikia. No laila, ʻikea ʻia, ʻoki lākou i ka leʻa kuʻu i nā ʻaka a hoʻolei iā lākou i luna. Ke hopu ʻia, ʻaʻole kū i ka palaho ʻo Greenland.
ʻO kēia mau centenarians Arctic he ʻano o "capsule manawa", a hiki i kā lākou aʻo ʻana ke kōkua i ke hoʻomaopopo i ke pae o ka hopena o ka lāhui kanaka i nā moana.
A eia nā kenekulia ʻē aʻe o ka honua
ʻO ke kumukūʻai maʻamau o ke kanaka hou he ākea nui - 71.4 mau makahiki. Hoʻohālikelike i nā mayflies pakeke e ola nei ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 5 mau minuke, he ala keu kēia. Eia naʻe kekahi mau holoholona ma ka Honua, kahi e lilo ai ka ola o nā hanauna āpau o nā kānaka. E kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana iā lākou i kēia lā.
E lawe i sponges, no ka laʻana. "Hoʻopoina pinepine ka poʻe i nā sponges he holoholona, a he nui o ia mau mea he lawehala maoli," wahi a Mara Hardt, ka mea kākau o Sex ma ke Kai. Wahi a kahi haʻawina i paʻi ʻia ma ka puke nūhou Aging Research Review, kahi pīpī hohonu hohonu mai i nā ʻano lāʻau Monorhaphis Chini i noho nei i ke ao nei no 11,000 mau makahiki.
Ua make ʻo Mollusk i kapa ʻia ʻo Ming i ka makahiki 507, i ka ʻimi ʻana o ka poʻe noiʻi i nā loea mai lalo aʻe o nā loko iʻa ʻo Iceland. He hoʻopaʻa paʻa maoli kēia i waena o kona mau hoahānau - ʻo ka manawa maʻamau o nā ola mollusks e like me 225 mau makahiki.
ʻO kekahi o ka iʻa hohonu, e like me ka hoplostet, hiki ke ola i nā makahiki 175. Aia no nā mammals, eia ua pīkoki ʻia nā koholā pīʻoki ʻia, a ʻo ka mea e ola ai ka ola a hiki i 200 makahiki. Loaʻa kēia i kona hiʻohiʻona: nā momi e noho nei i nā wai anuanu i loaʻa ka metabolism hoʻoluhi. Pēlā, e hele mālie kona kino. Ma ke ala, e like me ka National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), ʻo ka pīʻiwa bowhead ka holoholona me ka waha nui loa ma ka honua.
ʻOiai nō hoʻi o nā loina kai o ka lawaiʻa, he mau loea kūleʻa lākou, ma waena o nā mea ʻona ʻāina aia nō kekahi wā lōʻihi. No laila, ʻo ka makahiki o Jonathan, ke ʻōpala nui loa ʻana, he 183 makahiki. Noho ka ʻelemakule hanohano ma luna o ka ʻāina o ka noho aliʻi ma ka mokupuni o St. Helena.
Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Ara Parrot iā Charlie. Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Charlie ma ka makahiki 1899, he 119 nā makahiki o kona makahiki. ʻO ka mea nona ka manu, ʻo Peter Oram, i kūʻai iā Charlie i ka makahiki 1965 no kāna hale kūʻai holoholona. Ma hope mai, lawe ʻo Peter Oram i ka manu i ka home, no ka mea, ua hana hewa ʻo Charlie - makemake ʻo ia e hoʻohiki. Aia kekahi loea ma ka 1930 ka nui, ua lilo ʻo Charlie iā Winston Churchill, a ʻo ia ka mea i aʻo i ka kaua ʻoopala. I ka makahiki 2004, ua hōʻole ke kaikamahine a Churchill i kēia ʻike: he manu maoli ʻo ia ka Kuhina Pelekane, akā, ma muli o ia, ʻaʻole ʻo Charlie wale nō.
He lobster i kapa ʻia ʻo George. I ka makahiki 2009, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo George ʻo ia ka ʻumi ma mua o ka honua, a i ka manawa ʻo George i piha ʻo 140 he mau makahiki.
Hana ʻia ka pahu nui nui ma ka hopena o 2008 ma Kanada. I ka mua, ua kūʻai ʻia ka lobster i kahi hale kūloko hanana, akā ʻO PETA (ka hui manuahi holoholona holoholona nui loa) e hoʻopili ana i ke kūlana a koi aku iā George e hoʻi i kona ʻano kūlohelohe. Ma hope o 10 mau lā, ua hana ʻia kahi hana mana, a ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo George i loko o ka wao.
Alliwator Mooja. Ua hōʻea ka Alligator i ka Zoo Serbia i 1937 ma kahi makua makua. Wahi a nā poʻe loea, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka 80 mau makahiki o ka holoholona. I ke Kaua Honuaua, ua loaʻa ʻo Belgrade i ka pehu uila ikaika, ma muli o ka aneane i pau nā holoholona o ka make manu a make. Akā ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Muja i loko o ke kapa ia: ʻo ke kāmeʻa i pakele i nā manawa paʻakikī a paʻa mau nō.
ʻElima wīlī ʻāhane Lin Wong. Hiki ke loaʻa kēia holoholona ma ka Guinness Book Records: Lin Wong i ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka elepani ʻekahi kahiko i noho ma ka honua.Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole e ʻike hou ʻia ʻo Lin Wong me kona mau maka ponoʻī: ua make ka elepani i ka makahiki 2003 i ka makahiki o 86. Eia nō naʻe, i ka makahiki 2016, ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻike ua hiki i ka manawa e hāʻawi aku i ka lāʻau i ka moho hou. ʻO kekahi wā lōʻihi ʻē aʻe - ʻo ka eleu Dakshayani - ʻo ia ka waiwai o ka hoʻomana hoʻomana India Travancore Devaswom Board. Ua huli nā limahana o TDB i ka Book Records me kahi noi e ʻike iā Dakshayani ʻo ka 'elemakule kahiko loa o ka honua, akā ʻaʻole naʻe i hāʻawi i kahi hōʻike koʻikoʻi.
ʻO nā pahu ʻeke ʻeke mai Siberia. I ka makahiki 1964, ʻike ʻia kekahi mau mea ola lōʻihi loa o Brandt i kēlā me kēia lā. A laila hōʻailona ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka pō a hoʻokuʻu i loko o ka home kūlohelohe. Akā i ka 2005, ua ʻike hou ka ʻūlapa e nā mea noiʻi! Pīhoihoi loa ke kāne e nā ʻepekema: ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ke ola ko nā pō ʻoi aku ma mua o 20 mau makahiki.
ʻO Albatross Wizdom ka manu kahiko loa o ka honua. ʻO ka moʻolelo o ka albatross e like nō me ka hopena o kahi pā Siberian. Ua ʻike mua lākou iā Wizdom i ka makahiki 1956, a laila ua aneane ka manu ma kahi o 5-6 mau makahiki. Ma 2002, 46 mau makahiki ma hope, ua ʻike hou ʻia ʻo Wizdom e nā mea noiʻi. Ua ʻike nā ʻepekema ʻepekema ʻo Wizdom i ka haʻalulu he haʻalulu. I kēia manawa ua 67 paha makahiki o ka manu.
He kohola pepehi kānaka ʻo Granny ka inoa. Ua hānau ʻo Granny ma 1911, noho ʻo ia ma ka Pākīpika i nā kūlana kūlohelohe. Ua ʻike mua ʻia ka lāʻau pepehi kanaka i ka makahiki 1967 ma Puget Bay, Wakinekona. No ka mea ua puka ʻo Granny mai ka wā hānau keiki ʻana, ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka holoholona i kona ʻano kūlohelohe. ʻAʻohe o Granny i kekahi mau hōʻailona, akā maʻalahi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ʻae palā i ka moni. Eia naʻe, aia kekahi manawa i make ai ka kohola pepehi kanaka: ʻo ka manawa hope loa i ʻike ʻia ʻo Granny i ʻOkakopa 2016.
E kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka lōʻihi o nā kumulāʻau, ʻike pinepine mākou i nā oaks a me nā baobabs, akā i nā poʻokela he mau conifers. ʻO ka makahiki o ka puʻu Tiikko kahiko, e ulu ana ma ke kuahiwi ʻo Fulu i Suetena, ua manaʻo ʻia he 9560 mau makahiki! ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka ʻōpiopio o kona ʻōpala i kēia manawa, a ua ola ke ʻano o ke kumu kahiko i nā tausani he mau makahiki, mai ia manawa mai o ka make ʻana o kahi ʻōpala, he mea kūlike kahi ʻano genetically like. He mea hiki nō hoʻi ke kulu i ka laha i ka waiho ʻana i ka wā e hoʻopili ai kahi lālā i ka lepo a loaʻa a kanu i kahi mea kanu hou. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, he lāʻau clonal ʻo Old Tiikko, a ʻo nā ʻōpū o nā kumulāʻau clonal i pili i nā aʻa ke ola i nā makahiki he ʻumi.
ʻO ka mea hoʻohili nui no ka hoʻopaʻa moʻolelo hoʻokahi e hele mai nā conifers. ʻO kēia kahi pinemani spousmous (Pinus longaeva) e ulu nui ana ma nā kuahiwi o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻAi - 5666 makahiki. Hiki i nā mea kanu ke ola i kahi lōʻihi aku! Ua hua aʻe nā ʻepekema Lūkini i nā hua o ka resin sempin-kiko (Silene stenophylla), kahi i waiho ma lalo o kahi ʻāpana o ka permafrost no 32,000 mau makahiki.
ʻOiai ʻole ke kāpae i nā spores, hiki i ke kano ke noho lōʻihi me ka lōʻihi. Noho nā Microorganism i lalo o ke kai o ka moana ma kahi hohonu o 700 m e kū i ke kahe nui a me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (ma kahi o 100 degere), a ma kēlā me kēia, ola lākou ma kahi o 10,000 mau makahiki - mai ka māhele a hiki i ka hoʻokaʻawale. Loaʻa nā loiloi he nui loa i nā koina lepo i loaʻa i ka wā o ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana i ka ʻauwaʻa mai ka moku ʻĀpiha JOIDES.
Kahi paha, aia kēia ola kahiko no kahi 100 miliona mau makahiki - ʻo ia ka makahiki o nā ʻōmole mai kahi i lawe ʻia ai nā kuhi.
ʻO ke ʻano make ʻole, ʻo ia kekahi mea i ʻike ʻia ke ola o 250 miliona mau makahiki! I ka makahiki 2000, ua paʻi ʻia kahi pepa e hōʻike ana ua hoʻokō ka poʻe noiʻi ʻAmelika e ala i ka hānau ʻana o nā mea ʻae no Bacillus i loaʻa i loko o nā waihona paʻakai (New Mexico) mai ka hānau ʻana. I loko o kēia hapa o ka miliona mau makahiki, ua loaʻa ka bacilli i ke ʻano o ka spora, i loko i kahi i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ai nā kaʻina loina metabola. Inā loaʻa kēia ʻike i ka hiki ʻole i nā hōʻike hou, ʻike mākou no ka ʻike ʻole ʻana o nā maʻi i ʻole e hoʻokūkū i ka ʻōlelo o ka lōʻihi.
ʻO jellyfish Turritopsis dohrnii i kapa pinepine ʻia he make mau. ʻOi aku paha, hiki iā ia ke ola mau loa. ʻO kēia ka ʻano holoholona ʻano ʻōpala maʻamau. ʻO ke ʻano mua o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kahi organism mai nā kelepika paʻila he polyp (e like me nā mea cores cefefs).I kekahi manawa manawa, hānau ka polyp i ka jellyfish. A ke hele nei ia i ka wā puberty, e komo i ka hana a make. ʻAʻole hiki i ka lillyfish ke hoʻi hou i ka pol pol stage. Akā ʻaʻole ia ʻo Turritopsis dohrnii - e pili ana i kekahi mau mea ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kūlana ʻino, a kūwaha nā aʻe ke ʻano, me he mea lā e hoʻi ana i ka ʻōpala "pēpē". A laila hana hou ka polyp i kahi aniani ... A ʻaʻole hoʻi he wahi no ka make i ke kaulahao o kēia mau metamorphoses. E piʻi paha i ka 250 miliona mau makahiki.
Ua aneane lohe nā poʻe a pau i ka mōʻī o The Tower Ravens, ke ola nei no 300 mau makahiki. He nani kēia moʻolelo, akā ʻaʻole i hiki i ka ʻepekema ke hōʻoia i nā mea e like me kēia. ʻAʻohe manaʻo aia i ka manawa o ka make, ʻo ia ke ʻano manu i noho ai i ka hale kiaʻāina no ka lōʻihi loa o ke makahiki he 44. Akā ʻoiai, ʻo Greater, kahi flamingo māla (Pinkenusterus roseus) mai Adelaide Zoo (Australia), i lilo i mea paʻa i ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ka lōʻihi. Ua make ʻo 2014 i ka makahiki o 83. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻoihana lōʻihi ma waena o nā condors a me nā paka nui e like me ka cockatoo a macaw paha. Hōʻike ʻia nā moʻolelo āpau o ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana. Ma ke ʻano kūlohelohe, noho liʻiliʻi nā hoahānau o kēia mau manu, no ka mea, ua mamao ka lōʻihi o ke kumu loea i ke kahe o ke kino. Ua pili kēia i ka paʻakai "mau loa".
He mea ʻē paha kekahi i pili ʻia nā maʻi keu (a mākou i waena o lākou). Akā, ke ola nui o ka mea ola i ke ʻano he koho kūpono e ka koho ʻana i kahi heluna. A inā paha i hoʻokahi mau lā lā e hoʻomau ai ke ola, hoʻonui a pālahalaha, a laila ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kumumanaʻo, a me ka hopena o ka mea kū hoʻokahi, e like me ka ʻōlelo ʻana o nā mea e pili ana ka poʻe ola ʻana, ʻaʻole ia he mea no ka kunu. ʻO nā mea a pau e make ʻole ai i ka manawa lōʻihi he primitive a i ʻole e alakaʻi ana i kahi "hindered" ola. A ʻaʻole aneane kekahi o mākou e makemake e lilo i bakteria a i ʻole he launa.
A eia kahi hihia hou hou ʻē aʻe.
I ka makahiki 2006, ua hopu ʻia kahi clam hohonu o ka moana moana Oceanic Venus (Arctica Islandica) mai ka hohonu o ke kai e pili ana iā Islandia. Manaʻo nui nā ʻepekema i ka loaʻa.
ʻO ke kumukūʻai ma Bangor, aia ma UK, ua hoʻomaka koke e aʻo ʻia i ia.
Kuhi ʻia ka makahiki o nā mollusks, e like me nā lālani - helu ʻia nā apo, kahi i kiki ʻia ai ka māi o ka holoholona. Akā e noho ana kēia mau apo i kahi e kokoke ai nā ʻēheu ʻelua. Ua makemake nā poʻe ʻepekema i nā mollusk e wehe i ka peʻe.
Ua noʻonoʻo, noʻonoʻo a manaʻo ʻia - waiho i loko o ka friji. Ma laila ua hoʻopau ka holoholona i kona mau lā. Ua hiki i ka lōʻihi ke ola ma muli o ka mālamaʻoleʻana o ka Aesculapius.
