Loaʻa Arctic Nui - ka mea nui ma ka ʻāina ʻaʻole wale i Rusia, akā a ma loko o Eurasia. ʻEhiku mau pūnaewele ma ʻaneʻi: Dikson-Sibiryakovsky, "Nā Mokupuni o ke Kai Kara", Pyasinsky, "Middendorf Bay", "Nordenskjöld Archipelago", "Taimyr lalo" a me "Polar Desert". ʻO ka papa hope loa, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo Peninsula Chelyuskin, he nui ka nui o ka wao o ka ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma ka honua. Hōʻalo ʻo Snow ma ka hopena o ʻAukake, a maloʻo wale mau i ka hopena o Iune. Ma Cape Chelyuskin, e kau ana ka uhi o ka hau ma kahi o 300 mau lā o ka makahiki. ʻO nā wahi kaulana o ke kikowaena nā kiʻi o Medusa a me Efremov. Aia kona wahi nui i noho ʻia e ka ʻĀpuna Arctic, a ma ke kūkulu ʻākau - nā wao Arctic, akā pena ke kino i nā mea āpau a puni wale me ka peʻe keʻokeʻo. I ke kauwela, hoʻohuli nā algae a me nā lichens i nā tundra, a huli ʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula, ʻōmaʻomaʻo a ʻeleʻele.
ʻĀpana pale
ʻO ke kumulepule o ke keʻena he nui ia i nā mauna, akā, aia no hoʻi nā wahi mahele - nā ʻalā, nāhelehele i ka lehelehe o nā kaʻe loko kahiko. Kahi ʻia ka hapa nui o ka neone e nā ʻōpala mauna kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻe me nā pālahalaha haʻalulu.
ʻO ka Big Arctic Reserve ka ʻehiku mau pūnaewele helu: ka pūnaewele, ka pūnaewele ʻo ke kai ʻo Kara, ka pūnaewele Pyasinsky, ka Middendorff Bay, ka hale ʻāina o Nordensköld, ka pūnaewele lalo o Taimyr, ka penikala Chelyuskin, ka ʻāina kūlohelohe o Severozemelsky, a me nā Mokupuni ʻo Brekhov.
Ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ka kēkē e alakaʻi i ka mea i loaʻa i kahi pōʻai ʻino Arctic me nā hanana o ka lā polar a me ka pō polū. No nā ʻāpana nui o ke kumu kūʻai i nā kahelehe o ka tundra Arctic, a ʻo nā ʻāpana ʻākau loa i ka wahi o nā wao Arctic. Holo nui ʻo Permafrost (permafrost) ma ka waihona. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, e like me nā waiwai wela o ka ea, ʻo ka Taimyr Peninsula, ma ke kāʻei o ke kahua kahi i waiho ai, ʻo ia kekahi o nā wahi anu loa i ka hemolele o ka ʻākau. I ka hema, ʻo ka awelika pae makahiki kūwelelele he 10,5 tikelika, a ma ke kahakai komohana - 14.1 mau degere.
Hoʻopili pinepine ka hau i ka tundra i ka hopena o ʻAukake - i ka hoʻomaka mua o Kepakemapa, akā ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka uhi hau hau ma ka waena - i ka hopena o Kepakemapa. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine ka hau meli ma ka hopena o Iune - i ka hoʻomaka o Iulai.
Nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu
Ma nā wahi i waiho ai, hōʻike kuʻuna i nā ʻano o nā mea kanu i ke kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ke ʻano nui o nā mea kanu tundra he mosses a me nā lichens e kūpaʻa i nā kūlana paʻakikī o ka Arctic. Puhi lākou i ka tundra i loko o nā kala like, mai ʻeleʻele. I ka ʻākau, ua ʻoi aku ka mana o nā lichens ma luna o nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe ʻole i hiki ʻole ke hele i ka lae o kā lākou hoʻomohala ʻana i ka wā kauwela pōkole ʻaʻole ia pua pua i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Ua huki ka mea kanu, ulu nā lālā a luna ma ka ʻōpala, a ulu nui nā ʻōnaʻu i ka ʻaoʻao nui. ʻO ka wao nahele Arctic he mea maʻamau ʻole o nā mea kanu: ʻaʻohe ʻano pua, nā lichens a me nā mosses i hoʻokumu ʻole i kahi uhi mau. Kahi ka ʻaoʻao o nā mea kanu i helu ʻia ma kahi hapa wale nō.
