Nā Lunamakaʻāinana o nā rhinos (lat ʻOolelika), nā lālā o ka ʻohana lamellar, he nui, he helu nui (ʻo Iapana, Kakeke, ʻAlani, ʻAmelika, ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, palika, ʻuʻuku elephant a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). ʻO ka ʻohana holoʻokoʻa ma mua o hoʻokahi tausani ʻekolu mau ʻano like ʻole.
ʻO kahi ʻano hiʻohiʻona o ka pīpī rhinoceros ʻo ia ka huʻuki chitinous ikaika, e hāʻawi ana i ka inika me nā pale hilinaʻi a ke kū nei ma ke poʻo (e like me nā pūliki maʻamau) me kahi pūliki ikaika e piʻi aʻe i luna a kūlou i hope.
Pihoihoi ka poʻe haole ma muli o ka ʻano o ke ʻano aerodynamic o ko lākou mau kino, ʻaʻole ʻōloe manuahi manu lele i lele ma ke kumu, akā, ke kū'ē ʻole i kēia ʻōlelo, ʻaʻole ia he lele maikaʻi loa, akā, no ka pau ʻole i nā kānāwai āpau o ka hoʻokolika, hiki iā ia ke uhi i ka lōʻihi o kanalima (!) mau mile.
Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi pūʻulu o nā kānaka ʻepekema i kēia hanana, no ka hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua kūikawā, ua kākau ʻikepili i hiki i nā kolo manuahi manu ke lele mai Farani a ʻEnelani, a laila e hoʻohuli nei i ka English Channel, he kanakolukumamāhā mau laulā ma ka laina pololei.
ʻO Carl Friedrich Weizsacker, (ke poʻo o ka keʻena physics ma ka Max Planck Institute) i hoʻokahi manawa e kamaʻilio nei i ka ʻaha kūkā ʻepekema, ʻōlelo aku ʻo kekahi e ʻike i ka hana maoli a me ke kumu o ka lele ʻana o ka pīpī manuʻāhi e hoʻomaopopo ʻo ia i ke kumumanaʻo e lele ana i kahi poma lele lele.
ʻO kekahi ʻano maikaʻi ʻē aʻe i loaʻa i ka pīpī rhinoceros i kona hiki ke hana i kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe uila, hana ʻia ma muli o nā brushes mai nā bristles liʻiliʻi e loaʻa ana ma nā papa chitinous o ke kino. ʻO ka elytra o ka iniseti, e like me ka mea i huli ʻia, aia nā waiwai o kahi semiconductor (a hana ma ke kumu kumu o kahi capacitor, hōʻiliʻili i ka uku o ka uila), no laila, i ka haki me kahi paʻa (no ka mea, he kanaka), hiki i ka mea hope ke manaʻo i kahi haʻalulu uila.
No ka mea mua, ua ʻike ʻia kēia waiwai o ka pīpī e ka biochemist Kelemania Richard Kuhn, nāna i kāhea ka rhino i kēia manawa ʻo "antigravity." Loaʻa i ka pū i ka pūlima manuahi ka waiwai e hōʻike i ke kūkaʻi kūʻokoʻa (ma lalo o ka mana o ka radiation ultraviolet), ke hōʻike nei i ka hana e like me ke kumu o ke semiconductor.
ʻOiai ke ʻano maikaʻi ʻole o ka lālani, he pepeke maikaʻi ʻole ia a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopōʻino i ka poʻe, no ka mea, ʻaʻole hiki i ka pīpī ke pahu a poko paha.
Ma Iapana, he nui nā mea hoʻohana i kēia mau pōpoki me nā holoholona. Hiki ke kūʻai ʻia nā pūpū pepeke ma kahi hale kūʻai holoholona no ke kumu o ka male ʻana. Ke ulu nei i kahi holoholona ponoʻī iā ia iho, nānā ana i nā pae āpau (mōhina) o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka inalē a hoʻoponopono i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻōpiopio i ka pīpī makua.