I ka wā mua, ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā makahiki o ka mollusk i 405 mau makahiki. Akā, ʻaʻole kū ka ʻepekema. Hoʻolaha hou ʻia nā ʻenehana hou aʻe. Ma 2013, ua hoʻokō ʻia ka hana hou ʻana, kahi i hoʻokumu ai ʻo ka holoholona he 507 mau makahiki. Pehea kona lōʻihi e noho ai, ʻaʻole mākou ʻike.
Hoʻomaopopo kekahi mea i ka 1499, i ka wā i hānau ai ka ʻōnoʻa o ke kai, ua noho aliʻi ʻo Ming Dynasty. Ua hāʻawi ʻia ke kuhi i ka inoa Min. Eia hoʻi Kina, ʻaʻole maopopo iaʻu, akā ma lalo o kēlā inoa inoa ka mea i komo ka holoholona i ka Guinness Book of Records.
Ma kaʻu pūʻuluVKontaktehoihoi loa. E hele mai i loko.
Pehea e kōkua ai nā meteorite i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā mea pohihihi o ka mōʻaukala o Mars?
Ua noiʻi nā kānaka noiʻi ma ke Kulanui o Arizona i nā meteorite o Martian e aʻo hou e pili ana i ka mea o kā mākou hoalauna i hala. Loaʻa iā lākou nā hopena maikaʻi loa: ʻ suggestlelo nā kānakaʻepekema ʻo ka loaʻa ʻole o ka Mars kahiko kahi honua magma honua.
I loko o ka pākauka ʻo Jessica Barnes e pili ana i kahi moʻoʻaoʻao kahiko e like me nā aniani, nā minima a me nā pōhaku. ʻO kēia kahi ʻāpana o ka meteorite Martian i ʻike ʻia ʻo NWA 7034 a i ʻole ka "Black Beauty". Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ia ma muli o ke kulu o nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka ʻā ʻana ma kahi Martrust a me ka lepo i kahi hoʻokūkū ikaika.
He loea kōkua ʻo Jessica Barnes i ka ʻōiwi aʻoaʻo o ke Kulanui o Arizona a Moon and Planet Laboratory. ʻIa ʻia ʻo ia a me kāna hui no ka noiʻi ʻana i ka meteorite ALH 84001 - ka mea hoʻokahi i ʻike ʻia ai nā ʻōnaehana mikroskopika e like me nā bakemikini i loaʻa i ka 90s o ke kenekulia 20.Ke hana nei ʻo Barnes i ka noiʻi ʻana o ka "Black Beauty", e hoʻāʻo ana e ʻae mai kahi liʻiliʻi o nā kaikepili e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala o Geological a me ka hiki ʻana o ka wai ma luna o ka Pūnaewele.
Ua paʻi ʻia kahi noiʻi o ka hui ʻo Barnes ma kahi ʻepekema ʻōlelo kūhelu i ka nūpepa Nature Geoscience. Hōʻike kēia haʻawina ʻo Mars i waiwai i ka wai mai nā punawai ʻelua. E pili kēia i ka Mars, ʻaʻole like me ka Honua a me ka mahina, ʻaʻohe wai o ka makma e uhi piha ana i ka honua. Mahalo paha, hiki kēia i ka hopena o ka hoʻokūkū o nā planesimals me nā ʻano wai ʻē aʻe o kā lākou hui. Wahi a Jessica:
ʻO kēia mau wai kūʻokoʻa ʻelua o ka wai e hiki iā mākou ke haʻi mai i kahi mea e pili ana i kēlā mau kino kosmic mai kahi o nā papa hana i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka ʻāpana o ka pūna i ka lā. I kēia ʻatikala, ʻike nui ʻia ka loiloi o ka noho o Mars ma ka wā ma mua.
Ke ho'āʻo nei ka poʻe nui e hemo i ka mōʻaukala o ka wai ma Mars. No hea mai ʻoe? Ehia ka lōʻihi i ka ʻūpū a i luna paha? He aha ka mea e hiki ai i ka wai ke haʻi iā mākou e pili ana i nā kaʻina hana o ka Red Planet?
Ua kiʻi ʻo Barnes a me kāna hui i ke kiʻi holoʻokoʻa o ka mōʻaukala o ka wai ma Mars, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka isotopes hydrogen ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi. ʻO ka māmā o ka isotopes hydrogen - protium - loaʻa i hoʻokahi proton i kāna kūloko. ʻO ka isotope ka mea i kapa ʻia ka deuterium, ʻo ka hoʻohui aʻe i ka proton, ʻo kona pūlima kekahi pū kekahi neutron. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike o kēia mau isotopes e hōʻailona ana i ke kanaka ʻepekema honua e pili ana i nā kaʻina a me ke hiki o ka wai i loko o nā pōhaku a me nā minamina i loaʻa kēia mau isotopes.
Ua kākau nā kānaka noiʻi i ka māhele o ka isotopes hydrogen ma nā meteorites no nā makahiki he iwakālua. Nui ka nui o nā ʻikepili, a ua ʻike ʻia ke ʻano kūlike o ka ʻike i loko o lākou.
ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa loa ka wai i loko o nā ʻāpana terestrial: ʻaʻole i like ka nui o ka wai o ka deuterium / protium ma loko o laila: 1: 6420 I loko o ke lewa o Mars, ʻokoʻa ka kūlana - no ka hapa nui, ua mālama ka deuterium i laila, ʻoiai ua lawe ʻia ka protium mai ka honua mai i ka makani o ka lā.
Ua hoʻoholo ka hui ʻo Barnes i ka māhele o ka isotopes hydrogen ma ka Martian crust, e noiʻi ana i nā hoʻohālike o ka meteorite ALH 84001 a me NWA 7034. Ua kōkua nui nā mea hope loa, ʻoiai he ʻāpana nā ʻoka mai nā ʻāpana o nā moʻolelo kūlohelohe o Mars.
ʻO nā hoʻohālikelike o ka isotopes hydrogen ma kēia mau meteorite ʻelua ma waena o nā kuʻuna i ka pōhaku o ka honua a me ka lewa Martian. Me he ʻano like kekahi i pili i ka mōʻaukala o Mars: ua hōʻoia ʻia kēia e nā hopena o nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe, me ke ʻano ʻana o ka puʻu ʻo NASA Curiosity.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka mea noiʻi hou ʻole i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka isotopes i ke lewa o Mars ua loli i ka wā, ʻoiai i loko o ka puʻupaʻa e noho mau nei ia mau. Eia kekahi, hopohopo lākou i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā hoʻopili ʻana o ka waihona Martian a me nā māka Martian he ʻokoʻa.
No laila, ʻaʻole e hiki ke wehewehe i ka papahele like me ka isotopes o ka hydrogen i loko o ka huakū o ka Red Planet e kekahi mau kaʻina i ka lewa. Akā ʻike mākou pehea ke ʻano o ka puka ʻana o ka honua - i hana ʻia mai nā mea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o nā ʻāpana o ka honua, i hoʻomākaʻi ʻia ma ka ʻili.
ʻO ka hypothesis mua, kahi i waiho mua ʻia ma mua o kēia hana, ʻo ia ka mea i loko o loko i loko o Mars kahi hoʻohālikelike o ka isotop hydrogen isotopes me ke ʻano o ka Honua (kahi i hoʻohālikelike mau ʻia) a me nā hoʻololi o kēia hoʻohālikelike i hiki ke kau wale ma o nā hewa i kā mākou mau ana, a i ʻole ka pilina me ke lewa. . ^ E Ha yM.
Ua like ka manaʻo o nā ʻano kūloko o ka Red Planet i like me ka mea ma ka Honua ma muli o ke aʻo ʻana i kahi meteorite, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hana ʻia ka mea nui o ka ʻaelike Martian. Akā ʻo Barnes i mau ʻōlelo:
Hiki i nā mea inoa Martian ke hoʻohālikelike i nā wahi a pau o ka honua. Ke hoʻāʻo nei e noʻonoʻo inā he meteorite kīwī he ʻāpana o ka māka Martian i paʻakikī mau ʻia. ʻO ka huli ʻana o kā mākou ʻikepili i cortex ka mea i koi ʻia iā mākou e aʻo i nā puke ʻepekema a me nā noiʻi hou.
Ua ʻike nā ʻepekema ʻepekema ʻelua mau ʻano like ʻole o nā pōhaku pele a Martian - i waiwai a hoʻoneʻe i Shergottites - loaʻa nā wai me nā ʻano like ʻole o ka isotopes hydrogen. Hoʻopili ʻia nā Shergottites Enriched i ka deuterium ma mua o ka mea i hoʻoneʻe ʻia, kahi like me nā pōhaku terestrial.
Ka mea, ua like ka waiwai o ka ratio o ka isotopes hydrogen i loko o ke kāwili ʻana o kēia mau pōhaku i hāʻawi i kēlā mau waiwai i loaʻa i ka hui o Barnes no ka huahelu Martian. Manaʻo ʻo ia a me kāna mau hoaʻo Shergottites he mau hōʻailona ʻelua o nā kumuwaiwai ʻelua ma Mars. ʻO ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi e hōʻike iā lākou ua hiki i ka wai ke hele mai i Mars mai kahi kumu hoʻokahi. A ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka Pōʻalima ka honua i ka moana magmatic honua. pili | kumu
Ua waiho mau ʻia ʻo NASA Voyager 2 "waiho ʻia i kāna mau kamepiula" i kahi āpau a hiki i 2021
ʻO ka Voyager 2 spacecraft ʻo NASA (Voyager 2) e waiho ʻia ma kāna iho i ka lumi interstellar i nā mahina 11 e hiki mai ana.
Ke hoʻomau nei ʻo NASA i ka radio radio 70 mika ʻo Australia, kahi e hoʻohana ai ka hui a Voyager e kamaʻilio pū me ka holo moana, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka makahiki 1977 a hiki i kahi interstellar i Nowemapa 2018. ʻO Voyager 2 e waiho "waiho ʻia iaʻu iho iā ʻoe iho ”a pau ka hana, akā mālama i ka hiki ke hoʻouna i nā ʻike ʻepekema i ka Honua. Hoʻolālā ʻia ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka hana hou ʻana o nā hale kaʻa uila no Ianuali 2021.
Eia naʻe, mai hopohopo e pili ana i ka Voyager 2 - "maʻalahi maʻalahi i ka waiho wale ʻia ʻana," wahi a nā lālā o ka hui.
"Hoʻohui hou mākou i ke ʻano hana i loko o kahi mode e palekana ai no ka manawa lōʻihi a pau i ka hana me ka leo o nā lekiō," wahi a Susan Dodd, ka luna hana ʻo Voyager, ma ka ʻōlelo i ka Pōʻakolu, Malaki 4.
"Inā hiki mai kekahi pilikia e hiki mai ana - hiki ke hanana ikaika loa, ʻo ia hoʻi me kahi mea like o ka makahiki" hanohano "like me ka Voyager - a laila hana ʻia ka ʻōnaehana pale ma ka pale i nā hemahema," wahi āna.
ʻO ka paʻakikī o kēia mau leka radio ʻAmelika he mea i ka Deep Space Network (DSN), i hoʻohana ʻia e NASA e kamaʻilio me nā spacecraft he nui. Kūkulu ʻia i loko o nā pūnaewele nā ʻekolu paona nui o nā radio antena e loaʻa ma Kaleponi, Sepania a me Australia - akā naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻenehana radio i ke kahua ʻo Sepania a me Kaleponi e hoʻouna i nā kauoha i ka siʻina Voyager 2 i ka wā e hoʻoponopono ai nā mea hana o Australia, ʻoiai ua waiho ʻia ke kiʻi ma nā wahi o waho mai lalo e pili ana i ka. ʻO ka mokulele mokulele honua, a no laila ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia mai ka ʻākau ʻākau.
Hoʻi hou ʻo Voyager 2 i ka hōʻiliʻili o ka ʻepekema ma hope o ka hana hewa ʻana
Ke hoʻi nei kēia mau mea hana lima papa holoʻokoʻa ma ka papa o ka manuahi hoʻonaʻauao ʻo NASA ʻO Voyager 2 (Voyager 2) e hoʻi nei i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka ʻike ʻepekema ma hope o ka hana ʻepekema i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka hopena o Ianuali ma muli o ka hopena o ka ikaika.
Ua hoʻolaha ʻo NASA i kēia lā ma mua, ʻo Malaki 3, i hoʻokahi mahina ma hope o ka hanana. Noho ka pilikia ma luna o kēia moku holo i ka manawa, no ka mea, i kahi mamao ma kahi mamao loa mai ka Honua, lawe ʻia nā kauoha mai ko mākou honua i ka neʻe ma ka wa he 17 wale nō, a lawe ʻia ka pane i ka nui o ka manawa.
"Ua hoʻi ʻo Voyager 2 i nā hana ʻepekema maʻamau ma hope o ka anomali i ka mea ma Ianuali 25, 2020," Ua ʻōlelo aku nā luna o NASA ma kahi ʻōlelo. "Ua hoʻohuli hou ʻia nā ʻōnaehana ʻepekema ʻelima āpau i hoʻoneʻe ʻia e ka mana ʻōnaehana pale me ka hana ʻepekema i ke ʻano maʻamau."
ʻO ka Voyager 2, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo kā māhoe Voyager 1, i kōkuhi ʻia i ʻAukake 1977, a mai ia manawa ua hoʻomau ʻo ia i ka huli ʻana i ka ʻaoʻao o waho. ʻO kēlā me ka lōʻihi o ka manawa i ka papa o waho e hoʻopuka i nā mea paʻa o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pono ʻepekema o ka pono: pono nā loea i nā ʻoihana hou i ke kumu o ka pīhoihoi e pono ai e hana i nā maneuver e pono ai, e hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻike ʻepekema a hōʻoia i kā lākou neʻe ʻana i Honua.
ʻO ka pilikia i kū mai i ka mahina ʻo Ianuali, ua haʻalele ʻo ka Voyager 2 i kahi hoʻolālā manu e pono ai ke calibrate ma ka papa uila.Ma muli o kēia hana maikaʻi ʻole, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻōnaehana ʻelua i ka mana o ka uila nui i ka manawa like, ua ʻike ka ʻōnaehana maʻamau ma ka papa o ka mokulele i ke ʻano he mea weliweli a hoʻomālamalama i ka ʻōnaehana palekana mua i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i ka hana maʻalahi.
Hoʻokele nā poʻe loea NASA e hoʻihoʻi iā Voyager 2 i ke ola
Hiki i kekahi hewa ke hele hewa inā neʻe ʻoe i loko o waho o ka mokulele ma kahi mamao o nā piliona mau kilomita mai ka Honua, a piʻi ka ʻoni mai ka radio thermoelectric radioisotope hoʻokahi, a 43 mau makahiki i hala aku nei mai ka wā i hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia kahi hoʻoponopono. ʻO kēia ka mea i loaʻa i ka pule i ka wā i hala aku nei ka Voyager 2 spacecraft i ka mode palekana ma muli o ka lohi ʻole i hoʻopukapuka ʻia i nā kauoha i ka wā o ka maneuver e hoʻohālike i kekahi o nā mea hana ʻepekema luna. ʻO kēia lohi ke kumu o nā subsystem ikaika e hana i hoʻokahi manawa, ʻo ka hoʻohana ka mea i ʻoi aku i nā mana o ka mana o ka mana no ka spacecraft.
