ʻO ka pau ʻana o nā holoholona kahiko ma muli o ke kau ʻana i nā mea ʻawa * Flora

Send

Ua hoʻopiha ka honua ʻepekema i kekahi ʻano kuhi ʻē aʻe e pili ana i nā kumu o ka hoʻopau ʻana o nā mea ʻano honua ma ka Honua. Wahi a ke ʻano i hōʻike ʻia e nā limahana o ka National Center for Scientific Research (Farani), ua luku ʻia nā mea hao kaumaha e nā holoholona kahiko.

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hualoaʻa noiʻi i loko o ka pukanaʻo Nature Communication e hōʻike ana i loko o ka manawa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka makahiki 420 - 485 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua nui ka mea ʻawaʻawa o nā mea ola me nā mea ʻawaʻawa ikaika. Wahi a nā kānaka ʻepekema, ʻaʻole i make ka paukū o ka moana kai o ka Honua. - i ka wai.

Ua pau nā mōlia nui o ka wā kahiko ma muli o nā metala hona.

Ka loiloi paʻa ʻana i nā popo o nā holoholona i pau, ua hoʻopau nā mea noiʻi ʻoi aku ka nui o ke keleawe, me ka ʻoni, ka mercury, a me ka hao i ka wai i kēlā manawa. Ma nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole i hoʻopōʻino kēia mau mea i nā mea ola ola, akā hiki i ka hoʻohuihui nui ʻia i ka make ʻana.

Eia nō naʻe, kahi mea i hoʻopuka i ka "hoʻokuʻu" i ka nui o kēia mau mea ʻino i ka moana nui, ʻaʻole mākaukau nā ʻepekema e wehewehe.

Inā loaʻa ʻoe i kahi hala, e koho i kahi ʻāpana a me ka paʻi Ctrl + Kākau.

Nā kumu no ka hoʻopau ʻana o nā holoholona

Hoʻopilikia ke kūlohelohe.

- Nā hana a nā poʻe. No kahi hoʻohālike, kūkulu ʻana paha. Hiki iāʻoe ke hoʻomanaʻo e pili ana i ke hana i nā ahi a me nā wahi littering.

- Holo a lawaiʻa. I nā manawa āpau, ua leʻaleʻa ka poʻe i ka pepehi ʻana i nā holoholona. Akā inā ma mua ke kumu ka mea i hoʻoneʻe i ka meaʻai, i kēia manawa ke hana wale nei ka poʻe.

- Nā mea kūlohelohe. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ʻoe e poina e pili ana iā lākou.

ʻO nā hopena ʻike loa

- ʻO ka pale hewaʻole o nā kaulahao meaʻai, hiki iā ia ke alakaʻi i ka make nui o nā mea ola.

- Ka hoʻololi o ke ʻano o ke anā. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ka ʻekala ua hoʻopilikia i ka lewa a kākoʻo iā ia. ʻO ka luku ʻana o ka kaiaola e alakaʻi i kahi kūlike i ka hoʻomau o ke anuanu.

Hoʻohālikelike

ʻO ka luku ʻia ʻana o kekahi ʻano o nā mea ola e hiki ai ke hoʻokaʻawale i kahi ʻōnaehana holoʻokoʻa. E hana kēia no ke kumu maʻalahi e hoʻopili ʻia nā mea āpau ma ke ʻano, a ʻo ka nalo ʻana o kekahi o nā loulou ma ke kaulahao, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka luku holoʻokoʻa. Akā, ʻo ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ʻaʻole ke kōkua iki o ke ʻano. Hiki i nā mea ola ke hoʻopololei a ulu. ʻO ia ka mea ia lākou e hoʻopakele nei i ka luku.

Hoʻolaha ʻia
ʻO ka ʻaihue kahi pilikia koʻikoʻi kūlohelohe. ʻOiai, me ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o ka wao nahele, ua emi nō ko lākou hiki i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka lewa.

He palaka
Ke holomua nei nā maʻi, a me nā manawa āpau e lilo i mea ikaika. No laila, he hōʻeha nui ka hopena hou loa o nā maʻi maʻi.

Hānā kikino

I ʻArika, 16% o nā genera megafauna i make ma (8 o 50), ma Asia 52% (24 o 46), i ʻEulopa 59% (23 o 39), ma Australia a me Oceania 71% (19 o 27) i ʻAmelika ʻAmelika 74% (45 mai 61), 82% i ʻAmelika Hema (58 ma ka 71). Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, aneane like me nā holoholona like ʻole me ka nui o nā ton he nui, ua noho lākou a hiki i ka wā i hala ai ʻo Pleistocene ma hope. Ua ʻike ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka nui o nā mea i koe mai ʻAmelika a i ʻAmelika, e pili ana i kēia me ke kuhikuhi o ka neʻe o ka poʻe.

ʻAʻole ia e like me ʻAmelika, Hema a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, ma ʻA Africa i hui pū ʻia ka genus Homo me nā fauna kūloko no nā miliona mau makahiki, e ulu mālie ka ulu ʻana. A aʻo nā holoholona o ʻAmelika i ka makaʻu i nā kānaka, e hoʻomohala ana i ka palaka a me ka makaʻala. ʻO ka Drontovs like me kēia i kuhihewa ʻole nei, i nalo aku nei kahi i kākau ʻia i loko o kahi wā kahiko. ʻO ka pololei o kēia mau manu i hōʻea ai i kahi mea i pepehi ʻia lākou me kahi lāʻau, e lele wale ana a ʻā ana i ke poʻo.

ʻO ka hoʻopau ʻana o nā holoholona i lawe pū ʻia me nā loli koʻikoʻi i ka uhi lāʻau. I ka wā i make aku ai ka honu hulu manu a me ka hulu hipa, ua loli ka flora ma hope o lākou - ʻo nā tundra anuo kahi i kālai ʻia, ua nui ka huaū me ka birch. ʻO kēia no ka mea o nā pua o nā rhinos a me nā mamm nei i ʻai i ka ulu ʻōpiopio o ka birches, e pale ana iā lākou e ulu nui.

Hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia kēia hypothesis e nā mokupuni i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā kānaka aku, ua pau nā holoholona megafauna i mau tausani o nā makahiki ma hope mai, e hōʻemi ana i ke kaumaha o ka maʻi hypothesis.

Ua noho ka pipi ʻo Steller ma luna o nā Kakanui Commander no 10,000 mau makahiki, ma hope o ka pau hope ʻana e kokoke ana i nā kumulāʻau, ua luku ʻia kēia ʻano e nā kānaka wale nō he 27 mau makahiki ma hope o ka loaʻa. ʻO nā mikmū huluhulu o Wrangel Island a me St. Paul Island i ola i nā kīmela mākaʻi ma mua o 6,000 mau makahiki. ʻO ka Sloths o nā ʻano Megaloknus i noho ma ka Antilles a ua luku ʻia he 4,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ma hope koke o ke ʻano ʻana o nā kānaka ma nā mokupuni, ʻoiai nā pua o nā loina nunui a i noho ma ka ʻāina ʻAmelika i luku ʻia i 7,000 mau makahiki ma mua.

Ka make o nā huina o nā helu he nui i make:

Ma ʻApika-Sahara ʻAmelika, 8 ma 50 (16%)
Ma Asia, 24 o 46 (52%)
I ʻEulopa, 23 mai 39 (59%)
Ma Australasia, 19 o 27 (71%)
Ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, 45 o 61 (74%)
Ma ʻAmelika Hema, 58 mai 71 (82%)

ʻO ka hypothesis nui.

Ua hala nā holoholona ma muli o ka loli ʻōiwi e pili ana i ka hoʻolaha a hoʻihoʻi i nā ʻāpana he nui a i ʻole nā ʻona hau, i ukali ʻia e ka loli.
Ua luku ʻia nā holoholona e nā kānaka: "ke kumu o ke koʻikoʻi prehistoric"

ʻAmelika a me ʻAsia

Ua paʻi ʻole ʻia ʻo ʻAulika a me Asia e ka Quaternary extinction, nalowale wale nō he 16 pakeneka o kāna fauna a me megafauna. ʻO kēia wale nō nā kahakaha ʻāina i mālama ai i kahi megafauna, me nā holoholona he kaupaona ʻoi aku ma mua o 1000 kg. Ma nā mokupuni ʻē aʻe, ua nalowale mau loa ʻia kahi megafauna.

I ka manawa like, ʻo ka hilinaʻi o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā manu e hoʻopau i loko o ʻAmelika 2 miliona mau makahiki i hala ka hele mai, me ke ʻano o nā ʻano hominids i laila - ʻO Homo habilis lāua ʻo Homo erectus. Ma Asia, ma hope o ka puka ʻana ma laila Homo erectus 1,8 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Ke nānā nei ke ʻano o kēia ʻano - mai ka ʻāmike ʻo Pleistocene, ua hoʻomaka ka megafauna i nā holoholona i kū ʻole ʻia e nā holoholona holoholona like ʻole o ka nui like. Me nā loli kūlohelohe kūlohelohe, ʻaʻole e kūpono kēia, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā niches e noho i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. Akā no ka hopena o ka hopena anthropogen hiki ʻole i kēia mau mea, ʻaʻole i like ka megafauna i ka manawa e hoʻopili ai i ka hopena o ke kanaka a hoʻomaka e ola ma lalo o nā kūlana hou.

