Hoʻokele ʻo Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) i ka ʻohana Skopina (Pandionidae). ʻO ia kekahi o nā ʻelele o nā mea i kēia manawa. Noho ka ʻuna o ka hikina (Pandion cristatus) ma Australia a i nā mokupuni ʻo Oceania; ʻike ʻia ʻo ia e nā poʻe ʻauhau ʻekika he subspecies. ʻO ka inoa Latin o kēia manu manuʻa e hele mai ana mai ka inoa o Pandion aʻīlio, e noho ana ma Helene.

ʻO ia ke aliʻi o ʻAnehea, hālāwai hoʻokipa me Dionysus, ke akua o ka winemaking, a ʻo ia ka mea i waena o ka ʻAtene e aʻo i nā ʻano inu ʻona. Wahi a ka moʻolelo, ua lilo ke aliʻi ʻatikala ma hope o kekahi pāʻina inu i lilo i ka ʻaeto a lele a i kahi like ʻole.

ʻO Osprey ka hōʻailona kūlana o ka mokuahi o Kanada ma Nova Scotia a me ka moku'āina o Södermanland.

Kahele

Hāpai ka noho home i nā konika āpau koe wale ʻo Antarctica. Noho ʻo Osprey ma ʻEulopa, ʻAsia, ʻApelika, ʻAralia, ʻAmelika, ʻAmelika a me ʻAmelika Hema. Ke lele aku nei ka ʻōpiopio ʻAmelika Hema no ka hoʻoilo i ʻAmelika Hema, a ʻo nā ʻāpana ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia ʻĀpelia ma ʻAulopa a me Asia Hema. ʻO nā manu he nui i ka hoʻoilo ma India.

Hoʻohui ʻia, e noho ana ma ka hapa o ʻApelika, ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me nā mokupuni o Karipiano he mau ʻaumaha.

Aia ka hapanui o nā wahi honu no nā ʻāpana ʻākau ʻehā ma nā wahi mai ka subtropical a i ka hika ʻōhule. Aia ʻo Osprey i kahi kokoke i nā kahawai kahe neʻe a i ʻole nā ​​kino o ka wai me ka nui o ka iʻa. Pākuʻi lākou i nā wahi me nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe, nā pali a i nā mokupuni ʻole i noho ʻole ʻia i kahi ʻole.

Noho ka manu ma nā kai o ke kai, a kokoke i ka wai kai a me nā wai i hoʻohuihui ʻia ai ka wai a i nā p ai. I nā wahi āpau, noho lākou i nā anuʻu i lalo.

Aia he 4 subspecies. Kūpono ʻia nā subspecies kō ma nā wahi a Palearctic.

ʻAno lawehala

ʻOkoʻa nā manu Ospreys i nā mea wailele manu ʻokoʻa. Hoʻokomo ʻia ko lākou mau manamana lima, a ua hoʻopuni ʻia nā manamana lima. I loko o lākou, e like me nā ʻeke, ʻo ka manamana lima lima, e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hopu i ka mea ʻeha me nā manamana lima ʻelua ma mua a me ʻelua ma hope. He mea maikaʻi loa kēia inā hopu i ka iʻa iʻa.

E hana ikaika nā manu ma ke ao a ke ao mai ka wanaʻao a i ke kakahiaka. I ka wā hoʻomaha, hiki iā lākou ke noho no nā hola i luna o nā lāʻau make a i nā pou.

I ka manawa o ka neʻe ʻana i ka manawa, hiki i nā ospreys ke hōʻuluʻulu i nā ʻohana liʻiliʻi a hiki i ka 10 mau kanaka, akā ʻoi aku ka neʻe ʻana wale nō. I loko o ka lewa, lele nā ​​manu ma kahi ʻano hoʻohālike me nā ʻēheu i hāpai ʻia, e hoʻomau ana i ka wikiwiki o 30-60 km / h.

Hiki iā Osprey ke holo a ʻauʻau ʻana no kahi manawa pōkole me nā ʻēheu i hoʻolaha ʻia. Holo ke lele, lele ʻo ia i kona mau eheu ma luna o ka wai, e paʻa ana iā ia i kona mau ʻōpū. Ma mua o ka lawaiʻa ʻana, e hoʻolōʻihi aku ka mea predator i kona mau wāwae i mua a hopu i nā iʻa me nā kīʻī lōʻihi, a aʻikiʻoki a me nā aʻala. Lawe ʻo ia i ka waiwai manu i ka pūnana a i kahi wahi nalo a ʻai iki paha.