Ke ʻike nei i nā kumu no nā mea i loaʻa a loaʻa ke ala e hoʻoholo ai i ke kūlana he kaʻina manawa he nui, manawa hoʻi he 17 mau hola e loaʻa ai ka hōʻailona lewa no ka pale ʻana i ka mamao ma waena o Honua a me Voyager 2 i kēia manawa. A, ma hope o ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā ʻōmole e pili ana i ka hāmeʻa, pono ʻoe e kali no kahi 34 mau hola e ʻike ai inā he hopena paha kēia.
I kēia manawa, ua hoʻokō ka poʻe loea NASA e hoʻopili i kekahi o nā mea hana ʻepekema o ke ʻano o Voyager 2, i hoʻomau hou i ka hōʻiliʻili o nā ʻike ʻepekema. Ke hoʻomau ʻia nei nā koena a me nā mea hana o ka mea paahana, ka kamepiula paʻa ʻana i ka kamepiula ke kahakaha ʻana i nā papahana-diagnostic ponoʻī iā ia, ka ʻikepili mai kahi e hoʻoholo ai i ka manawa a hiki ke hoʻohuli hou ʻia kēia mau mea hana.
ʻO ka pilikia nui o nā kaʻa ʻo Voyager i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka lewa i ka makahiki 1977, ʻo kā lākou kaila radioisotope, ka nui o ka nui me nā wahi liʻiliʻi o ka radio radio plutonium oxide. I ka mua, hiki i kēia kumu ke hoʻopiha i ka mana 470 watts i ka mana. Akā ma muli o ka maopopo o ka plutonium he hapa pōkole o ka hapa (87.7 mau makahiki), ke emi mau nei ka nui o nā auwē o nā atome o kēia hana a ua nalowale nā kumu o ka mea hana Voyager 2 i ka wikiwiki o 4 watts i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
I waenakonu o 2019, ʻo ka mana o ka mana o ka mana o Voyager 2 e pili ana i ka 280 watts a me nā poʻe loea NASA i hoʻoholo e kāpae i kekahi o nā mea hoʻomehana i mālama i ka mahana o ka mahana i loko o ka polokalamu. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ua hoʻomau ka hana o nā hāmeʻa, me ka emi ʻana o ka mahana ma lalo o kahi i hoʻāʻo ʻia ai ma ka Honua. I kēia manawa ua hoʻouna aku ka polokalamu Voyager 2 i ka Honua i ka ʻikepili i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e 5 mau mea ʻepekema ʻōmele a, hiki i kekahi ke ʻōlelo, ʻaʻole hiki ke helu ʻia kekahi o ka hui mua.
Eia nō naʻe, e hiki mai ka manawa e pau ai ka lako o nā pono hana a pono no ka hoʻomake ʻana i nā laina wahie, a laila hiki e ka Voyager 2 ke hiki i ka mana a hiki ʻole ke hoʻokō i kona mau helehelena i ka Honua. ʻO nā ʻōnaehana ʻepekema a ia manawa e hoʻohuli ʻia, akā ʻo ka mea pono iho e lele mau no ka manawa lōʻihi loa i ka manawa anu o ka interstellar waho, i mea hōʻike kūlohelohe o ka loio kanaka.
ʻAlaʻi Meteor "Meteor-M" 2-2 i hoʻopili ʻia me kahi micrometeorite
Ma hope iho o ke hoʻololi ʻana i ka orbit a me ka nalo ʻana i ka manawa pilikino, e like me ka Russian Space Agency.
Ua kū ʻia ka hopena ma Dekemaba 18, ma hope o ka ulia pōpilikia, ua hoʻohuli ʻia e ka satelite ka mana o nā ʻōnaehana āpau ma mua o ka komo ʻana o ka ʻike ʻike ʻia o nā ʻāpana lawaiʻa o Lūkini.
"Ma hope o kēlā, ua hoʻomaka ka hana e hoʻihoʻi i kāna mau hana hana - damping the velocities angular, ke hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka orientation maʻamau, e loaʻa ana ka telemetric a me ka ʻike kiko," wahi a ka hui.
I kēia manawa ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka pilina, ke mālama ʻia nei nā hālāwai i mālama ʻia me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike telemetric a me ka ʻikepili mai nā lako hana.
Nā kikoʻī ʻepekema o ka mea i loaʻa:
Wahi a ka pūnaewele kūikawā o US Air Force space-track org, ma ka pō o Dekemaba 17-18 (ma waena o 23:08 a 06:06 Moscow manawa), ua hōʻemi nā Metaora-M 2-2 orbit: ua hoʻemi ka hapa haʻahaʻa e ka palena o 2.4 mau kilomita. (mai 806.5 a i 804.1 mau kilomita), ka lōʻihi - e ka 0.1 (mai 821.8 a 821.7).
Ma ka pūnaewele pae-track track, hoʻolaha ka pūʻali koa US i ʻōlelo ʻia nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka lua o nā mea i hōʻike ʻia, a ʻo kekahi e makemake e hoʻopaʻa inoa me ke kōkua o ka lako polokalamu ʻike hiki ke helu i nā ʻāpana o ka orbit a me nā kūlana o kā lākou pili.
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka satelele mai Vostochny i Iulai i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka pahu hoʻokele Soyuz-2.1b me ka wīwī Frigate. Ma mua, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Roskosmos, ma hope o ka pau ʻana o nā hoʻokele lele i ka lā 7 Dekemapa, ua kau ʻia ka mokulele.
ʻEkolu mau kānakaelona Mikior-M me nā helu 1, 2 a me 2-2 ma ka orbit. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole holo pono nā māka meteorological waiwai ma Meteor-M ʻAe 1, akā hana ka hana ʻepekema hou. Ua pau ka waiwai o kāna waiwai i ka makahiki 2014.
Hana pū ka Meteor-M helu 2 ma waho o ka manawa hōʻoia. ʻO ka lilo o Meteor-M helu helu 2-1 i ka 2017 ua nalowale ma muli o ka hoʻolaha hōʻeuʻeu.
Hoʻokuʻi ʻia ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka satelite Meteor-M 2-3 a me 2-4 no 2020 a me 2021.
No 40 mau makahiki: ua hoʻouna ʻo Voyager-2 i ka ʻikepili mua mai ka interstellar space
ʻO ka spacecraft ma Voyager-2 i hoʻouna i ka waiwai mua mai ka interstellar space 40 mau makahiki ma hope o ke alualu ʻana
Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia e nā keʻena kikowaena luna o ʻAmelika NASA. Ua lele aku ʻo Voyager-2 i 18 mau kilomita mau mamao mai ka Honua a komo i loko o ka lumi waena o Nowemapa 2018. I kēia manawa, ua kiʻi ka ʻike i ka ʻāina a ua hoʻopili ʻia e nā poʻe loea, hōʻike ʻo Russia 24.
Ma ka pō o ka nūpepa Nature Astronomy, ua paʻi ʻia nā kiʻi 5. Hoʻolaha kēlā me kēia i nā hopena mai kekahi o nā elima o ka ʻaoʻao. E kōkua pū lākou i ka huki kiʻi kiʻi i ke kahakai kahakai - ka wahi e hoʻomaka ai ka ʻōnaehana o ka lā a hoʻomaka ka interstellar space.
ʻO nā hōʻike mai nā hōʻike ʻike maka o ka meteorite Tunguska.
I ke kauwela kauwela o 1962, me ke kōkua o ke Kōmike e pili ana i ka meteorite o ka Academy of Science of the USSR, ua hana aku au i nā noiʻi ʻana o nā mea ʻike makaʻi i ka meteorite o 1908 Tunguska e noho nei ma ka moku Katangsky o ka Irkutsk Region. Ma lalo aʻe nei nā hōʻike hoihoi maikaʻi loa i loaʻa i kēia hana.
1. ʻO Farkov Feofan Samuilovich, hānau ʻia i ka makahiki 1897, he kamaʻāina o ke kauhale o Tura, Lūkia. I ka makahiki 1908 ua noho ʻo ia ma ke kauhale. ‘O Erbogachen. “Lohe akula au i ka uwē a nānā aku nei i ke kūkulu hema mai Erbogachen. Ua ʻike au i kahi pua ahi e lele ana ma ka lewa. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia iā ia i ke ao hema a Erbogachen. Ua lele mai kahi luʻu mai kahi hema a i hema, i.e., i ke komohana. Ua lele koke ʻo ia, akā ua hiki iaʻu ke hoʻomaopopo aku i ke anuanu, ʻoliʻele kona poʻo, a laila ua hoʻomaka ka lapalapa, a ma hope o kāna kīa ʻana. Ka lele ana, ʻaʻohe ala i waiho i ka lewa. Ma hope o ka nalo ʻana ma waho o ka pona (ʻo kēia kino), ʻaʻole wau i ʻike i kekahi lapalapa ʻana. Ua ʻōwahiʻe nā puka makani. A laila makaʻu ka poʻe a pau a ʻōlelo iā lākou: "Pōmaikaʻi!"
2. ʻO Balakshin Ivan Vasilyevich, hānau ʻia 1897, Lūkia, e noho ana ma ke kauhale. ‘O Erbogachen. I ka makahiki 1908, noho ʻo ia ma ke kauhale o Zhdanova, moku ʻo Katanga. “Nānā au i kahi ʻaoʻao kuʻuna, a ʻike au ua pūa mai nā lapalapa, e pili ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lāʻau, a laila puka hou mai ka uahi, e kū ana ma luna o ka lapalapa a nalo koke aku la. Hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi wau i nā pahuhū ʻekolu. Lulu ke aniani mai ka puʻu ʻana o nā hale. ”
3. Permyakov Stepan, Dormidontovich, e like me nā palapala o 1891 makahiki hānau, ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo 1887, Lūkini, kamaʻāina o ke kauhale. ‘O Erbogachen. I ka makahiki 1908, ua noho ʻo ia ma ke kauhale o Preobrazhenka. “I ke kakahiaka hoʻokuʻu aku wau i ka manure. Mālamalama ke anuanu, mālie. Hele wau i uka a ʻike i kahi mea lele ahi e lele ana. Ua lele aku ka pua ʻala mai ka hikina a hiki i komohana, a me ka kauhale o Preobrazhenka a Ambarchik, (azimuth 285 °). I kona lele ʻana iā Preobrazhenka, ʻaʻohe ala hōkeo, akā ua lohe ʻia kekahi leo, kahi ʻulu. I ka wā i hāʻule ai kahi pua ahi ahi ma luna o ka pona, he ahi mai kahi ahi mai loko aku, a laila e piʻi ana ka uahi, kahi mea i ʻike ʻia no ka wā lōʻihi.Ma hope o kēlā, ma hope o ka mau minuke 3-4, ʻekolu lohe ʻia, ʻekolu mau puʻupuʻu, nāwaliwali mua ʻelua, a nui loa ka leo hope. "
4. Salatkin Varnava Pavlovich, hānau ʻia 1890, kamaʻāina o ke kauhale. Erbogachen, Evenk. “Ma ka 1908 i noho ia i ke kauhale. Nepa. I ka mahina o Iune 1908, ua kiʻi wau i ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka muliwai Ichora me Evenk P.R. Ma ke kakahiaka ʻo Salatkin i hiamoe mākou i ka pō a i lohe koke mākou i nā puhaka ʻekolu. Mālamā ke ao, mālie ke kau, a nīnau mākou: no hea mai ka hekili? Pū a makaʻu mākou a ʻōlelo iā mākou: He lā nui kēia. "
5. Safyannikov Semen Egorovich, hānau ʻia 1891, Lūkini, e noho ana ma ke kauhale. ‘O Erbogachen. “Ma ka 1908 i noho ʻo ia i kauhale ma Moga. Ua ʻike au i kahi meteorite ma kona iho ʻana i lalo. Ke hōʻoia nei iaʻu ua hāʻule ʻo ia mai ke kauhale o Moga ma ke komohana. Hoʻomaopopo wau he elelo ka meteorite, me ka ihu o kona ihu, aia nā mānoanoa. I ka neʻe ʻana o ka meteorite ma luna o ka mauna, ʻaʻole wau i ʻike i ka lapalapa, akā ʻike wau ʻikea ua piʻi mai ka uahi ma ia wahi, ʻo ia mau mea he 10 mau minuke. ”
6. Safyannikov Prokopy Egorovich, hānau ʻia ʻo 1882, Lūkini, kamaʻāina o Erbogachen. I ka makahiki 1908, noho ʻo ia ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Moga. “I ka mahina o Iune, ua hana wau ma ke kūkulu ʻana i hale hale hale palaoa. ʻIke wau i kahi pōo wela e lele ana me kahi huelo wela. Ma hope o kona hele ʻana, noho ʻia ka lākē uliuli ma ka lewa. I ka hāʻule ʻana o kēia pōpana ahi i ka ʻaoʻao ma ke komohana o Mog, ma hope koke, ma hope o kahi o 10 mau minuke, lohe ʻia ia i ʻekolu mau pu, e like me ka canona. ʻO nā pana ma hope iho o kekahi, ma hope o hoʻokahi mau a ʻelua paha mau kekona. Mai laila, kahi i hāʻule ai ka meteorite, hele aku ka uahi, ʻaʻole mau ia no ka lōʻihi. "
7. ʻO Bokovinov Innokenty Pavlovich, hānau ʻia ʻo 1888, Lūkini, e noho ana ma ke kauhale. ‘O Erbogachen. I ka makahiki 1908, noho ʻo ia ma ke kūlanakauhale o Bokovikova. “ʻIke akula wau i kahi pua ahi e lele ana ma ke ala mai hema-hikina i ke komohana-komohana. Me he mea lā iaʻu e lele ana ma waena o ke kauhale o Verkhne-Kalinina a me ke kahawai Melnichnaya, aia ma waena o nā kauhale o Bokovikova me Yuryeva. "He lele ahi e lele ana ma ke kūkulu ʻākau o ke kauhale o Bokovikova, ʻoiai ʻo wau e kū pono ana i ke kūkulu ʻākau, a lele kekahi meteorite mai ka hema a hema."
8. Yuryev Nikolay Ivanovich, hānau ʻia 1894, Lūkini, kamaʻāina o Erbogachen. I ka makahiki 1908, noho ʻo ia ma ke kaona o Simenga, ʻo ia hoʻi 200 km ʻākau o Erbogachen ma kahi laina pololei. “I ke kakahiaka I lohe au i nā leo o nā pahū nā mea nui. Holo mai nā leo mai hema, akā ma kahi komohana. Ua huki ʻo Yuriev i kahi kiʻi e like me ka mea i hoʻoholo ʻia ai ka azimuth o 195 ° -200 °.