Megafauna i nalowale ma ʻApelia a me ʻAsia i ka wā mua a me ka Middle Pleistocene

ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike o ka homotherium a me nā laulā kanaka

ʻO ke kanaka e kūʻē iā Gigantopithecus blacki a me Gigantopithecus giganteus

Hoʻomaka hou aʻe o Homo habilis

Hoʻohālikelike i ka nui o nā pelagornis sandersi me nā condan Andean hou a me ke albatross e hele wale ana

Sinomastodon - nā ʻohana pili like ʻole o nā elepani i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā kānaka

Megafauna i nalowale ma ʻApelika a me Asia i ka wā o Pleistocene i hala

Bearant polar bear

Hoʻomau Leptoptilos robustus ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o ke Kumuwaiwai a me ʻepekema, Tokyo, Iapana

Kālā Leptoptilos robustus a me kanaka makua ʻokoʻa

Hoʻonui hou i ka helehelena kanaka

ʻO Neanderthal mai ke ana ʻo Mustier Cave (Mousterian culture), anatomist Solger, 1910

ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike o nā nui o stegodone a me ke kāne.

ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike o nā nui o nā ʻano like ʻole o ke proboscis a me ke kanaka

ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike o ka Mammoth ʻĀina a me Mastodon ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa

Hoʻokumu hou i ka paila lakone

Pakipika

Kuhi ka hapa nui i hoʻomaka e hoʻopau ʻia ʻo Quaternary ma hope koke o ka hōʻea ʻana o nā kānaka mua ma Australia. I kēlā manawa, aia ʻo Australia iā Sahul - kahi konupepa hoʻokahi me New Guinea. Ua hoʻomaka ʻia nā hoʻopau ʻana he 63,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, a ua nānā ʻia kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā makahiki 20,000. I kēia manawa, lawe ʻia ke kanaka i ka hoʻonui, haku i nā ʻāina hou, mua i nā ʻāina i noho ʻole ʻia e nā hominids. Ua like nā hana like me nā mokupuni, a hiki i Holocene -> ka hiki ʻana mai o ka poʻe.

A ʻo ka hopena, ma waena o 60,000 a me 36,000 mau makahiki aku nei, ua nalowale ʻo ʻAmelika a me Oceania kā lākou megafauna holoʻokoʻa āpau. I kēia lā, ma kēia mau wahi ʻaʻohe holoholona e kaupaona ana ma mua o 45 kilograms (koe wale nō no kahi ʻelua o nā kaʻe kaola ma Ausetalia e kaupaona ana a 60 kg), ʻaʻole ia e lawe ʻia mai nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi, i nā miliona mau makahiki o mua o ka hoʻolālā ʻana a me ka loli, ua loaʻa ka megafauna o kēia mau ʻāina i ka make, nā hōʻino ʻōwili, a me ke ʻano o ka wela, akā ʻaʻole i make.

Ke hōʻike nei kēia ʻano ʻo ke kumu o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka megafauna ma mua o ke kanaka, ke kumu anthropogenic. ʻO ka hopena holoʻokoʻa ka hoʻopau piha ʻana i nā holoholona ʻiliʻiku i kēia mau wahi - ua luku ʻia ʻo ia e ua kanaka lā iho nā mea noi hypothetical āpau, ʻaʻohe mea nāna e hoʻoiho ma hope. Aia hoʻi ma Australia, loaʻa nā mea akamai i nā kauhale, ka nui o nā hale pōhaku ma kahi 146, loaʻa nā pana. He hōʻike kēia i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka poʻe i hele mai. Akā, ma hope mai, ma hope o ka luku ʻana i ka megafauna, ua nalowale nā kānaka i kēia mau akamai - ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale, nā kakaka.

ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia ʻĀkau

Hoʻopili kēia wehewehe i ka mokupuni holoʻokoʻa ʻo ʻEulopa, ka ʻĀkau o ʻAmelika, ka Caucasus, Kina Kina, Siberia a me Beringia - ka Bering Strait o kēia manawa, Chukotka, Kamchatka, ke kai Bering, ka moana Chukchi a me kahi hapa o Alaska. I ka wā i hala aku ai ʻo Pleistocene, i nā ʻano he nui o nā holoholona a me nā ʻohana, he ʻano kiʻekiʻe o kā lākou kāwili ʻana, ʻano kaulana. ʻO ke ʻano nui o ka hopena o nā glacier a me nā ʻūhā ke kiʻekiʻe wikiwiki a me kahi i loaʻa iā lākou - i ka manawa o ke kenekulia, hiki i nā mahana ke ikaika ke holo, hiki i kēia mau lele holo holoholona nui i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kūlana ola maʻalahi, ka mea i hoʻonāukiuki i ka hele ʻana aku o nā ʻano ʻano.

ʻO ka nui loa ma ka glacial i kū mai ma waena o 25,000 a me 18,000 mau makahiki i ka wā i hala, i ka wā i uhi ai ka glacier i ka hapanui o ʻEulopa ʻĀina. Hoʻopili ka Alpine glacier i kahi ʻāpana nui o Central South Europe. I ʻEulopa, a ma nā wahi ma ka Northern Eurasia, ua emi iho ka mahana ma lalo o kēia lā, ua maloʻo ka nūā. Ua uhi ʻia nā kahua he nui e nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Mammoth Steppe - Tundrostep. I kēia lā, mālama ʻia nā kūlana like lula i Khakassia, Altai a me kekahi mau wahi ma Transbaikalia a me Pribaikalye. Hōʻike kēia ʻōpiopio e nā lāʻau lāʻau willow, nā mea kanu momona kiʻekiʻe. Ua hiki i nā koina o ka tundra steppe i mea e kākoʻo ai i ke ola a me ka pōmaikaʻi o nā momi lehulehu, mai nā mammoths a me nā holoholona nui o nā mano musk a me nā lio, a me ka mea kūʻai. ʻO ka palena haʻahaʻa o ka hau hoʻoheheʻe e ʻae i nā mea kanu i ʻai i nā lau maloʻo ma ka vine aʻe i ka manawa o ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka ʻona i kahi wahi mai Sepania a i ka Yukon ma Kanada. Me nā ʻano o nā ʻano leaka a me kā lākou helu nui, he ʻumi loa ke kāwili ʻana i ka puhaka o ko ʻApelika me kā lākou mau pua nui o nā antelope a me nā zebras.

ʻO nā holoholona Tundra-steppe i hui pū ʻia i nā hulu manu, nā manu hulu manu, nā mea hoʻokele wāwae, nā poʻe kūpuna lio, e like me nā lio Przhevalsky hou, nā musk ox, deer, antelope. ʻO nā mea aloha - ka bea lua, nā leona lua, nā alopeke, ka ʻīpuka hina, nā ʻōpala arctic, ke ana hyena. Aia hoʻi nā tigers, nā kāmelo, moose, nā bison, nā wīlio, nā leoni, nā leopona, nā ʻīlio ulaula a pēlā aku. I ka manawa like, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā holoholona iʻoi aʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā holoholona ʻano i ʻoi aku i ka manawa o kēia manawa. I nā kuahiwi o nā tundra-steppe i noho ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa, nā leakona o ka hau, nā mouflons, nā chamois.

I loko o ka manawa interglacial - hoʻi i ka puhaka o nā mākaʻe, ʻāpana ka māhele o nā holoholona i hema e huli i ke Akau. Ma ke kiko pilikino, ua noho ʻo Hippos i ʻEnelani 80,000 mau makahiki i hala, a ua noho nā elepani ma Netherlands i nā makahiki he 42,000 mau makahiki i hala.

Ua hiki mai ke hoʻopau wale i nā wā ʻelua. I ka wā mua, ma waena o 50,000 a 30,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, kahi elepana ulu ākea ākea, kahi nepo Pākopa, kahi kīkala wai Eropa, homotheria, ua make loa ʻo Neanderthals. Loaʻa nā iwi kīkī o ka elepana o ka nahele manu i loaʻa pinepine ma ka ʻaoʻao ahi o ka poʻe maʻa o ka poʻe i ʻimi iā lākou. ʻO ke lua kahi i oi aku ka lōʻihi a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi, ma waena o 13,000 a me 9,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ke koena o nā ʻano megafauna, e komo pū ka hulu hipa a me nā hulu hulu.

Kekahi mau holoholona hihiu

Elephant ala pololei-tusk

ʻO kahi elefant dwipf Cypriot - manaʻoʻiʻo ia ka eleu elepana Cypriot i hiki mai i nā elepani pololei-tusk. Noho ʻo kēia elepona iā Kipopa a me kekahi mau mokupuni o ka Hikina ma Pleistocene. Wahi a nā koho, ʻo ka nui o ka elepani dwarf he 200 kg wale nō, ʻo 2% wale nō o ka lehulehu o kona poʻe mua, ke hōʻea nei he 10 tons.