He hilahila loa ka manu a mālama pinepine ʻia i ke kanaka. ʻAʻole teritorial a ʻaʻohe ona hale paʻa mau, e neʻe ana e pono no ka neʻe ʻana i ka iʻa. Hiki i nā huakaʻi i kēlā me kēia lā ke hōʻea i nā wahi hānai ma kahi mamao o 8-14 km.

ʻAʻole palena nā nā palena o nā kānaka kūʻokoʻa a noho i kahi wahi i loko o kahi radius o 5-10 km mai ka lehelehe. Aia wale nō ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hihia liʻiliʻi, nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi i hana ʻia i nā pālua pili i 100-500 m mai kekahi i kekahi.

ʻO ka manawa pinepine, nā manu liʻiliʻi, me nā manu liʻiliʻi a me nā manu liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe i ka lalo o ka ulu lāʻau ma lalo o nā nsp oysreys, ka mea ma lalo o ko lākou pale ʻana.

ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe nui i ka lewa he mau ʻaila huki (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) a me nā ʻulekū wahine (Bubo virginianus), a i loko o ka wai Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) a me nā caimans (Caiman crocodilus). Ma ka ʻāina, ʻo ka pilikia nui loa o nā pōpoki a me nā hua manu i hōʻike ʻia e nā ʻōpua raccoon (Procyon lotor).

Mea ʻai

Hoʻokomo ʻo Ospreys i nā ʻano iʻa a me ka iʻa wai a pau e mālama ai lākou e hopu ai. ʻO nā hihia kūʻokoʻa wale nō ka mea e pio ai lākou i nā reptile liʻiliʻi, nā amphibians, a me nā momi.

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hopu, hele lākou i kahi pou nānā, a ma hope o ka nānā mua ʻana i ka papa o ka lawaiʻa e lele ana lākou a puni ka puna wai i ke kiʻekiʻe o 20-30 m. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi mea hiki, e hāʻule ana nā mea make i ka pōhaku, hopu iā ia me kā lākou mau puʻupuʻu a lawe aku mai ia mai ka wai mai o ka wai. Kū kekahi manawa no lākou i kahi manawa pōkole ma kahi hoʻokahi, e lele ana e like me nā ʻēheu o kahi kestrel (Falco tinnunculus).

I ka lewa, hoʻopaʻa ka ʻōiwi i kona ʻenemi i ke kino. ʻO ka paona o ka hopu ka 150-300 g, kiʻekiʻe 2 kg.

I ka manawa lawaiʻa, hiki i ka manu ke hoʻohelene piha i lalo o ka wai i kahi hohonu o 3 m. Ua ulana ʻia kona mau ʻulu me nā mea huna o ka aʻi, a me nā waiwai wai-repellent.

ʻAno hānau

ʻO Puberty i ka makahiki he 3 mau makahiki. Ma nā wahi i noho ai ka osprey, ʻo ka manawa māla e hele pinepine aku ai mai Dekemaba a Malaki, a ma ka pae wela i ka lā ʻApelila a hiki i Mei. I ka wā mālama, eʻai hoʻokahi wale nō nā manu.

Hoʻohui lākou i nā hoʻohālike monogamous, e kūlike ana i ke ola holoʻokoʻa. Ma hope o ka hoʻoilo, ʻo nā kāne ka mea mua e hoʻi i ka nests. Ma kahi hebedoma ma hope aku, hiki mai nā wahine.

Hoʻohana pinepine ka lāʻau i kahi mau makahiki, i kēlā me kēia makahiki i hana ʻia a hoʻopau ʻia e nā kāne mare. ʻO ka kumulāʻau ke kumu lāʻau he ʻōpala a me ka huluhulu. I loko o ka nīnū e hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka mauʻu a me nā mea kanu aku.

A pau ka hana ʻana, hānai ke kāne i ka wahine i ka iʻa i ka wahine. A laila e pili ana i ka paena, kahi mau kekona wale nō. Noho ka wahine mai 2 a 5, me ka nui o 7 mau hua.

Hoʻomau ka incubation iā 35-42 lā. Hiki i nā kāne ke hoʻihoʻi i ka masonry no kahi. Hoʻomaka koke ʻo Hatching ma hope o ka waiho ʻana i ka hua mua. Hoʻokomo nā huaʻelima me kahi anawaena o 1-2 lā, no laila e loli nui ka nui o ka nui.

