Velociraptor (Lat. Velociraptor, mai Lat. Velox - wikiwiki a hoʻolimalima - hunter) - he ʻanoʻano o ka dinosaur bipedal predatory mai ka ʻohana dromaeosaurid. Nā mea i ʻike ʻia Velociraptor mongoliensis. ^ E Ha yM. Ua ola ʻo ia i ka hopena o ka Cretaceous manawa 83-70 miliona mau makahiki i hala.
Loaʻa kona mau koena i ka Repubalika o Mongolia a me Chinese Inner Mongolia. He mea liʻiliʻi kekahi mau hui ʻē aʻe o kāna ʻohana - deinonychus a achillobator - a loaʻa iā ia kahi mau o nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical progressive.
He hale ʻai liʻiliʻi ʻo Velociraptor, a hiki i ka 1,8 m ka lōʻihi, 60-70 cm ke kiʻekiʻe a kaupaona ʻia ma kahi o 20 kg. He ʻilikipiki koʻo a piʻi a lele i ke aniani a 25 cm mau loa.
Ke poʻo inoa | Kākau | Kāhea | Hoʻokomo ʻia | Kelolihi |
Velociraptor | ʻLelo ʻona | Nā Dinosaurs | Kawaihae | Nā kāmaʻa pili |
Ohana | Kūpono / lōʻihi | Ke kaumaha | Kona i noho ai | I kona noho ana |
ʻO nā Dromaeosaurids | 60-70 cm / 1,8 m | a hiki i 20 kg | Mongolia, Inner Mongolia (Kina) | Ka wā kau (83-70 miliona mau makahiki aku nei) |
E like me ka hapa nui ʻO nā huaʻehā, ʻEhā nā manamana lima o ka Velociraptor ma kona mau wāwae haki, kahi i lalo ʻole ai ua lima a ʻaʻole i hele ma ka hele ʻana, a (e like me nā theropods) kuʻi i nā manamana lima ʻekolu. ʻO Dromaeosaurids, e komo pū ana iā Velociraptor, ʻelua wale nō: ʻo ke kolu a me ka ʻehā.
I ka lua aia kahi pua nui o ka curl, he nui i 67 mm ka lōʻihi (ma ka ʻaoʻao o waho). Ua manaʻo ʻia ma mua ko lākou mea kaua nui no ka pepehi ʻana a me ka ʻeha ʻana i nā mea hōʻeha. Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻoia ʻia ma hope, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ka Velociraptor i kēia mau lehelehe e like me nā pelupelu (mai ka wā i puni ʻia ko lākou ʻaoʻao papala i loko, a ʻaʻole i ka palena ʻoi i ka ʻili o ka holoholona, akā ua ʻoki wale ʻia ʻo ia), ka mea pinepine paha, ua lawelawe lākou me nā loiloi a ka mea hoʻopuka. hoʻopipi ka mea i kāna ʻōpala, a laila e ʻoki ana i kāna trachea a i ʻole ka lāʻau cervical.
ʻO nā kahakaha o nā Velociraptor ʻekolu mau manamana lima. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo ka mea pōkole loa, a ʻo ka lua ka i lōʻihi.
ʻO ka wikiwiki o Velociraptor ka mea i hōʻemi ʻia e nā iwi ulu o ka vertebrae i ko lākou ʻaoʻao ma luna a me nā tendons ossified i lalo. Holo ʻia nā pūhaka o nā pū mai ka 4-10 vertebrae, ka mea i hāʻawi i ke kūleʻa i nā kakaka, ʻoiai inā ka holo ʻana o ka wikiwiki.
Ua loaʻa mua nā koena (ʻōpala a me nā manamana o nā limu ʻeha o ka Velociraptor i ka makahiki 1922 ma ka ʻāpana o Kauaʻi ʻo Gobi e kahi mea hoʻomake o ka US Museum of Natural History. Ma 1924, ka luna hoʻomalu o ka hale mōʻī, ʻo Henry Osborne, i ʻōlelo ʻia i kēia mau ʻike i loko o kahi ʻatikala kaulana a kapa ʻia ka holoholona i hōʻike ʻia ʻo Ovoraptor djadochtari, ma hope e hoʻololi i kona inoa iā Velociraptor mongoliensis.
ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻōpala
I ka makahiki 1971, ua loaʻa nā koena o kahi Velociraptor a me Protoceratops, ka mea i make i ka palū ʻia a ua kanu ʻia ma ke one. Ua ʻae lākou iā mākou e hana hou i nā ʻano nui o ka hoʻolālā hopu huluhulu Velociraptor. ʻO nā laka o kona mau wāwae haki i loaʻa ma ka ʻā o nā protoceratops e wehewehe paha e nānā ana ʻo Velociraptor i nā ʻōpū o ka puʻukū, nā veins a me ka trachea o ka mea ʻeha, a ʻaʻole i ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū me nā kuhi koʻikoʻi, e like me ka manaʻo ma mua.
Loaʻa i nā mea i loaʻa ʻo Velociraptor kekahi kanaka hoʻokahi, a ʻo ka mea hoʻi i ʻimi ʻia i loko o nā pā, ʻaʻole i hōʻoia. ʻO nā hoahānau pili o nā Velociraptors - Deinonychus - ua ʻimi nui ʻia aku i nā ʻeke, no ka mea, hōʻike pinepine ka ʻāʻulu o nā hui i kā lākou mau hui.