9. ʻO Farkov Egor Semenovich, hānau ʻia ma 1896, Lūkini, e noho ana ma ke kauhale. ‘O Erbogachen. I ka makahiki 1908 ua noho ʻo ia ma ke kūlanakauhale o Luzhki. “I kona ʻike ʻana i ka puʻu ahi e lele ana, ke alo nei kona maka i ke kūkulu hema. Ua lele mai ke ahi mai hema a hema a kū ma ke komohana komohana. Ua ʻōlelo aku ʻo makuakāne: e hoʻi i ka home! ʻAi ʻia! Holo aku mākou i loko o ka hale, noho no ʻelima mau minuke, ʻaʻole i hala, ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke ōlaʻi, a ke kīia nei nā mea i pehi. Hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi wau i nā kolu ʻekolu, ikaika nui nā mea ʻelua, a palupalu hoʻi ke kolu. "
10. Farkova Maria Silovna, hānau ʻia 1891, kahi Lūkini, he kamaʻāina o ke kauhale o Erbogachen. “Ma ka 1908, noho au i ke kauhale. Moga. Ua hana ʻia ma ke kakahiaka kūlohelohe anuanu. I ka wā mua, lohe au i kahi leo. Hoʻomaka ʻo ia e nānā a ʻike i ka pua ahi lele e lele ana. ʻEkolu mau puali i lilo mai iā ia, aʻu i hoʻomanaʻo pono ai: ka melemele, ka ʻulaʻula a me ka burgundy. I ka hū ʻā ahi kahi i hū aku ai ma waho o ka pali, ma ke ala ʻākau mai ke kauhale ʻo Moga, ua lohe koke ʻia nā puhaka. Ua leo ikaika nā leo mua ʻelua, a ʻo ke kolu o ka nāwaliwali, ke kali nei lākou, akā ʻaʻole i lohe ʻia nā leo hou ʻole. He mete ʻona nā meteorite, kahi makana. "
11. Ineshin Sergey Rodionovich, hānau ʻia 1892, noho ʻo Erbogachen, Lūkia. I ka makahiki 1908 ua noho ʻo ia ma ke kauhale. Nepa. “Ma mua o ka lā hoʻomaha ʻo Petrov i ke kakahiaka, aia wau ma ke alanui a ʻike wau i kahi pōpō o ke ahi e lele ana. Ma Nepa, ʻike nā kānaka he nui iā ia, a makaʻu wale nā mea a pau. I koʻu ʻike ʻana i ka pōkole o ke ahi, ʻewa komohana koʻu maka. Ua lele ka pulu ahi mai ka hema a hema, a kū ma luna o ka ʻaoʻao o ka Tongoka i ka ʻaoʻao o Nepa a nalo ma hope o ka neʻe ʻana. E like me ka i haiia S.P. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka azimuth o ka pae uka ma ka 330 °. 12. Farkov. Mikhail Nikolaevich, hānau ʻia ʻo 1887, noho ʻo Erbogachen, Lūkia. I ka makahiki 1908 ua noho ʻo ia ma ke kauhale o Yerema. “ʻO ke kakahiaka kauwela kēia ma kahi o 10 oʻōʻio. Kiʻi wau i ka lepo. Mālamalama ke anuanu, mālie.ʻAʻole au i ʻike i ka meteorite iho, akā, lohe wau i ʻekolu mau puʻupuʻu nui, a lohe nā poʻe ʻē aʻe o Yerema. E lulu ana nā mea āpau mai kēia mau pue. Kanaka nā kānaka. ʻO nā leo o ka pū ʻana i hele mai i kahi wahi i ka ala ʻākau, akā i ka hema hema o ke kauhale o Yerema. "
13. ʻO Farkov Gavriil Danilovich, hānau ʻia ʻo 1895, he kamaʻāina ʻo Erbogachen. "Ma 1908 i noho ʻo ia ma kauhale o Luzhki. ʻAʻole au i ʻike i ka lele ʻana he meteorite, akā lohe wale nō au i ka pahū mai ka ʻaoʻao komohana, mai kahi hea mai ka pū a ka uahi. Lulu ka ʻūhā mai ka hū ʻana o ka honua.
14. ʻO Verkhoturov Ivan Ivanovich, hānau ʻia i ka makahiki 1896, e noho ana i ke kauhale. ‘O Erbogachen. I ka makahiki 1908, noho ʻo ia ma ke kauhale o Dotkon, ma ka muliwai Nepa, 20 km mai ke kūlanakauhale o Nepa. “I ke kauwela ua kaʻa au i ka manure a ʻike wau i kahi pua o ke ahi e lele wikiwiki ana ma ka lewa. Ke alo nei au ma ke ʻākau, a ua lele kahi pū ahi mai ka ʻākau hema a ma ka ʻaoʻao hema ma ke komohana komohana. Ke ʻike nei i kēia ʻeke ahi, holo wikiwiki mākou e holo i ka home. ʻElima mau minuke ma hope aʻe, ʻaʻole hou, lohe hou wau i ke kikowaena ikaika e hele mai ana mai ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau, akā he mea liʻiliʻi no ke komohana. " Hoʻoholo ʻia ka azimuth o 320 ° e like me ke kuhi ʻia ʻana.
15. Bokovikov Innokenty Andreevich, hānau ʻia 1896, Lūkini, kamaʻāina o Erbogachen. "Ma 1908, noho wau i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Bokovikova. Kiʻi wau i ka lepo a hele i loko o ka hale. Paʻa koke wau i ka ʻuwā, ke hoʻōho nei: E puhi ana, ʻā! Lele aku mākou ma luna o ka lānai a ʻike akula au i kahi ʻaʻā ahi e lele ana ma luna o ka lewa. Ua kū pono ana koʻu maka i ke komohana ʻākau, e lele ana ke ahi mai ka hema a hema, ma ke komohana ʻākau. Me he mea la iaʻu e lele ana ke ahi ma luna o ke kauhale o Verkhne-Kalinina a hāʻule i ke komohana o ke kauhale o Preobrazhenki. " Hoʻoholo ʻia ka azimuth o 335 ° e like me ka pakuhi i kiʻi ʻia.
16. Konenkin Innokenty Dmitrievich, hānau ʻia 1893, hānau ʻia ʻo ia a noho i ke kauhale. Preobrazhenka, Lūkia. "Hoʻomanaʻo maikaʻi wau i ke kauwela o 1908 i lele kahi mea pāʻani ma luna o ke kauhale o Preobrazhenka a nalowale i waho o ka pae ma kēlā wahi (ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka azimuth o 300 °). ʻOiai ke lele koke nei kēia ahi, akā hoʻokele wau i ka hoʻopuni ʻana. ʻO ka hoʻouka nui o ka mauʻu he like me ka nui. ʻO ka wela a pau, a lele mai ka hope mai ka hope. I ka neʻe ʻana o ka pua ahi ma mua o ka pona, ma hope o ka 2-3 mau minuke mai ka ʻaoʻao like i hāʻule ai ka pōpō, lohe ʻia nā pahū ʻana me he like pū a ka puʻu. Wahi a nā koa kahiko: "Kaua!" I ka lele ʻana o kahi pū ahi, ʻaʻohe haunaele a ʻaʻole hoʻi i haʻalulu ka aniani, a hoʻomaka nā aniani e haʻalulu wale nā pahū. I kēlā manawa, ʻo kahi kanaka i hoʻopio ʻia, ʻo Shipilenko i kapa ʻia ʻo kahi ʻenekela, e noho ana ma Preobrazhenka. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ua hāʻule ka honua. "
17. Yuryev Kapiton Egorovich, hānau ʻia 1897, hānau ʻia ʻo ia ke noho ma ke kauhale. Preobrazhenka, Lūkia. "ʻO ka mea wale aʻu e hoʻomanaʻo ai no ka meteorite ʻo ia ka lele ʻana iā Preobrazhenka mai ka ʻaoʻao hema a peʻe ma hope o ke kikowaena ma ke komohana komohana." Wahi a ke kumumokuʻo e neʻe nei, ua hoʻoholo ka azimuth o ka pae pae, ʻokoʻa me 300 °.
18. ʻO Stepan Ivanovich Safyannikov, hānau ʻia 1890, Lūkia, ua hānau mai ʻo ia a noho ʻo ia ma ke kauhale o Moga. "Ke noho nei au ma kahi hale me nā puka makani e komohana ana. I ke kakahiaka, ʻaʻole hiki i ka lā ke hoʻolei i nā kukui ma nā puka makani, a laila ʻike wau i ka ʻike o ka lā mai ka puka makani waena. Hū ka ʻāina a lohe ʻia nā pū. Ua lohe ʻia nā ʻōlelo hoʻonaninani e pili ana i hoʻokahi mau minuke a i ʻelua mau manawa o ka pau ʻana. Ke huli wale nei nā mea kaua, e hoʻomaka ana nā uahi o ka uahi. E hele ʻoe mai loko aku. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka azimuth o 300 °.
19. Safyannikova Elena Ivanovna, hānau ʻia 1898, kamaʻāina o Moga, Evenk. “I ka makahiki 1908, noho wau ma lalo o ke kaona o Erbogachen ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Lavrushka, ma ia manawa ua mau lā nā pilina. ʻIke ʻike wau i ka pōpula ulaula i lele mai ka hema a ma ka ʻaoʻao hema ma ka ʻaoʻao hema. Ma hope o ka lohe ʻia ʻana o nā pua. Pau ka poʻe i ka makaʻu, ua komo ka ʻōpio Malekiki i nā lole maikaʻi loa, e hoʻomākaukau ana e make, akā, ʻaʻole i hiki mai ka make. "
20. ʻO Safyannikov Onufriy Nikolaevich, hānau ʻia ʻo 189l, Lūkana, ua hānau ʻo ia a noho ʻo ia ma ke kauhale o Moga, ʻoiai ʻo ia i ka makahiki 1908. "Ma loko o ka mahina o Iune, ua kau mākou i kahi papa no ka hale o ka hale. ʻIke koke aku mākou i kahi pōkā ahi e lele ana a hūnā ma hope o ka pali ma kēlā wahi (azimuth 270 °), a i ka komohana o ke kauā. Mai laila mai kahi i puhi aku ai, a liuliu, ʻaʻole i emi aʻe ma mua o 10 mau minuke i lohe ʻia, a he leo hoʻokūkū ka ʻike, a laila ua pāheʻe ʻia. "
21.ʻO Safyannikov Nikolay Silych, hānau ʻia ʻo 1888, Lūkini, hānau ʻia a noho ʻo ia ma ke kauhale o Moga. “Ma 1908, hāʻule maoli kahi meteorite i ke komohana. Ma kona hina ʻana, puka mai ka ʻā a me ka uahi mai laila aku. Ma hope o ʻelua mau minuke ʻekolu paha i lohe ʻia ai nā pū, manaʻo ʻia he ʻelua o lākou nei. Haalulu ka honua.
22. Safyannikova Evdokia Mikhailovna, hanau ʻo 1893, Lūkini, ua hānau ʻo ia a noho ʻo ia ma ke kauhale o Moga. “Haki ke ʻano meteorite ma ke komohana o ka moku o Moga. “Ma hope koke iho o ka nane ʻana o ka meteorite ma luna o ka pona, lohe ʻia nā hū, ua ʻā ka honua, ua ʻā nā aniani, ua ʻā nā kīʻaha ma ka papaʻaina.
23. Safyannikov Prokopy Mikhailovich, hanau ʻo 1895, Lūkini, kamaʻāina o ke kauhale. Preobrazhenka. “I ka makahiki 1908, he 13 makahiki nō wau. Noho wau ma ke kauhale o Moga a lele manure i ka mahina o Iune. ʻAʻole wau i ʻike i ka lele meteorite holo ʻana, akā lohe wau i ka hiʻi ʻana, nānā i ke komohana a ʻike aku i ka uahi o nā ʻūlū mai ke kauhale o Moga, kokoke loa i ke komohana. Mai ka haʻalulu ʻana i ka honua, ʻōwili ʻia ke kakaka i loko o kahi hong e pani ʻia ana mai ka pā o ka paia ʻAʻole wau e hoʻomanaʻo i ka nui o nā pupuhi, akā hoʻomanaʻo wau ʻaʻole ʻaʻole i koi nā pana, akā ua kuli, noho lōʻihi. "
24. ʻO Yarygin Vitaliy Ivanovich, hānau ʻia 1900, Lūkia, e noho ana ma ke kauhale. Preobrazhenka. “I ka makahiki 1908, ua noho au ma Olontsovo, 35 km mai ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Kirensk a i ka Lena. Hele mākou ma ke kula ia lā. I ka manawa mua, lohe lākou i kahi oho nui, no laila ua kū nā lio. ʻIke akula lākou i ka ʻeleʻele i ka lewa, ma hope o ka ʻeleʻele o kēia mau ʻale ahi, a laila he pua ka ʻeleʻele. Ua nalo ka lā, ua hāʻule ka pouli. Mai ka pōʻeleʻele nui mai ka lapalapa ahi e holo ana mai ke kūkulu hema a hiki i ka ʻākau. ”
25. ʻO Volozhin Innokenty Mitrofanovich, hānau ʻia 1892, Lūkia, ua hānau mai ʻo ia e noho ana ma ke kauhale. Haulele. “I ka mahina o Iune ua kāhea wau i ka manure. Ua ʻike au pehea e hāʻule ai kekahi meteorite ma luna o ka lewa (azimuth 285 °). Ma ka ʻaoʻao kahi i hāʻule ai ka meteorite, kahi i kū ai ka lapalapa i kahi kolamu ma kahi o nā lāʻau he ʻelua ma ke kiʻekiʻe, ma hope o ka hōʻaha ʻia o ka uahi, he nui a keu aʻe i ka lapalapa. Ma hope o nā minuke 5-6, ua lohe ʻia kahi kani nui, ua hāʻule hoʻi ka lio i kona mau kuli. Iʻa ka honua, ua ʻōwili ke aniani i nā puka aniani, ua hoʻopā nā kī o ke kīʻaha. "
26. Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Grachev Gerasim Borisovich, 1896, Lūkini, ua noho ʻo ia a noho ma ke kauhale o Yerema. "Inā ʻoe e kū ma ka hema, a laila lele ka meteorite mai ka hema a ma ka hema, ma ke komohana-komohana. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o kēia ahi, lohe ʻia nā ʻekolu nui.
27. ʻO Farkov Innokenty Lvovich, hānau ʻia 1892, Lūkia, ua hānau ʻia a noho ʻo ia ma ke kauhale o Yereme. Ua lohe wale ʻia ʻo ia e like me nā pū pū. Ua manaʻo ʻoi ua nui aku ma mua o ʻekolu mau lua. ʻO ke ala mai kahi e hele mai ai nā pahū a he like me ka azimuth o 270 °.
28. ʻO Zhdanov Egor Mikhailovich, hānau ʻia 1893, Lūkia, ua hānau ʻia a noho ʻo ia ma ke kauhale o Zhdanova. ʻAʻole au i ʻike i kahi lele lele meteorite, akā, hoʻomanaʻo wau i kahi aʻu i lohe ai i nā leo o nā kikowaʻi (azimuth 320 °).
29. Verkhoturov Pavel Egorovich, hanau o 1892, Lusia, kamaaina o ke kauhale o Verkhne-Kalinina. "Ma 1908 i noho ʻo ia ma ke kauhale o Fedorova, ʻo 8 km hema ia o Preobrazhenka. ʻAʻole au i ʻike i ka lele ʻana ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka lani, akā ʻike wau pehea ka lele ʻana mai o kahi ahi mai ka leheleʻe a uahi a puka mai kēlā ʻaoʻao (ʻo ka azimuth o 285 ° ua hoʻoholo ʻia mai ka pālolo). Ma hope o kēlā, hoʻomaka ka honua a lulu a ʻelua mau kani ikaika i lohe ʻia, a palupalu hoʻi ke kolu. "
30. ʻO Boyarshin Egor Konovich, hānau ʻia 1879, Evenk, i noho i ka kauhale o Verkhne-Kalinina. Ua ʻike au i kahi pua ahi e lele ana ma ka hema o Erbogachen mai hikina a i ke komohana. Holo ka meteorite i ka lepo. Hōʻike ka puaʻu i ke kihi o inclination o ka hoʻopunipuni o ka meteorite, like me 20 ° -25 °. Inā ʻike ʻoe mai Erbogachen, hāʻule ka meteorite ma ke komohana o ke awakea ma luna o kahi hiʻu (azimuth 205 °). Ma hope o ka pau ʻana, lohe ʻia nā lua ikaika, a palupalu hoʻi ke kolu, a laila ʻike ʻia kekahi mea ʻē aʻe, akā ua piʻo mua.