ʻO ka haki o ka lewa o ka ʻĀkau Arctic e pili pū ana i ka fauna o ka wahi, no laila ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha no ka waiwai nui ʻana o ka holoholona hihiu o nā holoholona, akā nui nā helu o kāna mau inoa i kākau ʻia ma ka International Red Book, the Red Book of Russia and the Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Hoʻopili ʻia nā holoholona āpau e ka pili o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ola i nā kūlana polar.
ʻO ka fauna o nā manu o ka Great Arctic Reserve e loaʻa ana i nā ʻano nui o 124, nona ka 55 mau mea e hilinaʻi nei ma luna o kona wahi. Ua hālāwai ke koena i ka hele ʻana a me ka uwē ʻana; no 41 mau ʻano, ʻike ʻia nā mālala. ʻO ka mea noho o ka tundra ka pua ʻula a me ka ʻāpana tundra, ʻaʻole ia e haʻalele i ka puʻupuʻu Taimyr i ka hoʻoilo. ʻO nā manu e like me ka Siberian eider, keʻokeʻo a me nā aniani a i ʻūhā i kēlā me kēia makahiki a puni ʻole ma mua o nā palena o ka pā polar. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pūnāwai, mau tausani kau o nā kaea ʻulaʻula keʻokeʻo, ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, a me nā ʻāpana like ʻole i kūkulu ʻia i ke Arctic. Loaʻa i ke kumuwaiwai nā ʻano lāʻau heʻe.
Noho ka fauna o ka mammals i piha i 16 mau ʻano. I waena o lākou ʻo ka reindeer, wolf, arctic fox, ermine, walrus, musk ox, polar bear. Ua ʻike nā poʻe ola loea i ka pāpā ʻana i nā bea polike hopu i alakaʻi nui i kāna helu. Loaʻa nā ʻānia hoʻokahi a me nā bea me nā ʻīlio ma nā wahi hale a me nā kahua polar.
ʻO ka ichthyofauna o ka papa ʻāina i 29 mau iʻa. ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou nā ʻohana o ka salmon a me nā keʻokeʻo. ʻO nā mea maʻamau maʻamau o nā wai wai o ka papa nui he arctic char, omul, muksun a kūʻai aku, Siberian hina. ʻO nā wahi wai o ke kai ka hōʻike ʻia ʻana e ka saiga, slingshot a-iʻa, a me ka polar. Ua loaʻa iā Siberian firmgeon, sterlet, nelma a me nā pike kahi i ka ʻāina o kā Brekhov Islands wildlife.
Kahi hana maoli e kū nei i ke anuanu Arctic
Ua ʻike ʻia e ka poʻe ʻike o ka ʻāina - Expedition o ka Lūkini Kūkākūkā Lūkini, i ka makahiki 1843 ma ke kahakai o ka moana Artctic. ʻO ke poʻokela o kēia huakaʻi, ʻo Alexander Middendorf i haʻi mua i ka honua holoʻokoʻa e pili ana i kēia wahi, a ʻo ia hoʻi e lilo i ke Great Arctic Reserve. No ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻike ʻia kekahi poʻe e pili ana i nā ʻāpana nui o nā ʻāina, a hiki i ka hana ʻia e kahi kauoha aupuni i ka makahiki 1993 ʻo Big Arctic Reserve. Nui ka nui o ka ʻāina mokulele a hiki i kou hiki ʻana ma laila, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike ma kahi hoʻokahi mau wahi kūlohelohe - wao nahele-tundra, tundra a me ka wao Arctic.
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka wao nahele ʻo Arctic ma kahi kokoke i Cape Chelyuskin a ma nā mokupuni mamao. ʻO ka waona i uhi ʻia i ka ʻeleʻele i luna. I hoʻokahi makahiki, ʻaʻole iʻoi aʻe ma mua o ʻelua mau pule, i ka manawa e hiki ai ke mahana ma luna o zero. Ma nā Mokupuni o ke Kai Kara a me nā kapakai, e hoʻomaopopo ʻoe i ke ʻano o ka Aruna Tundra. Nui nā loko a me nā muliwai, ʻoiai ke akina nā mahina, i ka malama o Kepakemapa i hoʻokaʻawale lākou a hiki i ke kau waena o Iune.