Hoʻopiʻi a me ka mahana
ʻO ka manaʻo o Velociraptor ma mua a ma hope o ka wehe ʻana o ka plumage
I ka hoʻopili ʻia o Dromaeosaurids me nā manu manu, ka mea i like me ka poʻe o nā lālā mua o kēia ʻohana me ka plumage holomua. ʻO nā dromaeosaurids awal mua, ʻo Microraptor a me Sinornithosaurus, ua loaʻa nā hiʻohiʻona avian ma mua o ko lākou mau hoahānauʻo Velociraptor, i noho i kahi mau miliona miliona ma hope aʻe. ʻAʻohe i loaʻa nā Velociraptors i nā manamana lima palupalu, ʻaʻole i ʻae iā mākou e hoʻoholo inā he plumage lākou.
Ma 2007, ua hōʻike kekahi mau paleontologists i ka ʻike i ka hoʻonaʻauao o Velociraptor (IGM 100/981) o nā puna kūmū ma ka iwi ulnar - nā wahi pili i nā hulu huluhulu, nā ʻano maʻamau o nā manu hou. Wahi a nā paleontologists, hōʻike kēia ʻike i ka plumage ua loaʻa i nā velociraptors.
ʻO ka pilina plumage a me ka evolutionary o nā velociraptors i nā manu i ʻelua mau hiʻohiʻona:
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona avian (a me ka plumage) i nānā ʻia i ka dromaeosaurids i hoʻoilina ʻia i kahi kūpuna maʻamau - kekahi o nā pūʻulu o ka coelurosaurs (kahi maʻamau i ʻae ʻia).
ʻO Dromaeosaurids, e komo pū ai me nā velociraptors, nā manu prima manuahi, a ʻo ka lua ʻelua e nalowale i ko lākou hiki ke lele (e like me kahi ostrich. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā paleontologists e hōʻole i kēia kiʻi. ʻO kāna mea kākoʻo kaulana ʻo ia ka American paleontologist ʻO Gregory Paul.
ʻO ka plumage o nā Velociraptors ke ʻano o kā lākou mahanahana. ʻAʻole hiki i nā holoholona hemo i ka ikaika ke hoʻomehana i ka thermal, pono lākou e kiʻi i ka wela mai ke kaiapuni, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o ka iwi o ka dromaeosaurids ma mua o nā manu a me nā mammals hou, e hōʻike ana i ka metabolism hoʻolohi.
Naohuea
Ua loaʻa ka kaulana o Velociraptor ma hope o ke kiʻi "Jurassic Park" (1993), i paʻi ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka pūpū o ka inoa like ma Michael Crichton (1990).
Ma nā hana ʻelua, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona nui o ka holoholona ma ka hana hou ʻana o kekahi dromaeosaurid, ka deinonychus, i wehewehe ʻia e Michael Crichton e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana Gregory Paul, kahi i kau ai ka deinonychus i loko o ka genus Velociraptors ma lalo o ka inoa ʻo V. antirrhopus.
Ma ka moʻolelo, hana ʻo Crichton i kahi mālama: "... Ua noʻonoʻo ʻo Deinonychus i kekahi o nā Velociraptors" (ʻaʻohe mea i hāʻawi ʻia i loko o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni). ʻO nā hana hoʻoweliweli ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me ka moʻolelo e lawe ana ma Montana, kahi i lawe ai ka deinonychus, a ʻaʻole ka Velociraptor.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona kamepiula i ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni he ʻelua iʻoi aku ka nui ma V. mongoliensis, a ua like like me ka nui o ka deinonychus. I kēia puke, ua wehewehe ʻia ka velociraptor me kahi mea nui e waki nei i ka hopu ʻana i nā pūʻulu koʻikoʻi, ʻoiai ʻo ka mea akamai loa a me ka dinosaur.
Hōʻike pū ʻia nā Velociraptors me nā hulu ʻole i kēia kiʻi.
ʻ oflelo aʻo
ʻO nā iwi (ʻewa a me nā ʻāpana o nā wāwae hind) o ka Velociraptor i loaʻa mua i ka makahiki 1922 ma ka ʻāpana o Kauaʻi ʻo Gobi e kahi mea hoʻomāʻike o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. I ka makahiki 1924, ʻo ka pelekikena o ka hale kākela, ʻo Henry Osborne, i ʻōlelo ʻia i kēia mau ʻike i loko o kahi ʻatikala kaulana a kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka holoholona i wehewehe ʻia e ia, "Ovoraptor djadochtari". Eia naʻe, ua hoʻololi hope ʻo ia i ka inoa ma Velociraptor mongoliensis a ua komo wale ia i loko o nā palapala ʻepekema.
Ma hope mai, ua hōʻole ʻia ka poʻe ʻAmelika e komo i nā wahi e noi ana a ua hoʻokolokolo ʻia nā Velociraptor e nā Sovietologists, Polani a me Mongalekologist. Ma waena o 1988 a 1990, loaʻa ka pūʻali koa Kina-Kanaka i ka iwi Velociraptor ma China Inner Mongolia. I ka makahiki 1990-1995, holo hou ko ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka ʻāina, e hana pū ana me nā poʻe ʻepekema mai ka Mongolian Academy of Science.