Elephas falconerielefant sicilian dwarf - he manuahi Sicilian-Maltese o nā moʻomeheu Asiatic i noho i ka ʻĀina Pleistocene.
He lei nui ka mea iʻike ʻia i ka nui ʻōpiopio mai ka genus Giant deer (Megaloceros) ʻO waho e like me kahi piʻo, akā ʻoi aku ka nui. Ua kiʻi ʻia ma Pleistocene a me Holocene Aʻoaʻo. Loaʻa kekahi ma ka ulu nui a me ka nui (a hiki i ka 3.6 m i ka nui o nā pū).
ʻO ke kao Balearic he holoholona artiodactyl pupau o ke keiki subfamily i noho ma nā mokupuni o Mallorca a Menorca ma kahi o 5000 mau makahiki i hala.
ʻO ke bison steppe he ʻano paupili wale nō mai ka genus o ka bison o nā bovids. I loko o nā ʻāpana ʻāina o ʻEulopa, Asia Hikina, Beringia a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika i ka wā o ka Quaternary. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hiki mai kēia mau ʻano ma ka South South, a ma ka manawa like a me ka ʻāina like me ka huakaʻi hele.
ʻO ka ʻopa Hippo ka pua piha o nā maʻi hippo i noho ma ʻEulopa ma Pleistocene. Aia kona kikowaena i ka ʻāina mai ka Iberian Peninsula a i ka mokupuni Pelekane a me ka muliwai Rhine.
ʻO Cypriot dwarf hippopotamus he ʻano ʻano hippopotamus i noho ma ka mokupuni o Kipopa mai ka makahiki Pleistocene a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Holocene.
ʻO Panthera pardus spelaea he leopela subspecies i pau, kahi i pālahalaha ma ʻEulopa. Hōʻike nā luna mua o nā subspecies i ka hopena o ka Pleistocene. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona a me ka nui e like me ka leopona Kūʻai kokoke kokoke i Asia. He 24,000 mau makahiki ko nā kamala hope loa. ʻO ka hoʻopau ʻana e ka hopena o Pleistocene, ma kahi o 10,000 i hala.
ʻO Cuon alpinus europaeus kahi poʻo poʻo Europa i hala ʻole o ka wolf ʻula. Ua loaʻa ma ka hapa nui o Western a me Central Europe i ka Middle and Late Pleistocene. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia mai ka ʻulaʻula ʻōpiopio i kēia lā, akā ʻoi aku ka nui. Ma ka nui Cuon alpinus europaeusua hele aku nei i kahi w lei hina.
ʻO Homoterias kahi ʻano kīpē piha o nā pōʻai a sabot-toothed i noho ma Eurasia, ʻAmelika a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika mai ka Middle Pliocene (3–5 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei) a hiki i ka hopena o Late Pleistocene (10 tausani mau makahiki i hala). Ua hoʻomaka ka hala ʻana o ka homotherias mai ʻApelika, mai kahi i hala aku ai kēia mau pōpoki he 1.5 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ma Eurasia ua make kēia ʻano genie he 30 tausani mau makahiki i hala aku nei, a ʻo ke ʻano he nui loa ʻo Homotherium serum i ka lōʻihi loa ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa - a hiki i ka hopena o ka Pleistocene, ma kahi o 10 tausani mau makahiki i hala.
He mau mele āpau o ka bear the Etruscan, nona nā ʻelele i noho ma ka Honua ma kahi o hoʻokahi a me ka hapa miliona - hoʻokahi mau haneli mau makahiki i hala.
He ana kauka ka mea kanu prehistoric o nā bears (a i ʻole nā subspecies o kahi bear brown) i noho ma Eurasia i ka Middle and Late Pleistocene, i make ma kahi o 15,000 mau makahiki i hala. Loaʻa ma kahi o 300 tausani mau makahiki i hala, e ulu mau ʻia ana mai ka bear Etruscan (Ursus etruscus).
ʻO Cave hyena kahi subspecies o nā hemena i ʻike ʻia i kēia lā (Crocuta crocuta), lele i loko o ʻEulopa ma kahi o 500,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei a pālahalaha loa i ka Pleistocene o Eurasia, mai Northern China a i Sepania a me nā mokupuni Pelekane.Ua hoʻomaka a nalowale wale nō ʻo Cave hyenas ma muli o ke hoʻololi ʻana i ke kūlana kaiapuni a ua hoʻopuni ʻia e nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, e like me ke kanaka, ma kahi o 20,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, a nalowale loa ana mai West Europe ma kahi o 14-1000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, a ma kekahi mau wahi ma mua aʻe.
He ʻumi kūpeʻe ʻōlapa ʻana nā liona ʻEulopa. Ua lilo ia i manaʻo i ke ʻano kūloko o ka Liona o Asiatic a i ʻole kahi subspecies o ke Cave Lion.

ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a me ka Caribbean

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hoʻopau, ma hope o nā loiloi a me nā hoʻohālikelike o nā ʻano loiloi o ka radiocarbon, e pili ana i ka manawa pōkole ma waena o 11,500 - 10,000 mau makahiki o ka makahiki o SM. ʻO kēia ka manawa hoʻokahi a me hoʻokahi hapa kaukani makahiki e hoʻohui pū ana me ka hiki ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā kānaka o ka moʻomeheu Clovis ma nā wahi o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO kahi hapa liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻopuka i hana ma hope aku a ma mua o kēia ʻano manawa.

Ua hala mua nā hoʻopau ʻana o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika ma ka hope o ka glaciation, akā me ka hana ʻole e pili ana i nā holoholona nui. ʻAʻole ia he mea nui ia o ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā wā i hala ʻole, nā mea kūlohelohe kūlohelohe, ʻaʻole he anthropogenic, ʻaʻole nui, akā, me ka lohi. Lanakila o nā elepani - nā mastodons, ka mea i make ma ʻAsia a me ʻAmelika 3 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ma ʻAmelika Huipū ʻia i ka hōʻea ʻana o ka poʻe hou. I ka manawa like, nā nīnūnū mai nā holoholona i hala, no ka hoʻonaninani ʻana i nā kia manuahi, i lawelawe ʻia e nā holoholona ʻē aʻe i kūpono i nā kūlana hou.

E like me Eurasia, ma lalo o ka hopena anthropogenic ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, ua pau nā hana a me ka nui, ma nā ʻano he nui, me ka wikiwiki loa e nā kumu kūlohelohe a me nā nīnūnū, ʻaʻole i nele ka paʻū, a he mea hoʻi i hoʻonāukiuki hou i nā pōʻai a me nā flora.

ʻO nā mea noho mua a ka poʻe mua ma Alaska, ʻĀkau o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, ʻo 22,000 mau makahiki i hala, kahi i neʻe ai ka poʻe mai Asia a hiki i Beringia. Ma hope o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o nā glacier ma Alaska i 15,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua wikiwiki loa ka poʻe, i loko o 1 - 2 tausani mau makahiki, hiki iā lākou ke kuleana i ke koena o ʻAmelika a me ʻAmelika Hema.

ʻIke ʻia ke kiʻi hope loa. Kēia 41 mau genera o nā mea kanu a me 20 genera o nā mea hoʻohālua. ʻO ka nunui, ka 11,000 mau makahiki i hala, nā ʻohana a me nā holoholona he megafauna o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika: nā mammoths, nā mastodon ʻAmelika, nā homfoterium, nā kāmela Komohana, nā bailika wāwae, nā liona ʻAmelika, nā bea pōkole, wolf weliweli, ka lio komohana.

ʻO nā holoholona i pakele i ka Pōkuhula mele he bison, he ʻoloke hina, he lynx, he bear grizzly, he American black bear, caribou-type deer, moose, snow snow, musk ox, mauna kao.

ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona hoihoi o Vilorog ʻo ia ka wikiwiki wikiwiki loa o nā holoholona, ma hope o kahi cheetah. I kēia lā, ʻo ia wale nō ka mea kuʻuna i ka huaʻōlelo Pronghorn. Me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, ʻo ia ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe i hoʻokaumaha iā ia a hiki i kēia lā.

Ma ka manawa like, aia kekahi holoholona i, i ka manawa mua, ʻaʻole kūpono i ka manaʻo o ka anthropogen extinction o nā ʻano. He lei noho kēia. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia kēia ʻano ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, hele aʻela ʻo ia ma Beringia a ma kahi o 200,000 mau makahiki e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā glacier. Wahi a nā ethologists, ʻo nā holoholona ma ka 200,000 mau makahiki, e pono paha e lilo i mauleau e like me ka fauna o Ausetalia, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole kēia i hiki mai ma muli o ka hele ʻana o nā mea nui a me nā wikiwiki (bears, Cougars, wolves) a me ka bison i noho akahele, a huli hoʻi i ka wikiwiki loa. a me nā mea pōʻino loa i ke kanaka mua, e like me nā mea nui kalepa, a no laila ʻaʻole i luku ʻia. Na na Inikia, mamua o ka hiki ana o na Eulopa, aole i pono na lio e alualu i ka ai. Aia nā hihia i hehi ʻia nā ʻohana o ke bison i nā kānaka ʻaʻohe wahine a me nā pū. ʻO nā bipi Musk, ʻaʻole e hoʻāʻo e pakele i ka wā e hoʻokokoke aku ai kekahi, i ola i kekahi helu liʻiliʻi ma nā mokupuni ʻē aʻe o ʻAmelika Hema, a ua ʻike ʻia e ka poʻe ʻEulopa ma ka hopena o ka makahiki XVII.

ʻO ka moʻomeheu o nā kānaka e pili pū ana me ka nalu ikaika loa o ka huneke - ʻo Clovis, he kumu pilikinoʻAmelika kahiko. Holo lākou i ka proboscis nui (nā mammoths, mastodons, homfoterium) me ke kōkua o nā ihe i kiʻi ʻia me ke kōkua o ka ʻōlohelohe. Ma muli o ka hōʻoiaʻiʻo o nā mea kanu nunui ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe a ʻike ʻole ʻole i ka poʻe i kahi pōpilikia, ʻaʻole i paʻakikī ka ʻimi manu no kēia mau holoholona. Ke hōʻole ʻole nei nā mea noiʻi i ka hiki ʻana o ke kāwili ʻana i nā mea ʻelua i hoʻohina i ka pau - ʻo ka hopena o ka hau i ka makahiki 14 - 12 tausani mau makahiki i hala me ka loli koʻikoʻi o ke kaʻe ʻana a me ka emi ʻana o nā huahana o ka lako meaʻai, a hui pū ʻia me ia, ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka hopu ʻana i ka poʻe o ka moʻomeheu Clovis, ka mea i koi nui ʻia kaʻai holoholona, no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā wahi kūlohelohe pili i hoʻokahi a me ka hapaʻumi kau mau makahiki. A he hopena, hiki kēia i ke ʻano i loko o ka rumi maikaʻi ʻole a me ka hōʻoki ʻia ʻana i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa like ʻole o ka ʻāina.