ʻOiai ka paʻakikī o ke aniani a me ke kauwela pōkole, ʻike ʻoe i nā lāʻau ʻulaʻala a me nā ʻano. Nā lime poppy Lemon, hina, hina - beige mau lālā o ka polū lau, ke puhi ʻana - nā ʻenekani melemele. Ua kipa aku ʻoe i ka ʻaoʻao hema o Taimyr, me ʻoe e hālāwai ai i nā kamaʻāina o ka nahele-tundra: spruce, larch, grass is greenwood. He waiwai nui ka waiwai mālama i nā hoa hulu honi. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā lā mua o ka pūnāwai, ua māhele ʻia nā mele o nā manu ma nā wahi āpau a leʻaleʻa i ka pepeiao. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā manu he kenekulia ma ka Puke ʻaha. ʻO ka manu ākea ka mea pīpī ka circumpolar.
Ke kamaʻilio ʻana i nā mammals, ma ke kaena ʻike ʻike ʻoe i ka reindeer hanohano, musk ox, lemmings pēpē. ʻO ka unicorn kai, belugas, narwhals, nā kaihe a me nā walruses e noho ana i loko o ke kai. ʻO ka mea noho nui o ka hale kūʻai he bea polū nui. ʻAʻole hāmole ka holoholona i makaʻu ʻole i ka ua anu, hiki ke ʻike pinepine ia i ka hopu ʻana i nā iʻa a i ka hoʻomaha paha ma ka hau hau.
ʻO ka Ecotourism ma kahi mālama i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. ʻAʻole pono ʻoe e lilo i ke akamai i mea e hoʻāʻo ai i ka lole ʻaʻakai, kiʻi i ka hohonu o ke kai, komo pū i ka lawaiʻa a hele paha. Hoʻolālā pū ʻia nā holikaʻi mākahele i ka mālama, me ke komo ʻana o nā mea loea i ʻike ʻia, ʻike ʻia nā ala i nā palena o nā Nenets, kahi e ʻike ai i ko lākou ola a me nā hana, a ʻoiaʻiʻo, ke kamaʻāina me ka flora a me ka manuʻa o kekahi wahi kupaianaha. E kipa i ka mālama a waiho i ke ʻano kūlohelohe o nā Arctic!
Icebergs o ka Nui Arctic Reserve
Nā Icebergs - nā ʻāpana o nā hau hau e kolo ana i loko o ke kai a me nā kaʻe ua manaʻo maikaʻi ʻia he ʻano mana maoli maoli ia o ke ʻano o ke ʻano nui o Arctic Reserve. I ka 90% o kā lākou nui ma lalo o ka wai. No ke aha mai? Ua ʻike mua ʻia kēia ʻanuʻu e ka ʻenekema Rūkia ʻo Mikhail Lomonosov. Ua hōʻike ʻo ia ka 920 kg / m² ka nui o ka hau, a ʻo ka wai kai he 1025 kg / m². Aia nā icebergs, nona kona mau makahiki he ʻoi aku ma mua o 1000 mau makahiki (he mau hiʻohiʻona kaila uliuli ʻulaʻula). ʻO ka lōʻihi o nā manawa, e loli kekahi ʻano o kēia mau kānaka nunui i ka ʻai, e hoʻohana ana i nā papa hou aku o nā ʻano leʻoniʻoni hou. I loko o nā wai o ke kaiʻo Arctic, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka iceberg ʻaʻole iʻoi aku i ka 25 m, ʻo ka lōʻihi o 500 m. Ua manaʻo ʻia he awelika o 26,000 ka nui o ka iceberg e hemo wale ana mai ka paukū hau Artctic i hoʻokahi wale nō makahiki.
ʻO nā wahi i loko o ka nui Arctic Reserve ʻO nā wahi kūlohelohe nui o ka ʻāina Arctic ma ka nui o nā Arctic tundra a me nā wahi Arctic.
ʻike ākea
- ʻAno inoa piha: Big Arctic National Nature Reserve.
- IUCN Kākau: la (mālama kūlohelohe ʻano ikaika).
- Hoʻokumu ʻia: Mei 11, 1993
- Kahele: Ka ʻāina Krasnoyarsk, Kaʻina ʻo Taimyr.
