I kekahi pō kauwela, he mea kupaianaha a he nani nā keʻena ahi i ka wā, e like me ka moʻo moʻolelo, nā kukui ʻulaʻula e like me nā hōkū liʻiliʻi o ka pōʻeleʻele.
ʻO kā lākou mālamalama he'ōmaʻomaʻo-ʻulaʻula a me nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma nā aniani o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka lōʻihi a me nā kukui. Puhi manuahi e pili ana i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā pupu, he ʻohana ʻohana o nā pīpī, he ʻelua tausani o nā ʻano, ua hoʻohele ʻia a kokoke i nā wahi āpau o ka honua.
Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā ʻelele ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā iniseti i nā subtropics a me nā tropics. Ma ko mākou ʻāina, aia ma kahi o 20 mau ʻano. Kahuʻula i ʻōlelo ʻia i ka Latin: Lampyridae.
ʻO nā nā pepeke like ʻole he mau pīhoihoi ʻano ikaika i ka pōʻeleʻele. Ke nānā nei iā lākou i ke ao, hiki ʻole ke manaʻoʻiʻo ia ka mea weliweli incicpicuous hiki ke weliweli loa i ka pō.
ʻO lākou ka hapalua a ʻelua paha kenimika ka nui, ʻokoʻa i ke poʻo liʻiliʻi, nā maka nui a me ke kino pāpū. Kahuʻula, i ʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻinona nā ʻēheu a ʻelua mau aniani i hoʻopili ʻia ma ka lae, ʻokoʻa ʻole, e pili ana i nā ʻano ʻano, ma ke ʻano a me ka nui.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona kūikawā o nā mea ahiahi, ʻo ka hana ʻana o nā kino luminescent ʻokoʻa i loko o ka ʻōpū, i hoʻokumu ʻia ai nā mea hoʻohālike i hoʻopiha ʻia me nā ʻikikika uric acid a ua kau ʻia ma luna o lākou, nā pūpū photogen i uhi ʻia e nā nerves a me nā tracheas e komo ai ka oxygen.
ʻO nā kaʻina oxidative e hana ma laila i wehewehe maikaʻi no ke aha e like ai nā mea ahiahi a mai ka mea a lākou e hoʻomālamalama ai. Ke hoʻohana nei nā pepeke i kēlā mau hōʻailona, e pale iā lākou iho i nā ʻenemi hiki, no laila e hoʻomaopopo aku iā lākou i ka loaʻa ʻole, a hoʻihoʻi pū kekahi mau mea like ʻole o ka wahine ʻē aʻe.
Ke ʻano ahi a me ka noho ʻana
Ma waena o nā mea maʻamau e pili ana i nā iniseti e noho ana i kā mākou latitude ʻo ʻIloi ka anu. Ola e like me kēlā ahiahi i ka ulu lāʻau, i ka wā mahana, e hōʻike ana i ka hana o nā pō.
Noho nā ʻelele o kēia mau iniseti i ka lā e hūnā ana i ka mauʻu hohonu. He kino lōʻihi, hui pū ʻia nā wahine, ʻili brown-brown me ʻekolu keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ma luna o ka ʻōpū, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke lele, ʻaʻohe ona ʻēheu. I ka hiʻohiʻona, ua like lākou me nā kolo me ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o 18 mm.
Hiki i kēia mau pepeke ke hoʻohuli piha i ka nahele ma ke ʻano kupaianaha, e hoʻomālamalama ana i kā lākou mau kukui i ka lau ma nā ʻōpala a me nā hua lāʻau, e hoʻomālamalama ana a hoʻomālamalama. E like me ahi ahi - ka ʻike hiki ʻole. ʻO kekahi o lākou, ʻo lākou ka mea iʻoi aku ka pehu a lele i ka lewa a manu iki i nā lāʻau.
A laila, ma ka puahiohio hōʻeuʻeu, e holo i lalo e like me ka pau ʻana o nā pu ahi ʻo ka pō. ʻO kēia nā kāne puhi ahi i ʻike i ko lākou mau kaikamahine a holo wikiwiki aʻe i ka nahele ma kahi kokoke iā lākou.
ʻO nā ʻelele kāne o nā pepeke he kino kino kūpaʻa paha e pili ana i hoʻokahi a me ka hapa kenimita lōʻihi, kahi poʻo nui a me nā maka hemispherical nui. ʻAʻole i ka wahine, lele nani lākou.
Ke noho nei i loko o ka Caucasus, nā ʻelele o kēia mau pepeke mai ke ʻano Lūkini Luciola me nā kīnika pōkole me ka lōʻihi o hoʻokahi i ʻelua kekona, e like me nā manu manu like i like me nā kukupa photinus mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
ʻO kekahi mau manawa o ka puhi ahi e hoʻopiʻi aku i ka māmā o ka lele ma ka mokulele, e like me nā hōkū pana, lele ana a me nā kukui keʻa ʻana ma ke kua o ka pō hema Aia nā mea iʻike i ka moʻolelo o ka poʻe e hoʻohana ana i nā ahi i kā lākou ola i kēlā me kēia lā.
No ka laʻana, hōʻike nā kuhi i nā makenahi keokeo mua, holo nā moku e holo ana i Brazil. Kahi Eia no hoi ola ke ahi ʻana, kukui i ko lākou mau home me ko lākou mālamalama maoli.
A ʻo ka poʻe India, ke hele pū nei, ua nakinaki nei i kēia mau kukui maoli i ko lākou mau manamana wāwae. A ʻaʻole nā mea a maikaʻi o nā pepeke nani e kōkua i ka ʻike i ka moʻo, akā weliweli hoʻi i nā nahesa ʻawaʻawa. E like me hiʻona ʻaʻano ahi he mea maʻamau ke hoʻohālikelike i nā waiwai me ke kukui fluorescent.
Akā, ʻoi aku ka mea kūpono o kēia mau ʻili kūlohelohe, no ka mea ma o ke kaiho ʻana i ko lākou mau kukui pono iho, ʻaʻole i hoʻomoʻo nā inikini a hoʻonui i ke ʻano o ke kino. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ka mālama ʻana o ka hana i kēia, inā ʻaʻole hiki ke alakaʻi iā ia i ka make o nā mea ahi.
Mea ʻai
Noho ke ahi i ka mauʻu, ma ka mauʻu, i ka moss, a i lalo paha o ka lau i hāʻule. A i ka pō hele lākou e hānai. ʻAi nā ahi nā ʻōpio, nā ʻōpala liʻiliʻi, nā huaʻōlelo o nā mea inikini, nā holoholona liʻiliʻi, nā ʻalā a me nā mea pala manuahi.
ʻAʻole hānai nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā pā ahi i ke ahi, akā e noho wale nō no ka hua lahilahi, make ma hope o ka moʻo ʻana a me ke kaʻina o ka waiho ʻana i nā hua. Pōʻane, ke hele nei nā pāʻani o kēia mau manu i ka cannibalism.
Nawai i manao e i ka wahine o keia mau iniseti kupaianaha, ka mea i hoʻonani i ka po o ke kauwela hanohano, he pinepine lakou i ka insanely insidious.
ʻO nā wahine o nā ʻano Photuris, e hāʻawi ana i nā hōʻailona hoʻopunipuni i nā kāne o nā ʻanoʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe, aia wale nō, eʻae wale i ka hoʻōla, a ma kahi o nā moʻo i makemake ʻia, e ʻai iā lākou. Kahi ʻano ʻano i kapa ʻia e nā ʻepekema ʻoihana mimicry.
Akā he mea maikaʻi loa nā mea puhi ahi, maikaʻi loa no nā kānaka, ma ka ʻai ʻana a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā pōpilikia pōpilikia i nā lau hāʻule o nā lāʻau a ma nā māla lāʻau. Kūahi ahi ma ka māla - He hōʻailona maikaʻi kēia no ka mea mālama lāʻau.
Ma Iāpana, kahi e noho nei nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻokoʻa a keu loa o kēia mau mea hihiu, e noho ana nā wahi ahi i ka noho ʻana i ka māla lae, kahi e ʻai ai lākou, luku ʻana i ka nui, nā ʻuʻu wai wai, hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā kanu kanu o nā kauā aloha makemake ʻole, e lawe mai ana i nā pōmaikaʻi nui.
ʻO ka pilina a me ka lōʻihi
ʻO ka māmā o ka mea i puhi aku ai nā mea ahi i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa, e kōkua iā lākou i ka wā moe. Ke hele mai ke kāne i ka manawa o ka hānau ʻana, hele akula ia i ka ʻimi i kahi i koho ʻia. A ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia ma ke aniani o nā hōʻailona hōʻailona e like me kāna kāne.
ʻOi aku ka nani o ka hoa o ka hoa, ʻoi aku ka makemake o ka hoa hoalauna e aloha. I nā mokulele wela, i ka wā o nā mea ulu o ka nahele, ua hoʻonohonoho pono nā ʻōpio no ko lākou mau hoa aloha i nā mea pāʻani kīleʻa-māmā a me ka ʻālamalama, nā kukui a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā kukui luminous e hoʻomālamalama ʻia ka maʻemaʻe ma mua o nā kukui neon o nā kūlanakauhale nui.
I kēlā manawa, ke loaʻa nā maka nui o ke kāne pono i ka hōʻailona māmā -ʻo ka ʻōlelo mai ka wahine, hoʻāi ʻia nā mea ahi i kahi kokoke, a ke aloha aku nei nā kāne me kekahi mau kukui kukui no kekahi manawa, ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke kaʻina hana kope.
ʻO nā wahine wahine, i nā wā ke kūleʻa ai ka moekolohe, waiho i nā testicles, kahi e ʻike nui ai nā ulia nui. He ʻāina lākou a me ka wai, hapa ʻeleʻele a me nā kala waiho melemele.
Loaʻa iā Larvae i ka gluttony weliweli a me ka makemake maʻamau. E like me kā lākou makemake i ka ʻai, hiki iā lākou ke ʻai i nā mania a me nā mollusks, a me nā invertebrates liʻiliʻi hoʻi. He like lākou i ka hiki ke kaha luminosity me nā pākeke. ʻO ke aniani i ke kauwela, ke hele ke anuanu, e peʻe ana lākou i loko o ka lāʻau, kahi e noho ai lākou no ka hoʻoilo.
A i ka pūnāwai, ma hope o ke ala ʻana, hoʻomaka hou lākou e ʻai ikaika no hoʻokahi mahina, a i kekahi manawa hou aku. A laila hele mai ke kaʻina hana o ka pupation, kahi e hala ana mai 7 a 18 mau lā. Ma hope o kēlā, ua ʻike ʻia nā pākeke, e mākaʻaka hou i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe me kā lākou lei nani i ka pouli. Loaʻa ka ola o kahi pākeke i nā ʻekolu a ʻehā mau malama.
Puhi manuahi. Pū a ahi kahi noho
Nawai i nānā i ka ʻano kupaianaha a kupaianaha i ka nahele ma ka puka mua o ka twilight i ke ahiahi o ke kauwela maikaʻi? E kiʻi nā mea āpau a puni i kahi kiʻi kupaianaha. ʻO kekahi helehelena pohihihi e hele mai ana mai kēia mau wahi makana.
Hūlū ʻia e ka huno o kekahi mea maikaʻi loa. He aha kēia hana mana o ke ʻano? He mea ʻē aʻe ia kapuahi ahi e pili ana i ua pana ʻia nā kāleka kamaliʻi a me nā moʻolelo kūleʻa.
ʻIke ka poʻe āpau i kēia ʻano kamahi kupaianaha mai ka wā kamaliʻi. Pahu ahi ma ka māla hoihoi a hoihoi.
I ka nīnau no ke aha e like ai nā mea ahiahi ʻaʻole nō hoʻokahi pane. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, ua kau ʻia nā ʻepekema i hoʻokahi ʻaoʻao. Kūpono ʻia kēlā mau ʻano nani a ʻokoʻa ʻole e kū i kahi wahine mea ʻā ahiahi i ka mea hoʻi e hoʻowalewale i ka manaʻo o ka wahine ʻē.