ʻOi aku ka nui o nā pēpē nui e ola, e loaʻa ana ka meaʻai i ka wā o ka manawa hānai no ka manawa. Hoʻokele ke kāne i nā keiki no nā pule ʻelua ʻelua, a hui pū ka wahine iā ia.

Hānau ʻia nā kukiki me ka momona keʻokeʻo, akā pono e hoʻomoʻi i ka wela o ke kino o ko lākou makuahine. Hoʻomaka ka ulu lāʻau ʻana i ka makahiki ma kahi o 10 mau lā. I nā 5 mau makahiki o ka makahiki, hiki i nā pipi ke like me 80% o kā lākou mau mākua. I ka 50-60 lā, lilo lākou i ʻēheu ma lalo o ka mana makua e aʻo ai i ka ʻai.

I nā makahiki 10-15 hebedoma, hala ka ʻōpio osprey i ke ola kūʻokoʻa. ʻAʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 20% e ola ana mai ka pōpōpō mai ka pipi.

ʻO keʻano

ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka kino 55-58 cm, nā eheu 145-170 cm. Paona 1300-2000 g. Ua nui a keu ka nui o nā wahine. ʻAʻohe dimorphism o ka ʻalani i ke kala. ʻOi ka nui o ka poʻe i noho i nā wahi puʻupuʻu ma mua o ko lākou mau ʻohana ʻākau.

ʻEleʻele ka polū i ke kua, mau ʻēheu a me ka lāʻī. He keʻokeʻo a hina paha ka hulu o nā hulu pilikino. Pahu keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo me nā kīwī transversʻeleʻele. ʻO ke poʻo, ka nape, ka ʻōpū, ka umauma a me ka ʻōpū e hoʻonaninani ʻia a keʻokeʻo.

Ua uhi ʻia nā wāwae me ka hulu ma ka wāwae. ʻAnoʻulaʻula nā manamana lima, he ʻeleʻele a me nā ʻeleʻele a pihi paha.

He nui nā wahi ʻupena i ko lākou kua a me nā ʻēheu ma mua o nā manu makua. He mau maka ʻulaʻulaʻulaʻula kona mea e ʻeleʻele a i ka wā e ulu ai lākou. Hōʻike ka palaʻa makua i 18 mau mahina.

Loaʻa ʻo Osprey i ke ola o 20-25 mau makahiki ma ka nahele.

He ʻauhau

ʻO ka wehewehe ma kahi hiʻohiʻona Kukūlū Buteo i paʻi ʻia ʻia ma ka makahiki 1816 e ka lāʻau ornithologist Farani Louis Vieillot, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka subspecies a i ʻole nā ​​ʻano holo like ʻole o nā ʻano. Epiteke hāhā mai loko mai o ka Latin "crest" me ka ʻōlelo i ka pūʻulu paʻakikī o ka hulu i hoʻonui ʻia mai ke kua o ke poʻo. Hoʻolaha hoʻomaʻemaʻe Pandion haliaetus comb hoʻokaʻawale i nā crest mai nā subspecies ʻē aʻe P. haliaetus , ka inoa i lawe ʻia mai Helene kahiko haliaietos no ka "ʻaeto kai".

Ma hope mai ua hōʻike aku nā mea kākau i ka heluna kūloko i kēia mau ʻano heʻokoʻa ʻO Pandiona leucocephalus Gould, J. 1838 a Pandion gouldi Kaup, JJ 1847 or in subspecies- Pandion haliaetus australis Burmeister, KHK 1850 a Pandion haliaetus melvillensis ʻO Mathews, ʻo GM 1912 ka wehewehe ʻana i ka nui o nā hiʻohiʻona nāna i hoʻokaʻawale iā ia mai ka ʻaoʻao ākea hou Pandion haliaetus kahi e pili ana i nā ʻatikala i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma Tasmania, Rottnest Island ma ke Komohana a me Port Essington, he lithograph e pili ana i nā ʻano ʻano i paʻi ʻia ma Nā Synopsis (1838) i Mau manu Australia -ʻO ka hoʻokolokolo ʻia e Elizabeth Gould. Ke kākoʻo nei kekahi mau luna i ka mālama ʻia ʻana o ka lehulehu osprey hikina no ka mea hoʻokahi o nā subspecies Pandion haliaetus , nā holoholona ola wale nō o ka ʻanoʻao a me ka ʻohana. I ka wā i paʻi ʻia ai nā mea hoʻohālike a me nā nānā ʻana o nā lehulehu hou i ka makahiki ʻumikūmāiwa ʻumikūmāiwa, nui nā mea kākau i wehewehe iā lākou he mau mea hou hou aʻe, hoʻomaka ana nā loli ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka iwakāluakūmākahi mau makahiki e hōʻike ai i ke ʻano he ʻano holoʻokoʻa lākou.

