Warbler o ka ʻohana finch, kekahi o nā manu nui loa ma Rusia.
ʻO ka finch e pili ana i ka nui o kahi kikoʻī (ma kahi o 17 cm lōʻihi). Nani ka helehelena o ka kāne i ka manawa o ka wā male - ua lalo i lalo ke kumu o ke ʻōpū a me nā papalina i ke kumu o ke poʻo ʻulaʻula, a ʻeleʻele ka lae, ka piko o ke poʻo, ke kua o ke poʻo a me ke kua o ka ʻāʻī a hina hina. ʻO ka hulu o ka lehe i ka brown me nā palena keʻokeʻo ma ke kaʻe o waho. He ʻulaʻula hoʻi ka hulu ma ka huelo, a he wahi keʻokeʻo nā ʻāpana ʻelua ʻāpana huluhulu. Ma nā ʻēheu ʻelua keʻokeʻo e ʻike ʻia i nā kaula. He ʻulaʻula ke kua, ʻōmaʻomaʻo ka naduhve. ʻO nā wahine like i ka lole ke kūlike i nā kāne, akā he brownish ke ʻano o ka plumage. ʻO nā manu ʻōpio e like me nā wahine i ʻoniʻoni.
Noho ia i nā ululāʻau a me nā paka o nā ʻano āpau, pinepine loa i kahi e noho nei o kahi kanaka.
Lele nā ʻuʻuku i nā kumulāʻau, ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aʻe o ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kanaka, e hoʻoulu ʻia iā lākou me ka moss a me nā lichens. I loko, nā laina i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka nui o ka hulu, ka fluff lau a me ka lauoho. I kekahi manawa nests he 2 mau manawa i ke kauwela. A pākī i ka 3-6 pālule me nā hua a me nā wīwī o ka hua manu.
Mālama ʻo ia i nā hua a me nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā mea kanu, i ke kauwela - no nā pepeke a me nā hua manu ʻē aʻe, nā mea e hānai ai a me nā moa.
He sonorous ke mele a ka mele finch, mālama ʻia ʻo ia i loko o kahi hale paʻakai me he mele lālani maikaʻi.
Berastsianka
ʻO ka'āpana āpau o Belarus
Kāleʻohana ʻohana - Fringillidae.
I Belarus - F. c. coelebs.
ʻO ka hoʻonui pinepine ʻana i ka migratory transit migratory, nā manawa hoʻoilo. Nui ae i nā wahi, pālahalaha ʻia, ʻike ʻia ma nā wahi āpau āpau, ma nā paka o ke kūlanakauhale, nā māla a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka nui o kahi pua. ʻOkoʻa ʻole ka paʻapū o ke kāne: ʻo ke poʻo o ke poʻo a me ke kua o ke poʻo i ka aniani-hina, ʻulaʻula, ʻāʻī, ʻāʻī a me ka ʻōpū-ʻulaʻula, ʻeleʻele ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻeleʻele ka ʻōpala, ʻeleʻele ke ʻeleʻele, a he ʻeleʻele ka hulu, a he ʻulaʻula ka hulu. ʻO nā uhi ʻulaʻula keʻokeʻo kahi ʻōiwi i ʻike ʻia ke kaʻo. ʻAno keʻokeʻo ka palaki o ka wahine a me ka manu ʻōpio, ʻoi aku ka lula i ke kīpē, i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ka pihi o ke poʻo i ka uliuli-hina, ʻo ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ma ka ʻēheu e pili ana. ʻO ka paona o ke kāne he 19-28 g, ʻo ka wahine he 17-25 g. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino (nā kāne ʻelua) he 14-16 cm, nā ʻēheu he 24.5-28.5 cm. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka ʻēheu o nā kāne he 8-9.7 cm, ʻo ka ʻili he 6-7, 5 cm, tarsus 1.4–1.9 cm, bila 1.1-11.4 cm., Ka wing lōʻihi o nā wahine 8–9 cm, ʻehā 6-7 cm, ʻili ʻo 1.3-22 cm, mauʻu 1.1–1 1.3 cm
ʻO ka leo o ka finch he leo nui wikiwiki, e hoʻomaka ana nā kāne e hīmeni i kekahi mau lā ma hope o ka hōʻea ʻana a hoʻopau i ke kauwela. Eia kekahi, i ka wā hopohopo, a i ka wā e loli ai ka manawa, hiki i kekahi ke lohe i ke kāhea ʻana o ka leo "pink" (i loko o ia mau mea i ʻōlelo ʻia "finmy"). ʻO Fedyushin lāua ʻo Dolbyk (1967) e hoʻopuka i ke mele o ka finch i "ryu-ryu".