He ʻauhau
I ka wā ma mua, ʻo ke koena o ka genom dromaeosaurids (Deinonychus a Saurornitholestes) i kekahi manawa i hui pū me ka velociraptor ma kekahi ʻano Velociraptor, kahi i ʻO Deinonychus antirrhopus a Saurornitholestes langstoni i kahea ʻia V. antirrhopus a V. langstoni . ^ E Ha yM. I kēia manawa e lokomaikaʻi Velociraptor wale no V. mongoliensis a me V. osmolskae
ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻōpala
I ka makahiki 1971, ua loaʻa nā kalepa paikua o kahi Velociraptor a me nā Protoceratops, i make i ke kaua me kēlā a me ke kanu ʻia i ke one. Ua ʻae lākou iā mākou e hana hou i nā ʻano nui o ka hoʻolālā hopu huluhulu Velociraptor. Ke loaʻa nei i nā kīʻaha o kāna mau ʻūlū i ka ʻā o ka protoceratops e ʻae iā mākou e ʻae i ka neʻe ʻana o ka velociraptor i nā ʻehā ʻāʻī, nā veins a me ka trachea o ka mea kōkua me kā lākou kōkua, ʻaʻole i ka ʻōpū o kona ʻōpū a me nā mea ola nui i laila, e like me ka noʻonoʻo mua.
Loaʻa nā ʻike āpau o nā koena o nā Velociraptors he mea ʻokoʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻohe māliʻi paleontological pololei a lākou i ʻimi ai i loko o nā pā. Eia nō naʻe, aia nā ʻohana pili o nā Deinonychus Velociraptors e hoʻopiʻi pinepine aku i ka poʻe e kahakaha ana, no ka mea ua loaʻa nā pūʻulu ʻimi o kā lākou mau kanaka.
Hoʻopiʻi a me ka mahana
ʻO Dromaeosaurids e kokoke kokoke i nā manu, aʻo ka hapa nui o ka ʻohana no ka plumage i kūkulu ʻia. ʻO nā lālā mua o kēia ʻohana, e like me Nā Microraptor a ʻo Sinornithosaurus, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hiʻohiʻona o nā manu ma mua o ko lākou hanauna pili ʻo Velociraptor, i noho i mau haneli miliona mau makahiki ma hope aʻe. Aia nā ʻikepili nei, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻokomo i kahi hypyletic phylogenetic e pili ana i ka loaʻaʻana o ka plumage ma Velociraptor. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe pala o ka loea Velociraptor e hoʻopili i nā kiko palupalu o ke kino, no laila ke hiki ʻole ke hōʻoia i kēia hypothesis me nā hōʻike pololei. I ka makahiki 2007, hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau paleontologists i ka ʻike i ka ʻāpana o ka poʻokela o Velociraptor (IGM 100/981) i ka iwi ulnar, ua unuhi ʻia e pili ana i nā kihi o nā hulu manu. ʻO kēlā mau paʻu he ʻano maʻamau o nā manu manuahi, a hana i ka hana i hōʻike ʻia. Wahi a nā paleontologists, hiki i kēia loiloi ke hōʻoia iā mākou e hopena i ka plumage ka velociraptor.
ʻO ka hele ʻana aku o nā hulu ma ka Velociraptor a me kahi kokoke i nā manu e hiki ai i nā wehewehe hoʻohālike ʻelua.
- ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona avian maʻamau (me ka plumage) i ʻike ʻia i ka dromaeosaurids e hiki mai ke hoʻoilina mai kahi kūpuna maʻamau. Wahi a kēia kime, nā dromaeosaurids a me nā manu i hele mai i kekahi o nā pūʻulu o nā coelurosaurs. Ua ʻoluʻolu ʻia kēia wehewehe ʻana.
- ʻO nā Dromaeosaurids, me ka velociraptor, nā manu primitima kahi i nalowale i ka hiki ke lele. No laila, ʻo ka hiki ʻole ke lele i kahi Velociraptor i kekona, e like me kahi ostrich. ʻO kāna mea kākoʻo kaulana loa ʻo ka American paleontologist ʻO Gregory Paul.
ʻO ka heleʻana o kahi plumage ma ka velociraptor ma ke ʻano o ke aloha mahana. ʻAʻohe o nā holoholona koko-ʻole he mau mea hana no ka hoʻomohala wela, no ka mea pono hoʻi iā lākou ke loaʻa i ka wela mai ke kaiapuni. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka iwi o ka iwi o nā dromaeosaurids ma mua o nā manu manu a me nā mammals, e hōʻike ana i kahi emi o ka hana hoʻokūkū.
Velociraptor i loko o ka moʻomeheu hou
Ua loaʻa ka kaulana o Velociraptor ma hope o ke kiʻi Jurassic Park (1993), i kau ʻia ma ka moʻolelo e Michael Crichton (1990). Ma ʻaneʻi hoʻi naʻe, ke ʻano, ka nui o nā hiʻohiʻona o ka holoholona i ke kūkulu hou ʻana o kekahi dromaeosaurid - deinonychus. Ua wehewehe ʻia kēia kūlana ma ka hana a ua hoʻohana ʻo Michael Crichton i ka ʻauhau ʻo Gregory Paul, kahi i kau ai ka deinonychus i ka huaʻōlelo Velociraptors (V. antirrhopus) Ma ka moʻolelo, hana ʻo Crichton i kahi mālama: "... Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Deinonychus i kekahi o nā Velociraptors," ʻaʻole i loaʻa i kēia kiʻi he hoʻokele. ʻO nā hana hoʻoweliweli ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me ka moʻolelo e mālama ana i Nevada, kahi i lawe ai ka deinonychus, akā ʻaʻole ʻo ka Velociraptor, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hana o nā kamepiula mai ke kiʻi he ʻelua mau manawa ka nui V. mongoliensis a ua like like me ka nui me ka deinonychus.
ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana iā Velociraptor
ʻO ka reptile ʻo Lizard-pelvic i noho ma ka hopena o ka Cretaceous, ma kahi o 83-70 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ^ E Ha yM. Ua ʻike mua ʻia nā koena o ka dinosaur predatory i ka ʻāina o ke aupuni o Mongolia. Wahi a nā kānaka ʻepekema, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā velociraptors ma mua o nā ʻelele nui o nā subfamili. ʻOi aku ka nui ma mua o kēia mea nāna i ka nui o ka dakotaraptors, nā mea hana a me nā achillobators. Eia nō naʻe, ua loaʻa i nā velociraptors kekahi mau mea nui o ka anatomical progressive.
He ʻauhau
Ma mua ma ka lokomaikaʻi Velociraptor i kekahi manawa hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻano he genera i kēia manawa Deinonychus a Saurornitholestes. ^ E Ha yM. Kahihea ʻO Deinonychus antirrhopus a Saurornitholestes langstoni kāhea ʻia V. antirrhopus a V. langstoni. ^ E Ha yM. I kēia manawa i ka ʻohana Velociraptor wale no V. mongoliensis a V. osmolskae .
E huli ka mōʻaukala
Mongoliensis Velociraptor (AMNH 6515)
Loaʻa nā koena mua o kahi puʻupuʻu a me nā ʻuʻuku nui (hōʻike AMNH 6515) i ka lā 11 ʻAukake 1923, i ka wā o ka holo mua ʻana o Roy Chapman Andrews i ka ʻāina ʻo Gobi, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike oʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa o American. I 1924, ua wehewehe ʻo Henry Osborne i nā popo Velociraptor mongoliensis - "mea kūʻai wikiwiki." ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "raptor" mai i ka huaʻōlelo RAPTORIAL, e pili ana i nā mea hoʻopuka i loaʻa i nā paʻalaha maikaʻi e like me nā manu ʻōiwi hou, a me nā ʻuʻuku a me nā pule e noi ana.
I ka makahiki 1971, ua ʻike ʻia ka mokulele Polokia-Mongolia i nā kaulana kaulana o ka "hakakā dinosaurs" i wehewehe ʻia e Rinchen Barsbold ma 1972.
ʻO Velociraptor a me nā protoceratops
ʻO kēia kiʻi (GIN 100/25) ka hopu i ka kaua make o Velociraptor a me nā Protoceratops, ka hope loa o ko lākou ola. Hōʻike kēia ʻike i ka hōʻike pololei o ke ʻano o ka wanana o ka velociraptor. Aia ke kino o ka Velociraptor ma lalo, ʻo kona mau wāwae ʻokiʻoki me nā limu ʻala like ʻole i loaʻa i ka mahele o ka ʻōpū a me ka ʻāʻī, akā ʻo kona wili i uhi ʻia ma ka nuku protoceratops. Wahi a ka hele mua, aia nā holoholona ʻelua i make, akā naʻe, no ka mālama ʻana o nā holoholona i loko o ke kahe mauʻu dune kahiko, ʻo ia paha nā mea kanu ke kanu ʻia ʻana o nā holoholona ma ke one a i ka wā e pili ana i ka ʻāina. Ke kū koke nei ke kanu, e hoʻokolokolo ana i nā kūlana intravital o nā holoholona a wikiwiki loa hoʻi, e pili ana i ka mālama maikaʻi loa o nā ʻuʻuku. ʻOiai me kēia mau kaomi ʻana o kekahi o nā protoceratops i ʻike ʻia, i ʻike ʻia no ka hōʻike ʻana o ka ʻai ʻana e nā mea kīwaha. Manaʻo ʻia kēia kope i kolepa waiwai nui o Mongolia, ma 2000 ua hoʻolimalima ʻia ia i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa o New York no kahi hōʻikeʻike pōkole.
Mai ka 1970s a me ka 90s, ua loaʻa nā koena o ʻekolu mau mea i loaʻa e nā ʻenehana holoʻokoʻa i ka ʻāina ʻo Gobi. Ua hoʻi hou nā ʻepekema ʻAmelika i Mongolia i ka makahiki mua o 90s, i ka wā i hui pū ai ʻo Kauaʻi-ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, e alakaʻi ʻia e ka American Museum of Natural History a me ke Kulanui ʻo Kūlana ʻAmelika, ua lawe i ka mau mea huna maikaʻi i mālama ʻia. Mai 1991 a 2004 loaʻa lākou
Kōleʻa IGM 100/982
Loaʻa nā koena o ʻeono mau kānaka, me nā kaʻe o ka mālama i mālama ʻia o ka velociraptor (e hoʻohālike ana i ka IGM 100/982) i loaʻa i ka makahiki 1995. I ka makahiki 2008, ua ʻike ka hui o nā mea noiʻi o ka ʻimi noiʻi i kahi koʻi i mālama ʻia ma Inner Mongolia (Northern China). Hoʻohālike like ka manawa like me ka velociraptor, akā he mau ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe. I ka makahiki 2010, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia kiʻi i loko o kahi ʻano genus Linherapor (Linheraptor).