ʻIke ka papa inoa ʻai manu ʻoihana Australia i ka hoʻōla piha ʻana o nā ʻano, me ka hōʻike ʻana i ka loiloi o ka 2008, ʻike ʻia kahi huina ʻano like me kahi pili Hieraeetus a Akuila (wink, a dr ., 2004) a me nā ʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa akā mau i ka morphology a me ka plumage kala. ʻO nā ʻokoʻa hoʻohanohano ma waena o nā lāhui hoʻomāliko ʻekolu i komo ʻia kēia palapala noho i loko o kahi kai moana, ʻo ʻAmelika ʻAmelika ka nui o ka lehulehu i hopu a me nā wahi o ka puni ʻana i ka wai hou.

Kūlana ʻole I wehewehe ʻia e ka zoologist Farani me Jules Cesar Savigny i ka makahiki 1809, ʻo ia wale nō ke kuʻuna o ka ʻohana Pandionidae, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ma hope o ka huaʻōlelo Pelekane ʻano kaulana ʻo Pandion. ʻO kekahi mau hana e hoʻokau e pili ana i nā ʻae a me nā ʻalāʻau i loko o ka ʻohana hawk - ʻO ia ka mea pono ke manaʻo ʻia he kumu nui o ke ʻano o ka ʻano like ʻana o ka ʻano hawk, a i ʻole ka mea hui pū me Sokolina ma falconiform. Ua hoʻonoho ʻo Sibl-Ahlquist ʻauhau iā ia me nā mea liʻipaʻi diurnal i nā Ciconiiformes i hoʻonui nui ʻia, akā ke alakaʻi nei i kahi ʻano paraphyletic ʻano maʻamau.

Ua ʻike ʻia lākou e ka inoa maʻamau osprey, a i ʻole i ʻike ʻia i ka inoa o ka hikina hikina; ʻo nā inoa ʻē aʻe kekahi osprey a me ke poʻo keʻokeʻo. Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻo Gould i ka hana limahana ʻole i hoʻohana ʻia ma hope o ka noho ʻana o ʻAmelika, ʻo "Little Fish-Hawk" ma New South Wales a ʻo "Fish-Hawk" i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka kolu ʻo Swan River ʻo John Gilbert, ka inoa i hele mai i o mākou nei. Joor-jout ma Port Essington a me kekahi ma kekahi hema o Australia, kahi unuhi i ka ʻōlelo Nyungar, hāʻawi ʻia kēia inoa inoa no ka hoʻohana maʻamau ma ke komohana hema o Australia yoondoordo [haʻi i ka ʻōlelo maʻamau].

ʻO ka pākuʻi a me ka noho

Ma nā moku a me nā ʻāpana o Aulalia, kahi e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai nā mea like me nā mea i hana ʻia ma Australia Australia, ka Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia a me Tasmania, he ala ākea kahi pae ma nā kapakai a me nā mokupuni kahakai, ʻoiai ka mea ʻike ʻia i kekahi manawa ma nā pūnaehana wai a me nā pāpū wai. Hiki i nā kipa i nā ʻāina i uka mai ke kūkulu ʻākau i ka manawa o ka ua hiki ke loaʻa i nā makahiki keu o ka ua nui. Ma kēia mokupuni, ʻo ia ka mea e hele ai kahi nohona, kahi mea ʻole, ʻaʻole like me nā iwi subspecies Pandion haliaetus . ^ E Ha yM. Hōʻike ʻia lākou i ka kahakai, ʻoiai ʻaʻole kēia he malihini kipa ma ka hikina Victoria a me Tasmania. Aia ka mahele o 1,000 km (620 mau mile) kūpono i ke kahakai o Nullarbor, ma waena o kona āla mokulele komohana ma South Australia a me nā wahi e pili kokoke ana i hema hema o Australia. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻano like ʻole i ka ʻāina hema ma Australia.

ʻO nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe e noho ʻia ana e Philippines, Indonesia a me New Guinea. E hōʻea mai nā mākaʻikaʻi o ka makahiki mai ka ʻaoʻao hema mai, a ua manaʻo ʻia ua neʻe lākou mai ka ʻĀkau o Ausetalia.