31. Konenkin Grigory Fedorovich, hanau ʻo 1889, kahi Evenk, noho i kauhale o Verkhne-Kalinina. “I ke kauwela o 1908 i noho ia ma ka muliwai Moga ma Gerendaul. ʻAʻole au i ʻike i kahi lele meteorite hae, akā lohe wau i nā pahū mai nā mea i hele mai mai kēlā ʻaoʻao (azimuth 300 ° mai kahi o V.-Kalinina). He ikaika loa ka leo mua. A laila i ka lua a me ke kolu. A laila ua nāwaliwali nā kani. Noho ʻo Evenki ma ke kahawai ʻo Chaika ma ia manawa. I mai la lakou ua lohe lakou i ka leo nui, ke hulu nei ko lākou maʻi. "
32.ʻO Zyryanov Nikolay Konstantinovich, hānau ʻia ʻo 1895, Lūkini, ua hānau mai ʻo ia a noho ʻo ia ma ke kauhale. Haulele. “I Iune 1908, ma ka hora 10 a.m., ua kaʻa māua me koʻu kaikunāne i manure i ke kula, a ua ʻike mākou i kahi ʻōpala lele e lele ana e lele ana. Mai loko mai ona, ʻewalu mau ʻoi aku ma mua o ke poʻo, ua ʻike maopopo ʻia kahi lā ʻili ahi e hana ana, aia i ka mua ma ka mānoanoa, a laila ʻāwili i kahi cone. Ua lele ʻo ia, i koʻu manaʻo, he wahi hema a me ke komohana o Preobrazhenka ma ke ala mai ka hema a hiki i komohana. Me he mea lā i hāʻule ai ʻo ia ma hope o ka tundra ma luna o ka papahō i kēlā ala (azimuth 300 °). Hoʻokuʻu maikaʻi ʻia mai ka ʻaoʻao like ma kahi o kēia puahi ahi, ma hope o ka lōʻihi o nā minuke eono i lohe ʻia e like me nā pū. I ka wā mua, ke kū mālie kēia mau hōʻili, a laila lohe ʻia ikaika. "
33. Konenkina Nadezhda Alekseevna, hanau ʻo 1890, Lūkia, hānau ʻia ʻo ia a noho i ke kauhale. Haulele. “I ke kauwela o 1908, i ke kakahiaka i hele aku ai au i ka lanai o kēia hale (mai kahi e ʻike mau ai ke komohana ʻākau, komohana a me nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka pae, a ʻike wau he ahi nui e hāʻule ana ma luna o ka ululāʻau. Ua puni a puni ke ahi, a ma hope o kona alo ʻana. Aohe uahi i waiho ʻia ma hope o nā ʻoni. Ke hāʻule kēia ahi i ka ʻaoʻao, ma kēlā ʻaoʻao (azimuth o 285 °) ua puka mai ʻo ia e like me ke kia ahi a ua aahi ka uahi ("mai ka lani mai kēlā ʻaoʻao ma kahi ʻino"). Kū aʻela ka uahi i ke kiʻekiʻe o kahi mau ʻelima mau lāʻau. ʻAʻole liʻuliʻu, hoʻomaka ka lulu o ka honua a lohe ʻia kahi ikaika nui. Nui loa koʻu makaʻu a me ka maʻi no ka manawa lōʻihi mai ka makaʻu. I kēlā manawa, noho nā neoneo aupuni ma Preobrazhenka, ʻōlelo lākou ua hāʻule ka honua. "
34. Mai ka leka mai Darya Ivanovna Alksnis, i hānau ʻia ma ka makahiki 1892, e noho ana ma Riga ma ke alanui ʻo 76 Slonae. "Ma ke kauhale o Preobrazhenka i Iune 1908, ua kā mākou i nā ʻuala. Ua mālie, he mālamā, hoʻoluʻolu ke kiʻi. Poha koke mākou i ka uha ʻūhā a kani nui. Ke nānā nei mākou - ma luna o ka ulu lāʻau i ka hale ʻala (azimuth 285 °) nui nā pōhaku wela, a ua uhi ʻia kēlā wahi me kahi kaula o ke ahi. Ma hope o kēlā, ua ʻā ke ʻano o ka ʻā ʻana no kekahi manawa lōʻihi. "
ʻO kekahi o nā moʻiʻike ʻike kaulana loa ka lono ʻo Semyon Semyonov, e noho ana i ka hale kūʻai kūʻai ma Vanavar, aia ma kahi o 70 km ma ka hikina o ka epicenter o ka hoʻokūkū.
“Aia koke, ma ka ʻākau, ua lele ka lani, a puka maila ke ahi ma loko ākea a kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka ululāʻau, ua uhi ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka lani. Ia manawa ua wela loa ia wau, me he mea lā ua hopu mai ke kapa iaʻu. Makemake au e haehae a kiola i kaʻu lole, akā ua hiʻi ka lani, aia pū ikaika. Ua kiola ʻia au mai ka lānai e ʻekolu mau ʻanuʻu. Ma hope o ka pupuhi ʻana, aia kekahi kīkoʻi, me he mea lā e hāʻule ana nā pōhaku mai ka lewa a pana paha mai nā canons, nāʻu ka honua, a ke waiho nei wau ma luna o ka ʻāina ua pā au i koʻu poʻo, me ka hopohopo ʻaʻole e uhaʻi nā poʻo i ko lākou mau poʻo. Ia manawa, i ka wehe ʻana o ka lewa, ua lele mai ka makani wela mai ke kūkulu ʻākau, e like me kahi cannon, kahi i waiho i nā alapiʻi ma ka ʻāina i ke ʻano o nā ala. Ka mea ua hoʻohuli ʻia i ka nui o nā aniani i ka puka aniani ua wawahi ʻia, a ua kīha ʻia kahi pale hao no ka laka o ka puka.
ʻO nā kākiʻo Evenki Chuchancha lāua ʻo Chekaren mai ka ʻanoʻano o Shan-weights, nā keiki o ka Tungus Podygi, i ka manawa i loaʻa ai ka pōpilikia i kahi maʻi i kahi mamao iki mai kahi kikoʻī ma mua o ko ka noho ʻana o Akulina. ʻO kā lākou maʻi i ka lōʻihi ma kahi o 40 km mai ke kahua o ka pahū. Wahi a I.M.Suslov (1967), ua haʻi nā kaikunāne penei:
“Ua kū ke ahulau ma kā kapa o Avarkitta. Ma mua o ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā, hele māua me Chekaren mai ka muliwai Dilyushma, kahi mākou e noho ai me Ivan a me Akulina. Ua hiamoe kū mākou. Ala koke ʻo ia i kū ai - e kī kekahi iā mākou. Ua lohe mākou i kekahi lele a kani i ka makani ikaika. Kahea mai nei ʻo Chekaren iaʻu: "Lohe ʻoe i ka nui o nā lele a i ʻole nā mea palahalā?" Ma hope o kēlā, eia nō naʻe mākou i ka pōpilikia a ʻaʻole ʻike māua e ʻike i nā mea e ulu ana i ka ulu lāʻau. Uhe koke kahi mea e paʻi iaʻu, no ka paʻakikī nui ua kuʻi au i koʻu poʻo i ka pahu pā a hāʻule i luna ma nā koahu wela i ka ʻāhaʻi. Ua makaʻu wau. Hāpai hoʻi ʻo Chekaren, hopu i kahi pou. Hoomaka mākou i ka uwē i ka makuakāne, ka makuahine, ke kaikuaʻana, ʻaʻohe mea pane. Aia kekahi ʻano walaʻau ma hope o ke ahulau, hiki i kekahi ke lohe i ka pau ʻana o nā wahie. Ua kū ʻo Chekaren a puka au i waho o nā ʻeke a ua makemake paha e lele i waho o ka maʻi, akā ua ʻōwili loa ka hekili. ʻO kēia ka pupuhi mua.Ua hoʻomaka ka ʻōiwi a hoʻomā ka honua, i ʻō mai ka makani ikaika i kā mākou ʻōpala a hāʻule i lalo. Ua hoʻopili ʻia wau e nā pou, ʻaʻole naʻe i uhi ʻia koʻu poʻo, no ka mea, ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe nā hellos. A laila ʻike wau i kahi pīhoihoi weliweli: hāʻule ka ulu lāʻau, hoʻopau ke pulupulu iā lākou, maloʻo ka ʻāina maloʻo ma ka lepo, e hoʻopau nā kaila. Eʻe, ʻāʻī ka maka, wela wela, hiki ke puhi.
Paʻa koke ma luna o ka mauna, kahi i hāʻule ai ka ululā, ua hoʻomālamalama loa, a, me he mea lā e haʻi aku iā ʻoe e ʻike ʻia ana ka lua o ka lā, e ʻōlelo ana hoʻi ka Lūkini: "pālaha koke," hōʻeha koʻu mau maka, a pani au. Ua like ia ua kapa ʻia e ka poʻe Lūkia "uila." A pili koke pū kekahi, he hekili ikaika. ʻO ka lua kēia o ka puhi. Pehu ka lā, ʻaʻohe ao, ʻike maila ko mākou lā, e like me ka wā mau, a ʻike ʻia kahi lua!
Ma hope o kēlā, ʻike mākou, e like me ka mea i luna, akā ma kahi ʻē aʻe, lele hou ka leo, a laila pū maila ka hekili nui. ʻO kēia ka pu ʻekolu. Ua lele ka makani ma luna o mākou, a hina i lalo, a hōʻeha i ka nahele ulu. Nānā mākou i nā lāʻau hāʻule i hāʻule, ʻike ʻana i ke ʻano o kā lākou peaks, nānā i ke ahi. Uwē aʻe ʻo Chekaren: "Nānā aʻe" - a hōʻike me ka lima. Nānā wau i laila a ʻike hou aku i ka uila, lele hou a lele hou, hana i nā Aghdilians ... "
Ua hōʻike ka ʻoi mua iā mākou ke hana nei me ke kaʻa uila, ʻo ia hoʻi, he meteorite nunui a kaulana, ke ʻano o ke ʻano me nā leo. ʻAʻole maopopo ke ʻano o ke ʻano o kēia mau kani. Hoʻoponopono lākou e lohe iā lākou ma kahi mamao o 10 a 400 km mai ke ala mokulele meteorite. I kekahi manawa lohe ʻia a hiki i ka meteorite iho. Nā leo o ka ʻāʻī ʻana: ke uwe ʻana, ka ʻāʻī ʻana, ka leo o nā kuahiʻu weliweli a me nā huaʻai, kahi koholā i ka nahele, ka hoʻolilo ʻana i kahi kī, ke kaʻa e kokoke mai nei, i ka hāhaʻi ʻana o ka mea haehae, ka kani ʻana o kahi lālā lāʻau. ʻO ke mahalo, ʻaʻole ia i hele mai kēia mau leo me ka lewa, i hānau lākou e ka honua. ʻO ke kumu hiki ke kahe o ka uila mai nā mea honua. Hōʻike kēia e pili ana ka meteorite i kahi mana uila a me kāna "ʻae" i ka honua.
A ʻo ka lua e hōʻike ikaika ana e hoʻāʻo nei e loaʻa ka hopena o ka radiation i ka pōʻino o Tunguska me kahi pili o ka uila, a i ʻole, me ka hoʻoiho uila.
Ua hoʻopaʻa pū ʻia ʻo I.M.Suslov i kekahi moʻolelo ʻē aʻe no mākou o ka Tungus i hāʻule i ka wahi i pili. Eia ko lākou maʻi me 10 km ka mamao mai hope loa o ka ʻōpū ma mua o ke ahulau o nā kaikunāne. ʻO Ulkigo elemakule, ke keiki a Luruman, mai ka ʻohana Shananyagir, i wehewehe i nā mea a pau i kū i ka manawa o ka pōʻino me kona ʻohana e like me kēlā.
"Ke kū nei ka maʻi o koʻu makuakāne Luruman ma kapa o ke kahawai ʻo Chamba, ʻaʻole mamao mai kona waha. Ua noho koʻu makuakāne i ka maʻi ahulau, ʻo kaʻu wahine a me kā mākou keiki ʻehā. Uwē koke nei nā ʻīlio e wuhaka, ʻā nā keiki. ʻO kaʻu wahine, ʻo wau a me ka ʻelemakule ua ala aʻe a ʻike i kahi mea kupanaha, e hoʻolohe ai. nā mea hao, hoʻomaka kekahi e kī i ka lepo ma lalo o mākou, e hoʻomoʻi ana i ke ahulau.ʻau ʻo wau i waho o ke pēke a hoʻomaka i ka lole ʻana, paʻi koke ke kanaka i ka lepo. A laila, pana ʻo Old Luruman, akā, ua hāʻule ka pōhaku ma ke kahawai Chugrim. e like me ka pā ʻana o ka ʻāina, ua kīkī paakiki loa, ua hiolo mai kahi ipu keleawe i ka pōpilikia mai kahi kiaʻi, a hana kekahi i kahi hā o ke hekili, ua kaʻa koke nō wau a puka i waho o ke ahulau, he la pōkole, he ua a e ka lā, ua hoʻomaka wau e nānā Aʻo ka holo ʻana o ka mauna ʻo Lakuru, hāloʻi nui ka lani, a lele maila ka hekili, ua makaʻu wau a hāʻule hoʻi, nānā aku wau, kū ana ka makani o ka wahie, ʻā ke ahi i luna o ka ʻāina. he bipi a me nā hoki ʻelua. Ua lilo loa i mea weliweli, ua hele wau i koʻu pōʻino. Ia manawa, ua lele ʻo Uchir (kālaʻi. - I.S.) i loko o ka hopu ʻana i ka ellun <покрышка чума.="" —="" и.="" с.)="" и="" бросил="" к="" речке,="" остался="" только="" дюкча="" (остов.="" —="" и.="" с.).="" около="" него="" сидели="" на="" поваленной="" лесине="" мой="" старик,="" жена="" моя="" и="" челядишки="" (ребятишки.="" —="" и.="" с.).="" смотрим="" мы="" в="" ту="" сторону,="" где="" солнце="" спит="" (то="" есть="" на="" север.="" —="" и.="" с.).="" там="" диво="" какое-то="" делается,="" кто-то="" там="" опять="" будто="" стучит.="" в="" стороне="" речки="" кимчу="" —="" дым="" большой,="" тайга="" горит,="" жар="" оттуда="" идет="" сильный.="" вдруг="" где-то="" далеко,="" где="" речка="" чункукан,="" в="" той="" стороне="" опять="" гром="" сильно="" стукнул,="" и="" там="" поднялся="">покрышка>
Hele wau e ʻike i ka ʻaoʻao mai kahi a ka holoholona i holo ai a paʻa ka wela. Ma laila wau i ʻike ai i kahi mea weliweli weliweli. ʻO ka taiga nui i pau, he nui nā wahie i ka ʻāina e maloʻo ana, ua maloʻo ka mauʻu, hoʻopau ke mau ʻū, pau nā lau ma ka nahele. Ua wela loa, he uahi nui, ulaula aku la i koʻu mau maka, he mea hiki ʻole ke nānā. Haʻalulu loa au a holo akula hoʻi i Chamba, i kā mākou hōʻeha. Ua haʻi aku wau i koʻu makuakāne i nā mea a pau aʻu e ʻike ai, makaʻu ana a make. Ma ka lā hoʻokahi, kanu mākou iā ia e like me ko mākou hilinaʻi Tunguska. "
Ehia makahiki meteorite, pehea a lākou e hele mai ai, pehea kēlā nui.ʻO nā kiʻi e pili ana i ke ola o nā pōhaku lani.