Kēia pili pili i ke aloha ma waena o nā kīʻaha wahine a me kā lākou hiʻona hanohano i ʻike ʻia i nā wā kahiko, no ke aha ua lōʻihi ka pili o nā kūpuna i kā lākou ʻūlū kūikawā a me ka ʻahaʻaina o Ivan Kupala.
Akā ʻoiai aia ma nā lā mua o Iulai ka ʻike pinepine ʻia ʻana o kēia pepeke. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi ahi i kapa ʻia ʻo nā ʻōpala ʻo Ivanovo. No lākou ka hoʻohemo ʻana o nā pōpoki lapirides. ʻAʻole ma nā wahi āpau e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke nānā i kēlā ʻano nani.
Akā ʻo kēlā poʻe e ʻike iā ia i ka liʻiliʻi i hoʻokahi manawa i loko o ko lākou ola me ka hauʻoli ua ʻōlelo nei he mea ʻike ʻole kēia. Ho‘omaka ahiahi no laila, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke nānā aku iā ia no ka manawa lōʻihi me ka hanu bated. ʻAʻole ia wale nō he nani, akā he mau mele nō hoʻi, hoihoi, bewitching, Alluring.
Kuhi Kuhi ʻo Beetle
Hoʻololi nā pūni me ke kukui ʻokoʻa ʻulaʻulaʻulaʻula, ʻokoʻa ka hiʻohiʻona o ke kukui no nā mea a pau. He palu nunu kēia, aia he nui nā ʻano he nui. Aia wale nō ma ka Russian Federation he iwakālua o lākou. Noho nā Beetles i nā lewa a me ka subtropical climates.
Puka he ʻōlapa lepo ia kūlia nui i ka pō. ^ E Ha yM. Ma ka liʻiliʻi loa, ʻike ʻia i ka lā, hiki ʻole ke noʻonoʻo e hiki ke nānā ʻokoʻa loa kēia ʻano puhi maʻamau i loko o ka popo. ʻO ka iniseti mai 0.5 a 2 mau kenimika ka lōʻihi, loaʻa kahi poʻo liʻiliʻi a me nā maka nui. Ua hāwili ʻia ke kino ma luna. He ʻēheu a me nā ʻaukā 11, aia ma ka lae o ka pīhoihoi.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o ka pepeke ko lākou hiki ke hoʻomālamalama. He hoʻoili ʻia kēia hopena ma nā pīpī ma muli o ke ʻano o ko lākou kino. Ma ka ʻōpū o ka mauʻu he mau ʻalohalohi ma ka uric acid, ma luna o nā mea photogen cells me nā nerves a me nā tracheas e alakaʻi ana i ka oxygen. Ma muli o kēia hāmeʻa, ua pono nā mea puhi ahi a hoʻopiʻi i ka mālamalama. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka laulā, ka pale o ka pū ahi e pale iā ia iho i nā ʻenemi, e hōʻike ana iā lākou ʻaʻole ia e ʻai. ʻOiai, ma ka luminescence, ua hoʻowalewale nā pepeke i nā mea pilikino o ka wahine ʻē.
Pehea ke olā o ke ahi ahi
E kūleʻa ana nā ahi ma muli o nā mea kūʻokoʻa i ko lākou kino - ke kiʻi paʻi. Aia ia ma ka huelo o ka pūpū a me kahi pālahalaha paʻakikī, kahi o nā ʻalihi hana ʻekolu. No ka weheweheʻana, e noʻonoʻo ʻoe i kahi uila uila maʻamau: ke aniani ka lalo o ke aniani a e noʻonoʻo i ka mālamalama i hua ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka hopena paʻakikī e ka layer waena. Kūkulu ʻia nā kohu o ka papakū waena i nā photocytes - nā kuli hiki ke hoʻohuli i ka oxygen i mālamalama. Hōʻike ʻia ka papale papa hana kiʻekiʻe e kahi cuticle hoʻoweliweli māmā.
ʻO Oxygen, ka mea i pono i nā nui no ka hana ʻana i kahi manu o ke ahi, i haʻalele i ka mitochondria cellular ma ke kau ʻana iā ia me ka nitric oxide. ʻAʻohe pepeke o nā pepeke, no laila, pono nā hana āpau i ke ola i loko o nā pūpuna, me ka hanu. A hoʻonāukiuki ka ʻōnaehana nūnū i nā ʻano o ka hana o ka "flashlight".
Ma ke ʻano kūlohelohe, nui ka nui o nā meaolaola e "lawe i ka mālamalama" - reefs, deep-sea fish, mollusks, jellyfish, etc. Loaʻa iā lāua a me nā mea ahiahi, nona ka puaʻa luciferin ke kuleana no ka luminescence, ka mea i hoʻāla ʻia ma luciferase me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka molekena adenosine triphosphate - ATP (ʻĀpana maʻamau o ka ikaika o ka cellular) a,, hana ʻia, hana i ka hoʻāla nani. Hōʻike kēia i ka wā o ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana o nā molekona carbon dioxide, i ka wā e puka mai ai nā molika luciferin mai kahi kūlana hauʻoli, e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka ikehu o ka mālamalama, a laila e ʻāʻī ka pū i ke ahi i ka pōʻeleʻele.
ʻO ka mania ʻūina a me ke anuanu o nā ahi ʻole e hoʻomehana ʻoluʻolu loa - koe wale nō naʻe ka ʻuhane. ʻAʻohe ʻeha a i ʻole ʻokoʻa a i nā ultraviolet i nā kiʻi. Akā ka "kukui" lawe aku ma kahi o 98% o ka ikehu i hoʻopau ʻia, he ʻokoʻa me kahi kukui uila maʻamau, ʻo ka hana o ke kelepona wale nō he 10%, a ʻo ka ʻoliu ka hana i lilo i wahi wela ʻole.
No ke aha he aniani nā ahi
ʻO nā mea wahine wahine, ma ke ala, ʻaʻole i ʻokoʻa i ka nani - ʻo lākou, ʻaʻole e like me nā kāne, ʻaʻohe ʻēheu, akā pili pū kekahi lākou i ka pane i nā kāne mai ka lāʻau. Eia nō naʻe, he huhū nā wahine - ʻoi aku hoʻi nā wahine o nā ʻano ʻo Photuris, ka poʻe hoʻohālike i kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe - ʻo Photinus. Ma hope mai, ua ʻai ʻia nā kāne i hoʻopunipuni ʻia a loaʻa i nā ʻano Photinus, akā ke kiʻi nei nā wahine i ka wā e hiki mai ana, no ka mea, ʻo nā meaola o kā lākou poʻe i loaʻa ai he mea hoʻoliʻelima e hōʻole nei i nā manu a me nā manu. I kekahi manawa hana ke hana o ka cannibalism me ke kumu kumu ʻole maikaʻi.
Hāʻawi nā luna wahine i kahi hōʻailona kūikawā, e hōʻike ana ua mākaukau lākou no ka hoʻomakeʻa. No laila ua maopopo ke kāne i kahi e lele ai. ʻO ka laulā, ʻo ka mea hoʻolālā ke anuanu, ʻo ka nānā aku ʻana o ka wahine nui.
Eia kekahi, hoʻomālamalama kā lākou ʻōpio, nā pupae a me nā hua - ʻo kēia ka mea hiki ʻole i ka ʻepekema e wehewehe. Akā hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ma kēia ala e hoʻoili ai i kahi hōʻailona i nā poʻe i ʻike mua i ka hiki.
I loko o Eurasia, nāʻano maʻamau e kapa ʻia nā "worm Ivanov." Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ia aia ma ka pō o Ivan Kupala i hoʻolaʻa ʻia kēia mau pepeke.
ʻO kahi mea kupaianaha, ʻo ia ka helu o nā 2000, he liʻiliʻi wale nō ke ahi, ka mea nui e hana wale ana i ke ao.
Pahu Mahina
Akā ʻo ka helu nui o nā moʻomeheu a me ka hōʻailona hohonu o nā mea ahi i hāʻawi ʻia e ka poʻe Kepanelu. E like me ka mahana a me ke ea mahana, ma laila lākou e hoʻonaninani ai me ka hoihoi nui ʻana ma mua o ko lākou mau hoahānau palū mai nā waena waena. No ka mea ʻo ka manawa o kā lāua male ʻana he hōʻike māmā nui. Ua hoʻōla hoʻi ʻo Iapana i ka pāʻina Firefly - hoʻolana ʻo Hotaru.
Hoʻohana ka poʻe i nā ʻōleʻa ahiahi i nā pono ʻole - i mea hoʻonaninani i ko lākou lauoho, me he mea hana e hana ai i kahi lewa aloha, e like me ke kukui uila, e like me nā mea kōkua i ka hakakā ʻana i nā ʻuhane ʻino. I kēia lā, hoʻohana ʻia ka luciferase synthetic, kahi i hana mua ʻia mai nā mea ola ola, i hoʻohana ʻia no ka lāʻau lapaʻau forensic, me ka nānā ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā huahana meaʻai.
ʻO ka nui o nā mea ahi i hāʻule nui, a ʻo kēia no ka haumia a me ka luku ʻana i ko lākou mau wahi. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻana mai kēia mau wahi ʻaʻole lākou e neʻe ai, akā nalo wale.
Video no ke aha e pīhoihoi ai nā ahi
He mau ahi ahi kēia mau lūlū. He mea maikaʻi loa, ʻoluʻolu, hoihoi, ke aloha wale nō - nā poʻe noho o ka pō, i ka lā ʻaʻole ʻoe e hālāwai me ʻoe, ʻaʻole ʻoe e mahalo iā lākou. Pehea ka ʻūlū ʻana? A no ke aha la? He aha no? No laila, nui nā nīnau e pili ana i ka hana liʻiliʻi.
Aia i kekahi mea e pili ana i nā mea ahi ahi: moe nā pōpoki pō i ke ao, ʻimi i ka pō, he 2000 mau ʻano o ka nui, noho ma nā kihi āpau o ka honua, ʻaʻohe ʻāina kahi i ʻike ai i nā kapuahi. ʻO ka nui o nā mea ahi mai 2 a 4 mm (mm ʻaʻole mau kenimika!). Hiki i kahi nui o nā ʻano manu ke waiho i nā ʻōpala e lawa i ka wai.
ʻO nā ʻōhaka o nā ahi he mea maʻamau i Iapana kahi noho ʻole, kahi kīpala laiki, kahi e hānai ai i nā ʻōpala wai. No laila, lawe mai nā mea ahi i Iapana i mea nui pono no ka poʻe ma o ka hoʻopā ʻana i nā pōpoki mai nā māla laʻu.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā ʻano ahi like no ka manawa lōʻihi, e kūkākūkā i ko lākou ala ola i ka pō, ʻike ʻoe i kāu mālama aloha, akā ʻo ka mea hoihoi e ʻike mai ai - ma hea mai ka glow?
ʻO ka pīpī o kahi kahi ahi e hoʻokūkū ai i kahi hopena kūlohelohe e kū mai ana i ke kaʻina o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka oxygen a me ka calcium i loko o ka mea inu. ʻO ke kaʻina luminescence ʻo ia iho i kapa ʻia ka bioluminescence. Loaʻa ka hōʻiliʻili nui o ka calcium ma ka ʻōpū o ka puʻu, no laila, kupu nui ka ʻōpū o kona ʻōpū, e like me ka mea nui o loko o ka pouli. Aia nā hiʻohiʻona e kūleʻa i kahi mālamalama me ke kino holoʻokoʻa, a laila ua puʻupuʻu ʻia ka mālamalama, ʻaʻole ʻulaʻula.
Hoʻohālikelike nā ʻepekema ʻekekema i kēia hiʻohiʻona o nā pepeke me kahi kukui florescent, akā ʻaʻole e like me kahi kukui, ʻaʻole i wela nā ahi ahi, hoʻoku lākou i kahi pū anuʻu. Ma ke kūpono, inā wela kahi ʻalopona iā ia iho, e hoʻopau koke ia, no laila mālama pono ka mālama i ke ahi ahi, e hāʻawi i ka hiki ke hoʻomālamalama ʻole me ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana i ke kino.