Puuku
I ka makahiki 2005, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Manning a me kāna mau hoa i kahi kope robotic e kūpono pono i ka anatomy of deinonychus a me Velociraptor, a hoʻohana i nā hipa hydraulic e hana ai ka robot i ka pūlū puaʻa. I loko o kēia mau hoʻokolokolo, pono nā clows e hana wale i nā puncture a i ʻole hiki ke ʻoki a ʻoki ʻia. Ua hōʻike aku nā mea kākau e hoʻopili hou ʻia nā puʻupuʻu i ka hopu ʻana ma mua o ka hoʻopuka ʻana i nā mea hōʻeha lethal.
Hōʻalo a hoʻoilo paha
Hōʻuluʻulu kelepona
Loaʻa nā koena o deinonychus, kahi dromaeosaurid pili i waena, ʻike pinepine ʻia i loko o nā hui i nā pūʻulu o nā limahana. Deinonychus ua ʻike ʻia ma kahi hui pū me nā pakanui nui e like me ke dontosaurus pōʻele (Tenontosaurus), ka mea e hāʻawi nei i nā hōʻike hōʻoia i ke aloha ʻana i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka hui pū, ʻoi ʻana i ka ʻohana deinonychus. ʻO ka hōʻike paʻa wale nō o ka hana kaiāulu o ka dromaeosaurids he kaulua o nā wāwae wāwae mai ka Cretaceous China a ua haʻi ʻia i ka makahiki 2007, nāna i mālama i nā wāwae o ʻeono kanaka pākeke e neʻe ana e ka hui, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia kahi hōʻike no ka hahai manuahi. ʻOiai no ka nui o nā fôlile Velociraptor i loaʻa ma Mongolia, ʻaʻohe o lākou he pili pili i nā koina kulā, hiki ke ho'ākāka ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻano pilikino a i ʻole me ka hopu manu.
I ka makahiki 2011, ua noi ʻo Denver Fowler me kāna mau hoa hana i kahi ala hou e hiki ai i nā dromaeosaurids, e like me ka Velociraptor a me nā dromaeosaurs like, hiki iā ia ke hopu a hoʻopaʻa i ka waiwai. Ma kēia ʻano hoʻohālike, ka inoa ʻo "RPR", hōʻike i ka dromaeosaurs i kā lākou pio i ka mea i like me nā mea i like me nā manu i ʻai ʻia: ka lele ʻana i kā lākou pio, kaomi ʻana me ka paona o kona kino a paʻa ka pihi me nā maʻi nui. ʻIke ʻo Fowler i nā wāwae a me nā wāwae o ka dromaeosaurs i ka like loa i nā wāwae o nā aeto a me nā ʻawena, keu no ka pili ʻana i ka huluhulu lua a me ka ʻae like ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana i ka neʻe. Hoʻohālikelike ka wānana kuʻina o RPR me nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o ke anatomy o ka velociraptor, e like me ko lākou ʻano morphology maʻamau o ka iwi a me ka lima. ʻO nā lima e hiki ke hoʻoikaika nui i ka ikaika ʻē paha i uhi ʻia me ka hulu lōʻihi a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā neʻe e mālama ai i ka kaulike i ka velociraptor ma ke poʻo o kāna mea ʻeha. ʻO nā ʻōpala, kahi a Fowler a me kāna mau hoa lawelawe i nāwaliwali loa, e pono no ka nui o nā pōpoki, e like me ka pahu o nā kaha hou, aia ka ʻalopona āpau, akā hiki ke loaʻa ka poʻokela i make i ka make ʻana o ke koko a me ka hanu ʻana ma hope o nā hōʻā ʻana. ʻO ka hiki ke ulu a me ka hui ʻana o kēia mau "loiloi predatory," e like me Fowler, hiki nō paha i ka nui ke ʻano o nā ʻēheu o ka lele a me ka ʻano o ka lele i nā mea ʻē aʻe.
I ka makahiki 2010, ua hoʻopuka ʻo Hon a me kāna mau hoa i ʻōlelo e pili ana i ka wehe ʻana o 2008. A laila, ua loaʻa nā niho niho Velociraptor i nā ʻāʻā o nā protoceratops. Hōʻike nā mea kākau e ʻike nei kēia ʻike i ka pau o ka make ʻana o kahi kino make e kekahi Velociraptor, inā ʻaʻole e ʻai ka mea kuhi i kekahi mau wahi o ka ceratops i pepehi ʻia ma mua o ka lawe ʻia ʻana i loko o ka māhina. Ma 2012, paʻi ʻo Hon a me nā hoa hana i kahi ʻatikala e wehewehe ana i kahi ʻano o Velociraptor me ka iwi azhdarchide ma ka ʻāpana o ka ʻōpū. Ua wehe ʻia nā mea i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻano hoʻohālike o ke ʻano o ka neʻe o ka velociraptor. I ka 2001, ua paʻi ʻo Ralph Molnar i kahi wehewehe o ka ʻiwi. Velociraptor mongoliensis, kahi o nā laina ʻelua o nā puncture liʻiliʻi, e pili ana i ka mamao ma waena o nā niho o kekahi Velociraptor hou. Wahi a ka ʻepekema, hiki ke hōʻeha ʻia kēia manuahi e kekahi velociraptor hou i ke kaua, ʻoiai, ʻo ka hōʻike ʻana o ka iwi ʻōiwi i kekahi mau mea e hoʻōla ai ma kahi kokoke i ka hōʻeha, ʻo ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia e hiki ke hōʻeha. ʻO kahi hana hou iā Velociraptor, i loaʻa me nā iwi azhdarchide ma ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, i hoʻoneʻe ʻia a i loaʻa hou paha i kahi hōʻeha iwi.