Ma mua, ua hilahila nā kānaka, a me kekahi pōhaku i hāʻule i ka lani ma kona poʻo e mālama me ka weliweli. Ua hōʻike lākou i ka manaʻo kahakaha i kēia hanana, a i ʻimi ʻia, a loaʻa nā waiwai maikaʻi i kēia mau ʻāpana. Ua mālama ʻia nā pōhaku lani, a ua manaʻo iā lākou nā makana a nā akua. Nā kānaka o kēia mau lā, i haʻalele ʻia i ka noʻonoʻo o ko lākou mau kūpuna, e pili ana i nā pōhaku o ka lani me ka mahalo ʻole, a i kahi mea hou, no laila, ka mea nui ʻole me ke aloha ʻole: ka hāʻule, hāʻule i lalo. I kēia manawa, makemake nui nā poʻe ʻepekema i nā meteorite.
Eia kahi mea e pili ana i kēia mau aliʻi mai waho o ke keʻena.
ʻO ka Wredefort Crater NASA Photo
- nā ʻāpana o ka protoplanets, a i ʻole nā haole mai nā asteroids nui, nā planeta liʻiliʻi, Mercury, Mars a me ka Moon - achondrites,
- kahua honua "semi-hoʻopau huahana", kahi hodgepodge o ka waiwai mua o ka honua honua - chondrites.
* I kekahi lā, 5-6 mau mea he meteorite e hāʻule ai i ka Honua.
* Ma ka makahiki 2018, ua loaʻa ma mua o ka 59,200 i loaʻa i ka meteorite palapala.
* No ka makahiki 2016, ʻoi aku ka 240 mau mea ʻike ʻae lunal i ʻike ʻia.
* No ka makahiki 2017, ʻike ʻia ka hene meteorite mai Mars mai.
* ʻO ka makahiki o 30% o nā hui lani e loaʻa ana ma kahi o hoʻokahi miliona mau makahiki.
* ʻO ka mea kahiko o nā meteorite i ʻike ʻia (a ma ke ʻano maʻamau o nā kino o ka ʻōnaehana solar) Allende (Spanish: Allende): kona helu ʻana mai ka calcium a me nā konohē alumini me ka waiwai o 4.567 billion i hala.
ʻO Allende ka meteorite carbonaceous nui loa i loaʻa ma ka Honua. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka meteorite ʻo ia nō ka ʻike ʻana he ʻelima mau kime, ua kiki ʻia he 3 mau mea i loaʻa ai a aia i loko o nā hale moʻomeheu a me nā waihona o ka honua.
* Loaʻa ka mea kahiko ʻike i ka meteorite - i koho ʻia i ka 3200 BC. Ma ke kūkulu ʻākau o ʻAigupita, ua loaʻa nā mea kahiko meteorite - 9 mau makika liʻiliʻi.
* ʻO ka hāʻule ʻana o ka meteorite kahiko loa, pololei ʻo Mei 19, 861 ma Nugata Japan.
* ʻO ka hapa meteorite ʻelua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ʻEulopa nā meteorites Elbogen (1400) a me Ensisheim (1492 g).
* Ke komo nei ka meteoroid i ka lewa o ka Honua ma ka wikiwiki o 11.2 a i 72 km / s.
* Inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka helu i loko o ka lewa ma mua o 25 km / s, ma muli o ke puhi ʻana a me ka puhi ʻana i nā mea kikoʻī o ka meteoroid mai nā ʻumi a me nā haneli haneli o ka nuina mua, he mau wale wale nō a he mau minka paha o ka waiwai e hōʻea ma luna.
* ʻO ka haki ʻana o ka Honua me nā kino lani ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 m mau mea ma kahi o hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki, a me nā mea nui ʻaʻole he mau manawa ma mua o hoʻokahi mau haneli tausani mau makahiki.
ʻO ke kaupaona ʻana ʻo Meteorite ma mua o 1000 tons e lohi ʻole i ka lewa o ka Honua. ʻO kēia kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona nui o ka lā Doomsday.
* ʻO ka meteorite nunui loa o nā mea i loaʻa iā Goba. ʻO kona nui e pili ana i 60 tons
ʻO ia ka hapa nui loa o ka hao ma ka Honua maoli.
* ʻO ka nūhou maikaʻi: e like me ka poʻe loea NASA, ʻo ka hopena o ka hoʻouka ʻana me nā asteroids i nā makahiki 100 e hiki mai ana ma mua o 0.01%
* ʻO nā mea pili i hoʻopili ʻia me nā meteorites nunui (kahi kīwī) e pili ana i nā hanana o nā kelepona kaʻa uila i hoʻopiha ʻia. I kēia hihia, ʻike ke kanaka i ke kaʻe o kahi kino kosmic ma ka lewa e lohe ana i kekahi ʻālūlū e hele mai ana mai kahi kaʻa
ʻO nā wahi a ka meteorite a me nā asteroids e hina ai i ka Honua. Nā Inoa
* Hiki i ka mahana o ka meteorite ke hāʻule i ka 1800 ° i ka wā e hāʻule ai
* ʻO ka loiloi mua o ka meteorite i hana ʻia e N.G. Nordenskjöld i ka makahiki 1821.
* ʻO nā huaʻala o ka hana o ka meteorite ka like me ka Honua.
* ʻO ka waiwai Meteorite e maʻalahi maʻalahi, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea ʻewalu wale nō: O, Mg, Si, Fe, Al, Ca, Na, P. No lākou nā hui piha meteorite e like me.
* I kēia makahiki, no ka manawa mua, ʻike ʻia kahi mea i loko o ka meteorite ʻaʻole i kū ka Honua i nā kūlana kūlohelohe, akā ʻike wale ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka honi ʻana o ka hao hao.
* Kahi maʻamau nā ʻano Meteorite ma kona ʻano.
* ʻO nā hōʻailona o waho o ka meteorite nā: melting crust, regmaglipts (dents) a me ka magnetism.
* Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole wale ka hao, akā, nā pōhaku o nā lani lani kahi waiwai i loaʻa i nā waiwai.Ua wehewehe ʻia kēia ma ka hōʻoia ʻana o ka hapa nui o nā meteorite pōhaku i ke komo ʻana o ka hao nikel.
* Inā nui ka meteorite, a laila ʻo kona hāʻule ʻana e like me ka pahū o kahi pōpō ikaika.
* Wahi a nā mea kuhi koʻo i ka manawa, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka ikehu i ka wā o ka luku ʻana o ka meteorite Chelyabinsk me 300 ct o TNT, ʻo 20 paha ka manawa o ka mana o ka uranium "Kid" hoʻolei iā Hiroshima.
* Kuhi ʻia ka ikaika o ka pahū o ka meteorite Tunguska ma kahi o 40-50 mau megatons, ka mea e kūlike ai i ka ikehu o ka ikaika loa o ka pōkō hydrogen ka mea i pahū. Wahi a nā koho ʻē aʻe, ua pili ka mana o ka pahū ma nā 10-15 megatons.
* ʻO ka hapa nui o ka meteorite a me kahi ʻāpana o nā pali ma ka pūnaewele pā e hue ana, a ua hana ʻia kahi lua aniani, ʻo ia ka mea he haneli mau manawa i ʻoi aku ai i ka meteorite hāʻule.
* ʻO ka pōhaku i loko o ka lua i lalo o ke kumu o nā hopena nui a me nā loli. I kekahi manawa e hoʻohuli i nā daimana, coesite a stish.
* Ma ka Honua, ua loaʻa ma kahi o 150 mau māla nui meteorite.
* KA MANAHO KAHOLAHAʻU:
ʻO Wredefort South Africa, ʻAmelika Hui PūʻIa 300km mau makahiki 2020 miliona mau makahiki
Sudbury Kanada, Ontario 250 km mau makahiki 1850 Ma
Chicxulub Mexico, Yucatan 170 km mau makahiki 65 Ma
Manicouagan Canada, Quebec 100 km mau makahiki 214 miliona mau makahiki
ʻO Popigai Russia, ʻo Yakutia a me ka Teritore Krasnoyarsk 100 km mau makahiki 35.7 miliona mau makahiki
Akraman Australia, 90 km mau makahiki 590 Ma
ʻO Chesapeake Bay United States, 90 km mau makahiki 35.5 miliona mau makahiki
Puchezh-Katunsky Lūkia, wahi ʻo Nizhny Novgorod 80 km mau makahiki 167 miliona mau makahiki
ʻO Manicuagan Crater ma Kanada. ʻElua makahiki ma kahi o 215 miliona mau makahiki. Aia he 5 i nā lau kala ma kahi kokoke. Aia manaʻo ʻia ua hana ʻia lākou ma muli o nā ʻāpana o kahi asteroid, i hoʻokaʻawale i nā māhele. Ua hoʻopihapiha ʻia nā lua i ke kai o Lake Manikuagan, kahi e hana ʻia ai ke ʻano o ke ʻano wai, ʻike maʻalahi ia mai kahi ākea.
* I Ianuali 2018, ua ʻike ʻia ka wai wai i loko o ka meteorites he 4 mau makahiki he nui, me ka waiwai o nā mea kūlohelohe prebiotic, kahi mea i lilo i mau wahi no ke ola.
* Ma ka meteorite ALH84001 i loaʻa ma Antarctica i ka makahiki 1984, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mikroscope elekikō, nā hana like e like me nā piliona huapo.
na mea i kapaia "Nā hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho" - nā mikroskopika (5-50 microns) ka "unicellular" formations, pinepine ka ʻalua i nā pā pālua, pores, spikes, etc.
He kiʻekiʻe ka pae o kēia mau ʻano, kahi mea e hoʻopili ʻia me ke ola. ʻAʻohe ʻano ʻano e like me ka Honua.
Wahi a ke kumumanaʻo, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka pōhaku mai ka papa mai o Mars ma muli o ke kue ʻana o ka panana me nā ʻāpana nunui he nui i ka 4 mau makahiki he mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ma hope o ko ia noho ʻana ma ka honua. Ma kahi o 15 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ma muli o kahi pīhoihoi hou, ua hoʻopau i ke kikowaena, a he 13 mau tausani wale nō i hala i hāʻule ai i loko o ke kahua ākea o ka Honua a hāʻule ma luna. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mau ʻikepili ma muli o ka noi o nā ʻano hana he nui, me ka samarium a me ka neodymium, strontium, potassium-argon radiometry, radiocarbon analysis
* Ke hela nui ka meteorite nui i ka lewa a hāʻule nā pā i ka lepo, ʻike kēia ʻano i ka ua meteor, (ka ua hao, ka ua kulu, ka ua ahi).
* ʻO ka māla nui o ka pahu nui ma hope o ka ua meteor ka uhi ʻana ma kahi o 3 a 18,5 km. He 26 konaī kō, ka nui loa o ia he 115 e 91 m
Aia ka makahiki o nā kaukau ma ka 4000-5000 mau makahiki.
* Ke kūʻai aku nei nā Meteorite a kūʻai mai. A i kēia manawa hou, ua hana hewa ʻia lākou (ʻaʻole paha).
* Hoʻomaka nā kumukūʻai Meteorite ma $ 2 - $ 3 no ka pālei.
* He meteorite mai pallasite, kumukūʻai $ 200 no 1 g,
He meteorite pallasite kaupaona 419.57 kg i manaʻo ʻia e nā mea loea ma ka $ 2 miliona.
(277/366) ʻO Voyager 1 i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma Sepatemaba 05
No nā makahiki he 42, ʻoi aku kēia ʻeke o ka metala a me nā microchips i ke kikowaena waena. I kēia manawa, aia ka mea e pākuhi nei ma waho o ka heliosphere o ka ʻōnaehana o ka lā ma kahi mamao o 22 bilela mau kilomita mai kāna hana ʻana. He 40,000 mau makahiki kona e lele ai i nā hōkū kokoke loa. Ma luna o kahi papa aia kahi pā gula me nā koikoi o ka honua, i hoʻomākaukau ʻia no ka hiki i ka ʻenemi, nā malihini aloha no lākou e hōʻea a pio ana hāʻawi i nā ʻenehana hou. Maanei hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka manawa maoli, he aha ka hihia me ka polokalamu. Hōʻea, i koʻu hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka pou, ua ʻike au i kahi mea hiki ʻole ke ʻike ʻia - ma Nowemapa 28, 2017, ʻehā mau māka hoʻāʻo no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hemo, ka mea i huli ʻole ʻia mai Nowemapa 8, 1980. ʻO nā mea hoʻomohala, ʻaʻole i hoʻohuli ʻia nā mīkini i hoʻohuli ʻia no nā makahiki he 37 mau makahiki.
Pōkapu ʻia: ʻaʻole i ʻike ka poʻe astronomo i kahi asteroid 100-mita
Ma ka Pōʻalima, Iulai 25, e neʻe ana i ka wikiwiki a me 24 km per kekona, ua haki aku ka ikaika o nā OK he asteroid ma mua o ka Honua ma kahi mamao o 70,000 mau km, he ʻelima hoʻi kokoke aku i ka Pōʻalima. Kahi ke anawaena o ka asteroid ma 60-130 mika.
Ua ʻike no ka poʻe Astronomers i ua mea lā he mau manawa wale nō ma mua o ka haʻalele ʻana o kā mākou honua.
No ka ʻatikala: nā meteorite i luku ai i ka dinosaurs i hiki aku i 10 km ka lōʻihi, a me ka meteorite Chelyabinsk - 15 mau mika wale nō.
I ka hanana nui o ka hoʻokūkū hiki me ka Honua a me kahi hui huhū maikaʻi loa - inā i hāʻule ia i loko o kahi ākea nui - hiki i ka nui o nā mea hoʻomehana ke hōʻea i nā ʻumi kaukani.
Dmitry Sadilenko - ʻO ka ʻike nui e pili ana i ka meteorites
He aha nā meteorites? He aha nā hōʻailona e hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā pōhaku kaluna a me nā slag i hana ʻia e ke kanaka? Pehea e mahi ai nā meteorites a hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa kahi pala'ōpū? He aha nā regmaglipts a me nā meli melem, a he aha lākou e nānā ai? Hiki i ke ahi ke hōʻea i kahi kahua hopena o ka meteorite? ʻAe makahiki i nā makahiki he meteorite? He aha ke koʻikoʻi a lākou e hōʻike ai no ke ʻepekema, a ma hea wau e hele ai inā ʻike ʻoe i kahi pōhaku e like me ka meteorite?
Wahi a Dmitry Sadilenko, Luna Hana Pahu, ʻo Laboratory o Meteorics, GEOCHI RAS.