ʻAʻole hele mai ka mālamalama i ʻole a ma hope iki o ka pōʻeleʻele, pono ke hoʻāla ʻia o ke ahi. No ka hana ʻana i kēia, e mālama ka "kukui" i ke kino i ka wahi i ʻike ʻia ai nā hōʻuluʻulu o ka calcium. E hooki i ka glow lawa e ho'ōki i ke kahe o ka oxygen. He maʻalahi nā mea a pau. E noʻonoʻo e pili ana i nā manawa pinepine e ʻike ai nā poʻe i nā ahi, hoʻopili iā lākou i loko o kahi pahu pahu a kali i ke kukui ʻana e hoʻomālamalama ʻia. I kēia hihia, aneane kokoke ka leʻe ʻana o ka ea. Heʻuʻuku ka poʻe e ʻike i ka mea i pono i ke ahi ke ʻike i ka oxygen, ʻaʻole i ka pouli, e uwila.
No ka mea ʻaʻole o ka pūhaka, paʻakikī ke hāʻawi aku i ka ea i ke kino - ma o nā tracheole, ka lako me ka pūnaehana ikaika o ka hana ma ke ʻano. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻiʻo, i ka ʻike ʻana i ke ʻano o ke ahi ʻole.
Holo ka hana o ka mākala, a mālamalama koke ke ahi - nā ʻepekema i hoʻoholo hou ma kēia pukana. ʻO ka hana nui i ka pīpī he nitric oxide, ka mea i hana ʻia e ka kauoha o ka lolo. Kohi ka ʻōpū i ka oxygen i ka lā, e paʻa ana i ka mitochondria, a inā pono, hāʻawi ka lolo i kahi kauoha, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka nitrogen a hāʻawi ʻia ka pūʻai koke. Hoʻokomo ka hana o nā musula ma ke kākoʻo kino o ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO ka hōʻai ʻana o ke kīʻaha ahi e hoʻomālamalama i ka pō, ʻo ia hoʻi, no ke kumu maikaʻi - pono ke kū mai kahi kūlana ola, hana ke kino i nā ʻikena e hana maikaʻi ʻole ai ke ahi, a lilo ka mālamalama i hōʻailona no ka ʻenemi - he hōʻailona no ka hoʻi.
I nā pō mahana i ke kakahiaka o Iune - kakahiaka mua, e hele ana ma ke kae o ka ululāʻau, ʻike ʻoe i nā kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ke kua ma ka mauʻu, me he mea lā ua hoʻomālamalama nā mea i nā kukui kukui liʻiliʻi. ʻO nā pōkole o ke kauwela he pōkole kēia, hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā i kēia hoʻokalakupua no kekahi mau hola wale nō. Akā inā e hāhai ʻoe i ka ʻōpala a hoʻomohala i ke kukui ma kahi o ke kukui e ʻike ai, ʻike ʻoe i nā pepeke ua ʻōmaʻomaʻo nondescript, ma kahi o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻulaʻulaʻulaʻula. He ʻano wahine ahi ʻaʻā (Lampyris noctiluca ) Ua kāhea nā kānaka iā ia ʻO Ivanov ka wī , ʻOloʻo Ivanovo ma muli o ka manaʻo e kū mai ana ka manawa mua o ka makahiki ma ka pō o Ivan Kupala. ʻO nā wahine wale nō ke kali nei i nā kāne ma ka ʻāina a i ʻole nā mea kanu i hiki ke hoʻihoʻi i ka kukui mālamalama, aʻo nā kāne ʻaʻole hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka mālamalama. Ke nānā aku nei ke kāne pēpē i ka pīpī maʻamau maʻamau me ka elytra paʻakikī, aʻo ka wahine i ka wā pākeke ke noho mau nei me he larva, ʻaʻohe ona ʻēheu ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana ʻia ka māmā e huki i ke kāne. Aia kekahi ʻano kūikawā e hoʻopuka ana i kahi glow ma nā ʻāpana hope o ka ʻōpū a he hoihoi nui loa i ka hoʻolālā: aia ke ʻano haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā ʻopa. ka nui o nā mea urea crystals, a e hana ana me ka aniani e hōʻike ana i ka mālamalama. Hoʻopili ʻia ka papalina luminiferous pono ʻana e ka tracheas (no ka komo ʻana o ka oxygen) a me nā nerves. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka mālamalama i ka wā o ka hōʻemiʻana o kahi waiwai kūikawā - luciferin, me ke komo pū o ATP. No nā mea ahi, he hana kūpono kēia, e hele ana me kahi kokoke o 100%, ʻoi loa ka ikaika a pau i ka mālamalama, kokoke loa me ka wela ʻole. A i kēia manawa hou aku e pili ana i kēia mau mea a pau.
Kūahi ahi maʻamau (Lampyris noctiluca ) he mākaʻi o ka ʻohana ʻōpiopio (Lampyridae ) kauoha a nā pōpoki (Coleoptera). ʻO ke kāne kāne o kēia mau pīpī he kino kino ʻoki a hiki i ka 15 mm ka lōʻihi, a he poʻo nui ke poʻomanaʻo me nā maka hemispherical nui. Lele lele lākou. ʻO nā wahine me ko lākou helehelena ka like me ka lālani, he kino ʻano ʻōpū a hiki i 18 mm ka lōʻihi, a he manu ʻole. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻo Svetlyakov ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka nahele, nā ʻulā wai, ma nā kahawai o nā loko wai lāʻau a me nā kahawai.
ʻO ka mea nui i nā nānā āpau loa o ka huaʻōlelo nā umauma manamana. Ma ka hapanui o nā ahi, aia ma hope o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, e like me ka nui o ke kukui uila. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia kēia mau kino ma ke kumu o kahi hale kukui. He ʻano 'kukui "kā lākou - kahi hui o nā cell photocyte i kālai ʻia e nā tracheas a me nā nuna. Hoʻopiha ʻia kēlā me kēia pālolo i ka "wahie", i ka hana o ia mea ka waiwai. Ke kū nei ke ahi, puka ka lewa i ka trachea i ka organin luminous, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai ka luciferin ma lalo o ka mana o ka oxygen. Hoʻopuka i kahi kinikini kahi ikehu i ke ʻano o ke kukui. Hoʻāla mau ka hale kukui i ka mālamalama i ka ʻaoʻao kūpono - i ke kai. ʻO kahi puhi ahi i kēia ʻike ʻaʻole mamao loa i hope. Ua hoʻopuni ʻia ko lākou mau kiʻi i nā sela e hoʻopiha ʻia me nā crystals uric. Hana lākou i ka hana o ka mea nana (me ka maka helehelena) a ʻae ʻoe iā ʻoe e lilo i ka waiwai nui i ka lapuwale. Eia no naʻe, ʻaʻole i hopohopo kēia mau inika no ka mālama ʻana, no ka mea, ʻo ke ʻano o kā lākou nāila manawaleʻa e ʻike ʻia e kekahi ʻenehana. Loaʻa i nā ahi ahi he 98% hana maikaʻi loa! Hoʻolaha kēia me 2% wale nō o ka ikehu, a me nā hana ʻana i nā lima o nā lima kanaka (nā kaʻa, nā mea pono uila), mai 60 a 96% o nā kumu e hoʻopau ʻia.
Hoʻokomo ʻia kekahi mau pūhui kemika i ka hopena glow. Hoʻokahi kekahi o lākou i ka wela a ke kau nei ma kahi liʻiliʻi - luciferin. ʻO kekahi mea ʻē aʻe ʻo ia ka luciferase enzyme. Pēlā pū kekahi pono adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP) no ka hoʻonā ʻana o ka glow. ʻO Luciferase kahi protein e waiwai nui i nā hui sulfhydryl.
Hoʻoulu ʻia ka mālamalama e ka maʻi o ka luciferin. Ma waho o ka luciferase, he haʻahaʻa loa ka hopena o ka hopena ma waena o ka luciferin a me ka oxygen; hoʻonui nui ka catifersis me ka wikiwiki. Ke koi ʻia ka ATP e like me ka cofactor.
Hōʻike ka mālamalama i ka wā e loli ana ka oxyluciferin mai kahi kūlana hauʻoli i ka honua. Ma kēia hihia, pili ka oxyluciferin me ka molekui o ka huina a me ka mea, i ka ʻano o ka hydrophobicity o ka microenuwi o ka oxyluciferin hauʻoli, ʻokoʻa ka ʻōmulu hoʻāla ʻia i nā ʻano manu like ʻole i ka melemele-green (me kahi hydrenobic microenuwi) a ʻulaʻula (me ka liʻiliʻi o ka hydrophobic). ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo me kahi polen microenvironment, ʻokoʻa kekahi o ka ikehu. ʻO Luciferases mai nā ʻano ahi ʻē aʻe e hana ai i ka bioluminescence me ka maxima mai 548 a 620 nm. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻoi loa ka ikaika o ka hopena o ka hopena: aneane ua hoʻololi ʻia ka ikaika o ka ikehu ke ana me ka ʻole o ka hoʻoilo i ka wela.
Loaʻa nā pīpī āpau i ka luciferin like ʻole. ʻO nā ʻoniʻoni, ʻokoʻa kekahi ʻokoʻa like ʻole. Ke hali ia nei e pili ana ka hoʻololi o ka kala i ka ʻano o ke kaomi. E like me nā hōʻike e hōʻike nei, loaʻa i ka mahana a me ka pH o ke kahe i ke kala o ke kīla. I ka pae o ka mikroscopic, ʻo ka luminescence wale nō ka ʻokoʻa o ka cytoplasm o nā pūna, ʻo ka ʻaina naʻe e uliuli mau. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka glow e nā granules photogenic i loaʻa i ka cytoplasm. I ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻāpana hou o nā pūlani photogenic i nā ʻāpana ultraviolet, ʻike ʻia kēia mau mea kola i kā lākou mau waiwai, ʻokoʻa, e pili ana i ka noho ʻana o ka luciferin.
ʻO ka nui o ke kuʻina o ka hopena ka mea nui i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā hiʻohiʻona papa o ka luminescence, kokoke i ka hui like. I nā huaʻōlelo, no kēlā me kēia molekula luciferin e komo ana i ka hopena, hoʻopili ʻia kahi nui o ka kukui.
ʻO nā mea puhi ahi he mau mea kai e hānai ana i nā mea make a me nā mollusks. Hiki i kahi ʻōleʻa ahi ke ola i kahi ola ʻē aʻe, e like me ka ʻōpala ʻōiwi i ka ʻāina. ʻAi ʻai ka ʻōpala i nā invertebrates liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā palahalaha terestrial, i loko o nā mea i ulu pinepine ai lākou iā lākou iho.
ʻAʻole ʻai nā pīpoki makua, a ma hope o ka moe ʻana a hoʻomoe ʻia nā hua. Mālama ka wahine i nā hua ma nā lau a ma luna o ka ʻāina. ʻAʻole liuliu, ʻike ʻia ana nā palaka lime me nā ʻenehana melemele. ʻAi nui lākou a ulu wikiwiki a, ma ke ala, ʻōlehu pū kekahi. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ngahulu, ʻoiai e mahana wela ana, piʻi lākou ma lalo o ka hua o nā kumulāʻau, kahi lākou e hoʻolilo ai i ka hoʻoilo. I ka pūnāwai, hele lākou i waho o kahi malu, momona i mau lā, a laila pupate. ʻElua mau pule ma hope aku, kū ʻia nā kapu ahi ʻōpio.
Ke nānā nei i ke kala ʻana o nā ahi ahi, mai ka wā kahiko, ua noʻonoʻo ka poʻe no ke kumu ʻole e hoʻohana ai iā lākou no nā kumu kūpono. Hoʻopili ʻo nā ʻāne iā lākou i nā moccasins e hoʻolaha i nā ala a makaʻu aku i nā nahesa. ʻO nā mea noho mua ma ʻAmelika Hema e hoʻohana i kēia mau ʻōlima e like me ke kukui no ka pu. Ma kekahi o nā kauaka, hiki i kēia kuʻuna i kēia manawa.
ʻO ka manuahi ahi ahi kahi ʻohana nui o nā pūʻulu o nā pōpoki me kahi mana kupaianaha e hoʻokuʻu i ka mālamalama.