ʻO Chaffinch kekahi o nā manu nahele e kuʻuna. Ma kahi e noho ai nā ululāʻau ʻē aʻe. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā māla birch kahiko, nā ulu pua sparse, i hui ʻia (pine-oak, spruce-oak-hornbeam) puʻu, me ka ulu a me ka nui o nā kumulāʻau mālamalama māmā. Hōʻalo i nā kuli, me nā paena kīkoki pani paʻa. Hoʻololi ʻo ia i nā ʻūhā, nā māla, nā māla ulu lāʻau, nā kaola, ma nā pā lāʻau, e komo ana i nā ʻaoʻao o nā kūlanakauhale nui.
Aia ka wai i ka waena waena - ka lua o ka hapa o Malaki, e hoʻomau ana ka hana o kēia mau manu i ka hapa mua o ʻApelila. Aia i ke ʻano o ka pūnāwai, ʻokoʻa nā lā i hiki mai ai a me ka lele ʻana o nā finc i loko o ʻekolu pule. I loko o hoʻokahi manawa, ʻo ka hiki ʻana o nā finches ka manawa nui (a hiki i 3 mau pule). Hoʻohālikelike ka manawa o ka neʻe ʻana o ka wā o ka makahiki ma ka puna no ka komo ʻana o nā ʻōpio ʻōpio. ʻO ka pae awelika o ka hopena holo kālā he 74 km i kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe unuhi i ka paukū mai ke kūkulu hema-komohana a i ka ʻaoʻao komohana o Belarus ka 35 km i kēlā me kēia lā. Hoʻohālikelike ka neʻe ʻana o kēia mau manu ma ka lewa a me ke uhi uhi hau.
Hoʻomaka ke kipa ʻana i ka pūnāwai i kahi o nā lā he 3-4 e like me ka neʻe ʻana o ka 1 ° latitude mai ka hema hema ma ke komohana o Belarus, i ka ʻūlū, ma kahi ʻē, lele ʻo ka manu i ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo ma mua e pili ana i ka helu like o nā lā.
ʻO ka nānāʻana i ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana o nā finc e hiki mai ana i ka'āina i kēia mau makahiki he 7 i hala iho nei e hōʻike ana ma nā ʻāina hema ke hiki iā lākou ke kū i nā lā mua o ka pūnāwai, akā nō naʻe, ʻike ʻia ka hōʻea nui ʻana a me ka lele i loko o ka makahiki 2 a me 3 o Malaki, a i ka makahiki mua A hiki aku i ʻApelila a hiki i ka ʻākau ʻo Belarus. ʻOiai ke ʻano o ka wā e hiki mai ai a me ka lele o nā finc i kēlā me kēia manawa, i ka manawa maikaʻi loa e loaʻa ai nā finches ma nā repubalika i ka hopena o Malaki.
ʻO ka mea mua e lele i nā wahi hana ʻai kāne, he mau kāne lākou, lele i loko o nā hui liʻiliʻi (10-15 kanaka). Noho lākou i nā pūnaewele a puni me ka hoʻomaka ʻana e hīmeni. A laila, ma hope o 3-7 mau lā, ʻike ʻia nā wahine, ʻo ka maʻamau ka lele ʻana i nā hipa a hui like ʻole. ʻO ka hānai ʻana o nā kahu kāne e haehae ana, e noho ana nā manu i nā wahi hana me ka hoʻomaka ʻana e hīmeni. Ua hui pū nā kāne iā lākou a mai kēlā manawa nui, oli aloha ke kāne kāne. E hoʻolohe ʻia ana ke oli Chaffinch mai ka hiki ʻana i Iulai. Ma ke kūkulu hema e kū ana i ka hoʻomaka, i ke kikowaena waena, i ka waena, i ka hopena o Iulai.
I Iune - Iulai, hoʻāla ka finch ma 40-60 mau minuke. ma mua o ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā. Ka hopena o ka hopena i ka manawa o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka hana o ka hopena o ka ʻina: ke kākela, ka makani, ka ua, ka palena o ka uhi ʻana i ke ao i ka lewa, ma ka ululāʻau - ke ʻano o ke kuʻi ʻana o ka biotope, etc.