"ʻO ka Voyagers" a me "Pioneers" satelite e waiho ana i ka ʻōnaehana solar
He paʻakikī loa ka haʻalele ʻana i ka uila a me ka lele i nā hōkū. I ka wā mua, pau ke ʻano o nā wahie, pono e lele i luna o ka Honua i kahi ākea. Ma ka manawa like, hiki i ka wikiwiki kou pili ʻana i ka Honua ke iʻa, akā inā ʻoe i hala i ka manawa a me ka kuhikuhi pono, a laila lele aku ʻoe me ka Honua pili i ka Lā, me kona mau orbital e pili ana i ka Lā o 30 km / s.
Ke huli nei i ka mīkini i ka manawa a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wikiwiki ma kahi o ka 17 km / s pili i ka Honua, pili i ka Lā, e loaʻa ana iā ʻoe ka wikiwiki o 30 + 17 = 47 km / s, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo ia kahi kolu. He lawa ia i ka irrevocably haʻalele i ka ʻōnaehana solar. Akā ʻo ka wahie no ka 17km / s ka mea kūʻai aku e hoʻolilo i loko o ka orbit, a ʻaʻole kahi mea make i holo hoʻokahi i ka wikiwiki o ke kolu a waiho aku i ka ʻōnaehana o ka lā ma kēia ala. ʻO ka holo wikiwiki loa, ʻo New Horizons, e lele i Pluto, e huli ana i kahi ʻenehana hou i ka orbit Earth, akā i ka wikiwiki he 16,3 km / s.
ʻO kahi ala ʻona e haʻalele ai i ka ʻōnaehana o ka lā, ʻo ka hoʻolalelale ʻana i ka manawa o nā planeta, e hoʻokokoke ana iā lākou, e hoʻohana ana iā lākou e like me ka holo a me ka hoʻolōʻihi o ka wikiwiki i kēlā me kēia. No ka hana i kēia, pono ʻoe i kekahi. ka hoʻonohonoho 'ana o nā papa honua - i loko o kahi kaalolo - no laila, e ʻae ana me kahi honua ʻē aʻe, lele lele i ka ʻaoʻao aʻe. Ma muli o ka lohi loa ʻana o Uranus a me Neptune, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻano o ia ʻano hoʻonohonoho. ʻO ka Jupiter ka manawa hope loa, ʻo Saturn, ʻo Uranus a me Neptune i laina i loko o ke kaʻe o ka makahiki 1970. Ua hoʻohana ka ʻepekemaʻAmelika i kēia hana pae honua a hoʻouna i ka hale hoʻoneʻe ma mua o nā palena o ka Pūnaehana Solar: Pioneer 10 (Pioneer 10, i hoʻokumu ʻia 3 o 1972), Pioneer 11 (Pioneer 11, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia 6 ʻApelila 1973), Voyager 2 "(Voyager 2, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ʻAukake 20, 1977) a me Voyager 1" (Voyager 1, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ka lā 5 Kepakemapa, 1977).
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2015, ua neʻe aku nā mea āpau ʻehā no ka lā mai ka palena o ka Pūnaehana Pūnaewele. "Pioneer-10" ka wikiwiki o 12 km / s pili i ka Lā a aia ma kahi mamao o kahi o 113 a. e. (Nā ʻenehana astronomical, nā mamao ma waena o ka Lā a hiki i ka Honua), ma ke ao he 17 billion mau km. Paiona 11 - ma ka wikiwiki o 11.4 km / s ma kahi mamao o 92 AU, a i ʻole 13,8 biliona km.ʻO Voyager-1 - ma kahi mamao o 17 km / s i kahi mamao o 130.3 AU, a i ʻole 19.5 biliona km (ʻo ia ke kiʻi ākea nui i hana ʻia e nā kānaka mai ka Honua a me ka Lā). ʻO ka mokuahi 2 - ma kahi wikiwiki o 15 km / s i kahi lōʻihi o 107 a. e "a i 16 mau kālā. Akā i ka mamao loa nā mea uila mai nā hōkū: ʻo ka hōkū e pili ana iā Proxima Centauri he 2000 mau manawa mamao loa i ka Voyager-1. A mai poina e liʻiliʻi nā hōkū, a he nui ka mamao ma waena o lākou. No laila, ʻaʻole kikoʻī nā polokalamu a pau no nā hōkū kūikawā (a ʻaʻohe nō) he hiki ʻole ke lele kokoke mai i nā hōkū i nā heluna. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ma nā kūlana maʻamau, hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia nā "lawehue": ka lele o "Pioneer 10" ma hope o 2 miliona mau makahiki i ka wā e hiki mai ana ma kahi mamao o nā makahiki māmā mai ka hōkū Aldebaran, "Voyager-1" - ma hope o 40 tausani mau makahiki i ka wā e hiki mai ana ma kahi lōʻihi he ʻelua mau makahiki māmā mai ʻO AC + 79 3888 mau hōkū i ka mele o Giraffe a me Voyager 2 - ma hope o 40 tausani mau makahiki i ka wā e hiki mai ana ma kahi mamao o nā makahiki māmā mai ka hōkū ʻo Ross 248.
He mea nui e ʻike:
ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka cosmic ka wikiwiki ka mea e pono ai ke hāʻawi i kahi mea kokoke i ka Honua i mea e haʻalele ai i ka ʻōnaehana o ka lā. He 17 km / s pili i ka Honua a me 47 km / s pili i ka Lā.
ʻO ka makani o ka lā he ahi no nā protons eneronsic, electrons, a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe mai ka Lā i kahi i waho.
He wahi mokulele ka heliospace ma kahi kokoke i ka lā kahi i hele ai ka makani o ka lā, e neʻe ana i ka wikiwiki o ka papa o 300 km / s, ʻo ia ka ikaika ikaika o ka lewa.
ʻO nā mea a pau a mākou e ʻike ai e pili ana i kahi ma waho o ka ʻōnaehana solar, ke aʻo nei mākou ma ka nānā ʻana i ka radiation (māmā) a me ka hoʻonaninani o nā mea i waho. Akā, pono nui nā manaʻo kuhi. No ka laʻana, hoʻoholo mākou i ka lehulehu o kahi lua ʻeleʻele, ke manaʻo nei i ka nui o nā hōkū e puni ana iā ia. Manaʻo mākou i kā lākou mau lehulehu, ke noʻonoʻo nei ua like kēia mau hōkū me ke Sun.
ʻO "Pioneers" a me "Voyagers" nā hoʻokolohua wale ʻole me ka ʻole o ka manaʻo i hoʻokū ʻia e mākou e ka ʻaoʻao (a i ka wā e hiki mai ana) ma mua o ka ʻōnaehana o ka lā. He hoʻokolohua pololei he ʻano ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe! ʻIke mākou i ka lehulehu o kēia mau mea - hana mākou iā lākou, no laila ke koho pololei nei mākou i ka lehulehu o kekahi mea e pili ana i nā mea hāmeʻa. E ʻōlelo ʻoe: "ʻAʻohe, lele lele ka spacecraft i loko o ka lapuwale o ka interstellar a me interstellar." Ka mea ua hoohiki ia aole keia he mea ole: ole ka popo lepo i popoki i na mea i hoʻohuli e hoʻololi i kā lākou maʻa. Nui mau ka hewa i nā hōʻike like ʻole; ua piha pū ia i ka mōʻaukala o "Pioneers" a me "Voyagers".
ʻO ka mea kolohe loa: ma ʻAukake 15, 1977, kekahi mau lā ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā kaʻa mamao loa, ka hōʻailona ʻokoʻa loa o ka lekiō ʻo "Wow!" Malia paha, me kāna kōkua, hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe haole i kekahi i kekahi hanana koʻikoʻi - ka luhi o ka haʻalele ʻana o ka poʻe i waho o ka ʻōnaehana o ka lā?
He aha nā pōmaikaʻi i loaʻa ai ʻo Voyager a me Pioneer ma ko lākou ala i ka hopena o ka ʻōnaehana o ka lā
I ke ala i luna o ka Pūnaehana Pūnaewele, ua ʻimi ʻo Pioneer 10 i nā asteroid a lilo i polokalamu mua e lele ai a puni Jupiter. A haʻihaʻi koke ʻo ia i nā ʻepekema: ka leo o ka Jupiter i ka lewa i lilo i mau manawa he 2.5 mau manawa ma mua o ka ikaika i loaʻa e Jupiter mai ka Sun. A huli aku ka nui o nā moʻo ʻo Jupiter e kāpae ʻia ʻaʻole i nā pōhaku, akā he nui nō ka hau. Ma hope o ka 2003, ua nalo nā kamaʻilio me ka Pioneer 10. Ua ʻimi pū ʻo Pioneer 11 iā Jupiter, a laila lilo ʻo ia no ka hoʻolālā mua loa e ʻimi iā Saturn. I ka makahiki 1995, ua nalowale ke kamaʻilio me Pioneer 11.
Ke hana mau nei nā polokalamu Voyager a hoʻomaopopo i nā mea ʻepekema e pili ana i ka mokuahi o ka wahi a puni lākou. Ma hope o 37 mau makahiki o ka lele ʻana! Hiki no kēia ke noʻonoʻo i ka nani, ʻoiai ʻaʻole manaʻo kekahi e hana i ka wā lōʻihi: pono lākou i ʻōlelo hou ʻole i ka helu o ka wā ma loko o nā kamepiula Voyagers ma luna o nā papa - ʻaʻole i hoʻolālā ʻia no nā lā ma hope o 2007. I loko o ka hā'ōwili, hana ʻia ka ikehu e nā mea hoʻonani radioisotope me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana hoʻoweliweli nukila e plutonium-238 - e like me nā mea kanu mana nukali. Pono e lawa kēia ikehu i nā makahiki he ʻumi.
ʻOi aku ka hilinaʻi o nā mea hana nui ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia nā mea hana.ʻO ka pilikia nui ʻo ka hoʻonāukiuki i nā kamaʻilio uila me ka wehe ʻana o nā mea hana. I kēia manawa ka hōʻailona mai nā mea hana i ka Honua (ma ka wikiwiki o ke kukui) no 16 mau hola! Akā ʻo nā antennas no ka lōʻihi o ke kamaʻilio lōʻihi, nā "pā" nui a aneane ka nui o kahi pālani, e hopu ai i nā hōʻailona o nā Voyagers. ʻO ka mana o ka hoʻokele Voyager he 28 W, ma kahi o 100 mau manawa hou aku ka ikaika ma mua o kahi kelepona. A emi ka mana o ka hōʻailona ma ka kūlike i ka square o ka mamao. He mea maʻalahi ke helu ʻana i ka hoʻolohe ʻana i ka hōʻailona o Voyagers e like me ka hoʻolohe ʻana i kahi kelepona kelepona mai mai Saturn (me ʻole nā hale kelepona ʻē aʻe!).
I ke ala ma kahi o ka Pūnaehana Pūnaewele, ua lele nā Voyagers iā Jupiter a me Saturn a loaʻa nā kiʻi kikoʻī o kā lākou mau satelite. E lele mai ʻo "Voyager 2", ma ka manawa, ʻo Uranus ma Neptune i hala, e lilo ana ʻo ia ke kaʻa mua a hoʻokahi wale nō ke kipa aku i kēia mau puke. Ua hōʻoia ka poʻe Voyagers i nā puʻupuʻu i ʻike ʻia e nā Paionia: ʻo nā kiona nui o Jupiter a me Saturn i hoʻohiki ʻole wale nō i ka ihena, akā ua ʻike pū ʻia nā mea kanu i lalo o ka hau.
ʻO ka palena o ka pūnaehana lā
Hiki ke wehewehe i ka palena o ka ʻōnaehana lā ma nā ʻano like ʻole. Hōʻalo ka palena o ka gravitational i kahi o ka mea i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ai ka lā ma ke ʻano o ke kiʻi ʻana o ke kahakai - ma ka lōʻihi o kahi he 0.5 parsecs, a i ʻole 100,000 AU mai ka la. Akā hoʻomaka ka hoʻololi i ka hoʻololi. ʻIke ʻike mākou ʻaʻole ma waho o Neptune ʻaʻohe nui planeta, akā he nui nā mea kalalaha, a me kekahi pū me nā mea liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe o ka ʻōnaehana o ka lā, ke ʻano nui o ka hau. Ka mea, ma ka mamao o 1000 a me 100,000 AU mai ka lā, ua hoʻopuni ʻia ka ʻōnaehana o ka lā ma nā ʻaoʻao a pau i ke ʻano nui o ka hau, komet - ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Oort Cloud. Malia paha e hoʻolaha i nā hōkū kokoke. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, nā snowflakes, nā mea lepo lepo a me nā hoʻomehana, hydrogen a me ka helium, ʻo ia nā mea maʻamau o ka medium interstellar. ʻO kēia ka mea i waena o nā hōkū - ʻaʻole hala ʻole!
He mea nui e ʻike:
ʻO ka palena o ka nalu haʻalulu ka palena o ka palena ma loko o ka heliosphere e mamao loa mai ka lā, kahi i kahi o ka wikiwiki o ka makani o ka lā ma muli o kona haki me ka interstellar medium.
ʻO Heliopause ka palena i ka makani o ka lā i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka makani storika galactic a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka medium interstellar.
Makani stellar Galactic (nā wai holo kosmic) - like me ka wai kahawai o ka lā i nā kahakaha ikaika (mau protons, electrons a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) e hele ana i loko o nā hōkū a komo i kā mākou Galaxy.
Hoʻoholo ʻia kahi palena ʻē aʻe e ka makani ʻāhiu, ke kahe ana o nā ʻikepili olakino mai ka Lā: ʻo ke ʻano kahi i kāhea ʻia ai ʻo ia ka heliosphere. Hōʻulu ka hōkū kekahi makani ʻē aʻe, no laila e hui pono i ka makani ʻōiwi i ka makani hui ʻana o nā hōkū o keʻa - ke alapine ʻiwa galactic a i ʻole nā ʻanuʻu kosmic - ka hanana i ka ʻōnaehana o ka lā. Ma ka hoʻokūkū ʻana me ka makani stactar galactic, hoʻonani ka lā a lilo ka ikaika. Aole maemae kahi ana i hele ai. Ma kēia pahu ʻaina o ka makani, e kū pono nā ʻōhū he nui, kahi i hālāwai ai ʻo Voyager i nā makahiki i hala.
E like me ka manaʻo o nā ʻepekema, ma kahi mamao mai ka Lā, hoʻomaka ka makani o ka lā - eia ke ʻano o ka nalu weliweli, ka palena heliosphere. Ua huakaʻi ʻo Voyager-1 ka manawa maʻamau no ka mea, no ka mea ua hewa loa ʻo ia. Ma Dekemaba 2010, ma kahi mamao o 17.4 billion mau mamao mai ka lā no Voyager 1, ua make loa ka makani o ka lā. Kahi, he hanu ikaika o interstellar, aloha me ka makani galactic: e ka makahiki 2012, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o nā electrons e hoʻopili ana me ka mea hoʻohana mai ka ʻaoʻao o ka wahi o ka interstellar pae. Wahi a ia, loaʻa kahi mana uila ikaika a me ke kahua mākio i hoʻokumu ʻia e ia. ʻIke ʻia, ua loaʻa ʻo Voyager 1 i ka heliopause. Eia nō naʻe, ke kū ʻole i ka manaʻo, ʻaʻole ʻike ka mea hana apiki i kahi palena ma waena o nā mea kolo kahe i ka holo ʻana, akā he puʻu pōpō nui o nā alapua nui. Nā kakano kahawai i loko o kā lākou papa e hana i nā haʻalulu uila ikaika a me nā pālooa.