ʻOiaiʻo ka lawe ʻole ʻana o nā mea ahi i nā mea ʻole i mea e pono ai ka pono o ka poʻe, akā ua maikaʻi mau ka ʻae ʻana i kēia mau mea hihiu like ʻole.
Ke nānā nei i ka ʻōlohelohe ʻana o nā kukui he nui i ke kuahiwi pō, hiki iā ʻoe ke huakaʻi no kekahi manawa i loko o ka moʻolelo mele o nā kumu ahi.
Kāleka
ʻO waho, ke nānā aku nei nā mea ʻona maikaʻi me ke kūleʻa maikaʻi loa, a i ʻole nondescript. Hoʻopili ke kino a ʻāʻiki, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke poʻo, he pokole ka antennae. Kahi liʻiliʻi ka nui o nā mea ʻeke pepeke - ma ka awelika mai 1 a 2 mau kenimika. ʻAno ke kala a ʻeleʻele paha ka polū o ke kino.
Nui nā ʻano o nā pīpī ua ʻōlelo ʻokoʻa i waena o ka kāne a me ka wahine. ʻO nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo manu kāne i ke helehelena like me nā kūlohelohe, hiki ke lele, akā ʻaʻole naʻe e kahe.
He like a like ka wahine i kahi larva a i ʻole ʻiʻo paha, ʻaʻohe ona ʻēheu, no laila e alakaʻi ʻo ia i ka hana maʻalahi. Akā ʻike ka wahine i ke ʻano o ka uila, ka mea e huki ai i nā ʻelele o nā kāne ʻē aʻe.
No ke aha e pena ai
Aia ka lamenous sverorgan ma ke ahi o ka manuahi ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻōpū. ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā pūpū māmā - nā kiʻi a nā mea he nui nā tracheas a me nā nāhelehele.
Aia kēlā me kēia nīpona i ka waiwai luciferin. I ka wā o ka hanu ma o ka maʻi ʻōlima, komo ka oxygen i ke kaila luminous, ma lalo o ke ʻano o ka mea i hoʻohā ʻia ai ka luciferin, e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka ikehu i ke ano o ka māmā.
Ma muli o ke kau ʻana o nā aʻa ma ke ʻano o nā kukui māmā, hiki i ka pūpū ahi ke kūʻokoʻa kūlohelohe i ka nui a me ke ʻano o ka uila. Hiki iā ia ke lilo i mau kukui, blink, ripple a i ʻole nā uila. No laila, ʻo nā pōkā e hoʻomālamalama ana i ka lepa like ia me ka paʻakai Kalikimaka.
ʻĀnō ke ola
Hoʻokomo ʻo ka wahine wahine i ka hua ma luna o kahi moena. Ma hope o kekahi manawa, e puka mai ana nā palakaʻeleʻele-melemele mai nā hua. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia lākou e ka makemake ʻoluʻolu loa, ʻo ka ʻoi aku, ua holo ka pū kamela ahiahi inā hoʻopilikia ʻia.
Palapala pua ʻōlule ma ka lāʻau lāʻau. I ka pūnāwai, waiho lākou i ka pale, ʻai nui, a laila pupate. Ma hope o 2 a 3 hebedoma, ʻike ʻia nā kīpoki kahiko mai ka niu.
- Loaʻa ka pīpī pīpīwī lahilahi i nā ʻāinaʻAmelika.
- I ka lōʻihi, ua hiki iā 4 - 5 centimeter, a ʻaʻole wale ka ʻōpū, akā e nihi ana hoʻi ka umauma i loko.
- I ka hiʻohiʻona o ka kukui i hoʻihoʻi ʻia, ua 150 kēia manawa i ʻoi aku ma mua o kona kauā Europa - kahi ahi maʻamau.
- Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ahi ahi e nā kamaʻāina o nā kaiāulu e like me ka hoʻomālamalama māmā. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia lākou i loko o nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi me ke kōkua o kēlā mau kukui uila i hoʻomālamalama lākou i ko lākou mau home.
- Ke hana ʻia nei ka Firefly Festival i kēlā me kēia makahiki i ke kauwela i Iapana. I ke awakea, hoʻākoakoa nā mea nānā i loko o ka māla ma kahi o ka luakini a nānā i ka holo nani nani o nā puʻupuʻu lahilahi.
- ʻO nā ʻōiwi maʻamau o ʻEulopa ke ahi ahi maʻamau, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo ka ʻōpala Ivanovo. Ua loaʻa kēia inoa no ka manaʻo o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā loio ahi i ka pō ma ka pō o Ivan Kupala.
I ke kauwela ma hope o ka pō, ʻike ʻoe i kahi mea kupaianaha kupanaha: i ka pō, ua aniani nā kukui liʻiliʻi e like me nā hōkū. A me kēia mau mea maʻi manuahi kūwili hewa - kahiahi ahi. E kamaʻilio kūkākūkā i nā kikoʻī e pili ana i kēia mau mea ahi ahi i hiki ke hue a hoʻohālike e like me nā hōkū.
Ke Kuhi Puhi Ahiahi
Ma kā mākou wahi, ʻo ka mea maʻamau loa ʻo ia ka ʻōpala. ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ke ʻano ahi i ola i ka nahele a ʻike ʻia iā ia i kahi pō o ke kauwela wela.
I ka lā, e hūnā nā pepeke i nā nahele nahele. He ʻāpana brown a ka wahine a ʻekolu mau kākā ma ka ʻōpū. ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke lele a hoʻohālikelike i nā ʻōhule a hiki i 18 kenimita ka lōʻihi ma ka ʻaoʻao o waho. ʻO kēia mau laka hana i kahi hiʻohiʻona weliweli kona mālamalama pōleʻa, me he mea lā e hāʻule ana nā hōkū mai ka lewa.
Hoʻololi ʻia kēia hōʻike māmā hoʻohālikelike. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā mea ahi i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā poʻe a no kēia hoʻohālikelike, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka nānā ʻana iā lākou. Holo lākou iā lākou ma ka mauʻu a me nā kumulāʻau, lele lele koke, like like me ka paʻakai.
I nā kāne, aia ke kino i ke ʻano o kahi paka, ma kahi o 1.5 kenimika ka lōʻihi. He poʻo nui a lākou a he mau maka. ʻAʻole like me kā lākou mau keikikāne, he mau mākeke kupaianaha.
Aia nā ʻike ʻike e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ahi i ke ola o ke kanaka. Wahi a nā mōʻaukala kahiko ua hele nā malihini i lele i Brazil ahi ahi i hoʻohana ai me ka uila i ko lākou mau hale. Holoi nā poʻe ʻ Indlelo i nā pōloli ma ko lākou mau wāwae a hoʻomālamalama i ke ala, a me nā ʻūhā weliweli hoʻi kēia ʻano o nā ʻō aʻa, like ʻole me kahi kukui, akā ʻaʻole like me ke kukui, ʻaʻole i hoʻomā ke ahiahi i ka wā o ka lā.
ʻO ka hana hou, ka hua a me ka lōʻihi o ka pīpī manuahi
E like me ka mea i hōʻike mua ma mua, ke kāhea nei nā mea ahi i nā ʻāpana o ka wahine kūpaʻa me ko lākou mālamalama a me kā lākou hoa pu me lākou. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wā moe no ke kōlo kāne, hele aku ia i waho e ʻimi i kahi kāne kāne a aia i kēia manawa ʻike ʻo ia iā ia i koho ʻia e ka malu o ka mālamalama. ʻO ka mālamalama ka māmā, ʻoi aku ka kaulana o ke kāne a ʻo ka nānā nui loa ʻana i nā wahine.
ʻO kekahi mau ʻano ahi ahi i ka wā hana e hoʻonohonoho ana i kahi hana maoli maoli kahi e komo ai nā hui āpau. ʻIke maikaʻi loa ia ma mua o nā kukui kukui o ke kūlanakauhale nui.
I ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka wahine i ke kāne i kahi hōʻailona āu i koho ai iā ia, iho i lalo iā ia a ke kamaʻilio nei lākou no kekahi mau minuke, e hoʻomālamalama ana me nā kukui, ma hope o ka hana ʻana i ke kō. Ma hope o ke kope ʻana, e waiho ka wahine i nā hua a lākou e hipi ai piʻokeʻo nunu . ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka hapa ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha paha. Aia ka ʻāina a me ka ʻōpū o ka wai.
He mau gluttons kupaianaha lākou, nā larvae i nā nui ʻai i nā invertebrates liʻiliʻi u me nā ʻōwau. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomālamalama e like me nā pahakaua pākeke. Ke ʻai nei i ka wā o ke kauwela, no ka hoʻoilo ke peʻe nei lākou i loko o nā kumulāʻau a noho lākou i ka hoʻoilo ma laila.
I ke kumu ulu, ua ala a ʻōlohelohe a ʻai mau i nā ʻano nui. E hana ʻia kēia no hoʻokahi mahina a i ʻole paha, ma hope o ka hiki ʻana mai. papale haumana , e noho ana mai ka 7 a 18 ka la.
ʻO ka hopena, puka mai kahi pōpoki makua, ʻo ia ka mea, e like me ka mea i koe, e hoʻomālamalama i ia pō ma ke kauwela o ke kauwela me kāna mau kukui ʻānō ʻAʻole noho lōʻihi nā pākeke, ʻekolu paha a ʻehā mau malama.
Hiʻohiʻona maʻamau
Hoʻokomo ʻia ka ʻohana i nā pīhoihoi nocturnal. Ua liʻiliʻi ke poʻo, me ka maka nui. Antennae 11-kahele ʻia, pōkole a pōkole ka lōʻihi, e hoʻopili ʻia ma ka lae, he ʻokoʻa ko lākou like me ka filifiligaorm a me ka lāʻau piula. Kuhi ʻia ka lehelehe luna. ʻO ka integument o ke kino o nā pīpī a kēia ʻohana ua palupalu a i ʻole ʻīwī paha ʻia. Hoʻomaʻewaʻo ka ʻaoʻao luna, ka palu pihi a palu kūpono ʻole i ke poʻo. E hoʻoponopono pinepine ʻia ʻo Elytra, me nā ʻāpana o nā iwi. Ua neʻe ʻo coxae kūloko, pili ʻana. ʻO nā maka me ka hua'ōlelo cell anal. Loaʻa i nā beetles ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā mea hana wahaʻai ʻole a hānai. Ua hōʻike pinepine ʻia ka dimorphism seksual a koʻikoʻi nui a hōʻike pinepine iā ia i ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka elytra a me nā ʻēheu i nā wahine, no ka mea ke ʻano like lākou i ka pili.
Pākuʻi Campodeoid, pololei, pālahalaha ʻia i ka ʻaoʻao dorsoventral, ʻokoʻa ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻulaʻula. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka prothorax ma mua o ka mesothorax a me ka mesothorax. ʻO ke poʻo no ka hapa nui e kiʻi ʻia i loko. Aia kekahi luhi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā huaheal lateral outgrowths i kahi tergites: ʻo nā ʻōpala o nā ʻelele o nā ʻano genera Lampyris a Luciola nā ʻāpana o ka disites o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, i pihi ʻia i nā ʻaoʻao a i hope. Ua liʻiliʻi nā poʻo o ke koʻokoʻo i ka palena nui o ke ʻano o ka huaʻala Lampyris aneane kuea. Hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi ka poʻo. Ua hala ka lehelehe luna. Nā ʻōmole ʻehā Crescent me ka pā waiū o loko, ikaika sclerotized. Nalo nā maka ākea. Ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo i nui nā maka maʻalahi māmā. ʻO ka Antennae i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia. Ua liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ka hapala ʻekolu, aia ma ke kahua pālahalaha ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka lua o ka ʻaoʻao, ma hope o ka appendage sensory, e like me nā ʻelele o ka ʻohana ʻulupua ikaika.
Eia ka ʻāina a i ʻole ka wai. Loaʻa nā ʻōkuhi maʻa me ke kākā i ka pōpoki hope, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i 2 mau lālā.ʻAi ʻai ka ʻōpala i nā invertebrates liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā palahalaha terestrial, i loko o nā mea i ulu pinepine ai lākou iā lākou iho.