Paleoecology
ʻO nā ʻike āpau o ka ʻike Velociraptor mongoliensis ua loaʻa i loko o ka Dzhadokhta hoʻokumu o ka'āina ʻo Umnegovi ma ke kakala ʻo Baruun Goyot hana ʻoiai (ʻoiai ua loaʻa kēia mau ʻike i kekahi moʻomeheu kokoke). Ua manaʻo ʻia aia kēia mau ʻōlala ʻana i ka mana o ka papa o ka Late Cretaceous, ma waena o 83 a me 70 miliona mau makahiki i hala.
Ua loaʻa i kahi ʻano ʻenehana i ka Burning Cliffs area (i kapa ʻia ʻo Bayanzag), aʻo "hakakā dinosaurs" i loaʻa ma ka wahi ʻo Tugrig (i ʻike ʻia ʻo Tugrugin Shiri). Ma nā kūlanakauhale kaulana o Baruun Goyot ma Hulsan a me Herman-Tsav, loaʻa kekahi mau koena i pili paha iā Velociraptor a i ʻole kahi ʻohana pili kokoke iā ia. ʻO nā ʻili a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka velociraptor juvenile i loaʻa i ka suʻu Bayan-Mandakh, aia ma kahi o ke kauā Bayan-Mandakhu ma Inner Mongolia o Kina. Ua kipa ʻia kekahi ʻuʻihi ʻōpiopio ʻōpiopio mai ka hanana ʻo Bayan-Mandahu ma kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa Velociraptor osmolskae.
E hakakā ana i nā Protoceratops a me Velociraptor mai Raoul Martin
ʻO nā pūnaewele fossil āpau kahi i mālama ai ka Velociraptor i mālama i ke kaʻo ʻana o ke kaʻe o ke one, ʻoiai ʻoiai ʻo ka mea ʻōpio o Baruun Goyot e lūlihi iki aku ka limu ma mua o ka Jadokhta kahiko. ʻO ka Jadokhta Formation ua puni ʻia e nā protoceratops a me nā ankylosaurs e like me Nā protoceratops andrewsi a Pinacosaurus grangerioiai ka poe e ae e noho ana ma Bayan Mandahu Protoceratops hellenikorhinus a Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kēia ʻano ʻokoʻa i ka ʻano ʻano like me kekahi ʻano kūlohelohe e hoʻokaʻawale ai i nā ʻano ʻelua i kahi kokoke i ke ʻano kekahi. Eia nō naʻe, inā i ʻike ʻole ʻia kekahi pāpaʻa i ʻike ʻia e hiki ai i nā hōʻuluʻulu manuahi i ʻike ʻia i loko o kēia mau wahi, ʻo ka mea ʻē aʻe paha ke hōʻike nei i ka ʻokoʻa.
ʻO nā dinosaurs e noho ana ma ia ʻāina like i hōʻike ʻia e trodontida Saurornithoides mongoliensisoviraptor ʻOviraptor philoceratops a me ka dromaeosaurid Mahakala omnogovae. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā ʻano Kina e hōʻike ʻia e ka ceratopsid Magnirostris dodsonia me ka oviraptorides Machairasaurus leptonychus a me dromeosaurus Nā linheraptor kūʻokoʻa.
Kāleka
Me nā hapa āpau ʻē aʻe, ua loaʻa nā kuʻekuʻe ʻē aʻe i nā manamana lima ʻehā ma ko lākou mau pāpale hind. Hoʻokahi ʻia kekahi o kēia mau manamana lima a ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia e ka mea predator i ke ʻano o ka hele ʻana, no laila ua kāʻī nā lizards i ʻekolu mau manamana lima nui wale. ʻO Dromaeosaurids, e komo pū ai i nā velociraptors, hoʻohana pinepine i nā manamana kolu a me ka ʻehā. Ma ka lua o ka manamana lima he kālai lima a he nui loa, he ulu i ka lōʻihi o 65-67 mm (e like me ke ana o ka kaʻe o waho). Ma mua, ua manaʻo ʻia kahi kīʻaha ʻano nui loa ia o ka raptor predatory, hoʻohana ʻia e ia me ka manaʻo o ka pepehi ʻana a me ka hoʻomāeʻa ʻana i ka hopu.
ʻO ka manawa koke, ua loaʻa ka hōʻoia hoʻokolohua e ka ʻaoʻao i hoʻohana ʻole ʻia ai nā kiki e Velociraptor me he ʻōwapa lā, i wehewehe ʻia e ka hele ʻana o kahi ʻano kuhi ʻano nui ma ka ʻaoʻao lihi o loko. I waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole hiki i ka puʻupuʻu mākoki ke hōʻili i ka ʻili o ka holoholona, akā hiki wale ke kāʻe. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻo ia nā kīʻaha e like me ke ʻano o ka laka me ka mea kīlohelohe i hiki ai ke hoʻopili ʻia a hopu a hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Hiki iā ia ke kiko i ke kūpaʻa i hiki ke hoʻopiʻi ʻia i ke kuʻi cervical a i ʻole ka trachea.
ʻO ka mea pono e make ai ka mea i make i ka pūnaehana o nā velociraptors, ʻo ia paha, ʻo ia ka ʻōpala, i lako pū me nā niho he nui. ʻO ka lōʻihi o nā pahu no ka velociraptor ka lōʻihi ma mua o kahi hapaha mita. ʻĀwihi ka ʻōmaʻomaʻi o ka predator i luna a piʻi i luna. Aia ma nā lehelehe haʻahaʻa a me luna, ua loaʻa iā 26-28 mau niho, ʻike ʻia e nā kihi ʻokiʻoki ʻana. Loaʻa nā niho i nā niho a me ka curvature hoʻi hope, e hōʻoia ai i ka paʻa pono a me ka wikiwiki o ka mea i hopu ʻia.