ʻApelemakule makua (imago)
Kui Hulu Pake nei (lat ʻO Ryctes nasicornis) He pepeke nunui e hōʻea i ka awelika o ʻehā kenimita ka lōʻihi. Aia kekahi mau kāne o ka kāne, e loaʻa ana i ke kanaha kumamākolu o ke aniani, aʻo ka wahine ʻokoʻa liʻiliʻi a ʻo ka lōʻihi i ka lōʻihi mai ka iwakāluakūmālima a i kanakolukumamālima kūmole.
He mea maʻalahi loa ia ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka wahine mai ke kāne, no ka mea, ʻaʻole nui ka nui o kāna puʻe a like hoʻi me kahi ulu liʻiliʻi i ke ʻano o kahi puna.
ʻO ke kino o ke rhino he ʻano convex a me kahi ʻano māla. Hoʻololi ka ʻili kino kino mai ka burgundy mālamalama a i ke kala melemele i ke kala a hilinaʻi ʻia i ke kaiapuni a ke ola o ka iniseti. ʻOi aku ka laka o ka pūhaka o nā ʻekeʻā a he kālepa melemele. ʻAʻole ia he mea i kaulana ka nui o ka pīpī, nā kapaʻeleʻele a nui aʻe ka saturated kona kala.
He mau kānaka ikaika maoli nā ʻōlika makua, no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke hāpai i ka ukana ʻewalu haneli (!) Ma mua o ke kau ʻana, ʻoi aku ko lākou momona ponoʻī. Inā paha, inā hiki i kahi kanaka ke loaʻa i kēlā mana mana, e hiki iā ia ke neʻe i kahi ukana ma ke kaupaona ʻehiku (!) ʻOna.
ʻAʻole he kumu maikaʻi no ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o ka manaʻo o nā pepe a ʻō lipi, no ka mea, ʻaʻole hoʻohana nā pepeke i kēia mea kaua i ʻike ʻole ʻia, a i ʻole he laka, a i ʻole he pale mai. Pihi ʻana mai nā ʻenemi, hoʻohana ʻo ka rhino i ka hoʻopunipuni like ʻole: inā pili ka pōʻino, hiki koke ʻo ia i ke make, hoʻomākeʻakaʻi i kāna mau wāwae a hoʻopaʻa i kona mau ʻili, ma hope o ka hiolo ʻana i ka lepo, kahi e hui pū ai me nā lau, nā lālā a me nā ʻōpala ʻē aʻe.
ʻOiai ka pālahalaha pālahalaha ʻana a me ka kaulana, ke ʻano o ke ʻano o nā pīpī rhinoceros, ʻaʻole maopopo loa kāna ʻano hana a me ke ʻano o ke ola ʻana a he nui nā wahi "keʻokeʻo".
A ʻike ʻia ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mau lāheʻu i nā nūnū ʻāwā nui (mau lāʻau ʻoka, kanu ʻia me nā wēwē uwē a me nā ʻūhā Birch).
Nui nā nīnau no ka poʻe ʻōmaka e pili ana i ka mea ʻai hānai manu, no ka mea, he ulu hoʻomohala ka nui o nā ʻokiʻoki o ka niho a loaʻa ka manaʻo e like me ka stag beetle, hānai i ka ʻu o nā mea kanu (oaks, birches, willows, bark). Ua hōʻoia ʻia kēia ʻepekema e ka uhi ʻia o nā ʻōpala haʻahaʻa i uhi ʻia i nā bristles lōʻihi lōʻihi e haku ai i ke kino i mea e hiki ai i ka pepeke ke hoʻopau i ka wai kanu.
Akā, manaʻo kekahi wahi o nā ʻepekema ʻaʻole i hānai pono ʻia ka rhino, me ka loaʻa o ka nui o nā mālama a ʻoiai i ka wā larval. Hōʻike ka ʻona ʻana o nā ʻomaʻo i nā mea āpau o nā ʻāpana o ka digestive o ka rhino e atrophied, a hoʻohana ʻole ʻo ia e hoʻohana iā lākou e hōʻoia i kona hypothesis.
Puhi nā ʻōpiopio liʻiliʻi ma ka lā ʻo ʻApelila-Mei (ma muli o ke ʻano kūlohelohe a me nā kūlana kūlohelohe) a alakaʻi i kahi nohona nocturnal. I loko o ka lā, peʻe ka pīpī ma lalo o ka lepo, i loko o ka pūpau, i ka puʻu lāʻau a i lalo paha o kahi papa o nā pala o ka lāʻau, no laila ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kuʻina e hoʻomaka i nā makahiki ikaika a me ka hoʻomoe ʻana, ʻo ka mea nā pepeke he pepeke heterosexual a hana hou i ka moena.