ʻAmelika Hema

Mamuli o ka kaawale ʻana ma luna o kahi mau miliona mau makahiki, ʻaʻole i nui ka nui o nā ʻelele o nā kamaʻāina, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia i loko o Eurasia a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Ua hana ʻia he hanana kupaianaha ma waena o ʻelua ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa - ʻo ka Nui Inter-ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa - 3 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua kū aʻe nā mahele o ke kai a ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻothaman Panamanian. ʻO kēia ka mea i hoʻoiho i ka mea mua, i hōʻoia ʻia e ka ʻikepili ʻana, nui i hoʻopau ʻia i ʻAmelika Hema, i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ka lele ʻana o nā ʻano mai ʻAmelika ʻAmelika i kahi konohiki hou. Ma mua o kēia hanana, loaʻa i ka ʻĀmelika Hema kahi lōne kūikawā - ʻaneʻane like me nā holoholona āpau he endemone, e noho nei wale nō ma kēia konana.

Ma muli o ka hoʻopulapula mua ʻana, ka mea maoli, ʻike maoli nā mea neotropical i ʻoi aku ka pōmaikaʻi ma mua o nā ʻano ʻano i hele mai mai ʻAmelika Huipū ʻia, me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole o kekahi mau ʻano o nā pua nui i neʻe aku mai ʻAmelika Hema.

I ka ʻO Pleistocene, ua hana like ʻole ʻo ʻAmelika Hema i ka glaciation, me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o nā mauna Andean. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Holocene, 11,000–9,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, 2-3 tausani mau makahiki ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka noho ʻana o ke kanaka, aneane ua pau nā ʻano o ka megafauna nui. I loko o kēia manawa, ʻo ka homfoterium (nā ʻohana o nā elepani), ke kauā ʻana o ka armadillos i ke kaukani ʻana a hiki i 2 mau tan - dedicurus a me glyptodons, sloths nui i hōʻea i 4 mau paona o ke kaumaha, ungulate American ʻAmelika - macrauchenia a me nā toxodons ka nui o kahi rhino i lilo. Loaʻa i nā armadillos liʻiliʻi a hiki i kēia lā. Ua noho ʻia ka possum niche. ʻO nā waiho hope loa ma nā mokupuni ʻo Cuba a me Haiti i hala a hiki i ka millennium BC 2, e nalowale koke ana me ka puka ʻana o ka poʻe ma kēia pae ʻāina.

I kēia manawa, ʻo nā mommela ʻāina nui ma ʻAmelika Hema ka mea o nā kāmela - guanaco a me nā vicuna, a me ka tapir ʻAmelika Hui PūʻIa - hiki i ka paona o 300 kg. ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe e ola nei, nā ʻelele nui o nā manu o ka wā ma mua, ʻo ia nā mea hānai manu, nā hōʻuluʻulu, nā jaguar, nā anteater nui, nā caimans, capybaras, anacondas.

Nā kiʻowale kūʻokoʻa

Ma kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe manaʻo ākea e wehe i waena o ka Holocene extinction, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hoʻopau ʻia ma muli o nā ʻano kūlohelohe a i kahi anthropogenic hoʻopau - hoʻopau i kahi o nā hana a ke kanaka e hoʻohewa ai. Wahi a kekahi kihi, pono e pili pū ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o ke kanaka, ʻo kekahi mau loea e kākoʻo i ke kumumanaʻo e pono ia e kaawale i kēia mau kumu i nā kaʻao moʻolelo.

I ka manawa like, ua pili kekahi poʻe ʻepekema i ka hoʻopau ʻana o nā holoholona nui ma ʻAmelika a me Eurasia, no laila 200-100 mau makahiki i hala aku nei e ulu nui ana nā kānaka o kēia ʻano i nā helu, aʻo ia e ʻimi me nā pōhaku, nā ihe, a pēlā aku, a me ia mea i hoʻonui ai i ko lākou maikaʻi e like me ka poʻe he mea lawaiʻa. a ma ka manawa like a kona hiki ke hoʻopau i ka hānau holoholona. No nā mokupuni o Aotearoa a me Hawaiʻi e kaawale mai nā Hominids, nā manu o ʻAmelika Hema, ʻAmelika a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, ʻoi paha ka hopena o nā mea e kamaʻilio hou ana ua lawa e hala i ka ʻano like ʻole o nā holoholona nui. Hoʻohui wale ka hopena o ke kanaka i ka kūlohelohe ma ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana; a ma hope iho, ʻo ke kumu anthropogenic i kumu ai ka nalo ʻana o nā mea kanu, hoʻopōʻino a me ka hana hoʻoneʻe i ka hoʻā ʻana o ka ea a me ke kai.

Ke kuhi o ka hiʻona a me ka luku ʻana i nā kanaka o nā holoholona

Hoʻopili kēia hypothesis i ka hopu kanaka i nā holoholona nui me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a ma hope o ua kuʻi ʻia a nalowale loa ʻia mai ka fauna, nā mea hoʻopuka loea i ka hopu ʻana i nā holoholona nui i make ma hope o lākou. Kākoʻo ʻia kēia ʻike e nā mea i ʻike ʻia ai nā pōʻino kīnā i nā pua, nā ihe, nā mākaʻi ʻokiʻoki a me ka hōʻoki ʻana i nā kupapaʻu, kahi i hana ʻia ai nā pōʻino i nā iwi iwi. Loaʻa nā kiʻi he nui ma nā ana ʻEulopa, ka mea e hōʻike nei i ka ʻimi no ka mea nui.

Eia nō hoʻi, aia kahi hilinaʻi i ka mālama ʻana i nā manu a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻonui ʻia o ke kanaka. Ma Africa, nā holoholona, ke kokoke loa i nā kūpuna kanaka, ʻuʻuku lākou e aʻo e makaʻu i ka poʻe. ʻAʻole hele koke ka poʻe i lawaiʻa loiloi a hana hewa; i ka manawa mua, ʻaʻohe lākou i nā mea kaua, ka hoʻolālā a me nā loea i hoʻomohala lākou. I ka hopena, ʻo ka manuua a me ka nui o nā holoholona nui, ʻoiai ua loiloi lākou, ua nalowale i nā ʻano he nui a me nā ʻano like ʻole, akā hoʻokele ʻia i ka ʻaelike, ʻike ʻia e holo a hūnā paha, a i ʻole e hōʻū a hoʻohewa paha i nā mea lele o nā poʻe.

No laila, ʻo nā holoholona weliweli loa i ka hopena, he elepani, nā liona, nā hippos a me nā rhinos. I kēia lā, i loko o nā holoholona ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi loa, e like me ka helu helu o ka pepehi ʻana, he hippos lākou, no ka mea āpau o kā lākou ʻike āpau, ikaika loa lākou i ka mālama ʻana iā lākou iho, i ko lākou wahi, a ʻoi aku ka nui o kā lākou poʻe mamo. ʻO kēia no ka mea, he hapanui maikaʻi nā hippos i kānaka no ka nui - ua nui lākou i ke kaupaona ʻana a ʻike ʻia ʻole ka hūnā. Long evolution, me ka ulu liʻiliʻi e ulu nei i nā poʻe, i hana i nā hippos a me nā rhino weliweli, ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana o ka poʻe ma hope. Inā ʻoe e nānā i nā ungulates, ʻike lākou i ke kū ʻana iā lākou iho a hana ikaika iā ia - hiki ke kūleʻa nā zebras me ko lākou mau wāwae a me nā niho. Hele mai nā antelope a me nā liona o nā liona, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma mua o nā manawa a ka poʻe noiʻi, a hiki i nā antelope ke kolo i nā pūʻulu kāne o nā kāne a me nā hoʻoulu kaua e alakaʻi ʻia e nā kāne nui o nā liona. Hōʻike kēia ʻano i ka hana mua ʻana i nā moʻomeheu ma Aferika e pale pono iā lākou iho.

Eia kekahi, ʻo ka ʻūlū o ʻAmelika kahi i hoʻolaha ai i nā maʻi ākea a me nā maʻiʻala āpau i hōʻeha ʻia i nā kānaka a me nā holoholona: trypanosomes ("maʻi hiamoe"), lele tsetse, malaria, nā ʻano palu kaiāulu, ka maʻi puaʻa Africa, a laila. Ua hoʻomohala nā holoholona o ʻAmelika i ka pale ʻana i nā miliona o nā makahiki, akā ʻaʻole mau nā kānaka a me nā holoholona. ʻO kēia mau mea a pau, hiki i kēia manawa ke pale aku i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ʻAmelika Huipū i ka ʻai a me nā mea kanu a hoʻopō i nā ʻano o nā holoholona nui mai nā kānaka.

ʻO ke kumu mua a me ka maʻalahi no ka hopu ʻana i ka hui kahi e lawe pio ai i ka mea i make. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia e ka nānā ʻana o nā zoologists nui - he nui nā mea e hoʻokaʻawale aihue ana i nā mea make wale nō inā make ʻia ʻo ia e nā ʻūlio a i ʻole nā mea liʻiliʻi. Pēlā e hana ai i nā falcons, nā cheetahs. Hoʻohana ka poʻe kahiko i nā ʻano like ʻole - puni lākou i ka mea nāna e hoʻōlo, hoʻōho, hailuku, makaʻu ʻia me nā lāʻau a me nā ihe. Hoʻoweliweli ka mea nāna i waiho aku a waiho aku i ka mea hou. Eia naʻe, ua kōkua paha kēia ala i ke hoʻopau ʻana i kahi nui o ka feline genera, me ka nui.