ʻO nā kumuwaiwai nui o ke kamaʻilio
Hoʻohana ʻia ka kukui o nā mea puhi ahi no ka kamaʻilio ma waena o kēlā me kēia kanaka. Hoʻohālikelike nā ʻelele o kēia ʻohana i nā hōʻailona āpau e pili ana i ka moe kolohe, pale a me nā ʻōwili o nā palena: inā he noi a he palapala ʻimi nā kāne, nā hōʻailona no ka "ʻae" a a nani mimicry māmā. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole nā ʻano nui a pau nā ʻōuli o luna o nā hōʻailona ma luna. ʻO kekahi mau ʻano, no ka laʻana Lampyris noctilucahiki iā lākou ke hoʻokuʻi wale i nā hōʻailona hōʻailona, a i ka hapa nui o nā ʻohana ʻO Photinus a ʻO Photuris ʻaʻole hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā papa a me nā hōʻailona hulina ma nā kāne. Eia kekahi, ʻokoʻa wale i nā wahine o ke ʻano ʻO Photuris ʻike ʻia ka ʻike ʻana o ka hanana mimicry māmā, a mau nā wahine i hōʻailona i kahi ʻano o ka ʻano o ka iwi ʻO Photinus. ^ E Ha yM. Malolo ʻO PhotinusUa hoʻokomo ʻia nā hōʻailona i lilo i mea pio no nā wahine predatory o ka huaʻōlelo ʻO Photuris .
I loko o ka kamaʻilio māmā, nā mea ahi i hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio ʻelua. Ma ke ʻano o ka pūnaehana mua, hoʻopuka ka poʻe o ka wahine like ʻole (ʻo ka wahine ʻoi ʻole ka lele o ka wahine) a i ʻole nā hōʻailona like ʻole o nā mea hoʻonaninani. ʻO kēia ʻano o ka ʻōnaehana ka hiʻohiʻona o nā ahi ahi o ka hānau keiki. Lampyris, Phengodes, Diplocadon, Dioptoma, Pyrophorus a me na mea e ae he nui. Eia kekahi, ke koho nei i nā hōʻailona uila intrinsic i ka lele ʻana i nā kānaka o ka wahine e kū ana he koho.
Pūnaehana o ka lua, a lele nā mea lele o hoʻokahi wahine (ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāne) e hana i nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā holoholona ʻokoʻa ʻano manokana, e pane ana i nā ʻano o kēlā me kēia ʻano hana like ʻole a i ʻole nā pane kūlike. Kēia kekahi ʻano o ka mea i kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā ʻano o nā mea ahi, he nui i nā subfamili Lampyrinae a Photurinaee noho ana ma ʻAmelika.
Aia nō kekahi mau ʻano me nā ʻano kikowaena o nā ʻōnaehana. Kaomi ʻaʻala Phausis reticulata ʻo nā kāne a me nā kāne, hoʻāla i ka wā lōʻihi, a inā hiki i ka pōpilikia, hiki i nā wahine ke ʻae i ka uila. Ma nāʻaoʻao Dioptoma adamsi ʻO ka wahine hūnā e huki ana i nā mea hōʻailona ʻole e hoʻokuʻi i ka hōʻailona o nā kāne me kahi pūniko lōʻihi. Eia naʻe, nā kāne o kēia ʻano, i ka wā e hoʻāla ai, e hoʻopili ke kukui o ke kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO kekahi ʻano hoʻonohonoho ʻano o ka ʻano ʻano Pteroptix aia nā pūnaehana kamaʻilio ʻelua e hoʻohana ʻia e nā bug ma lalo o nā kūlana like ʻole. Hoʻopilikia ʻia nā kuhi ʻano nui o nā helu pilikino e hōʻuluʻulu iā lākou i loko o nā holoholona, kahi e hana ai ka hoʻololi o nā hōʻailona kamaʻāina ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine. Loaʻa ʻia ka ʻano like ʻole i nā ʻano ʻano. Luciola discicollis a ʻO ka obsolenta Luciola .
Nā mea ulana pupuna
Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻōpū o nā pūahi ahi (nā kukui) i hoʻokahi ʻāpana kukui nui ma luna o nā ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū hope, a i ʻole nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi he nui, a ʻoi paha ka mea i hoʻomāhele ʻia ma ke kino. ʻO ke ʻano, ka wahi a me ka helu o nā kino māmā i nā ʻano ʻāpana like ʻole o ke ahi. ʻO ka laʻana, ma nā ʻenehana o ke ʻano Phengodes, Diplocladon, Harmatelia a aia kekahi mau mea ʻē aʻe o ka ʻuʻina, nā wahi lahilahi liʻiliʻi e kau ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao dorsal o kēlā me kēia ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū. Hoʻokomo pū ʻia nā ʻāpana nunui o ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika, ʻAmelika, ʻAmelika a me ʻAropa i ke ʻano o ka nui o ka pūnaka.
ʻO nā mahele o ka hapanui o nā ʻano he ʻelele a ʻai paha i nā kino luminescent liʻiliʻi i ko lākou mau kino.
Ka ʻologicallelo nui a me ka hīmeni
ʻEono ʻano ʻano o ka hana morphological o nā kino manawaleʻa. ʻO nā ʻano mua ʻekolu o ke hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā ʻāpana kukui i hōʻike ʻia e ke kaawale o nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ia hale kikowaena. Kūpono lākou i nā kiko o ka photogenic a ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ma nā lālā ʻē aʻe.
- ʻAkahi ʻano mua. Hoʻokomo wale nā lālā ahi i kēlā. Nā Phengodes, ka mea i hoʻokomo ʻia i nā kukui nui, e like me ka morphology i ke kino enocyte-fat. ʻAʻole pili nā pilina o nā pilina me ka trachea. Ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ventral, ua uhi ʻia ka lola me kahi ʻoki poʻomanaʻo, ma hope o laila he ʻelua a ʻekolu mau ʻāpana e hoʻomoʻa ʻia e nā sela photogenic.
- ʻAno lua. Loaʻa ma nā kapuahi o ke ʻano Phrixotrix a wahine Lamprohisa splendidula a me ka huaʻi ʻO phausis delarouseei . ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā ʻ māmā māmā o kēia ʻano, heʻuʻuku, spherical a pili i kahi cuticle i pulu ʻia. Hoʻohui ʻia ka nui o ka pūpū kiko me nā tracheols, ʻo ia ka lālā e like me ka pūnaehana.
- Kahi ʻano like ia ma ka like me ka lua o ke ʻano a kūlike ʻia i ka waiho ʻana i kahi papa kūikawā o nā kola kolamu ʻaʻole i hiki ke waiho i ka mālamalama ma luna o lākou iho, akā, ʻo ka cytoplasm kahi i loaʻa ai ka nui o nā crystals urea. He māhuahua loa lākou. Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻano ʻula ʻo ka "reflex layer". Lalo nā tracheoles i kēia ʻāpana a me ke lālā ma loko o ka "photogenic layer". ʻO kēia ʻano o ka helehelena ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā koʻi o nā ʻano ʻōlū ahi a me kekahi mau pākeke.
- ʻO nā ʻano ʻehā hōʻike ʻia e ka uha ʻana o ka maʻi trachea ma ka palena o ka ʻāpana "photogenic" a me ka "reflex". Aia nā ʻenehana kikowaena i ka palena o nā lālā pihi o ka trachea, e hana ana i nā kaʻina o ke kuhikuhi dorsoventral. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia kēia ma kekahi mau ʻano. ʻO Photuris (Photuris pennsylvanica, Photuris jamaisensis).
- ʻAno ʻelima i wehewehe ʻia ma kekahi mau holoholona e noho nei ma Iapana (ʻO Luciola parva, ʻo Luciola vitticollis)) Keia Hikina Hema (Pyrocoelia rufa, Luciola cruciata) me ʻApika (Luciola africana) Kahi hiʻohiʻona ka hiki ʻana i ke kūlohelohe o ka trachea i loko o ka "photographic layer" a me ka hoʻonohonoho nui ʻana i nā kaʻina o nā pūnaka.
- ʻEono ʻano ʻeono ʻo ia ka mea nui a paʻakikī. Loaʻa ma ka hapa nui ʻAmelika ʻO Photinus a ʻO Photuris , ʻO Luciola parvula , Luciola lusitanica a me nā ʻanoʻehā ʻē aʻe he nui. Hōʻike ʻia nā lanterns o kēia ʻano e nā nui nui a me kahi i ka ʻaoʻao ventral o nā 6 a me 7th sternites o ka ʻōpū i nā kāne a me nā 6th sternitis i nā wahine.
ʻO nā mea hana i lalo o ke kukuna
Hoʻokomo ʻia kekahi mau pūhui kemika i ka hopena glow. Hoʻokahi kekahi o lākou i ka wela a ke kau nei ma kahi liʻiliʻi - luciferin. ʻO kekahi mea ʻē aʻe ʻo ia ka luciferase enzyme. Pēlā pū kekahi pono adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP) no ka hoʻonā ʻana o ka glow. ʻO Luciferase kahi protein e waiwai nui i nā hui sulfhydryl.
Hoʻoulu ʻia ka mālamalama e ka maʻi o ka luciferin. Ma waho o ka luciferase, he haʻahaʻa loa ka hopena o ka hopena ma waena o ka luciferin a me ka oxygen; hoʻonui nui ka catifersis me ka wikiwiki. Ke koi ʻia ka ATP e like me ka cofactor.
Ua hoʻomāhele ʻia ka hopena ma mua o nā pau ʻana i ke ahi kūmole.
- luciferin + ATP → luciferyl adenylate + PPi i
- luciferyl adenylate + O2 → oxyluciferin + AMP + māmā.
Hōʻike ka mālamalama i ka wā e loli ana ka oxyluciferin mai kahi kūlana hauʻoli i ka honua. Ma kēia hihia, pili ka oxyluciferin me ka molekui o ka huina a me ka mea, i ka ʻano o ka hydrophobicity o ka microenuwi o ka oxyluciferin hauʻoli, ʻokoʻa ka ʻōmulu hoʻāla ʻia i nā ʻano manu like ʻole i ka melemele-green (me kahi hydrenobic microenuwi) a ʻulaʻula (me ka liʻiliʻi o ka hydrophobic). ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo me kahi polen microenvironment, ʻokoʻa kekahi o ka ikehu. ʻO Luciferases mai nā ʻano ahi ʻē aʻe e hana ai i ka bioluminescence me ka maxima mai 548 a 620 nm. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻoi loa ka ikaika o ka hopena o ka hopena: aneane ua hoʻololi ʻia ka ikaika o ka ikehu ke ana me ka ʻole o ka hoʻoilo i ka wela.
Loaʻa nā pīpī āpau i ka luciferin like ʻole. ʻO nā ʻoniʻoni, ʻokoʻa kekahi ʻokoʻa like ʻole. Ke hali ia nei e pili ana ka hoʻololi o ka kala i ka ʻano o ke kaomi. E like me nā hōʻike e hōʻike nei, loaʻa i ka mahana a me ka pH o ke kahe i ke kala o ke kīla. I ka pae o ka mikroscopic, ʻo ka luminescence wale nō ka ʻokoʻa o ka cytoplasm o nā pūna, ʻo ka ʻaina naʻe e uliuli mau. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka glow e nā granules photogenic i loaʻa i ka cytoplasm. I ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻāpana hou o nā pūlani photogenic i nā ʻāpana ultraviolet, ʻike ʻia kēia mau mea kola i kā lākou mau waiwai, ʻokoʻa, e pili ana i ka noho ʻana o ka luciferin.
ʻO ka nui o ke kuʻina o ka hopena ka mea nui i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā hiʻohiʻona papa o ka luminescence, kokoke i ka hui like. I nā huaʻōlelo, no kēlā me kēia molekula luciferin e komo ana i ka hopena, hoʻopili ʻia kahi nui o ka kukui.