E lele nui nā manu i nā ahiahi kauwela wela a hiki iā lākou ke lele i nā kumu wai hoʻonaninani.
Hoʻokomo ka wahine i nā hua i lohi ʻia ma luna o nā ʻōpala i nāhelehele, ma ka hehi lāʻau ʻōpala, i loko o ka manure a me nā puʻu.
Ma hope o ka oviposition, make ka wahine, no laila, ʻo ka manawa ikaika o nā pepeke makua heʻewalu mau a ʻekolu paha mau malama.
Ma hope o kanakolu kanakolu lā, e kū mai ana kahi larle beetle mai ka hua, e hānai ana i ka substrate. He loko melemele ke waiho pādona, he ʻāpana ākea ākea i ke ʻano o ka leka "C" me ke poʻo keʻokeʻo nui. Hoʻopili ʻia ke kino holoʻokoʻa o ka pauʻu i nā setae liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.
Ulu ka larva i ka ʻewalu a iiwa kenimika ka lōʻihi. He mea kapu nui ia, no ka mea e hōʻino ai ʻo ia i ke aʻa o nā mea kanu. Ma Iukala, ua ʻike ʻia ka pīpī kolo i nā mākeke o nā hua waina, i nā aʻa o nā pua, i ka pakanui o nā hua apiki.
Aia i ke ʻano o ke anuanu a me nā kūlana o ka wā, hiki i ka lōʻihi o ka manawa o ka noho mau ʻana o ka pīpī rhinoceros i ke kiʻi o kahi larva hiki i ʻekolu a ʻehā mau makahiki, ma hope o ka mea i lilo i pupa.
Ke hala nei ʻelua i ʻehā mau pule, a ma muli o ka metamorphosis, ua haʻalele ka ʻōpioʻelemakule i ka pupa, ma muli o ke kuʻina ʻana o ka hānai ʻana i nā pepeke.
No ka mea ʻaʻole e hoʻokau ka pīpī i ka pōʻino nui i nā mea kanu i kanu ʻia, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka rhino i nā mea make weliweli a maikaʻi ʻole, a no laila, ʻaʻohe ala kūikawā a me ke ʻano e pale aku ai.
Aia hoʻokahi ʻōhumu e pili ana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o kēia mau ʻano maikaʻi. ʻO ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo mai ka 1943, ʻo nā hana koʻikoʻi loa o ka entomologist e aʻo nei i nā kika manuahi i hāʻule i loko o nā hōʻike ākea. Kuhi ʻia kēia mau hana ma ka mea "huna" a footnote "no ka hoʻohana manawaleʻa ʻana" a mai ia manawa ʻaʻole i hoʻolaha ʻia ma nā wahi āpau.
I kēia manawa, ua emi nui ka nui o nā pīpī. ʻO ke kumu o ka hanana ʻana i ka hana waiwai o ke kanaka e ʻoki i nā kumulāʻau i nā māla rhino, a i ke kūlana kūlohelohe, a me nā ʻano e like me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke ʻano, ua pili i ka pōʻino o nā huaʻili.
ʻAno ʻano
Mahele like ʻole nā beetles e pili ana i ka nui o ke kino a me ka waihoʻoluʻu - mai kahi ʻeleʻele, ka ʻano o nā mea nui, no ka māmā, ke ʻano o nā mea liʻiliʻi. ʻOi aku ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo nui loa i ka pū i ulu ʻia ma ke poʻo o nā kāne, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pronotum, ʻoi aku ka ulu ʻana o ka posterior tubercle a me nā niho i ka pronotum, i nā wahine nui loa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka fossa ma ka palapa. He ʻokoʻa nā kāne liʻiliʻi, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā nāwaliwali nāwaliwali o nā hiʻohiʻona o ke kino, a ma kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona e hoʻokokoke nei iā lākou i nā wahine, ʻo ia hoʻi, me ke ʻano o ka pronotum, ʻaʻole i hoʻonui ʻia me ka puncture.