ʻO kahi kumulā i koho ʻia ma ke ʻano he roop a manuahi paha ma Ausetalia he eucalyptus nui. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia lākou e lele ana ma luna o nā wahi pena e kū pono ana ma waena o ko lākou wahi e noho ai a me ka mālama ʻana i ka wai.

Ka makaʻi

ʻO kaʻai nui ʻo Diet he mau iʻa iʻa kūloko, ʻoiai ʻo ka mea punahele punahele a Australia, ʻoiai e ʻike ʻoe, he mullet, inā inā. Hāʻawi ʻia nā kahele kaawale no nā nēnū moana nui e hoʻoweliweli ʻia, nā ʻōpala a me nā mea kanu manu no nā holoholona he nui i loko o nā manu, nā inisona, nā manu a me nā mamalia. Ua ʻike ʻia lākou e hopu i nā mokulele i ka lele.

Loaʻa iā Ospris kahi hihiʻo i kūpono loa i ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea i lalo o ka lewa. Ua ʻike mua ʻia ʻo Prey i ka wā o 10 o 40 mika ʻākau ma luna o ka wai, a ma hope o ka manawa o ka manu i kahi manawa no laila e hoʻomoʻi mua i kona mau wāwae me nā ʻēheu i hāpai ʻia, nui ka mākana nui i kona komo ʻana i ka wai. Hiki i ka heke i kā lākou kiʻi ke hoʻopau i nā kekona, a hiki iā lākou ke huki i ka hohonu o 1 mika. Ma hope o ka hopu ʻana i kā lākou pahuhopu, hoʻohana lākou i nā pā ākea ʻēheu e piʻi mai luna mai ka wai o ka wai, e hoʻomau ana i ka hana maʻamau me ka iʻa i lawaiʻa mua i kahakai. ʻO ka mea pio "kiola aku i nā toredoes o ka mod" me ka wāwae alakaʻi ma hope o ke poʻo, a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e hopu ana i ka ʻano kiʻekiʻe. Kūlana ʻole mai ka pīpī ʻole ʻana i ka mea pio o ka lawaiʻa lawaiʻa. ʻAʻole like i ka nui o kā lākou wahi nui, ʻaʻole i kālai ʻia i loko o kahi ākea a pihi paha ma waho o ka wā mālama.

Kaukaʻikaʻi Kūlana ʻole He nui nā hoʻololi e kūpono ai i kona ola ʻana i ka iʻa, ke kau pū nei lākou me nā manamana lima ma waho, nā spicules koi ma ka lalo o nā manamana wāwae, he hāpopō e pani ai i waho o ka wai i ka wā e uhai ai, a me kahi uhai hou ʻana i nā ʻōpū e hana like ai me nā mea hōʻola. Kōkua i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kāna hopu. Aia kahi paleke o ka osprey ka pehu a pale i kona mau hulu mai ka loaʻa ʻana i ka wai.

Hoʻohuli

Hoʻohana ʻia ka pā pōhaku ma Rottnest Island ma kahakai o Western Australia, ma kahi he 14 a he mau wahi e like ai me nā wahi hila like 6:55 e hoʻohana ʻia no hoʻokahi makahiki. Hoʻopau hou ʻia nā mea he nui i kēlā me kēia manawa, a ua hoʻohana ʻia kekahi o lākou no 70 mau makahiki. ʻO ka nūnū he puʻupuʻu nui i nā lāʻau lāʻau, nā ʻalā, a i ʻole nalo paha mai ka ohe, kahi mea i kūkulu ʻia ma ka ʻula o kahi lāʻau make a i ʻole ka limu, e hoʻohana pū ana i nā maka pōhaku. nā lāʻau, nā kiaʻi pōhaku, nā pou, nā ʻenehana kūlohelohe a i ʻole nā ​​moku moana. Hiki i nā mea hana hoʻomau ʻia i kū i ke kiʻekiʻe a hiki i ʻelua mau mika. Hiki i nā nests ke ākea a 2 mika a ke kaupaona nei ma kahi o 135 kg.

Ke lula nei, hiki i nā ospreys hikina a i nā wā lolōlau a hoʻomaka e pua i ka makahiki o ʻekolu a ʻehā paha makahiki.