- Apana: 4 169 222 ha.
- ʻAmelika: mauna.
- Kūʻai-ʻolua: arctic.
- Paena pūnaewele: http://www.bigarctic.ru/.
- E-leka: [email protected].
ʻO ka mōʻaukala o ka hoʻokumu ʻana
ʻO kēia manawa, ke hopohopo nui nei ke kanaka i nā pilikia o ka nalo ʻana i ka hau a me ka loli o ke aniau ma ke North Pole. Eia kekahi, nui nā hana e hana nei i ka hana kūlohelohe hiki ke hoʻomaopopo wale ʻia e ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ʻĀkau. ʻO ke Arctic kekahi o nā kumu nui o ka Honua ʻaʻole wale kahi mea noiʻi koʻikoʻi. ʻO nā moʻomeheu biology, flora a me nā manu ola, nā ʻāpana kūʻokoʻa o ka North North - pono pono e pale ʻia kēia mau mea a pau.
ʻO ka manaʻo no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi mālama Arctic i hānau ʻia ma ʻaneʻi, ma waena o ka hau a me ka hau, ʻaʻole aia ma loko o nā keʻena o nā aupuni mokuʻāina. I ka makahiki 1989, ua hoʻonohonoho nui ʻia kahi neʻe nui Lūkini-Kelemania ma ka ʻAmika ʻAmelika, ma muli o ke ʻano he kauka lapaʻau ʻepekema, ʻōlima Evgeny Evgenievich Syroechkovsky a me kāna mau hoa hana i ka manaʻo no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi papa nui ma Arctic. ʻOi aku ma mua o 10 mau makahiki o ka hana hoʻomākaukau nui.
I ka hopena, ua puka mai ke Aupuni o ka Lūkini Lūkini i ka lā Mei 11, 1993 No. 431 "Ma ka hana ʻana i ka nui o nā mea moʻokalaka ʻo ʻAmelika Nui." Ua puka mai nā hopena ākea o nā haʻawina mua a hōʻike i kahi ʻaoʻao o ka 1. He puke nui loa kēia! Eia mākou e hoʻolālā nei e hoʻolaha i kahi monograph ma ka Great Arctic Reserve. kona ʻano hui pū kekahi ʻelua mau kahu ʻāina: Severozemelsky a me nā mokupuni ʻo Brekhov.
Ke ola honua
I loko o nā pua o ka Pae Arctic Nui, ua loaʻa ka 162 mau ʻano o nā mea kanu vascular kiʻekiʻe, 89 - mosses, 15 - nā fungi a me 70 - lichens.
Polar poppy, ka mea e makemake i nā pōhaku lepo, pua a kokoke i ka wā i pau ai ka uhi ʻana o ka hau.
Ma waena o nā kumulāʻau, nā mea maʻamau e kuʻi ka polar willow (Salixpolaris). ʻO ka lōʻihi kiʻekiʻe o kona mau lālā he 3-5 cm. Ma ke ʻĀkau, ua hana ʻia ka ʻohi mai nā lau o kēia mea kanu.
Ma waena o nā lichens, ka nahele a me ka dead cladonia (Cladina arbuscula a me C. rangiferina), ʻo cicaria Islandia (Cetraria Islandica) e ʻike pinepine. He ʻōlelo hoihoi ko Coriscium green (Coriscium viride). Manaʻo paha ʻoe e ulu nā pua maoli i nā tundra arctic? Ae, ua! I loko o lākou he glosial novosversion, a i ʻole nā arctic rose (Novosieversia glacialis), ke kai moanaeria (Armeria maritima), nā huaila poppy (Papaverpulvinatum) a me ka popa arctic (Papaver radicatum). Nā pua o ke Akau - he hana maoli maoli nō! I ka Arctic, nui o lākou, ʻo ka popar poppy, ke mākaukau nei no ka pua ʻana mai ka hāʻule ʻana. Hoʻopau nā pua pua ma lalo o ka uhi uhi maloʻo ma laila e hilinaʻi iā lākou mai nā pōpilikia nui.
Honua holoholona
ʻO ka Great Arctic Reserve kahi home no 18 mau mea lapaʻau, 14 o lākou ka holoholona moana, 124 mau manu o nā manu, 55 mau ʻanuʻu i loko o kahi mālama, a me 29 mau ʻano iʻa.