Nā ʻōlapa o ka ihi glow
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona pilikino o ka mālamalama i hoʻoiho ʻia e nā pīpī i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā loina he nui. ʻO kēia ka radichromatic mau loa, ʻaʻole i polarized radiation. ʻAʻole ia e hele pū me ka hoʻonui like ʻana o ke aniani. ʻO ka maʻamau, kūleʻa kēlā me kēia ʻano i ka nui o ke kala, akā i hōʻike ʻia, akā ʻike ʻia nā ʻōleʻa i nā ʻokoʻa a ke kāne ʻokoʻa a me nā wahine.
He mea maʻamau ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻano nui o ka hōʻailona ʻāpana o ka ʻano o nā ʻelele mau ʻāpana o ka ʻohana ahi.
- He mālamalama hoʻomau. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā bioluminescence paʻa ʻole, keʻano o ka hua o ka aneane āpau o nā mea ahi. ʻO kēia ʻano o nā hōʻailona māmā e hoʻohua wale nō no nā pākeke o nā ʻōpupu genus. Nā Phengodes. ^ E Ha yM. No kēia ʻano o ka "glow," kūlohelohe a me nā kūlana kūloko o ke kino ʻaʻole i pili i ka ʻōuli o ka uila.
- Hoʻopili laumū. ^ E Ha yM. Me kēia ʻano o ka luminescence, hoʻoiho ke kukupa i ka mālamalama no ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻo ka ʻōlinolino o hiki ke loli ʻokoʻa mai ka hoʻopau piha ʻana o ka malamalama i ka nui o nā kukui, e hilinaʻi ana i nā ʻano kaiapuni, nā puʻupuʻu circadian, a me nā ʻano kūloko o nā inisike. ʻO kēia ʻano o ka luminescence kekahi ʻano o ke ʻano o ke ʻano o nā ʻano o nā ʻano nui a me nā kanaka pākeke mai ka genera. Phryxotrix, Diplocladon, Lampyris, Lamprohisa, Dioptoma, Phausis me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
- Ripple. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kēia ʻano o ka hōʻailona i hōʻike ʻia e nā kukui pōkole o nā kukui i hoʻoiho ʻia e nā mea ahi ahi i nā manawa maʻamau. Aia ke ʻano o kēia ʻano hōʻailona i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā ʻano pili ʻōiwi o ka ʻano genera. Pteroptix a Luciola .
- Hāpai. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau o nā hōʻailona māmā e ʻike ʻia ma ka hapa nui o ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika (ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa)Photinus, Photuris), Nā Pūkū ʻAmelika, Aferika - genus Luciola, Robopus, Pleotomus ʻAʻole e like me ke ʻano o ka wā i hala mua ʻia, ka manawa maʻamau o nā kikowaena o nā inter-flash ka mea i hoʻopili ʻia ʻaʻole wale e nā mekala circadian e "huli" a i ʻole "e huli" i ka hōʻailona kukui, akā i nā mea ʻē aʻe a me waho e hana ana i ka hoʻololi o ka lōʻihi o ka inter-flash interval, nā hōʻailona o ka luminosity , ka pane i ke kala a me nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka hōʻailona māmā.
Nui mau ʻano o nā keʻena ahi i hoʻoponopono i nā kaʻina hana glow i hiki iā lākou ke hōʻemi a hoʻonui i ka mana o ke kukui aiʻole e hoʻopili i nā kukui intermittent. He mea kupaianaha nō kekahi mau ahi ʻōpala o ko lākou mau kānaka āpau, e holo pū pū ana, e lele a ʻo ka puka i ka manawa like.
ʻO ka pono o nā kukui kukui he mea kiʻekiʻe loa. Inā i loko o kahi kukui kukuiahi paha 5% o ka ikehu e hoʻohuli ʻia i ka mālamalama ʻikea (ʻo ke koena i hoʻokaʻawale i ke ʻano wela), a laila mai nā mea ahi mai 87 a 98% o ka ikehu e hoʻokomo i nā kukui māmā.
Kahi helu
I ke makahiki 2019, ua ʻike ʻia ka papa kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻohana a ua ʻō ʻia: e hoʻāla i ke kūlana o ka ʻohana Lamprohizini Kazantsev i ka pae o ka mokuʻo Lamprohizinae Kazantsev, 2010, me ka genus Kūmaʻaʻoluʻolu Nā Memoan a Nā Lāpapa kāhea i subfamily Amydetinae, genus Scissicauda hoʻoneʻe ʻia i Lampfinae subfamily, ke maopopo ʻole ke kūlana o kekahi mau genera a ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo ia ka incertae sedis (Pollaclasis, Vestini, Vesta, Nā Lāpule, Pu?, Ledocas), ʻO Photoctus McDermott, a me Araucariocladus Silveira & Mermudes e hoʻoneʻe ʻia ana i Lampyridae).
ʻO Incertae Sedis ("taxon of posisi ole"):
Ke Kuhi Puhi Ahiahi
Ma kā mākou wahi, ʻo ka mea maʻamau loa ʻo ia ka ʻōpala. ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ke ʻano ahi i ola i ka nahele a ʻike ʻia iā ia i kahi pō o ke kauwela wela.
I ka lā, e hūnā nā pepeke i nā nahele nahele. He ʻāpana brown a ka wahine a ʻekolu mau kākā ma ka ʻōpū. ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke lele a hoʻohālikelike i nā ʻōhule a hiki i 18 kenimita ka lōʻihi ma ka ʻaoʻao o waho. ʻO kēia mau laka hana i kahi hiʻohiʻona weliweli kona mālamalama pōleʻa, me he mea lā e hāʻule ana nā hōkū mai ka lewa.
Hoʻololi ʻia kēia hōʻike māmā hoʻohālikelike. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā mea ahi i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā poʻe a no kēia hoʻohālikelike, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka nānā ʻana iā lākou. Holo lākou iā lākou ma ka mauʻu a me nā kumulāʻau, lele lele koke, like like me ka paʻakai.
I nā kāne, aia ke kino i ke ʻano o kahi paka, ma kahi o 1.5 kenimika ka lōʻihi. He poʻo nui a lākou a he mau maka. ʻAʻole like me kā lākou mau keikikāne, he mau mākeke kupaianaha.
Aia nā ʻike ʻike e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ahi i ke ola o ke kanaka. Wahi a nā mōʻaukala kahiko ua hele nā malihini i lele i Brazil ahi ahi i hoʻohana ai me ka uila i ko lākou mau hale. Holoi nā poʻe ʻ Indlelo i nā pōloli ma ko lākou mau wāwae a hoʻomālamalama i ke ala, a me nā ʻūhā weliweli hoʻi kēia ʻano o nā ʻō aʻa, like ʻole me kahi kukui, akā ʻaʻole like me ke kukui, ʻaʻole i hoʻomā ke ahiahi i ka wā o ka lā.
Pahu ahi - wehewehe a me ke kiʻi. He aha ke ʻano o ka pale ahi?
He mau iwi ʻūlū liʻiliʻi e kū ana i ka laulā mai 4 mm a 3 cm. ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou he kino elatated i uhi ʻia, i uhi ʻia me nā lauoho, a he ʻano hiʻohiʻona o nā pīpī āpau a lākou e kū ai i waho:
- ʻO nā ʻēheu, nā luna ʻelua i huli i ke elytra, me nā punctures a i nā wā kekehi o nā iwi o nā lālani,
- ke poʻo ʻōpiopio, i hoʻonani ʻia me nā maka he nui, i piha a i ʻāpana paha e uhi ʻia i ka pronotum.
- filifiliorm, i ʻeha ʻole ai a i ʻole nā kelu manuahi, 11 ka nui o nā ʻāpana.
- ka ʻāʻī o ka waha ʻawā (ʻoi aku ka nānā ʻana i nā hua ʻōpiopio a me nā wahine, ma nā kāne makua ʻoi pau ia).
ʻO nā huahelu o nā ʻano he nui, like me nā pīpī maʻamau, ʻokoʻa loa i nā wahine, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻōlima a me nā ʻōpio liʻiliʻi hoʻi me nā wāwae. He kino ʻeleʻele nā hui like ʻole me 3 mau pōkole o nā wāwae pōkole, nā maka maka maʻalahi a ʻaʻohe ʻēheu a he elytra wale nō. Wahi a, ʻaʻole lākou i ʻike i ka lele. Kuku ka liʻiliʻi o kā lākou antennae, kahi ʻekolu o nā ʻāpana, a na ke poʻo ʻāleʻa e ʻike ʻole ʻia ma ka pale o ka ʻāʻī. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka wahine, ʻoi aku ka nui o kāna mau ʻoli.
Wahine wahine Kūkulu Nui
Puhipuhi Lamprophorus cf. ʻUmi Tenebrosus
ʻAʻole ʻano ʻoniʻoni nā palahala: ua hui pinepine ʻia nā ʻelele brown brown, akā hiki nō i ko lākou uhi ke loaʻa i nā kala ʻeleʻele a me nā kala. He mau aʻalulu a palupalu kēia mau pepeke, maʻalahi ʻia. ʻAʻole like me nā pōpoki ʻē aʻe, he māmā iki ka elytra o nā mea ahi, no laila ua ʻōlelo mua ʻia nā pepeke me nā kino ʻalā (lat. Cantharidae), akā ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o kahi ʻohana ʻokoʻa.
No ke aha ke kulu nei nā ahi ahi?
ʻIke ʻia ka hapa nui o ka ʻohana kamaliʻi i kā lākou hiki ke hoʻokuʻi i kahi kulu phosphorescent, ka mea i ʻike nui ʻia i ka ʻeleʻele. I kekahi mau holoholona, hiki i nā kāne wale ke aniani, i loko o nā mea'ē aʻe - nā wahine wale nō, i kekahi ʻē aʻe - ʻo lāua ʻelua (me ka laʻana, ʻo nā mea ahi ahi i loko o Italia). Mālama ke kukui i ka mālamalama uila i ka lele. He hana ʻole nā wahine a ʻālamalama aniani i ka ihu o ka lepo. Aia kekahi pu ahi a i nele ʻole i kēia mākaukau, a ma nā ʻano he nui i puka mai ka malamalama mai nā ʻōpio a me nā hua.
Ma ke ala, he mau holoholona ʻāina ʻokoʻa ka maʻamau o ka bioluminescence (luminescence kemika). ʻO nā mea ʻeha o ka mau loko kamaliʻi e hiki ai i kēia, nā kuʻekuʻe wāwae (colemole), lele ke ahi, manu kaona a me nā ʻelele o nā pīpī, no ka laʻana, e like me nā nūnū ahi (pyrophorus) mai ke Komohana Komohana. Akā inā e helu ʻoe i ka poʻe noho moana, a laila aia ma kahi o 800 mau ʻāpana o nā holoholona luminous ma ka Honua.
ʻO nā mea ʻae e hoʻokuʻu ai i nā mea ahi e hoʻokau i nā ʻāpana he mau nā maʻi photogenic (nā lula), nā mea i hoʻopili ʻia e nā nerves a me nā tracheas (nā kahawai air). ʻO waho, ke nānā aku nā aniani me nā wahi melemele ma lalo o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, i uhi ʻia me ke kiʻi ʻala (cuticle). Hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa ma nā ʻāpana hope o ka ʻōpū a iha like paha iā lākou ma luna o ke kino o ka pūpū.Ma lalo o kēia mau papa kekahi, ua hoʻopiha i nā crystals uric uea a hiki ke noʻonoʻo i ke kukui. Hana pū, hana wale kēia mau sela inā he wahi neʻe mai ke aʻalolo o ka pūpū. Hoʻokomo ka trachea Oxygen i ka pūpū photogen a me ke kōkua o ka luciferase enzyme, e hoʻolōʻihi i ka hopena, hoʻokaʻawale i ka pūhui o luciferin (ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana i ke kinipōpō biula) a me ATP (adenosine triphosphoric acid). Ma muli o kēia, ua puka ke ahi, ke waiho i ke kukui o ka ʻulaʻula, ka melemele, ka ʻulaʻula a me ka uliuli paha. ʻO nā meles a me nā wahine o nā ʻano like ʻole e hūnā i nā kukui o nā kala like, akā aia nā mea i koe. Hoʻomaʻa ʻia ka hopena o ka glow i ke aniani a me ka acidity (pH) o ke kaiapuni, a ma ke ʻano o ka luciferase.