Ma hope iho, ua ʻanā ka poʻe i ka hopu me he pūʻulu, ke hoʻohilahila nei kekahi poʻe i kahi holoholona nui, aʻo kekahi e ʻimi e hōʻeha i kona mau wāwae a me kona ʻōpū. Ke kāohi nei no nā elepani, e komo pū me nā mommoths, a alakaʻi ʻia hoʻi i ke ʻano o nā hana kumu. No ka laʻana, hoʻomaka ka poʻe e hana i nā kahe i nā lua liʻiliʻi, ke hiʻi o ka wāwae o ka elephant a i ʻole mammoth i hāʻule i loko o ka lua. Ma ka lalo o nā kiʻi pitaka ua kau ʻia - ua hōʻeha lākou i ka wāwae o ka holoholona. no ka nui o kona paona nui a me nā mea nui, ʻaʻole i hiki i ka ʻehā ke kū a neʻe ma luna o nā wāwae ʻekolu no ka lōʻihi a ma loko o kahi mau hola ua koina ia e hāʻule. A laila luku ka poʻe i ka waiwai. Hāʻawi kēia ala iā ʻoe ʻaʻole e hoʻolimalima i ka nui o ka ikehu i ka hopu ʻana - ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke pakele ke holoholona, ke ʻae iā ʻoe ʻaʻole e hōʻeha i kou ola, lele i kahi holoholona weliweli mai kahi hoʻohālua. Eia naʻe, ua kōkua pū kēia i ka luku wikiwiki ʻana i nā proboscis he nui, me ka mammoth a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Ma ka manawa like, ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, ʻoi paha ka mea i hele mai ai ke kanaka ma hope, ua ʻoi aku nā holoholona, a me nā ʻāpana nui, ʻaʻole i ʻike lākou i ka pōpilikia i nā meaola e liʻiliʻi ai ka nui. Hele mai ka poʻe i loko o ka Australia hoʻokahi, a me ʻAmelika Hema, ka ʻĀkau o Eurasia a me nā mokupuni, ua ʻoi aku ka ʻike. Ua pū lākou me nā kakaka, nā ihe, nā pana, i ʻike ai i ka hana ʻana i kahi hui, e kū kūʻē ana i nā holoholona i ka manawa hoʻokahi. Nā Mamamona, nā mastodons a me ka home, ua luku ʻia i loko o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i 2 mau makahiki wale nō ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana o nā kānaka 15 000 mau makahiki i hala, no ka mea ʻaʻole maopopo lākou i ia kanaka, hiki ʻole paha ke pale ʻole iā ia. Ua noho kēia mau holoholona a pau i loko o nā wahi like ʻole no nā haneli he mau makahiki, akā ua make like like me ka hana hou ʻana o nā kānaka. Ua hele mai kahi kanaka i Australia i kahi ahi a hiki iā ia ke hoʻonohonoho i ka lāʻau lāʻau - e waiho i ke ahi e maloʻo ai i ka mauʻu. ʻO ka hopena loa ia i loaʻa i ka hopena ʻino loa i ka fauna - ʻoi loa ka pōʻino o ka mokupuni a ʻo ka wauna, a ʻo ka mea ʻike nui ʻole ia he lele a lūlū me ka dodo, nā moa a me nā epiornis, ka mea hiki ʻole ke pale iā lākou iho mai kahi hoʻomohala nui, a me nā kānaka like ʻole . ^ E Ha yM.

ʻO nā ʻohana o Australia i kēia ala e puhi ai i nā lau a me nā mea kanu i ka ʻāpana holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka holo ʻana i ka holoholona me ke ahi ka mea i hoʻopilikia nui ʻia i ka lua o nā biomia a lilo i kumu nui no ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka manu nui a me nā flora o ka konite.

Ma ka manawa like, ka pilina pili ma waena o ka hiki ʻana o nā poʻe a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka megafauna e kokoke loa ana me ka ʻole o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana. Ua ola ke kinohi hulu manu ma nā mokupuni o Wrangel a me Pribylov i hiki ʻole i nā kānaka a hiki i ka 1700 BC (5000 mau makahiki ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka ʻāina ma ka ʻāina) a ʻo ka neʻe ʻana o ka panuhuli (ka hopena o ka aniani a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana) ʻaʻole ia i hoʻonāukiuki i kona mau haneli he mau makahiki he mau makahiki. ʻO ka noho ʻana o nā megalocnus Giant na noho e pili ana. ʻO Cuba a me Haiti kekahi 2000 mau makahiki SM, 7,000 mau makahiki ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka ʻāina o ʻAmelika, akā ua hoʻopau wale ʻia ʻo ia ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka poʻe mua ma kēia paeʻāina.

ʻO ka nalu o ka hoʻopau piha ʻana ma Ausetalia 50,000 mau makahiki i hala, ʻaʻole i pili pū ʻia me ka hoʻopulupulu - ʻaʻohe ʻano loli nui ʻole, akā pili ia me kahi hiki ʻana o ka poʻe ma ka ʻElepa.

Nā haʻawina mai 2017—2018, i loko o ka puke pai ʻEpekema , ke hōʻoiaʻiʻo nei i ka pilina pololei ma waena o ka hiki ʻana o nā poʻe o ka hui Homo Sapiens i kekahi ʻāina ʻē aʻe a me ka hala hope ʻana o ka megafauna. Ua hōʻike ʻia i ka wā o ka Cenozoic, ua hele a hala ka pelu a ma ka honua, ua make like a nui nā holoholona a me nā mea liʻiliʻi. 29 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, aia kekahi pilikia i ka hemo ʻana o nā mea liʻiliʻi, i pili me ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā wahi wao nahele a me ke hoʻonui ʻana i nā kahe o nā savannas a me nā mākaʻi.

ʻO kahi kūlana kūlike i kūkulu ʻia ma ka wā Quaternary a, inā paha, i ka wā o ka Quaternary extinction. I ka waena ma waena o 125-70 tausani mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i ka hala o Pleistocene, ua hele ka nui o nā holoholona i ke alakaʻi no nā holoholona nui. Ke ʻano mau nei i neʻe aku i kēia lā - ʻo ia nā ʻelele o megafauna e kū maoli a make loa. ʻAʻole ʻino kēlā mau holoholona ʻoi loa ka momona a ʻaʻole lākou e inoa i nā mea kūpono like ʻole, ʻano wikiwiki a hoʻohālikelike i ka hahai ʻana o ke kanaka, a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kūlana o waho.No ka laʻana, ma nā elepani, e pili pū ana i nā mammoth, ka wā puberty e hele ana i ka makahiki o 10-15 mau makahiki, i nā pōʻino hiki ʻoi ma hope, i ka makahiki 17-20, ʻoiai ʻo ka muose e hoʻomaka ka hua ʻana i ka makahiki 2, ʻo ia ka mea e ʻoi aku ai ka nui o ka mammoth ka huki ʻana nui i nā kūlana ʻino. I nā kūlana koʻikoʻi o ka Arctic, ʻaʻohe o ka mea maʻamau i koho i nā mea ai meaʻai e like me ka poʻe e noho nei ma nā wahi ʻino i kahi makahiki ka ʻoihana, no laila, i mea e ola ai, ʻo ia ke kanaka i ka Artctic eʻimi i kekahi mea make, ʻoi aku ka nui e like me ka mammoth . ^ E Ha yM. Ma ka manawa like, ma ka Holocene, ua paluʻu ka ʻili, a hoʻomaka nā holoholona liʻiliʻi i make, akā no kēia me ke ʻano nui o nā hopena anthropogen, kahi i hoʻolilo ai ka wahi i nā poʻe mai nā holoholona hihiu, nā wahi nahele, a me nā ʻula kūlohelohe.

Hōʻike kēia mau ʻike i ka ʻoihana me ke hoʻopau ʻana o nā holoholona ma ka lā Quaternary he ʻokoʻa ia no ka wā Cenozoic āpau a ʻaʻohe wahi kaila e pili ana i ke koho pipili, i ka wā o nā mammals nui - megafauna - nui ka ʻeha. Kēia kulekele liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ka pau ʻana o ka megafauna i ʻike ʻia i nā wā ʻē aʻe i hala.

Ua hōʻoia pū ʻia nō ʻaʻole hiki i ka loli hoʻololi i ka hiki ke koho pono ʻia i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka megafauna pololei.

A ke kumu, ʻike nui nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka hoʻololi ʻana o kahi kanaka o ka ʻano Homo Sapiens i loko o kahi ʻano super predator, ka mea i ʻike i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole, nona ka naʻauao i kūkulu ʻia, ʻo ia ke kumu nui i ka hoʻopau ʻia o nā holoholona nui i ka manawa Quaternary. Ma muli o kēia kūlana hunting a me ka mākaukau o kahi ʻano maikaʻi, i hala aku nei i ka makahiki 125,000 ua hala ka ihu. A ʻo ke ʻano nui o ka hoʻopau ʻana o nā ʻano nui ma ka ʻāina ua aneane like me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā poʻe o ka ʻohana Homo i kēia mau ʻāina.

ʻO ʻEulopa, hema a me ʻAsia ʻĀina, ka nalowale o ka megafauna ma waena o 125-70 tausani mau makahiki i hala aku nei - ʻo ia hoʻi ka hiohiona o nā moʻomeheu Middle Paleolithic, e komo pū ana me Neanderthals, Denisovans, nā nalu mua o sapiens.

ʻO Australia - kahi wili o ka megafauna ma waena o 55-40 tausani mau makahiki i hala aku nei - ua hele mua ka poʻe mua i loko o ʻAmelika 60 mau makahiki i hala.

ʻAmelika ʻAmelika - 25 - 15 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i ka manawa a ke mahana a me ke hoʻihoʻi ʻana o nā glacier i ʻae ka poʻe i nā lehulehu i nā wahi i hiki ʻole ke kiʻi ʻia.

Ma ka manawa like, ʻo South a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, i ka manawa o kēia mau hana, ua mālama pono ʻia, kahi kahi holoholona o ka holoholona i hōʻoki ʻole i ka hoʻowalewale i kona ʻano holoholona, me nā holoholona nui. Ua pili pololei kēia mea maoli i ka ʻike ʻole o ka poʻe i hele ai i kēia pae ʻāina. Akā ma waena o 15 - 11 tausani mau makahiki i hala aku nei, aia nō hoʻi i kēia mau ʻāina nā mea nui i ka megafauna, ua hoʻopuni pololei ʻia me ka hōʻea ʻana o nā poʻe ma kēia pae ʻāina. Ua hiki i ka poʻe ke neʻe aku i ʻAmelika ʻAmelika ma o Beringia a noho ma laila ʻo 15,000 mau makahiki i hala.