ʻO ka makemake o Oriental ospreys i ka manawa no ke ola, ʻoiai ua hōʻike ʻia ka polyandry ma nā manawa he nui. Hoʻololi like ka wā kīhāpai e like me nā wā kūloko: hoʻomaka ia ma waena o Kepakemapa a me ʻOkakopa ma ʻAkia hema, ʻApelila a me Iulai ma ka ʻaoʻao o Australia, a mai Iune a hiki i ʻAukake ma South southern. I ka pūnāwai, e hoʻomaka ka male i kahi hui iʻeono mau mahina e hoʻomaikaʻi i ko lākou ʻōpio. ʻO ka nui o ka paʻa i ka hua ʻelua a ʻekolu a ʻekolu paha, i kekahi manawa a hiki i ke ʻehā, a hiki i ka brood ʻelua i hoʻokahi manawa. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia lākou no hoʻokahi mahina, a hilinaʻi paha i ka nui o ka hanu e mālama ai i ka mahana. ʻO nā keʻokeʻo hua manu i keʻokeʻo a i ʻole ke mele me nā palahala a me kahi wahi ʻulaʻula, i kekahi manawa me he mea ʻeleʻele ʻia, poni a ʻulaʻula paha e ʻike ʻia ma lalo o ka ʻili o ka hua. Hoʻomoe ka hua ma kahi o 62 x 45 mm a kaupaona ma kahi o 65 karamu. Komo ʻia nā hua no 35-43 mau lā ma mua o ka hatching.

Ke kaupaona nei nā pālei hou mai 50 a 60 mau kalama a holo i 8 a 10 mau pule. ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ma ka mokupuni ʻo Kangaroo he manawa maʻamau o 69 mau lā ma waena o ka hatching a plumage. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo ka haʻawina like he awelika o 0.66 ʻōpio piha piha i kēlā me kēia makahiki i ka ʻāina i noho ʻia, a ʻo 0.92 mau ʻōpiopio i piha i kēlā me kēia makahiki hoʻokahi o ka hana ikaika. Ma kahi o 22% o nā keiki i koe e noho ana ma ka mokupuni a i ʻole hoʻi i ka wā ʻōpio e hui pū ai i ka heluna nui. I ka wā ʻaʻole lawa o ka meaʻai, ua ola paha nā pōkole mua i ka hatch. ʻO ka hopohopo ola maʻamau he 7-10 mau makahiki, ʻoiai hiki ʻole i ka nui o ka poʻe ke ulu a hiki i nā makahiki he 20-25 mau makahiki.

Manaʻo ʻia ka nīhou i ka 1902 i loaʻa nā ʻūhā iʻa ma ka ʻaoʻao a me ka ʻoihana kai "redo face" ( Mesembryanthemum ) i ka ulu piha.

Kūʻai a me ka pale

Aia kahi manaʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻohemo ʻana o kahi hui ma Kōkelika Hema, kahi i noho mua ai nā wahi mua ma nā wahi ma Spencer Bay a ma ke kuaʻu o Murray ma lalo iho o kahi mau makahiki he mau makahiki. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā papa pākaha ma Eyre Peninsula a me nā mokupuni ʻo Kangaroo i ka ʻoliʻoli ʻana i ka lawaiʻa a me ka hoʻopuni ʻana ma luna o ke kūkulu ʻana i ke kūlanakauhale.

Ma New South Wales, he ʻano mālama ʻāpono nā osprey. No kēia kumu, ʻo ka nano osprey mai ka papakū hema hema o ka hale kia o ka Pae Hikina o ka hale kūwaho i hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā mālama mālama.

ʻO ke kūlana pale i loko o Western Australia e "ʻaʻole hoʻoweliweli", pinepine i ka ʻūkau a emi ʻole ma ke kūkulu hema ma ka hema. Ua hoʻolaha ʻia ma ka makahiki 1902 e Alexander Milligan o nā pakanikua i ka ʻaoʻao hema ma ke komohana hema ʻĀwana me ka hoʻākāka ʻana o kahi pūnana me nā hua ʻelua ma Cape Mentelle i kiʻi ʻia i kiʻi ʻia he ʻumikūmākahi mau makahiki ma mua o AJ Campbell. Ua ʻae ʻia kahi hua hoʻokahi no ka waiho ʻana ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Milligan State, a me ke alakaʻi pū ʻana o ka hale mokulele, ʻo BH Woodward, i mālama ʻia i ka luna kiaʻi o ke ana me ka pale o ka pūnaewele.

Lele ka manuahi ma Victoria a ke nalo aku nei iā Tasmania.