Mālama nā Beetles iā lākou iho i ka lula, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoikaika a hoʻonāwaliwali iā lākou, e hoʻoneʻe a paʻa paha. Loaʻa kēlā me kēia ʻano ʻano pono o nā pūnaehana phosphoric. Kūlike i ka kumu, hiki ke hoʻomālamalama i ka ʻā o nā pīpī manuahi, blinking, pūlū, puʻupuʻu, ʻōwili a ʻōwili paha. Hoʻokumu wale ka wahine o kēlā me kēia ʻano i nā hōʻailona kāne me kekahi mau kikoo a me ka nui o ka māmā, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo kāna ʻano. Me kahi mele kūikawā o ka hoʻoiho ʻana i ka māmā, ʻaʻole wale nā mea kolohe e huki i nā hoa, akā e hoʻoweliweli wale aku i nā mea kahakaha a kiaʻi i nā palena o ko lākou mau wahi. ʻĀina:
- huli a kāhea aku i nā hōʻailona ma nā kāne,
- nā hōʻailona o ka ʻae, ka hōʻole ʻana a me nā hōʻailona post-copulative i nā wahine,
- nā hōʻailona o ka hoʻouka kaua, kūʻē a me ka mimicry māmā wale nō.
ʻO ka mahalo, ua lilo nā mea ahi i ka 98% o ko lākou ikehu ma ka hoʻoiho ʻana i ka mālamalama, ʻoiai he kukui kukui maʻamau (incandescent lamp) e hoʻohuli wale ʻia i ka 4% o ka ikehu i loko o ka mālamalama, ke kao ʻana o ke koena i ke ʻano o ka wela.
ʻO nā puhi ahi, ke alakaʻi nei i kahi nohona i kēlā me kēia lā, ʻaʻole pono nā pono e hoʻoiho i ka mālamalama, no ka mea ke nalo aku nei iā lākou. Akā ʻo kēlā mau lā o nā lā i noho ai i loko o nā lua a i nā kihi uliuli o ka ulu lāʻau e komo pū me kā lākou "mau mea uila." ʻO nā hua manu o nā ʻano ahi a pau i mea mua e aniani ai, akā ua pau koke. I ke ahiahi, ʻike ʻia ka mālamalama o ke ahi inā e uhi ʻoe i ka iniseti me nā pā ʻelua a hoʻoneʻe paha i kahi wahi pōʻeleʻele.
Ma ke ala, hāʻawi pū nā mea ahi i nā hōʻailona e hoʻohana ana i ke kuhikuhi o ka holo. Aia kekahi, lele nā ʻelele o hoʻokahi ʻano i ka laina kūpono, nā mākaukau o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe e lele ana i kahi laina ʻoki.
Pahuʻula Lamprohiza splendidula
ʻO nā ʻano o nā hōʻailona māmā o nā pale ahi.
ʻO nā hōʻailona māmā āpau o nā fireflies V.F. Buck i mahele i 4 mau ʻano:
- He mālamalama hoʻomau
ʻO kēia ka ʻōlelo o nā pīkoi makua na ke ʻano ʻo Phengodes, a me nā hua o nā mea ahi a pau, ʻaʻohe kaʻawale. ʻAʻole pili ke ʻona a me ke kukui ʻana i ka ʻōlamalama o nā kukui o kēia ʻano kīnā ʻole ʻole.
- Hoʻopili laumū
Aia i ke kumu o ke kaiāulu a me ke kūlana kūloko o ka inikia, hiki paha ke kukui a ikaika paha. Hiki hiki iā ia ke maloʻo no kahi manawa iki. No laila, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā pihi e ulana nei.
ʻO kēia ʻano o ka luminescence, i nā manawa o ka hoʻokuʻu a me ka haʻalele ʻana o ka mālamani i hoʻāʻo ʻia i nā wā maʻamau, ʻo ia kahi ʻano o ka genera tropikal Luciola a me Pteroptix.
ʻAʻohe manawa hilinaʻi ma waena o nā kikowaena o nā pākuʻi a me ko lākou puka ʻole ʻana me kēia ʻano ʻāpana. ʻO kēia ʻano o ka hōʻailona ka mea hoʻohālike o ka hapanui o nā firefies, maʻa mau i nā lekiō haʻahaʻa. I kēia kūlana, hiki i ka hiki i nā mea inikini ke hoʻopili i ka mālamalama pili i nā mea pili i ke kaiapuni.
HA. Ua hōʻike aku ʻo Lloyd i ka ʻano o ka pūlima 5
Kēia ʻōmaʻomaʻo māmā e hōʻike i ke ʻano o nā pōkole pōkole (ka lōʻihi mai 5 a 30 Hz), e kū pololei ana me kekahi me kekahi. Loaʻa ia ma nā subfamili a pau, a ʻaʻole i hilinaʻi ʻia kona hele ʻana ma ka wahi a me ka noho ʻana.
Pūnaehana Pūnaewele Piha ʻAno Pūnaewele.
I ka lampirid, ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o nā ʻōnaehana like ʻole.
- Ma ka ʻōnaehana mua, hoʻopili kekahi kanaka o ka wahine like ʻole (ʻoi aku ka nui o kahi wahine) i nā hōʻailona noi a hoʻowalewale i kahi mea hoʻohālikelike o ke kāne ke kū aʻe nei, no laila, ʻaʻole i koi ʻia ke ʻano o kā lākou mau kino ponoʻī. ʻO kēia ʻano o ka kamaʻilio e hōʻike nei i nā mea puhi ahi o nā genera Phengodes, Lampyris, Arachnocampa, Diplocadon, Dioptoma (Cantheroidae).
- Aia i loko o kahi o ka ʻano o ka ʻano o ka lua, ʻona nā kānaka o ka wahine like ʻole (ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lele ʻana i nā kāne) a hoʻowalewale i nā hōʻailona hoʻokipa, a hāʻawi nā wahine holo ʻole i nā ʻano a me nā ʻano pane. ʻO ke ʻano o kēia kamaʻilio ka hoʻohālike o nā ʻano he nui mai nā subfamilies Lampyrinae (genus Photinus) a me Photurinae, e noho nei ma ʻAmelika.
ʻAʻole pololei kēia māhele i ka neʻe ʻana, no ka mea aia nā ʻano me ke ʻano kikowaena o ka kamaʻilio a me ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka papahana hoʻokūkū o ka luminescence (ma nā ʻano Europa Luciola italica a me Luciola mingrelica)
Ke puhi ʻūlū ʻana o nā ahi.
I nā wahi mokulele, nui nā ʻano o nā pepeke mai ka ʻohana Lampyridae e ʻoluʻolu pū me ia. Hāʻawi lākou i kā lākou "mau kukui" a pela hoʻi e hoʻopau ai iā lākou. Ua kapa ʻia e nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻo kēia ʻano hanana kēia ka uila e pili ana i nā ahi ahi. ʻO ke ʻano o ke kala ʻana i nā mea ahi i pau ʻole i aʻo ʻia, a he nui nā mana e pili ana i ka holo ʻana o nā iniseti e ulana i ka manawa like. Wahi a kekahi o lākou, he alakaʻi i loko o kahi pūʻulu o nā ʻano like ʻole, a he lawelawe ʻo ia i alakaʻi o kēia "hīmeni". A no ka mea ua ʻike nā ʻelele a i nā alapine (ka wā i ka manawa a me ka manawa glow), hoʻomalu lākou e hana i kēia me kēia mau mea. Hoʻopili uila ʻia, ʻo nā kāne o ka lapalides. Eia kekahi, ke noi nei nā mea noiʻi a pau e pili ana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā hōʻailona ahi i ka pili o nā moe kolohe. I ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka iʻa o ka lehulehu, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hoa aloha. ʻIke pū kekahi poʻe ʻepekema i ka hiki ke hoʻopiʻi i ka ʻōlaʻi o ka mālamalama pepeke ma ke kau ʻana i kahi kukui ma hope o lākou. Akā me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o kāna hana, ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka hana.
ʻO ka ʻōlelo mua loa o kēia hanana i ka makahiki 1680 - he wehewehe kēia i hana ʻia e E. Kempfer ma hope o ka huakaʻi ʻana i Bangkok. Ma hope iho, nui nā ʻōlelo e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana o kēia hanana ma Texas (USA), Iapana, Thailand, Malaysia a me nā wahi mauna o New Guinea. Nui ka nui o kēlā mau ʻano o nā ahi ahi ma Malaysia: ma laila, i kapa ʻia kēia ʻano e ka poʻe “kelip-kelip”. Ma ka United States, ma ka Elkomont National Park (Nui Papa Heikona Nui) ke nānā aku nei nā malihini i ka pūliki uila o nā ʻelele o nā inoa ʻo Photinus carolinus.
ʻAuhea e noho ai nā wahi ahi?
ʻO nā ahi ahi he mea maʻamau maʻamau, a me nā inikini aloha-nui e noho nei ma nā wahi āpau o ka honua.
- i Amerika
- i ʻApelika,
- ma Australia a me Niihau,
- i ʻUulopa (me ka UK),
- i Asia (Malaysia, Kina, India, Iapana, Indonesia a me Filipina).
Loaʻa ka hapa nui o nā mea ahi i ka Honu Hemolele. Noho ka nui o lākou ma nā ʻāina mahana, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma nā ʻāina a me nā subtropical o kā mākou honua. Loaʻa kekahi mau ʻano i nā latitu mahana. Ma Lūkia, 20 nā puʻu ahi kahi e ola ai, kahi e loaʻa ai a puni ka ʻāina: akā i ka ʻĀkau: i ka Far East, i ka ʻaoʻao ʻEulopa a me Siberia. Hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou ma nā ululāʻau maluhia, nā punawai, nā muliwai a me nā loko, i nā ʻike.
ʻAʻole makemake nā ahi i ka noho ʻana i nā hui, he mau minamina lākou, akā hana pinepine lākou i nā ʻūlū pōkole. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ahi he holoholona nocturnal, akā aia nō kēlā mau mea ikaika i ka wana i ke ao. I ke ao, hoʻomaha ka pepeke ma ka mauʻu, peʻe ma lalo o ka ʻili, nā pōhaku a i kahi silt, a ma ka pō ke hiki i ka poʻe e hiki ke lele maikaʻi me ka wikiwiki. I ke anuanu, ʻike pinepine ʻia lākou i ka honua o ka honua.
He aha nā mea ahi e ʻai ai?
ʻOi aku nā hua ʻōpala a me nā pākeke ke koho pinepine nei, ʻoiai inā aia kekahi mau wahi ʻaʻa e hānai nei i ka nectar a me ka polū o nā pua, a me nā mea kanu manuahi. ʻO nā puaʻa Carnivorous i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe, ma nā ʻōpua i nā pōpoki scoop, mollusks, millipedes, earthworms, a me ko lākou mau hoahānau. ʻO kekahi mau wahine e noho ana i nā wahi ulu (ʻo ka laʻana, mai nā ʻano ʻo Photuris), ma hope o ka moe ʻana, ke kapa ʻana i ke ʻano o ke mele ʻana o nā kāne o nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe i ʻai ai iā lākou a loaʻa i nā pōʻaiʻai no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kā lākou hua.
Pā ʻai pinepine nā kāne i nā pākeke ma mua o nā kāne. ʻAʻole ʻai mau kāne a pau a make ma hope o ka moe ʻana, ʻoiai aia nō kekahi hōʻike ʻē aʻe e ʻai ana nā pākeke i nā mea ʻai.
Loaʻa ka ʻōiwi ahi i kahi lihi hou i ka ʻāpana hope o ka ʻōpū. Pono ʻo ia e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka mucus e waiho ana ma luna o kona poʻo liʻiliʻi ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana i nā snails a me nā slugs. ʻO nā wili āpau āpau he mau mea hana hoʻohemo. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻai lākou i ka ʻenu a noho pinepine lākou i ko lākou ʻano paʻakikī.
ʻO ka hana hou i nā mea puhi ahi.
E like me nā pīpī āpau, hoʻomōhulu nā ahi i ka loli piha. ʻO 4 ka nui o ke ola o kēia mau mea hihiu.