Lawe ʻia ka hana hoʻohālike kamepiula i ka 2015 ma nā hiʻohiʻona o Mosmann lāua ʻo Martin a me Whittington a me Dyke i hōʻoia i kēia mau ʻike. Ua kau ʻia nā ikepili ma ke ao i nā ʻ āina āpau i hala aku nei he 90,000 mau makahiki i hala, ua hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia nā mea ʻano i kēlā me kēia makahiki a me ka manawa i hiki mai ai nā kānaka ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole. ʻO ka manawa o ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o nā holoholona i hui pū ʻia me ka hōʻea ʻana o ka poʻe ma nā ʻano ʻelua. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole i lilo ke ʻano i ke kumu o ka hala ʻole, akā me ka hopena o ka anthropogen ikaika, hoʻonui i ka hoʻopau ʻana o nā holoholona. Ua hōʻike ʻia, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka mea e holo ai i Asia, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me Australia, nā mokupuni, a me ʻAmelika. Ua pili kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka mea i hele mua nā kānaka ma ʻAsia a ma laila ʻaʻole naʻe lākou i kamaʻilio ʻia, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka manawa i hele ai lākou i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, a me nā holoholona, i kekahi hapa, akā ua hoʻokō e hoʻopili i kahi ʻano hou o ka predator.

Nā kulu ʻana a me nā kūʻē ʻana i ka moʻo o ka hopu ʻana o ka make

ʻO nā kānaka a me nā mammoth i ke kūkulu hema ʻo Siberia i hoʻonohonoho i ka ʻaoʻao ma mua o 12,000 mau makahiki, mai 32,000 a 20,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā ʻōhulu kūlohelohe, kahi e hoʻemi ai i ka wahi i nā lāʻau kūpono i kūpono no ka noho lāʻau ʻana. ʻO ka poʻe, ma kēia hihia, he kumu lua ia o ka hoʻopau ʻana, hiki paha ke hoʻopau ʻana i nā kānaka i ʻāneke i nā mammoth.

ʻAʻole hiki i nā poʻe maʻi ke nānā i ka nui o kēia mau mea o ka hopu ʻana, no ka mea, ʻo ke kumukūʻai o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka mea i lilo ka mea i lilo ʻole i hiki ke neʻe ʻoi aku ka uku. Hoʻomaka ka mea hoʻomaka e pololi i ka pōpilikia, ʻaʻole e ʻāʻī i ke alapine i ka mea hoʻopihapiha a hana hou i nā mea hoʻokūkū. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻoi aku ke kanaka e like me ka mea nāna e hoʻolale, e ʻimi mau loa i ka waiwai kūpono loa, i loaʻa iā ia nā waiwai kai maikaʻi loa - no ka nui, a me ka wikiwiki o nā haʻalulu i maʻalahi ke alualu ʻana i ka: mammoths, mastodons, sloths buta, armadillos nui, nā marsupials nui. Ma mua, ʻaʻohe like o nā holoholona like ʻole i ka ʻenemi ma muli o ko lākou nui a me ko lākou ikaika, pilikia i ke kaua kokoke. Hiki i ke kanaka ke hōʻeha i kēlā mau holoholona no ka 10-15 m, me ka hoʻolei aku iā lākou me nā ihe ma mua aʻe o kā lākou hoʻopā a me nā niho. No laila, ua hoʻopau ʻia kēlā mau holoholona i kahi mua. Akā ua loaʻa ka poʻe i kahi koho nui o nā huahana like ʻole, me ke kīpiha holoʻokoʻa ʻana i kahi mea kanu mea kanu i nā ʻōpala, inā ua lilo ʻole kahi mea pāʻani ʻē aʻe. Ma muli o nā hōʻeha ʻana o nā maʻi ʻōlima, nā maʻi hānai koko (nā mea lawe ʻia i nā maʻi a me nā palaai), nā mea nui a me ka wikiwiki (nā tigers, nā liona), a me ka nele o nā pū, a hiki i ka kenekulia 19 he mau wahi o ka ulu lāʻau a me nā savannah o ʻAsia a me ʻAberopa i hiki ʻole ke hoʻopono a pilikia no nā kānaka a me nā holoholona. . ^ E Ha yM. No laila, a hiki i kēia manawa, ua hoʻokele ka hapa nui o nā holoholona hihiu i nā mea e noho ai ma laila, inā i ʻike ʻia i nā kānaka.
ʻAʻole make kekahi mau holoholona ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, e komo pū me nā bison. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia ʻano mai nā kānaka no 240 tausani mau makahiki a nalowale loa i kona mālama ʻia e pili ana i nā kānaka, akā ʻaʻole naʻe i lilo i mea lahilahi e like me ka poʻe e noho ana i nā manu o Australia, ʻoiai ʻo nā mea nui a me ka wikiwiki e noho nei ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika - nā ʻīlio, nā wili, ʻuanuhani grizzly. Ua loaʻa i nā poʻe malihini keʻokeʻo i ʻAmelika puaʻa he nui o nā bison. A hiki i ka lio a me nā pū i lawe ʻia e nā poʻe ʻEulopa ma ka launa ʻo ʻAmelika, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke alualu i ka bison, a ʻo ka wikiwiki a me ka nui o nā holoholona holoholona hihiu. E noho ana ka poe Iniana, mamua o ka hiki ana o na kanaka o Europa, aole he holoholona (koe wale o Lama ma na Andes) e kuahiwa ana i na holoholona hihiu.
He kiʻekiʻe ka nui o ka hānau hānau ʻana o ka nui o nā kānaka he nui, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe contraception ma ke kānāwai. Akā ʻo ka make ma mua o ka make ma mua loa o ka maʻi (mai nā maʻi, nā aniani, nā kaua kīʻaha, nā hōʻeha a me nā hoʻonaninani) - ola ka poʻe i ka hapa he 30 mau makahiki. I ka poʻe ʻōpiopio (ka mea kiaʻi ahi, Indians), geronticide a me infantideide i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia i ka wā o ka wī. I ka manawa like, ka ʻuʻuku no ka mōʻī like ʻole i hāʻawi i ka nui o ka ʻiʻo a me ka momona a ua nui loa ka make i ke kino pono ʻia e pono ai e hoʻomau i ka hopu ʻana, a pau loa i ka luku ʻia nā mammoth. Hoʻololi kēia i nā kānaka a huli i nā kumuwaiwai e pono ai, e mālama i ka palekana o kā lākou mau kumuwaiwai.

He mea kūpono ia e nānā i ka hopena nui i ka noʻonoʻo o nā mea lawaiʻa o nā kaiāulu i hala a me ka hoʻokalakupua nā mea hana hou. ʻO ka poʻe lawaiʻa, nā Koʻī like ʻole o ka ʻohana Lakota, Chukchi, Nenets, Yakuts, ʻaʻole i make a make hou ka mea i pono ai no ka meaʻai a no ka lako o nā mea e pono ai, mālama lākou i ko lākou mau wahi hopu mai nā puʻupuʻu o nā ʻohana ʻē aʻe. Ua make loa nā India Lakota i kahi helu nui o ka puaʻa, aʻo ka ʻāpana holoʻokoʻa i hoʻohana ʻole ʻia me ke koena. ʻAʻole hiki i ka ʻepekema ʻenehana i kēia wā ke kaena nei, ka nui o nā mea huna. Loaʻa i Lakota i nā miliona o nā bison, akā, ʻaʻole lawe i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka mea e pono ai. Hoʻokomo paʻa Chukchi ma ka moku Chukotka i ke kānāwai - wale ka nui o ka ʻai. like me ka nui o nā kohola i make mau ai e hānai i nā mea a pau a hana i nā makana i nā glacier, ʻaʻole keu. . ^ E Ha yM.

Ma nā kaua ʻōiwi, mai ka maʻi a me ka pōloli, he nui loa ka heluna o nā poʻe holo mua ma mua inā ʻaʻole hiki i ka mea kūlohelohe i hānai i nā kānaka āpau. No ka millennia, ua ʻike mua nā hanauna o ka poʻe lawaiʻa i ka pono o ka lawaiʻa o ko lākou ʻāina - a hiki i ka hōʻea ʻana o nā poʻe noho keʻokeʻo me nā pu ahi, ʻaʻole i luku ʻia nā pipi o ka bipi.

Ke kīleʻaleʻa nei ka poʻe haole i ʻAmelika Huipū ʻia, me nā pū, nā mea ʻaniʻī kau mau tausani i nā leʻaleʻa no ka leʻaleʻa, a i ʻole e hoʻonāukiuki i ka kahua ʻai o nā kahu o India, me ka luku loa ʻia ʻana o nā miliona o nā puaʻa, nā piliona puaʻa o nā manu lele kolohe a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe no kekahi mau makahiki 50.

Hoʻololi Kūʻai Kūʻai

Aia i ka hopena o ka kenekulia 19 a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka makahiki 20, ua ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema i ke ʻano o ka glaciation, a me ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka fauna, make nā holoholona i hele a noho i nā holoholona hou i kā lākou mau niches. Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka manaʻo o ka pilina o ke aniau a me ke ʻano o nā manu a me nā flora.