I nā lā i hōʻike ʻia e ka uhi ākea kiʻekiʻe a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka wikiwiki o ka makani, ke hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana kakahiaka ma ka 0.5-1.0 mau hola a i ʻole ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā lā wela a me ka ʻole. I Iune, ua hoʻomaka nā mele a mele i 3 mau hola a i 40 mau minuke. - 4 hola 00 mau minuke E mau ana ka mele ma kahi o 3 kekona, a laila aia kahi hoʻomaha o 7-10 kekona, a ukali ʻia e ke mele aʻe. Hoʻopuka ʻia ka hīmeni ʻana no ka hānai ʻana, ʻo ia ka lōʻihi ma 7-10, i kekahi manawa a 20 mau minuke.
ʻO ka hana nui loa i hoʻomaopopo ʻia i ke kakahiaka (6-10 hola), ke ʻano ka nui o nā mele i 70 a 110 ka hola. A laila emi iki ia, a i ke ahiahi (17-19 mau hola) hoʻokūkū ʻia. I ka hapa mua o Iune, ua pau nā mele i ka hīmeni ʻana i ka hola 10 p.m. ma ke anuanu ʻo ke anuanu. - 22 hola 30 mau minuke
ʻO 3-4 mau pule ma hope o ka hōʻea ʻana, hoʻomaka nā pua. Hoʻomaka nā manu e kūkulu i nā nests i ke kolu o ʻApelila Hana ʻia ke kūkulu ʻana o ka hano mai 11 a 13 lā. Loaʻa nā ʻaʻa ʻelua i loko. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā ʻanuʻu ma nā lāʻau o nā meaʻokoʻa like ʻole (spruce, pine, larch, birch, grey and black alder, oak, elm, bird cherry, mountain ash, hornbeam, etc.), akā ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka nui o ka puna, birch, pine a me alder, i ka nui o nā wahi ( ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka repubalika) pinepine ma ka juniper. He mea ʻeha ia i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (1.5-12 m ʻoi aku paha, akā ʻoi aku ka pinepine o 2-4 m). Ma nā lāʻau deciduous, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, kūkulu lākou iā lākou ma ke kumu o nā lālā ʻaoʻao e piʻi ana mai ka ʻūhā, ma luna o nā conifers - ma kahi maʻamau i ke kihi, i kahi mamao o ka ʻeke.
ʻO kahi Chaffinch pūnana kekahi o nā mea loea mākaukau a me ka loea e noho ana ma Belarus. He pā anuʻu nāu mai nā ʻano mea kanu o ka mea kanu (ʻo ka hapanui mai nā pulupulu melemele, nā ʻōpala maloʻo, nā māla o nā mea kanu lāʻau i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā cobwebs) i loko o ke ʻano o kahi pōpoki i kulu ʻia me nā pā ikaika. Ma waho, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni o ka ʻano hua Birch, nā puʻu o ka mea ulu manu, mauʻu niu o nā iniseti, lichens, e uhi maikaʻi iā ia. ʻO ka ʻāpana he wahi hemispherical a ovoid paha, nui ka mea i hoʻopiha ʻia me nā aʻa ʻala, horsehair, huluhulu, ʻahuʻula, fluff lāʻau. ʻO ka ʻuʻuku e loaʻa ana i ka nahele pihi me ka pinepine o ka mauʻu ʻōmaʻomaʻo a hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā mea halihali sporangien me nā pua cuckoo. ʻO 4hā cm ka lōʻihi o ka pūnana, he 7,5-12 cm ka lōʻihi, ʻo ka hohonu o ke pā he 3-5 cm, ʻo ke anawaena he 3-6 cm. Hana ʻia ke ʻano o 11-1 mau lā, kūkulu ʻia nā manu ʻelua, akā nui ka wahine, ʻo ka kāne wale nō ka lawe ʻana i ka hale i ka waiwai.
I ka piha piha i ka hua palapala 4-7, maʻa mau he 5 o ka ʻulaʻula a-ʻulaʻula a i ʻole nā ʻulaʻula hoʻi i uhi ʻia, i uhi ʻia me nā wahi ʻulaʻula ulaula, nā ʻaluna, nā ʻili. Mālamalama ka ʻaoʻao o lākou. Ma ka pau ʻana o ka hua, ʻōleʻa i kekahi manawa i kahi corolla kūleʻa. ʻO ka paona hua 2 g, ka lōʻihi 17-22 mm, ʻāpana 14-15.4 mm.