Nā wili polar (Ursus maritimus) - kahi hōʻailona o ke aupuni o ka hoʻoilo mau loa. I kēia mau lā, lilo kēia mau holoholona nunui a ikaika i mea makaʻu ʻole. Ua helu ʻia lākou ma ka Red Book o Rūsia. ʻO ka mahalo, ma lalo o ka hulu keʻokeʻo o nā holoholona i hūnā i ka ʻeleʻele, aneane ʻiliʻele. Akā ʻo ko lākou huhua a me kā lākou ʻōlelo wale nō e hāʻawi i ko lākou huna.
Hōʻalo nā lauoho polar i loko. Ke mālama ʻia nei i nā Zoos, i ke anuanu wela, hiki i nā ʻūhaka ke huli i ʻō keokeo, a ʻalala wale nō. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ka microscopic algae noho i loko o ka hulu hollow. Ua mālama maikaʻi ʻo ke ʻano i nā meaola, e pale iā lākou mai ka manu ʻole: ua uhi ʻia nā wāwae o ka polar i ka hulu, no laila ʻaʻole anuanu i loko o ka hau.
Polar bumblebee pollinates ka nui o nā mea kanu o ka Nui Arctic Reserve
He nunui ka ʻāhā Siberian a me ka ungulate lemmings (Lemmus sibiricus a me Dicrostonyx torquatus). He mau liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi kēia o ka ʻohana vole, ʻo ia ka mea nui o ka poʻe predator e like me ka ʻalopeke uliuli (Alopex lagopus).
Ma ka ʻāpana o ke kaena, Lapland plantain (Kalena lapponicus), dunlin (Calidris alpina), kahe ʻulaʻula keʻokeʻo (Anser albifrons), Sandpiper moana (Calidris maritime), keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo (Pagophila eburnea) a me nā ʻano manu ʻē aʻe i loaʻa iā lākou ma nā ʻāpana. ʻO ka gull keʻokeʻo wale nō ka mea i hoʻohālikelike ʻia o kāna ʻano. Noho wale nō ʻo ia ma loko o ke Kaʻina ʻo Arctic. Hoʻopili nā mākua i nā hua ma kahi ʻōpala, a ma hope o hoʻokahi mahina i ʻike ʻia kahi keikikāne maikaʻi (a i ʻole kekahi) paha, kahi mālama maikaʻi loa ia mai ke anuanu e ka wela o ka plumage mahana. Eia naʻe ʻaʻole helu ʻia nā seagull keʻokeʻo ma ka Red Book o Lūkia, akā he liʻiliʻi kā lākou helu.
Kupanaha nā mea ola e noho nei i ka Arctic. ʻO kekahi o lākou, ʻo ka polu bumblebee (Bombus polaris), ka mea e hōʻuluʻulu ʻohi ai i nā mea kanu pua nui, e pili ana i ka polar willow a me ka polar poppy, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei.
Lānaha Kākoʻo
Wehe ka luna i ka lehulehu, akā e koi ʻia ke ʻae mai ka luna ʻana. Loaʻa nā ʻike a pau e ka kelepona a i ʻole leka uila. Ua hoʻomohala ke kēkē i kekahi mau ala o nā kaila ʻulaʻula. ʻO ke kumu hoʻohālikelike, nā lawaiʻa a me nā noiʻi huakaʻi "Mālama ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka Honua" a me "Hutuda-Biga - he wai waiwai i ke ola." ʻAʻole kahi mamao aku i ka hale o Dixon aia ma Willem Barents biostation, nona nā limahana e mālama pinepine i nā huakaʻi manu manu - Birdwatching. Aia nō kahi mākaʻikaʻi kipa "Taimyr Maze". Hiki ke loaʻa ka ʻike hou aʻe ma ka pūnaewele mana o ka waihona.
Noho e noho
Aia kekahi mau hōkele ma Dudinka: "Northern Lights" (Matrosova St., 14, tel. 8- (39191) 3-30-79, 3-30-73), "Yenisei Lights", (Sovetskaya St., 41, tel. 8: (39191) 5-19-53, 3-18-01, 5-14-32). Hiki iā ʻoe ke noho ma kahi hōkele ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana o ka kauhale o Karaul a i kahi hōkele ma ke kahua ʻoihana ʻoihana ma Khatanga.