Eia nō naʻe ka ʻōlelo hoʻopiʻi a he nui nā kuʻikahi a me nā mea hoʻomehana, akā i ka manawa like ʻaʻole nui ka lulu i ka lilo ʻole i hoʻoili ʻia a ma ka manawa like e hoʻokau pono ai i nā mea hou aku i nā holoholona me nā holoholona hou. ʻO ia i loko o ka manawa ma waena o 20 - 9 mau makahiki i hala aku nei i hala kekahi hana megafaunal nui, ua nui nā ʻano he nui o nā holoholona nui i hala, a hui pū ʻia kēia me ka hoʻoluhi o ka lehulehu o nā poʻe kanaka, e komo pū ana me ke ʻano o ke ʻano ʻano kanaka - ʻo Cro-Magnon, ka mea akamai. a me nā kanaka hou, a ua hiki iā ia ke hoʻonohonoho i kahi kahu no nā holoholona āna i makemake ai e loaʻa.

Ua nānā ʻia nā loiloi o nā ʻikepili i loko o ka Nui Lakes e hōʻike nei no kekahi mau tausani mau makahiki ma mua o ka nalowale ʻana i ka make, ua make nā mastodons a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā hua liʻiliʻi. ʻAʻole maikaʻi kēia i nā loli hoʻololi, ka poʻe i manaʻo ʻia e pōkole i ke ola, akā ua ʻano kūpono ia inā manaʻo mākou e hoʻemi ka poʻe nui i ka helu o nā mammoth ma hope o ka kenekulia a ua hoʻemi nā mea ola i ko lākou intraspecific hoʻokūkū, ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻowalewale i ka poʻe kīwī me nā hoa wahine no nā wahine a me nā hana ʻai. . ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā mea holomua ʻo Clovis i hoʻohenehene mua i nā kāne ʻōpio o kahi mastodon a me nā mammoth, kipaku ʻia mai ka ʻohana ʻohana a hiki i ka wā ʻōpiopio, e like hoʻi me ke ʻano o nā elepani (ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi a me ka palekana i ka hopu ʻana i nā holoholona hoʻokahi i ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pua). holoholona

Hoʻonui ke ʻano

ʻO kahi hopena e pili ana i ka hopena o ka glaciation e piʻi aʻe i ke ana. Ma waena o 15,000 a me 11,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, he piʻi nui o ka pae honua honua i ka manawa nui i loaʻa i ka 10-12 tikelika Celsius. Wahi a kēia kumuhana, ua hoʻohālikelike ka hoʻomehana nei i nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole i kēlā mau holoholona i hoʻoponopono i ke ola i ke anuanu, no ka loli ʻana i nā mea kanu, ka mea i ʻai ʻia e nā ʻano lāʻau megafauna. Ma muli o ke kanu ʻana o ka paukū hau, ua piʻi ka kiʻekiʻe o ka honua i ke anuanu mau mika, e kahe ana i nā wahi i kahakai. Hoʻonui ka hau a me ka hau ma ka hoʻoilo ma nā ʻāpana ʻākau, kahi i nalo ai i nā ʻōpala tundra a paʻakikī i nā koholā nui e loaʻa ai ka meaʻai mai lalo o ka hoʻoilo, nā ʻāpana kūlima o nā ʻāpana tundra i nui me ka coniferous taiga, a me nā ʻaoʻao hana i ka hema (prairies) i lilo i ke kauwela, ma muli o ke kauwela. ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka huli ʻana.

Wahi a DNA a me ka noiʻi archaeological, ua loaʻa ka hopena i ka pākēkē, i ka pau ʻana o kekahi mau holoholona a me nā mea kanu a me kā lākou mea hou me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. Ma ka manawa like, hiki i ke kanaka ke lawelawe i kahi mea e hoʻopili ai i nā mea kūlohelohe maoli, e kāʻili ana i kēlā mau kānaka nui o nā holoholona nui i hiki ke hoʻopau hou a hoʻopau loa, a laila e hoʻonui hou ʻia.

Nā Kūlike o nā lau: Kiʻi Kuhi

Ua hōʻike ʻia ua loli ka mea kanu mai ka wao nahele, i kahi hoʻokaʻawale maikaʻi - prairie a me ka nahele [ kumu kumu? ]. Mahalo paha kēia hoʻokaʻawale koʻikoʻi i nā ʻano holoholona a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokuʻi ka nui o nā holoholona. ʻO nā wā kanu liʻiliʻi i ulu ʻia nā hopena ʻē aʻe i nā mammals like ʻole. No laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā bison a me nā ruminants ma mua o nā lio a me nā elepani. I loko o nā bison a me nā mea like, he hiki ke hoʻowalewale i ka momona paʻakikī, paʻakikī i ka hoʻowalewale ʻana a me ka hiki ke kūpaʻa i nā toxins i nā mea kanu maikaʻi aʻe. ʻO ka hopena, ʻo kēlā mau holoholona i loiloi kūikawā i hoʻokahi ʻano meaʻai ua lilo ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka uhi o nā mea kanu. Ke laʻana, ka mea i ʻike ʻia e like me nā ʻano nui - ka panda nui - ʻai i kekahi mau ʻano o ka maiʻa, me ke kumu o ka ʻai mea kanu a me ka liʻiliʻi o nā meaʻai holoholona. Akā ka mea bana a me kāna mau pua e lilo i meaʻai nui no ka pandas, a i ka hopena i make ai ke kumu lāʻau, ʻo ka pandas i make i ka pololi. Ma ka manawa like, ʻo ka pipi he ʻōmole o ke kiʻekiʻe o ke olakino no kekahi mea kanu mea kanu, me ka wai momona, nā lau palupalu a me nā ʻōpala o nā lāʻau a me nā lāʻau ʻōpala a me nā mauʻu maloʻo, maloʻo ka waiwai.

Hoʻololi ka hopena

ʻO ke piʻi ʻana o ka makenika kaila i hoʻomaka ai i ka ua like ʻole i ka ua. Hoʻomaka a pololei kēia i nā flora - mauʻu a me nā lāʻau, no laila ua hāʻawi ka meaʻai. Loaʻa nā kuikele i ka ua ma nā manawa kūpono i ke kō a me ka ʻai. No nā holoholona nui, hiki ke loli ke loli ʻana o ke ʻano me nā mea maikaʻi ʻole. Ke noʻonoʻo nei ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wā kahiko a me ka wā ulu ma loko o nā holoholona like ʻole, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā holoholona liʻiliʻi i kahi kūlana maikaʻi loa - ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o nā manawa moe, ʻoi aku ka pōpoki a me ka wā hāpai, no laila ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o lākou e hana hou, me ka wikiwiki a hoihoi hou i ko lākou lehulehu. No laila, ʻo nā kūlana o ke ʻano o ka huli ʻana o ke ea, me ka piʻi ʻana o ka piʻi o ka poʻe hahai, nā ʻano nui o nā holoholona nui.

Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina kūlohelohe 2017 ma ʻEulopa, Siberia a me ʻAmelika ma waena o 25,000 a 10,000 mau makahiki i ka lōʻihi o ka mahana ʻana, ka mea i hoʻohāiʻe i nā māhiʻe a hoʻonui ʻia ka ua, ua hele wale nō ma mua o ka hoʻololi o ka lawena. Ma mua o kēia, ua hoʻokūʻē ʻia nā kīhāpai e pili ana i ka ua ʻana i nā māpala ma luna o nā ʻōpala, ʻo ia ka mea e hōʻoia ai i ka hoʻomau ʻana o nā ʻāina ulu. Ma muli o ka hoʻonui o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa a me nā pae CO₂ i ka lewa, ʻoi ke kiʻekiʻe o ka uhi hau i ka hoʻoilo ma nā wahi ʻākau, kahi i nalo ai i nā nalowale o nā papa o nā tundra, e paʻakikī ana i nā uʻi nunui (nā ʻami, nā hulu manu) e loaʻa ai ka meaʻai mai lalo o ka hau i ka nui.

I ka hoʻololi ʻia ʻana o ka palaki hoʻoheheʻe, ua nalowale ka ʻāina momona ma mua a lele mai ka megafauna. Eia nō naʻe, ua hiki i ke kūlana trans-equatorial o Africa i mālama i ka launa ʻana o ka ʻāina ma waena o nā wao a me nā ululāʻau kikowaena, a no laila aia ma ʻAr Africa ua ulu iki wale ʻia ka megafauna e ka neʻe ʻana i ka pona.

Nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa e kūʻē i ka Hoʻohālikelike o ka Hoʻomaka O Hoʻolālā