"Voyager" a "Pioneer" - nā leka i nā malihini
Hāpai nā ʻōmole āpau i ʻōlelo ʻia i nā memo no nā malihini.Ma ka papa ke kau nā Pioneers i nā papa metala paʻa kahi e hōʻike ʻia ai ka ʻatikala: ʻo ka mea pono iho, ma ke ʻano like - he kāne a me ka wahine, ʻelua mau hydrogen ma ke ʻano o ka manawa a me ka lōʻihi, ka lā a me ka planets (a me Pluto) hoʻi, ka mea kihi o ka hāmeʻa mai ka Honua ma mua o Iokupepa. a me kahi kikowaena kikowaena kikowaena e hōʻike ana i nā kuhikuhi mai ka Honua, 14 pulsars a me ke kikowaena o ke Galaxy. ʻO nā pulsars, ka wikiwiki o ka hōkū neutron hōkū, he ʻokoʻa naʻe i ka Galaxy, a ʻo ke alaloa o kā lākou hihiu he ʻano hiʻohiʻona, kahi ʻano "passport" o kēlā me kēia. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia alapine ma ka papa ʻo Pioneers. No laila, e hōʻike iki ana kahi papa wahi me nā pulsars i nā malihini kahi i loaʻa ai ka ʻōnaehana kima i loko o ka gala. Eia kekahi, i ka manawa, ua loli maoli ka maʻamau o pulsar, a ma ka nānā ʻana i ke alapine o kēia manawa mai ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka palapala ʻāina, hiki i nā haole ke hoʻoholo i ka nui o ka manawa i hala mai ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka polokalamu Pioneer i loaʻa iā lākou.
Ma ka papa ua kau ʻia nā pono Voyager i nā papa gula i nā hihia. Nā leo o ka Honua (makani, hekili, crickets, manu, kaʻaahi ala, trak, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), nā aloha ma nā ʻōlelo ʻokoʻa (ma ka Lūkini "Aloha, hoʻokipa ʻoe"), nā mele (Bach, Chuck Berry, Mozart, Louis ʻO Armstrong, Beethoven, Stravinsky a me ka moʻomeheu) a me nā kiʻi 122 (ma ka makemakika, makika, ka siolo ʻana, planeta, anatomy kanaka, ola kanaka, me nā mea e like) - hiki ke loaʻa kahi papa inoa piha ma ka pūnaewele NASA.ʻO kahi lako no ka hoʻouluulu ʻana i kēia mau leo a ua hoʻohui ʻia nā kiʻi. ke'āpana o nā papa - he kiʻi kahi i hoʻopili ʻia: ʻelua mau wai pākēneka no ka manawa pākahi a me ka lōʻihi ke, i ka ia hookahi palapala 'āina me ka pulsars a me ka ho'ākākaʻana o pehea e paʻi i nā kani a me nā kiʻi.
Nā ʻōmole o "Pioneers"
I ka makahiki 1997, he mau mahina ma hope o ka nalo ʻana o ka hōʻailona Pioneer 11, kekahi o nā ʻepekema, e loiloi i ka ʻikepili, lele maila i kona noho e hoʻōho ana: "ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia mākou i waho o ka Pūnaehana Pūnaewele!" Ua ʻike ʻo ia i ka ʻohi ʻana o ka hāmeʻa ma hope o ke kaʻe ʻana o ka orbit a Jupiter. Na Pioneer 10 a me nā Ulysses a me Galileo nā mea i hōʻea i ka Jupiter ka like me ka pale ʻana. ʻO ka Voyagers wale nō ʻaʻole i ʻike i ka haki ʻana, ʻoiai ka mea liʻiliʻi loa mai ka papa mokulele ua wikiwiki ʻia lākou e nā mīkini. Ua ala ʻia kahi mea hōʻeuʻeu kūikawā a puni ka hoʻomoe ʻana o nā Paionia i ka wā i māhuahua ai ia e like me ka hana mau o ka Hubble i ka wikiwiki o ka māmā. Ka liuliu ua nalowai nā mea (ua lohi i lalo) ma ke ʻano like me nā nika radiation (kiʻi). A ʻo ka helu helu 1: inā nalowale nā kiʻi ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia o ke Universe, a laila "Paʻi" no ke kumu like. ʻO nā mea wehewehe ʻē aʻe: 2) ʻaʻole i ʻike nā mea ʻepekema i kekahi o nā mea piha o ka ikehu o ka ikehu (a laila, ʻo ka hui pū ʻana me ka Hubble kūlohelohe maoli) a i ʻole 3) piha ʻia ke Kumukānāwai i kahi mea e pono ai ka ikaika i ka neʻe ʻana mai loko mai o nā "Pioneers" a me nā kiʻi.
Ma nā kūlana kaulike, "ka waiwai o ka paila pioneer", he waiwai liʻiliʻi loa ia: 1/1 LLC LLC LLC m / s2. I kēlā me kēia lā, lele ka polokalamu i nā hola 1,5 mauʻu ma mua o ka miliona mau e pono ai! I mea e wehewehe ai i kēia, ua hoʻāʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema o 15 mau makahiki i nā ʻoina ʻē aʻe a pau loa o ka ikaika a me nā mea, nā pūʻali āpau e hana ana i ka ʻohi apopo. Akā ʻaʻole i kō ka ʻimi no ka wehewehe ʻana iā 2. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻike ka mea ʻepekema ʻAmelika ʻo Slava Turishchev ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka wela i nā mea ākea e mamao loa mai ka lā, i.e. i ka malu - ʻo ia ke kumu pololei o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā "Pioneers". Hopu ka mīkini kahikina (photon), no laila, ke waiho nei i ka mea, hana ka radiation i ka hana hou i ka ʻaoʻao (ʻo ia ke kumu no nā hana o nā pūkaha fotihope o nā mokulele interstellar). Akā noho ka mea huna e ʻ WHAT pololei nei e hoʻowalewale i nā ʻōnaehana ma kēia ala? Aʻo ka mea nui loa - nā mīkini o nā hoʻolālā like ʻole.
Ke nānā nei i ka mea e launa pū ana nā mea hana pono ʻole me ka wana i nā wahi ʻole, ʻike ʻia nā kānakaʻepekema ʻo nā mea lepo hue a ka pele a me nā hau hau i hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine iā lākou. Ua hiki i nā mākaukau ke hoʻoholo i ke kuhikuhi a me ka ikaika o kēia mau hana.Huli ia ʻo ka pūlima ʻana o ka lā i kāʻili ʻia e nā pōkole liʻiliʻi o nā ʻano ʻelua: lele kekahi i kahi a ka Lā, ʻo nā ʻē aʻe e lele i ka Lā mai nā mamao interstellar. ʻO ka mea hope ia e hoʻokuliluli i ka spacecraft. Ma ka hopena, ka ikaika o ka kinetic o kahi lepo lepo e lilo i loko, i.e., wela. Inā kāpoki ʻia kahi puʻu o ka lepo e ka mea (a i mea loiloi), a laila hoʻihoʻi ʻia kona ʻano kolo holoʻokoʻa i ka mea hana. A lilo kona ikehu i ke kaha o kona hiki ʻana mai, i.e. i ke alakaʻi mai ka lā. Ua kākau nā kelepona i ka nui o nā hōʻeha me nā ākea nui o ka lepo - e pili ana i 10 mau micons. A e wehewehe pono i ka palaʻa ʻana o nā "Pioneers", ua lawa ia no lākou e kikeke i nā palu lepo ma ka awelika ʻo 10 mau hola o ke ala. He pāhiu ia o ka lehu i ka wahi interstellar i ʻike ʻia e ka ʻike telescope neʻeleʻele.
Ma ka laulā, ka mea i waho o ka pūnaehana solar (ma mua o Saturn) i huli i he lepo, ʻeleʻele a hoʻoili ʻia a keu loa nā ʻāpana o loko. Ma kahi kokoke i ka Lā, nā ʻeleʻele, nā hau a me nā mea i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o nā hoʻolālā, satelite a me nā asteroids. Nui ka hihia i kau ʻia ma ka lā. Akā ʻo ka hapa nui o nā kūloko lepo, nā mea hao a me nā hāmeʻa o ka hau i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka Lā ma ka pelekane o ka ʻōnaehana. Eia kekahi, komo ka lepo interstellar i kahi periphery, kahi i hānau ʻia i nā kinipola o nā hōkū ʻē aʻe. No laila, ma waho o Neptune a i ʻole ma ke kikowaena interstellar a me ka intergalactic e pono e hoʻonui hou aku i nā mea lepo ʻē aʻe, nā lua a me ka hau. Hiki paha i ka mehi interstellar, hoʻopiha piha i ke Universe, maoli ka waiwai i ka lua mai ka spacecraft a me nā kiʻi. Ke hana ʻia ka hana nui e ka nui (10 nā micons) i nā ʻikepili o ka lepo a me ka hau, a me nā molekui hydrogen, ʻaʻole i hōʻike iki iā lākou iho ma kahi ala ʻē aʻe.
ʻAʻole nāʻu. Makemake wau i ka ʻatikala, ua hoʻoholo wau e kaʻana like aku.
ʻO ke kanaka kahiko e ola
Ma ka lā 4 o ʻAukake, 1997, ua make ʻo Joan Kalman i kahi home hānai i Farani. ʻOiaʻiʻo nō e hele mai ʻo Grim Reaper no mākou a pau, akā ua lawe ʻo ia i kona manawa iā Mrs. Kalman. Ua make ʻo ia i ka makahiki he 122 a me 164 mau lā, e hoʻonohonoho ana i kahi mooolelo maʻamau no ka lōʻihi o ke kanaka.
Jeanne Kalman
Ma mua ona ʻo ia, ʻo ka inoa "kanaka kahiko ma ka honua", e like me ka Guinness Book Records, ua ukana ia e ka Japanese Sigetie Izumi, hānau ʻia ʻo Iune 29, 1865 a make ʻo Pepeluali 21, 1986, i ke makahiki o 120 mau makahiki a me 237 lā. He mea kupanaha ʻole ʻo Kalman lāua ʻo Izumi i hōʻole ʻole i ka inu a i ka uahi.
Ka hana kolohe ʻole, ka mea kahiko ma ka Honua ʻo ia ka Li Qingyun Kina, ʻoiai (no ka mea ʻaʻohe palapala e hōʻoia nei i kēia) i hānau ʻia i ka makahiki 1736 a make i ka 1933. Kuhi kekahi mau kumu i ka makahiki 1677 me kahi lā hānau o Qingyun. ʻO ia hoʻi, i ka manawa i make ai ʻo ia, he 256 makahiki.
Li Qingyun
ʻO ka hapa nui o kona ola, ua ʻākoakoa kēia kanaka i ka hōʻiliʻili i nā lāʻau lapaʻau i nā mauna Sichuan, a me ka hoʻomaopopo i nā mea huna o ka lōʻihi. I ka nīnau ʻana iā Lee no ka mea huna o kona ola lōʻihi, pane akula ʻo ia: "E hoʻomāhuahua kou naʻau, noho e like me kahi launa, hele ākea e like me kahi manu nunu a hiamoe hoʻi e like me kahi ʻīlio." Hana ʻo ia i nā hana gym qigong a inu i ka infusion herbal, ka mea nāna i nalowale.
ʻO nā papa o nā noho kahiko o ka honua
Eia ke ʻano like o nā kenetarians he ʻumikūmālua, a ke ola nei a haʻalele a hiki i kēia ao.
- Zhanna Kalman - ola iā 122 mau makahiki.
- Sarah Knauss - ola i 119 makahiki.
- ʻO Lucy Hana - ola ʻo 117 mau makahiki.
- ʻO Nabi Tajima - ola i 117 mau makahiki.
- Maria Louise Meyer - ola ʻo 117 mau makahiki.
- ʻO Violet Brown - ola i 117 mau makahiki.
- ʻO Emma Morano - ola ʻo 117 mau makahiki.
- ʻO Misao Okawa - ola ʻo 117 mau makahiki.
- Kane Tanaka - 117 makahiki, ola loa.
- Chiyo Miyako - ola ʻo 117 mau makahiki.
ʻAʻohe kāne ma waena o 10 centenarians kiʻekiʻe, no ka mea, ʻo ka hiapo o ka centenarians i hōʻoia (Jiroemon Kimura) i ola i 116 mau makahiki a me 54 lā.
Pehea ka lōʻihi e noho ai ke kanaka ma ke ʻano
Wahi a ka Baibala, hiki i ke kanaka ke noho me ka ʻoihana i ke kenekulia Methuselah - 969 mau makahiki. Inā ʻoe e manaʻo ʻo Li Qingyun, a laila hiki iā ʻoe ke noho ma mua o 250 mau makahiki.
Akā he loea no ka wā kahiko ma New York College of Medicine Albert Einstein, Jan Wij, kānalua e ʻike hou mākou i nā kenenarians e like me Jeanne Kalman.I nā mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua mahuahua ke ola o ke kanaka. Akā i kēia manawa, manaʻo ʻo Vij, ua hōʻea mākou i ka palena kiʻekiʻe o ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o ke kanaka a ʻaʻole e hele ka poʻe i ka palena o 115-makahiki.
Ua hoʻopuka ʻo Kauka Vidge a me kāna haumāna haumāna i nā hōʻike o kēia wānana pessimistic i ka makasina Nature ma 2016.
Ua noiʻi nā ʻepekema ʻehā i nā kānaka o nā makahiki like ʻole i ola i loko o kahi makahiki. A laila hoʻohālikelike lākou i nā helu mai kēlā me kēia makahiki a e helu ai i ka wikiwiki o ka ulu ʻana o ka lehulehu i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO ka wikiwiki e ulu wikiwiki nei o ka nohona. No ka laʻana, ma Farani i nā makahiki 1920, ʻo ka wikiwiki loa e ulu nei nā wahine he 85 ona mau makahiki. A i nā makahiki 1990, ʻo ke wikiwiki ʻo ka ulu ʻana o nā wahine Farani e hele a hiki i 102 makahiki. Inā hoʻomau kēia kuhi, ʻo ka wikiwiki ka ulu ʻana o kēia lā i kēia makahiki he 110 mau makahiki. Ma kahi o ka lohi ʻana ua lohi a ʻike ʻia ua pau.
Ua nānā ʻo Kauka Vidge a me kāna mau haumāna i nā ʻike mai nā ʻāina he 40 a loaʻa iā ia kahi like maʻamau. Ua manaʻo nā kānakaʻepekema ʻo ke kumu ke loaʻa i ka poʻe i ka palena kiʻekiʻe o ko lākou lōʻihi.
Me nā ʻokoʻa ʻole, e like me Mrs. Kalman, ʻaʻole ola nā kānaka ma ka 115 makahiki mau makahiki. ʻIke ʻia kēia "pā" i nā ka lōʻihi loa o ka honua ma ka Honua. "Ke nānā aku ʻoe i ka lua-lōʻihi ma ka lua o ka lōʻihi, a laila ʻo ke kolu a ʻehā, ʻehā a me ʻalima, mau nō ke ʻano," wahi a Kauka Vij. I ka pakuhi o nā mea noiʻi, noiʻi ʻo Mrs. Kalman. Hoʻolālā ka hui a Vija pehea e hiki paha i kekahi ke ola ia, hāʻawi ʻia i nā hiʻohiʻona o kēia manawa. Wā leka: kokoke ʻaʻohe mea.