He hoihoi! Wahi a kekahi mau paleontologists, ʻo ka nānā i ka Velociraptor specimen o nā wahi e hoʻoponopono ai i nā hulu lua o ke kino, ʻano hiʻohiʻona o nā manu ʻānō, ʻo ia paha ka hōʻike ʻana o ka plumage o kahi mākaukau predatory.
Mai kahi hiʻohiʻona biomechanical, ʻo ka iwi haʻahaʻa o nā velociraptors ka mea i like me ka poʻe iʻa o ka puna loea Komodo maʻamau, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale i kahi mau ʻāpana mai nā wahi nui. Hoʻokumu ʻia i nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical o nā ʻūhā, a hiki i kēia manawa hou, ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka dinosaur predatory e like me ka mea he lawaiʻa no ka mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e like ʻole paha i kēia lā.
ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka congenital maikaʻi loa o ka huelo o ka velociraptor i hōʻemi ʻia e ka neʻe ʻana mai o nā iwi puka i waho o nā vertebrae a me nā tendons ossified. ʻO ia ka iwi i puka ai i ka ulu ʻana o ka holoholona i nā moena, ka mea nui ia i ka holo ʻana o ka wikiwiki nui.
Nā kikowaena Velociraptor
He mau hale ʻai liʻiliʻi nā Velociraptors a hiki i ka 1.7-1.8 m ka lōʻihi a ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 60-70 cm, ke kaupaona nei ma loko o 22 kg. ^ E Ha yM. ʻOiai naʻe mau ʻano hoʻonaninani maikaʻi ʻole, akā ua akaka ka ʻano o ka hoʻonaninani o ke ʻano o ka dinosaur predatory a i hōʻoia ʻia e nā mea he nui. ʻO ka ʻākuhi o nā velociraptors, no nā dinosaur, he ʻolua nui loa ka nui, ka mea e hōʻike ana ʻo kēlā predator kekahi o nā ʻelele akamai loa o ka lauloc Velociraptorin subfamily a me ka ʻohana Dromaeosauridae.
ʻO ke ola, ke ʻano
ʻO nā mea noiʻi ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, e noiʻi ana i nā koina dinosaur i loaʻa i nā manawa like ʻole, manaʻoʻiʻo ua ʻimi pinepine ʻia nā velociraptors hoʻokahi, a liʻiliʻi pinepine ko lākou hui pū ʻia i nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻolālā ka mea nāna e wīwī i ka mea pio nona iho, a laila i ka ʻenekela kōpela i hoʻolaki i ka mea i lawe ʻia. Inā hoʻāʻo ka mea ʻalopona e pakele a peʻe paha ma kahi e malu ai, ua nui ka theropod iā ia me ka ʻaʻohe pilikia.
I kekahi hoʻāʻo, hoʻomalu ka poʻe i hōʻino iā lākou iho, ka mea hoʻonaninani predatory, ʻoi aku ka makemake o ka haʻalele ʻana, no ka hopohopo ʻia e ke poʻo a i ʻole ka ʻoi. I ka manawa like, hiki i nā velociraptors ke noho i ke kūlana luna i kapa ʻia. I ka manawa ua hāʻawi ʻia ka mea kuhihewa i ka manawa kūpono, hoʻopā hou ʻo ia i kāna mea ʻupena, kū ikaika a me ka lele koke i ka mea pio me kona kino holoʻokoʻa. Ua hiki i ka hiki ʻana i ka pahuhopu, hoʻāʻo ʻo Velociraptor e hoʻopili i nā ʻūlau a me nā niho i ka ʻāʻī.
He hoihoi! I loko o nā haʻawina kikoʻī, hiki i nā kānakaʻepekema ke loaʻa i kēia mau waiwai aʻe: ʻo ka wikiwiki o ka holo wikiwiki o ka pākelē Velociraptor (Velociraptor) i hiki i 40 km / h.
Ma ke ʻano he lula, ua hōʻeha ʻia nā hōʻeha a ka mea nāna e hōʻino ʻia, ka hoʻopiʻi ʻia ʻana e nā pilikia koʻikoʻi i nā kahe nui a me ka trachea o ka holoholona, ka mea i hiki ʻole ai i ka make o ka mea ʻai. Ma hope o kēlā, ua haehae nā velociraptors me nā niho ʻili a me nā ʻili, a laila ʻai i kā lākou mea i ʻole. Ma ke kaʻina o ia kīʻaha, kū ke kanaka predator ma kekahi wāwae, akā ua hiki ke mālama i ka kaulike. Ke hoʻoholo nei i ka wikiwiki a me ke ʻano o ka neʻe ʻana o ka dinosaurs, ke aʻo ʻana i ko lākou mau anatomical hiʻohiʻona, a me nā wāwae o nā kuʻuna, e kōkua mua i nā mea āpau.
Hōʻike ʻike
Ua hala mau Velociraptors i mau miliona mau makahiki i hala, ma ka hope o ka Cretaceous, akā i kēia manawa ua kūpaʻa kekahi mau ʻano o nā ʻano manuahi:
- ʻano ʻano (Velociraptor mongoliensis),
- kāua o Velociraptor osmolskae.