ʻO ke kānāwai, hoʻomaka ka manu e waiho i nā hua manu i nā lā he ʻumi o Mei. ʻElua mau lālā i ka makahiki. Hōʻike nā lua i ka lua o Iune. Lawe ka wahine i hoʻokahi hua i ka lā, e kanu ʻia no 12-13 mau lā, ke kāne mau ka ʻai kāne. Loaʻa i nā pēpiki meʻa nā meaʻai mai nā mākua a waiho i ka nano ma ka makahiki he 13. Ka nui o ka hiki mai o nā manu makua me ka ʻai i ka mōʻī ma waena o 140 a 210 mau manawa i ka lā, e hilinaʻi nei i ka makahiki o nā pipi (3-4 lā a 6-8 mau lā paha), nā kūlana kau a me ka nui o nā waiwai ʻai no ka waiwai hana.
No nā lā 6-8 he mau lā, hoʻomau ka hānai manu i nā ʻōpio, a laila hoʻomaka ka ʻōpio ʻōpio e hele a ʻimi i ka ʻai i nā biotopes ulu lāʻau, aʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e noho ana no nā wiki he 2-3 i ka wahi o ka pāhi,
I ka pilina me ke kahu manu pālua, ʻo ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā manu e hoʻomaka i Iulai a hoʻomaka i Kepakemapa.
Mai ka hopena o Iulai, ʻākoakoa nā ʻōpala i nā hipa liʻiliʻi, i ka malama o Kepakemapa o ka nui o ka mau kenekulia, i kekahi manawa he mau manu keu haneli. Loaʻa nō hoʻi nā holoholona nomadic i nā kikowaena ākea (nā mahina, nā waihona, nā kala).
ʻO Chaffinch kekahi o nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi loa i waena o nā manu passerine manuahi, ke kaila palapala kiʻekiʻe a me ka laulā o ka spectrum meaʻai e hōʻoia ai i kona eurytopia a noho kūlana i nā wahi kūlohelohe kūpono. I kēia manawa, e like me nā noiʻi ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole o nā pālule, ʻoi aku ka 60 o nā mea kanu a me nā mea he 15 mau kauoha o nā invertebrates i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka ʻai o nā pala. Aia nā holoholona insectivorous nui loa i ka hoʻohālikelike me nā ʻano manu ʻē aʻe, e hoʻonui ana i ka manawa hana.
Ma ka hoʻonaninani finch, ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi nā ʻokoʻa kūwaho. I ka hoʻoilo a me ka hoʻoilo he manu nui wale ia, nā hua o nā ʻano lāʻau like ʻole ke kumu o ka meaʻai i kēia manawa. I ka pūnāwai, ʻo nā pepeke, a me nā pua o ka birch a me ka willow, e hoʻohui ʻia i kēia meaʻai. I ke kauwela, ua hoʻomake ka nui o nā inikini a me nā milo i ka meaʻai, kiʻekiʻe ke kahe o nā invertebrates i ka hānai o nā moa.
Nā mea i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ka 2010 a 2015 ma Stolbtsovsky, Dzerzhinsky a me Volozhinsky ka moku o Minsk, i ka moku Kamenets o ka ʻāina Brest. (NP "Belovezhskaya Pushcha"), a me nā kāʻei ʻo Rogachev a me Novogrudok o nā ʻāina ʻo Gomel a me Grodno, i hōʻike, i ka laulā, i like ʻole me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, ma Belarus, ʻo ka huina ma ka wā mua o ka hana nīnū ʻia e hōʻike ʻia e ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea kanu a me ka holoholona holoholona me kahi maopopo ka mua o ka poʻe hope loa.
ʻO ka hapa mua o ka manawa mua o ka honu mua (ʻo ka makahiki hope o Malaki - ka waena o ʻApelila), i ka manawa o ka neʻe ʻana, ʻo ia ka manawa me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā invertebrates a hiki ke ʻano o ka hūnā ʻana mai nā ʻāwīwī māmā a i nā lewa liʻiliʻi, a me ka hapalua o ka wā mua o ka hana mua (waena o ʻApelila) ka awelika o kēlā me kēia lā a, no laila, he piʻi ʻana o ka nui o nā hana o nā invertebrates.