Oryctes nasicornis latipennis
Kelino Transcaucasian (Oryctes nasicornis latipennis) Distribution - Ciscaucasia, Caucasus, Northeast Turkey, Northeast Iran. Ma Dagestan i nā mauna haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a keu i ke kuahiwi. ʻO ke kino lōʻihi a 39 mm. ʻOkoʻa nā mea kū i ka subspecies nominative e nā mea liʻiliʻi. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka poʻo o ka wahine i mua, ʻo ia ka pūlū o ke poʻo kāne ma ka maka mua i waenakonu me kahi alaka, ʻoi aku ka māhuahua o ka pihi ma hope o ka nui o ka posterior pronotum. ʻO ka fossa hope o ka pronotum o ke kāne ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi ʻia, uhi ʻia me ka nui o ka ʻoi a me nā maka ʻili. ʻO ke koena a me ka waihoʻoluʻu e like nō me nā mea o nā subspecies maʻamau.
ʻO Ryctes nasicornis grypus
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma ke kūkulu hema ʻo Tyrol, southern Switzerland, Italia, Sicily, southern France, Spain, Portugal, Algeria, Tunisia. ʻO ka lōʻihi kino 25-40 mm. Hoʻokaʻewaewa ʻia nā ʻōnaehana maka ma mua, ʻaʻole kika ka ʻaoʻao o waho. Kipi ka poʻo, i ke kāne me ka kū i hope, mālie i loko o ka piko o ka pu. ʻO ka ʻāʻī convex liʻiliʻi loa ka poʻo o ka wahine; ʻo ka pūnao o ka wahine ka like me ka subspecies nominative. He wahala ka hāleʻa ʻana o nā kāne, ʻo nā wahi liʻiliʻi, nāu poʻomanaʻo. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao mua o ka kiʻekiʻe o ka posterotum kāne he 3 convex, he puhuni ka pehu e pili ana i ka lālani a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā wīwīwīwīwīwāwāwāwāwāwāwāwāwā, nā laulā o nā pilope waena, kokoke nā kihi waena, nā kihi mua o ka puna umauma he laina pololei, pololei hoʻi. I ka wahine, ʻo nā lehelehe o ka fossa ma ka palaki he maule, a me nā pōpoki pālahalaha, a pōkole iki nā pōpoki posterior, me nā kī liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i waena o ka waena. ʻO Scutellum kahi'ē aʻe i ka hoʻopunipuni, me nā kihi lahilahi. Elytra maikaʻi, i nā wahi ākea a me nā pāpaku, ʻoi aku ka nui o kahi kokoke i ka suture a ma ka piko, a me kahi puʻupuʻu hohonu, e pili ana i nā wahi ākea, me nā wahi e hoʻopili ai. Ka helu ʻia nō kekahi mau ʻano maʻamau ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka huina subspecies.
- ab. hoʻomau (Tunisia)
- ab. siculus - ʻokoʻa i ka kikoʻī i ka kikoʻī o ka hana hoʻāla ma waho o ke kāne. Ālila.
- ab. laevigalus - nā niho ma ka ʻaoʻao mua o ka eminence ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka pronotum i ke kāne i kaawale i nā notches hohonu, i ka wahine, nui ka fossa i ka pronotum. Tyrol, Italia ʻĀina.
Kālā
Hōʻike nui ka ʻike. ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika Hema, Asia Hema. Ciscaucasia, Caucasus, Northeast Turkey, Northeast Iran. Hāpai ka ʻano kūlohelohe o nā ʻano i ka ʻina o ka nahele a me ka alahele o ka ʻāina ʻo ʻEulopa; ua kaulana ʻia ke ʻano ma ka ʻaoʻao hema-komohana o Siberia. Hiki i ka manuahi ke hoʻomohala i nā wahi o ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o ka launa ʻole ʻole ʻia - nā ʻōpala o ka manure ʻala ʻia, ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana, i piha i nā lau, i loko o nā hale momona - ua ʻae nā ʻano i ka ulu ʻana i nā ʻākau o ka māhele nui o ka laulā maoli.