ʻO ka wehewehe pono ʻana o ka ʻano pili o Henry Osborne, nāna i hāʻawi i nā hiʻohiʻona o kahi mea nāna i ʻike hou i ka makahiki 1924, i ka noiʻi ʻana i ka kikoʻī o ka Velociraptor i loaʻa iā ʻAukake 1923. Loaʻa ka ʻaha o kēia dinosaur i kēia ʻano ma ka ʻāpana o ka wao Gobi Mongolian e Peter Kaisen.. ^ E Ha yM. He mea nui ia e nānā i ke ʻano o nā kaila, i ʻike ʻia i nā ʻāpana o nā kuʻuna o nā kānaka kahiko, no laila ke ʻike nei i nā koena o kekahi mau ʻanoʻano o ka dinosaurs, me ka velociraptors, he mea weliweli loa a ʻaʻole i hoʻolālā ʻia.
He hoihoi! ʻO nā koena i hōʻike ʻia e ke ʻīwili a me nā kīwaha o nā limu pale o nā Velociraptors i ʻike mua ʻia i ka 1922 wale nō, a i loko o ka makahiki 1988-1990. Ua hōʻiliʻili hoʻi nā kānaka ʻepekema o Sino-Kanaka i nā iwi līlī, akā ua hana ʻia nā hana o nā paleontologists mai Mongolia a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻelima wale nō makahiki ma hope o ka loaʻa.
ʻO ka lua o nā loiloi predatory ka mea i hōʻike ʻia i loko o nā kikoʻī he mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i ka waena o ka makahiki 2008. Loaʻa i nā ʻano hiʻona o Velociraptor osmolskae hiki wale nō i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā noi ʻana o nā fossils, me ka ʻāpana cranial o kahi pākani pākeke, mined ma ka ʻaoʻao Kina o ka ʻāina ʻo Gobi i 1999. No nā makahiki he ʻumi paha, ʻikea ʻole kahi ʻuʻuku e ʻike hūnā i ka lepo ma luna o kahi pā, no laila he mea nui ka noiʻi ʻana i hana ʻia me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ʻenehana hou.
ʻO Habitat, noho
Nā poʻomanaʻo o ka ʻohana Velociraptor, ka ʻohana Dromaeosauridae, ka papa inoa Theoroda, ka papaʻa Lizardotachous a me ka mokulele Dinosaur he mau miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei i nā ʻāina i kālai ʻia e ka waonaʻo Gobi modern (Mongolia a me Kina kahiki).
Velociraptor Diet
Nā ʻai liʻiliʻi i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia i kahi ʻano kūpono i kahi dinosaur predatory. Eia naʻe, ʻike nā kānaka noiʻi Irish mai University College Dublin i nā iwi o ka pterosaur, he reptile manu lele ia. Ua loaʻa pololei nā pōkole i loko o nā koena i loaʻa i ka ʻōpū o ke andropod liʻiliʻi e noho nei i nā panalāʻau o ka wao nahele G modern.
Wahi a nā kānaka ʻepekema haole, ʻo kēia ʻike ʻike i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā velociraptors āpau i ka nalu i hiki ke lilo i mea lawehala, hiki ke hoʻolilo ʻia i nā iwi nui. ʻAʻohe o nā iwi i loaʻa i ka ʻeha o ka hoʻowalewale mai ka ʻōpū, no laila ua ʻōlelo nā poʻe loea ʻaʻole i ola ka nui o ka raptor carnivorous ma hope o kona lilo ʻana. Manaʻo pū kekahi ʻepekema ʻoi paha i hiki i nā Velociraptors liʻiliʻi ke noho mālie a ʻaihue koke i nā hua mai nā nests a pepehi paha i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi.
He hoihoi! He lōʻihi a lōʻihi ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā Velociraptors, no laila ua hoʻomohala koke ʻia ka dinosaur i ka wikiwiki a hiki i ka mea pio.
ʻO ka pinepine, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea i hōʻili ʻia e ka Velociraptor nui, akā hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻoulu ʻana a me ka hiki ke ʻimi i pōpoki, ʻo ia ʻenemi o ka līlī a pau loa ka luku ʻana a ʻai ʻia. I waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia e mālama ʻia ana nā carnivorous carnivorous i nā protoceratops. I ka makahiki 1971, ʻike nā paleontologists e hana ana i ka Desiana Gobi i nā ʻūlau o nā ʻaina o nā kīkīwī - he velociraptor a me nā ʻōmole protoceratops makua, kahi i kāwili ʻia me kekahi.
Pahu a keiki
Wahi a kekahi mau lono, ua hoʻonui ʻia nā velociraptors i ka wā o ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana i nā hua, ma ia mea, ma ka hopena o ka ʻai lāʻau, hānau ʻia kahi pēpē.
E hoihoi pu ia no hoi:
Aia ka manaʻo o kēia hypothesis hiki ke hū ʻia i ka manaʻo o ka hiki ʻana o ka pilina ma waena o nā manu a me kekahi mau dinosaur, aia ka velociraptor.
Nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe
No Velociraptors nā ʻohana dromaeosaurids, no laila ke loaʻa iā lākou ka papa holoʻokoʻa o nā ʻano maʻamau o kēia ʻohana.. ^ E Ha yM. I ka pili ʻana me nā ʻike like ʻole, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i kēlā poʻe ʻenemi nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe kūikawā wale aku, a ʻo nā mea hou nui a nui loa ka nui o nā dinosaur karnivorous e hōʻeha i ka pōʻino loa.