Ma nā ʻōpū o ka finches i pepehi ʻia i ka wā mua loa, ua ʻike ʻia nā mea momona a 353. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻōpū hoʻi pū kekahi i nā gastrolites. ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana i nā ʻike o loko o nā ʻōpū o nā finches e hōʻike ana i kahi hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā mea kanu a me ka holoholona holoholona. ʻO nā meaʻai kanu i hōʻike ʻia e nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu mea kanu, me nā ʻano inflorescences, me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka nui o nā hui, ʻaʻole iʻoi aku i ka 17% i loko o ka pāʻai o nā pōkole, a ʻo kona hele wale ia wale ka hapalua o ka nui o ka ʻōpū o nā ʻōpū. Ua loaʻa ka ʻai holoholona no nā holoholona ʻokoʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻao e aʻo ai a ma ka hapa nui o nā hihia i hōʻike wale ʻia e nā arthropod a ʻoi aku ma mua o 60% e nā pepeke. Ua hālāwai me ke mele ʻo Millipedes a me nā arachnids.
I waena o nā pepeke, ua lanakila nā pōpoki (85% o ka huina o nā iniseti), a ma waena o nā ʻano ʻāpana like ʻole o nā manu. Ua hālāwai pū ʻo Hymenoptera lāua ʻo Lepidoptera. ʻO nā ʻāpana āpau, nā ʻano ʻai manu kahi i kū ai nā morphologically hua ʻai wale nō, i helu ai no 41.07% o ka huina o nā pūʻulu o nā mea ʻona, a ʻo kā lākou hanana hoʻi ma mua o 90%. Eia kekahi, ʻike ʻia nā kiko o 3 mau ʻōpū o nā ʻōpala (me ka helu ʻākala o nā ʻōpala e like me 8,7 spimens), a he 7 - e 50% a i ʻole nā mea pākahi o kēia mau pōpoki (me ka helu maʻamau o nā minamina he 10,43). Malia paha, ka ʻai ʻana o nā manu, a me ka ʻai ʻai holoholona ʻana i ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, e hoʻomaka koke i loko o nā manu i ka wā e hiki mai ai. Pono e hoʻomanaʻo he nui nā ʻano o nā weevile i kākau ʻia ma ka ʻāina ʻo Belarus ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka puʻu i ka manawa i hōʻike ʻia o ka makahiki.
ʻO nā ʻāpana weevils he hui subdominant o nā mea meaʻai i loko o ka meaʻai o ka moa moa maikaʻi ma Polesie.
Pau ka ʻai holoholona i ka wā o mua o ka lawaiʻa, i kū ʻia i kēlā me kēia ʻōpū i aʻo ʻia, ʻoiai e mālama ana i nā waiwai like o kāna helu kūloko. ʻO ka meaʻai nui no ka finch he mau pepeke, a i waena o kēiaʻano - nā ʻano ʻāpana like ʻole. ʻAʻole waiwai koʻikoʻi kahi mea kanu i ka meaʻai o nā ʻano holoholona i ka manawa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ai i ka makahiki ma Belarus.
Kūpono ka nui o ka wā i ka lua o Sepatemaba - ka hapa mua o ʻOkakopa. I ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana i ka wā lohi, lele ka finches i kahi ākea ākea, e lele ana ma luna o ka ululāʻau a me nā wahi ākea. Lele ka manu ma nā hipa o 10-30 manu, ʻokoʻa nui (mai ka 200-300). Hoʻopau kūʻokoʻa nā ʻōmaka no ka hānai a hoʻomaha i nā māla lāʻau, nā ʻokiʻoki, nā kīhāpai, nā hale ʻai kauwela. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa mau ʻia i nā kekekona ʻelua o ʻOkakopa, ʻike ʻia ka nalu o ka pau hope.
I ka nui o nā makahiki, ʻo kēlā me kēia hoʻoilo hoʻoilo (Brest, nā kauwela kauwela). ʻO ka hoʻoilo i nā pōkō i mālama ʻia ma Belovezhskaya Pushcha, ma nā wahi o Belarus.
Ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o ka kālā kālā ma Belarus i nā makahiki i hala aku nei a ua manaʻo ʻia he 7.5–8.5 miliona mau pālua.
ʻO ka makahiki nui i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ʻElima he 16 mau makahiki 4 mau mahina.
1. Grichik V.V., Burko L. D. "holoholona aupuni o Belarus. Vertebrates: puke paʻi." Koik, 2013. -399 p.
2. Nikiforov M.E., Yaminsky B.V., Shklyarov L.P. "Nā manu o Belarus: He leka lima no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā ʻuʻuku a me nā huaʻai" Minsk, 1989. -479 p.
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