- Manaʻo (3-4 mau pule)
- Larva, a i ʻole nymph (mai 3 mau mahina a 1,5 mau makahiki).
- Pupa (1-2 mau pule),
- Kanikau, a makua paha (3-4 mahina).
ʻO ka wahine a me nā kāne male i ka lepo a i ka mea kanu haʻahaʻa no 1-3 mau hola, ma hope o ka wahine e waiho a 100 mau hua i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻāina, i loko o ka lihi, ma lalo o nā lau a i ai paha. ʻO nā hua manu palaka ʻōpala e like me nā pōpō ʻulaʻula i holoi ʻia me ka wai. Kūpono ka ʻia o kā lākou naʻi a me ka "poʻo" o ka hua i kahi polū e ʻike ʻia ma o ke ʻano ʻ transparentpio.
Ma hope o nā hebedoma 3-4, nā ʻū ʻāina a i ʻole ka wai wai, kahi mau wana wī e hū ana mai nā hua. Pōʻeleʻele ke kino o nā keiki kīlei, me ka palupalu, me nā wāwae lōʻihi. I loko o nā mea kanu aku, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā hili ventral lateral He liʻiliʻi elongated a i ʻole ke poʻo square o nā nymphs me nā antennae i loaʻa ʻekolu mau kime i huki ʻia i ka prothorax. Aia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo ma luna o 1 mau maka maka. ʻO nā mandibles sclerotized kiʻekiʻe (mandibles) o nā larvae he ʻano like o ka ʻaiʻō, ma loko kahi kahi wai o ka hānai. ʻAʻole like me nā pepeke makua, ua hala nā lehelehe kiʻekiʻe o nā nymphs.
Noho ka lālani ma luna o ka ʻili o ka lepo - ma lalo o nā pōhaku, i nā ʻōpala ululāʻau, i nā ʻōpala mollusk. ʻO nā Nymphs o kekahi mau ʻano lāʻau ahi i ka hāʻule like, akā ʻo ka hapanui ke ola i ka hoʻoilo a aia wale nō i ka puna i loko o ka pupae. Kahu nui ʻōleʻa i ka lepo a i ʻole ke kau ʻana iā lākou iho ma luna o ka lāʻau, e like me ka ʻōpua. Ma hope o 1-2 mau pule, lele ka pipi i waho o ka pupae.
Nā ʻano ahi, nā kiʻi a me nā inoa.
ʻO nā helu āpau, he helu āpau e pili ana i 2000 mau pūʻulu ahi. E kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka mea kaulana loa o lākou.
- Konaneo ia nui lapalapa) (lat.Lampyris noctiluca) Loaʻa i nā inoa o ka lāʻau o Ivan ka wī a i ʻole ʻo ʻIloʻolua. Ua pili pū ka hiʻohiʻona o ka iniseti me ka hoʻomaha o Ivan Kupala, no ka mea me ka hiki ʻana o ke kauwela ua hoʻomaka ka hakila i nā mea puhi ahi. Mai ia mai ka inoa mai o ka inoa inoa kaulana, i hāʻawi ʻia i ka wahine me he ōlo lā. ʻO kahi pū kahi ahi nui kahi kīpili me kahi helehelena e like me ka helehelena. ʻO ka nui o nā kāne i hiki i ka 11-15 mm, wahine - 11-18 mm. He kino villous hale hōʻaiʻe nā pōpoki āpau a me nā hōʻailona āpau o ka ʻohana a me ka ʻono. ʻOkoʻa nā kāne male ka wahine o kēia ʻano. Pēlā ka wahine e like me ka larva a alakaʻi i kahi noho ʻano lepo. Loaʻa i nā kāne āpau nā bioluminescence. Akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wahine, ma ke awakea ia ia e hoʻomālamalama ana i kahi kukakiko. Pale mālie ke kāne, akā ʻōloʻomaʻo a nawaliwali loa, kokoke kokoke hiki i nā poʻe nānā. ʻIke aku, ʻo ia ka wahine i hāʻawi i ka hōʻailona ma ka hoa.
- Laulā (lat.Luciola cruciata) - He kanaka noho maʻamau kahi ma Iapana. Noho wale ma loko o ka ʻūhū māhu a pololei paha i ka wai. Hōʻalo i nā mollusks i ka pō, kahi o nā kikowaena waena o nā flukes i waena pū kekahi. I ka wā o ka huli, he mea ia e nani loa.
- Pane Lāʻau Hōʻailona (Fire Photinus) (Latin Photinus pyralis) ola ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Mālama wale nā pua mai ka Photinus genus i ka lawe wale a lele ma ke ala zigzag, aʻo nā wahine i ka hana mimetic e ʻai i nā kāne o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. No nā mea i koho ʻia o kēia ʻano, ua hoʻokaʻawale ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻAmelika i ka luciferase e hoʻohana i loko. ʻO kahi hana ʻōlima maʻamau ʻoi loa ka maʻamau o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika. He ʻiole manu nocturnal kēia i ke kino ʻeleʻele a 11-14 mm ka lōʻihi. Mahalo i ke kukui kukui, ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻili o ka lepo. ʻO nā wahine o kēia ʻano ʻano like me nā kolo. Noho ke kiaʻi o nā photinus ahi mai 1 a 2 mau makahiki a hūnā ma nā wahi pāpū - kokoke i nā kahawai, ma lalo o ka ʻili a me ka lepo. Hoʻolilo lākou i ka hoʻoilo ma ka kanu ʻana iā lākou iho i ka lepo. ʻO nā mea inikua pālua a me kā lākou nāhoima he mau poʻe makehewa, ʻai i ka ʻōpala a me nā kua.
- Pahu Poʻe (Lat. Photuris pennsylvanica) ola wale nō ma Kanada a me USA. Loaʻa ka pīpī makua i ka nui o 2 cm. He pihi ʻeleʻele nui ia, ʻulaʻula a me nā ʻāpana ʻeleʻele. Ma nā ʻāpana hope loa o kona ʻōpū e pili ana i nā ʻōpiopio photogenic. ʻO ka larva o kēia iniseti ua kapa ʻia ʻo "thein lamousous worm" no kona hiki ke bioluminescence. ʻO ka wahine wahine like like ʻole o kēia ʻanoʻano i hiki ke hana like i ka mālamalama; kā lākou e hoʻokaʻawale i nā hōʻailona o nā ʻano ahi i Photinus i mea e hopu ai a ʻai i kā lākou kāne.
- Cyphonocerus ruficollis - nā ʻano loiloi mua a maikaʻi ʻole hoʻi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā loina. Noho ia ma ʻAmelika Hema a me Eurasia. Ma Lūkia, aia ka ʻikepili ma Primorye, kahi e kohu ikaika ai nā kāne a me nā kāne i ʻAukake. Aia kau ʻia ka pīpī ma ka Red Book o Lūkia.
- Pahuʻula ahi (Pobocelia Pahu) (lat.Pyrocaelia rufa) - nā iwi ʻano ʻilihune a maikaʻi ʻole hoʻi e noho nei ma ka Hikina Leka o Lūkia. ʻO kona lōʻihi hiki i 15 mm. Kapa ʻia kēlā mau ʻulaʻula ulaula no ka mea ʻo ka scutellum a me ka pōkepoke dibona a ʻona ʻona. ʻO kaʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele ka elytra o ka pīpī, ʻo ka antennae e ʻike ʻia a he liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka papa wanana o kēia pepeke paʻa 2 mau makahiki. Hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i ka larva i ka mauʻu, ma lalo o nā pōhaku a i ʻole nā nahele lāʻau lāʻau. Piʻi nā kāne makua a nānā mālamalama.
- Pahu ahi (lat.Pterotus obscuripennis) - kahi pīpī liʻiliʻi ʻeleʻele me kahi poʻo melemele a me kahi tendril like-ʻano lāʻau (stitches). Holo a kaulana nā wahine o kēia ʻano. Noho ka poʻe pīpī ahi ma nā ulu lāʻau o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika.
- Wau o Europa Honu (luminous worm) (lat.Lamprohiza splendidula) - he kanaka noho o ke kikowaena o Europa. Ma ka pronotum o ka pīnoi kāne, aia nā palahalaha nā anuanu, a ʻo ka koena o kona kino i hoʻokaʻina ʻia i kahi ʻāpana ʻulaʻula māmā. ʻO ke kino o ka pūhaka e like me 10 a 15 mm. Piʻi nā kāne i ke lele. He ʻōmaʻomaʻo nā wahine a hiki pū ke hoʻokuʻi i ka mālamalama kukui. Aia nā ʻōnaehana o nā kukui māmā i loko o nā ʻōpū o ʻEulopa, ʻaʻole wale ma ka hopena o ka ʻōpū, akā, ma ka māhele lua o ka umauma. E ʻōleʻa paha nā ʻōuli o kēia ʻano. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi kino fleecy ʻeleʻele me nā kukui'ōmaʻomaʻo-uliuli ma nā ʻaoʻao.
ʻO nā pono a me nā hōʻeha o nā ahi.
He mau mea maikaʻi nā ʻoi ʻana o nā ahi. Hoʻopau lākou i nā pūʻulu waena o ka palapula parasit - ka mollusks a me ka slugs. E like me nā els fairy, hoʻomālamalama maikaʻi lākou i kahi a lākou e noho ai. Hoʻohana ka poʻe ʻepekema iā lākou e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea e hiki ai ke hoʻoholo i ke ola o nā honua ma nā papahana ʻē aʻe a hana i nā mea hou hou.
He liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi nā ʻūlū ahi, no ka mea, he huna ʻole nā mea ʻalopona a i ʻole nā mea ʻoluʻolu e pili ana i nā mea ʻono e pili ana i ka hui o lucibufagins a me nā mea hoʻonāukiuki.
Nā Kūlana Kūʻai
- Loaʻa ka pīpī pīpīwī lahilahi i nā ʻāinaʻAmelika.
- I ka lōʻihi, ua hiki iā 4 - 5 centimeter, a ʻaʻole wale ka ʻōpū, akā e nihi ana hoʻi ka umauma i loko.
- I ka hiʻohiʻona o ka kukui i hoʻihoʻi ʻia, ua 150 kēia manawa i ʻoi aku ma mua o kona kauā Europa - kahi ahi maʻamau.
- Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ahi ahi e nā kamaʻāina o nā kaiāulu e like me ka hoʻomālamalama māmā. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia lākou i loko o nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi me ke kōkua o kēlā mau kukui uila i hoʻomālamalama lākou i ko lākou mau home.
- Ke hana ʻia nei ka Firefly Festival i kēlā me kēia makahiki i ke kauwela i Iapana. I ke awakea, hoʻākoakoa nā mea nānā i loko o ka māla ma kahi o ka luakini a nānā i ka holo nani nani o nā puʻupuʻu lahilahi.
- ʻO nā ʻōiwi maʻamau o ʻEulopa ke ahi ahi maʻamau, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo ka ʻōpala Ivanovo. Ua loaʻa kēia inoa no ka manaʻo o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā loio ahi i ka pō ma ka pō o Ivan Kupala.
He hoihoi
ʻO Myrmycins, ka nui loa o ka ʻohana ʻohana.
No ka hoʻonui ʻana i kou mau horona a kākau aku i kahi hōʻike a me ka moʻolelo, a koʻikoʻi mākou e heluhelu i nā ʻatikala ma lalo nei.Uaʻike mākou i ka ma hope o ka heluhelu ʻana i kēia mau moʻolelo, e aʻo nō ʻoe i ka ʻike nui a me ka ʻike. Makemake mākou iā ʻoe i kahi kūpono maikaʻi i kā mākou hui aloha!
Kupu makaeo (lat.Nymphalis antiopa)
E nā hoa malihini! I mea e loaʻa ai ka ʻike holoʻokoʻa e pili ana i nā holoholona hihiu a i ʻole nā mea hihiu, pono ʻoe e ʻike i kā lākou ʻano ʻepekema. ʻO ka papa helu ʻepekema nui o nā holoholona nā:
Manaʻo mākou iā ʻoe e hahai i ka loulou ma lalo nei a hoʻohui i kāu ʻike me nā ʻike ʻepekema. Mahalo nui iā ʻoe me mākou!