Hoʻaiho
E makemake nui ia i nā wahi nāhelehele o ka nahele ulu, nā awāwa, nā kahawai wai. Lele akula ʻo ia i nā kanu kanu lāʻau o ka pā anuʻu, a me nā wahi maikaʻi ʻole o nā ʻāpana pālahalaha a me nā wahi semi-efitra, kahi āna i noho ai i nā ululāʻau o nā uka a me nā awāhi wai kahe nui. He mea maʻamau ia ma ka nahelehele-ʻanuʻu, ka anuʻu, i ka Crimea a me Ciscaucasia, he mea panihini i ka ʻākau o ka māhele ʻEulopa o ka pae a me Siberia.
Nā hiʻohiʻona biology
Aia i ka wahi o ka nohona, ka loli ʻana o ka manawa o nā pīkoi - mai ka wai i ke wa waena o ke kauwela, i kekahi manawa a hiki i ka hoʻomaka o ka ʻāʻī. I loko o ka ʻanuʻu steppe o ka laulā, i Crimea, ka lele ʻana o nā pīpī mai ka hopena o Mei, ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Iune a hiki i ka makahiki 2-Iulai i ka hopena o Iulai. Ma ka mokuaina-steppe zone a me ka hapa ʻEulopa mai 2-3 mau makahiki o Iune a hiki i 2-3 mau makahiki o Iulai, a me kekahi papa helu ʻana i ka helu i ka hoʻomaka o Iulai. I loko o ʻEulopa zone mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Iulai a hiki i ka hopena o ʻAukake.
I ke ahiahi, hele ʻole nā pōpoki, mai lele, huna ma ka ʻona, ma nā kuamoʻo o nā kumulāʻau. Hoʻomaka ka holo ʻana ma ke kakahiaka a kū i ka pō holoʻokoʻa. Holo pinepine nā manu i nā kumu mālamalama mālamalama.
ʻAʻohe ʻike pololei e pili ana i ka ʻai ʻana o nā pōpoki. Wahi a kekahi mau hōʻike, ʻaʻole i ʻai ka pīpī i nā mea āpau (aphagia), e like me nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe - hiki iā lākou ke ʻai i ka meaʻai wai a i ʻole ka lāʻau lāʻau.
ʻAno hānau
Hoʻokomo ʻo ka wahine i nā hua manu ma nā ʻōpala, nā kumulāʻau i pohō, nā ʻōpala a nā lāʻau a nā ʻōpala (birch, oak, willow a me nā mea ʻano ʻē aʻe), me ka manure ʻōpala, nā māla lau, nā ʻōpala o nā pōā a me ka wahie. Eia, ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻōpala i hānai i nā waiwai kīnā ʻole o ka mea kanu. Ke waiho nei ka larva i ka hua ma ke kauwela a me nā puaʻa.
Larva
Aia ke koikoi i ka ʻohana i ka lōʻihi a hiki i 8-9 cm ma ka hopena o kā lākou hoʻomohala ʻana. kāhea wale. ʻEleʻele ke poʻo-ʻulaʻula, ʻōwili. Ua uhi ʻia ʻo Tumia me nā lauoho lehulehu. ʻO nā māhaka ma luna he nui, triangular, me nā peli pōkole a me nā niho 2. ʻO Antennae ka lōʻihi, ʻo kā lākou 2 ʻĀpana lōʻihi, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o ka 2, akā ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o ka lā 3. He nui nā breathers, ʻo ia ka mea nui, ʻo ka mea nui ka mea ʻokoʻa o kēlā me kēia i ka nui. ʻO ka piko o ka māhele anal ua kaulua like ʻia, ʻo ka anus ka hiʻohiʻona o kahi kahaki transverse. Aia kekahi kikoʻī aʻe ma ke kua o ka anal dependite. Uhiʻi ʻia ka anal dependant i nā lauoho liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā lauoho ʻuʻupuʻu, a ʻoi aku ka lulu o ka lauoho, a aia hoʻi ma kona ʻaoʻao o ke kaila nui, he spist-like bristles. Pono nā wāwae. ʻEwiki lima, paʻa pololei. Loaʻa ka papa maʻa ma kahi he 3-4 mau makahiki.