ʻO nā mea hoʻohiwahiwa o ke kumumanaʻo ke kiʻina kiʻekiʻe, e like me ke kumu o ka pau ʻole, e kuhikuhi i ka glaciation a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana ma hope, he kaʻina hana, a me ke kaʻina hana a puni ka honua ma nā haneli he mau haneli a he mau makahiki. I ka manawa like, nui nā holoholona nui i hoʻokuʻi maikaʻi ʻia i nā mīkini e hoʻomehana i nā whakamahana. No laila, ʻo ka hāpai ʻana i ke ana pono ʻaʻole lawa no ia mau hana nunui.
No laila, ola mau nā mommoths i ka mokupuni ʻo Wrangel a me Saint Paul Island (Alaska), 5000 mau makahiki ma hope o ka mahana ʻana, ma muli o ka lilo ʻole o nā kānaka ma kēia pae ʻāina. Ua ʻike ʻia he mau kānaka liʻiliʻi ia e ʻoi loa ana e hele a pau ma muli o nā loli. Akā ʻaʻole i kūpono i kēia me nā mammoth e pili ana i ke kua o ke kūpaʻa o ka wela.
ʻO ka mahana a me ka hoʻoneʻe o nā mākeke i mea hoʻopiʻi i ka noho ʻana o ka poʻe hunter i nā wahi i hiki ʻole i ke ala o ka ʻAlika 20,000 a 15,000 mau makahiki i hala.
Pono nā holoholona kūʻokoʻa, ma kahi ʻē aʻe, hoʻomaka e ulu.I ka nui, loaʻa ka nui o ka mau mea kanu. No nā mikmoths a me nā lio, nā paʻahana o nā hoʻoholo a pau i ʻole e lilo i ʻoluʻolu ma mua o nā ʻāina i hala.
ʻO nā ʻano like ʻole o nā mammoths, nā mastodons ʻAmelika, ka home, nā mea make, nā keʻa nui, nā armadillos nui - nā glyptodons i noho i nā ʻāpana climatic kūloko o ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻAmelika Hema (i nā tundra, anuʻu, nā ka nahele wela, ka nahele lāʻau), nā kānaka ma ka konohiki ʻAmelika 15 - 12 tausani mau makahiki. kua hope. Ma ka manawa like, ma kahi ākea nui loa e like me ka ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, nā ʻūhā, nā ululāʻau, nā ʻūhā nui, ʻo tundra ʻaʻole i nalowale i kēia manawa, ʻoiai nā loli āpau, a ke ola nei a hiki i kēia lā, a nalo nā megafauna.
Ua lilo ke lio Komohana i ʻAmelika Komohana 11,000 mau makahiki i hala, akā i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻia ʻana o nā lio i loko o ka nahele i ka makahiki 16 ma ke ʻano he European wild (mustangs), ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻomaka e make hou. Ma kēia mau mea, ʻike lākou e loaʻa i ka meaʻai i kēlā me kēia manawa o ka makahiki. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻohālike nā lio i kēlā mau mea kanu me nā mea hona; ʻaʻole e pale i ka makahiki gestational i ka lio e hoʻouluulu, ʻoiai ka manawa o ka maloʻo a me ka nui o ka mauʻu a me ka maikaʻi o nā mauʻu.
ʻO ka pinepine, hele mau nā manu nunui me ka ʻimi i ka ʻai, kahi i hōʻike ʻia ma loko o ʻAmelika mau wa e nā neʻe nui o nā antelope a me nā elepani. ʻAʻole i kū koke ka mahana a me ke ʻano o nā haneli, akā, ma luna o nā haneli a he mau makahiki, e ʻae ai i nā holoholona nui i ka neʻe i nā ʻāpana climatic kūpono. ʻO ke kūlana trans-equatorial o ka ʻāina ʻo ʻAmelika e ʻae ʻia i kēia hana, akā ma muli o ka hoʻonoho hou ʻana o nā kānaka ma ʻAmelika 15-12 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻaʻohe manawa a megafauna ʻo ʻAmelika e hoʻoponopono ai i ka honua super-predator hou, a ua make.
Ua loaʻa nā holoholona nui i nā momona momona, ʻo ia ka mea e kōkua iā lākou e ola ai i nā wā kahe, ka palaki a me nā manawa paʻakikī.
He haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o Alaska i kēia manawa. Hōʻike kēia i ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka megafauna e ke kanaka i alakaʻi ʻia i ka ʻāina ʻākau o ka pae ʻāina a me ka nui o ka nui o ka puhoi o ka hano māmoe e nā taiga, ʻaʻole ka loli. . ^ E Ha yM. E like me ka mōʻaukala o ka nānā ʻana i nā elepani i nā paka kūloko i ʻAmelika e hōʻike ana, ua hoʻopaʻa nui ʻia nā elepani a me nā puʻuwai hihiu i ka nui o nā pōkole e ka ʻai ʻana i nā pua.
Ma Australia, hoʻomaka ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka megafauna 50 - 45 tausani mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke ʻano i ka hopena o Pleistocene, akā ma hope o ka helehelena ʻana o nā poʻe ma laila.

ʻO ke kumuhana o nā maʻi, nā maʻiʻeha

Hoʻokumu i ka manaʻo o nā holoholona ma hope o nā holoholona home - nā kahu ʻīlio - nā mea lawe maʻi i nā maʻi koʻikoʻi. No nā mamalia i loaʻa ʻole i ka make ʻole o ia mau mea, ua maʻi ʻia kēlā maʻi. ʻO kahi ʻano like like ia i ka wā mōʻaukala - ma Hawaii, ua ʻānai ʻia nā lehulehu manu manu i nā maʻi i hoʻoiho ʻia e nā kānaka.

Akā no kahi pae like like i ka hala o nā holoholona he nui loa, me ka nui o nā holoholona, a me nā wahi nui, aneane ka nui o Eurasia, pono e hoʻopiha ka maʻi i nā mea he nui. ʻO ka mea mua, pono ia e pili mau i nā wahi kūlohelohe i kahi e hoʻomau ai ka maʻi, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻohe holoholona hou i loaʻa i nā wahi ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka lua, pono e hoʻopau pono ka maʻi maʻi - nā makahiki āpau a me nā nui, nā kāne a me nā wahine. ʻO ke kolu, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka make ma mua o 50 - 75 pakeneka. ʻO ka ʻehā, pono ke maʻi i ka maʻi o nā holoholona, ʻoiai ʻaʻole e make i ka poʻe.

Eia nō naʻe, ke manaʻo nei ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā maʻi me nā ʻīlio home, ua pau ka pau ʻana o nā mea ʻano ma Australia a me Oceania e hāʻule ʻole ma lalo o kēia wehewehe. Ua hele wale nā ʻīlio ma kēia mau wahi he 30,000 mau makahiki ma hope o ka emi ʻana o ka megafauna o Ausetalia a me Oceania.

Eia nō kekahi, nui nā holoholona hihiu o nā holoholona - nā ʻīlio, nā kāmelo, nā mammota, nā lio, ka neʻe pinepine, a neʻe akula i waena o nā konupua. No laila, 'o equine, ma' ano 'ohana, ua hele ma ʻAmelika Hema (e nānā' - Horse Evolution) a laila ua neʻe wale i loko o Beringia a Eurasia a me ʻApelika. [ ʻaʻole kahi kumu ]

Nā kuhewa e kūʻē i nā maʻi hōʻeha ma muli o ke kumu o ka hoʻopau ʻole

ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo kahi maʻi maʻi kūlohelohe nui loa e like me ke West Nile fever ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia i kahi hoʻomohala nui a hiki ke luku wale i nā kānaka o nā kaiāulu wale nō. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā populane ʻaʻole pili i nā maʻi, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā pale kūlohelohe, ʻaʻole i ka maʻi ʻia. ʻO ka lua, pono ke koho pono ʻia ka maʻi, infect paʻa i nā ʻano o ka megafauna, me ka ʻole o ka pili ʻana i nā mea ʻalaʻuku. Eia kekahi, pono kahi maʻi e loaʻa i kahi ākea ākea (he mau miliona mau kilomika mau kilomika) me nā climates, nā wai a me nā lako ʻai, a me nā hoʻopili ʻana i nā kaulahao meaʻai e like me nā holoholona like ʻole a me nā ʻano o nā meaʻai. I ka manawa like, pono e make ka maʻi manu i nā manu lele ʻole, a aneane ʻaʻole pili i nā mea lele. ʻO nā maʻi me nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole i ʻike ʻia i ka ʻepekema.

Scenario

Kuhi ka hopena hypothesis i nā hanana aʻe. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka poʻe e holo i waena o Beringia i ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, a ma ʻAmelika Hema, ua ʻimi mua lākou i ka luku ʻana i nā ʻenemi weliweli no lākou iho - nā poʻe wali kaiaulu nui. Ua hana ʻo ia i loko o ka hakakā no ka palekana a me nā ʻoki manu hou, ua komo ka poʻe i ka hakakā ma kēia ala no nā wahi i hiki ai ke kiʻi i nā ʻami manu. Ke noʻonoʻo nei ʻaʻole i hui me nā pōpoki nunui i nā moʻo nui a me nā hominids ma mua, ʻoiai, ʻaʻole lākou i maopopo i ka pōʻino a lākou e nānā nei ma ka liʻiliʻi, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā bison, nā holoholona.

I ka hopena, ua hoʻemi nui ʻia ka mau momi predatory i ka helu i ka manawa pōkole, a ua luku ʻia nā liona ʻAmelika a me nā smilodons. Ma muli o ke ʻano o ke ʻano kūoʻi - ʻo nā mammū hānai, i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi lako meaʻai nui a me ka ʻike ʻole ʻana o ka poʻe predator i ka nui kūpono, hoʻomaka e hoʻonui pinepine ʻole.

Ma hope o ka hōʻea ʻana o Homo Sapiens ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, ʻo nā mea e noho nei ka mea e pono e "kaʻana like" i nā kahua hopu holoholona me kahi mea hoʻokūkū hou. ʻO kahi mea hakakā
ʻO kahi mea i kauoha mua ʻia, ʻo Homo Sapiens, e hoʻomaka e luku i nā mea i kauoha mua i ka palapala.
ʻO ka hopena, ua pau pau ka hoʻokaʻina mua o ka loiloi mua, ke kau nei ka nui o nā biosystem i hoʻokumu ʻia i mau miliona mau makahiki ma mua o ka hiki ʻana mai o Hominids i ka Honua Hou.
I ka haʻalele ʻole o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana e ka poʻe kaukauʻi, ʻoi ka nui o ka nui o nā mea kanu lāʻau, a ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka meaʻai meaʻai. Ma hope o kēia, hoʻomaka ka pōloli no nā herbivores ma muli o kaohi ʻana o nā pā heʻa. Ma lalo o ka hoʻouka ʻana, nā mea e hilinaʻi nui ʻia ana i ka nui o nā mauhele sukima, e like me ka proboscis. Ma hope o ka make ʻana o nā holoholona, nā mea ola kūlohelohe ʻole i hoʻoponopono ʻia no ke ola ʻana ma kahi liʻiliʻi o nā mea ʻai.
Ma muli o ke kaomi o nā holoholona ma nā wahi hānai, ua hehi ʻia ka ʻōpala, e hoʻololi nei i ke ʻano o nā mea kanu. Ma hope o ka loli ʻana o ke ʻano, e lilo i ka ʻinininua ma lalo iho nei.

Send