ʻO ka lāʻau kikowaena kekahi o nā mea kaulana kaulana a maʻamau. ʻAʻole maopopo maoli kona helehelena wale nō i ka māla lāʻau, akā no nā mea aloha hua āpau. ʻOiaʻiʻo, loaʻa i ka poʻe āpau ma kahi o ka manawa i loko o kahi ʻōpala. Me ka hiki ʻana o ka 99.9%, hiki ke hoʻopaʻi ʻia ʻo ia ka uʻi ʻana o ka puna paʻu. Nui nā ala e hoʻopili ai i ka maʻi pest. Akā i ka hopena no ka luku ʻana a me ka pale ʻana i mea e pono ai, pono ʻoe e hoʻomaʻamaʻa iā ʻoe iho me ke ʻano o ka nānā ʻana a ka codling a me nā hiʻohiʻona o kāna hana.
Nā hiʻohiʻona waho ʻē aʻe
ʻO ka lemi o ka pōkole apple codling, e like me nā mea pili e pili ana i ka lāʻau codling, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e kona mau ʻāpana ʻehā ākea o kahi kala patrondis nondescript. I ka wā e piʻi ʻia ʻo ia, e lilo loa ka pepeke i loko. ʻO nā ʻēheu luna he kala, he lei lehu, me nā hōkū pōkole puhoi a me kahi kahua keleawe; ʻekolu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻēheu. ʻO nā ʻēheu o ka ʻōpū apple codling i nā ʻeleʻele hina hina i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e kahi puʻu serrated o kahi pālamalama iʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ke kala o ka pōpō.
I ke ao, e noho kūleʻe ana nā pōpoki ma loko o nā lau. He hilahila loa nā pepeke. Hoʻokahi wale nā mea e hoʻopā i nā ʻāpana a lākou e hilinaʻi ai, lele lākou i ka lele a hūnā ʻia i ka lei o nā lāʻau.
Hoʻomaopopo! Pono ka pēpē ʻōpio olelū e hoʻoheheʻe i ka wai a ma ka welau ʻo ka hoʻomaka ʻana. ʻO nā kukupu e like me ka mau lekiu i lele i ka kukui, ka mea e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e hopu iā lākou.
Nā Kūlana Hoʻomohala a me ka Meaʻai
Hoʻolilo nā pale i ka hoʻoilo i ka hana haumana, kahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e kahi wai ʻulaʻula māmā me kahi paona gula. Lā 10-12 mm. Hoʻokaʻawale ke kino i nā ʻāpana, nona kēlā me kēia he 2 mau laina o ka nui. ʻO ka pau o ka ʻōpū e uhi ʻia me ka setae me nā pihi puka huki. Hiki ke loaʻa i nā ʻūpono o Arachnid nā lāʻau hau i lalo o ka ʻili o nā hua lāʻau, ke aʻa kumu o kahi mea kanu, nā mea kanu, ma lalo o nā hua kanu, a me nā papa wai.
Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wela paʻa, ka mea i hui pū ʻia e ka pua a me kahi manawa o ka neʻe ʻana o nā pua, ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā pēpē a ʻike hou ʻia nā huaʻai o ka ʻōpī codling. ʻO ko lākou mau makahiki i hala no hoʻokahi mahina, hiki ke nānā ʻia i ke anuanu mālie. Inā hoʻohuli ia i kahi wai wela, a laila ua hoʻemi ʻia ka manawa lele i 2-3 mau pule. Mālama ʻo nā wahine i nā pheromones, hiki i ke kāne ke manaʻo ma kahi mamao o 100-200 mau mika. ʻO ka pālahalaha kiʻekiʻe loa o nā kiʻi huna i nā mea maʻamau no nā lā 60-lā.
Ma hope o ka moe ʻana, ma hope o kekahi mau lā, e hoʻomaka ka wahine e hoʻokō i kāna kumu i manaʻo ʻia - e waiho ka hua manu. Hana ʻo ia i kēia mau pūʻulu, e kau ana i nā hua ma hoʻokahi i ka manawa ma o ka ʻono a i waho paha o nā lau maʻa, ʻūlū, hua ovary.
Hoʻokomo ʻia ka Codling pepe i ka apple a paʻa i nā embryos 110-120. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana hua-ka wā nui e loaʻa 7-7 mau lā ma hope o ka pua ʻana.
Ma muli o nā hana mikroskopika - 1 mm ka lapalapa, ʻaʻole maʻamau mau ʻia ke ʻike i nā hua keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo o ka pōʻaiʻai, nānā nui lākou e like me nā kolo waiū a ʻaila paha. Ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi loa, ma hope o nā lā 7-10, nā caterpillars o ka apple codling hatch mai lākou.
ʻAʻole liʻuliʻu ka hanauna i ʻike ʻia e haʻalele i kona wahi i hānau ʻia ai a i ʻole he mau hola i ka manawa hou. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kuʻekuʻe e ulu ana a hiki i 10-18 mm. ʻO nā kino e uhi ʻia me nā kīkaha sparse, nā lauoho a me nā kala hina. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā kōnika o ka puna ʻo ka apple codling i loko o ka hua, hoʻopiʻi i ka lua me nā cobwebs a i ʻole bits a hoʻomau mau i loko.
Pono nā poʻe'ōpio i ka hoʻoikaika hoʻoikaika a hoʻomaka e komo i nā kiko o ka hua. Ke neʻe nei mai ka crust a i nā hua, he ʻano kahea ma ka ʻaoʻao. Ke ulu nei ka lehulehu, nui na laina i lalo. ʻO Larva o ke kolu o ka makahiki e ʻai i nā hua. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine ʻo ia i ka hua ʻai i ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi mea hou. Inā hiki ʻole iā ia ke loaʻa i kahi kumu o ka meaʻai, e hoʻi ana ʻo ia i kāna "breadwinner" a hoʻomau i ka hoʻomohala ʻana.
Hoʻokomo nui loa nā kapua ʻo nā ʻōpū maʻa. Ma mua o ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā haʻawina kūpono no ka neʻe ʻana i ka hana pupation, hōʻino nā mea pākahi i nā hua 2-3, a ma hope o lākou i hoʻolilo maoli ai a hāʻule i lalo.
I ke kōlima, ua noho ka pōpō meli no hoʻokahi mahina. Ma nā ʻāina hema, e hoʻomau nā haumāna o nā kuʻuna mua i ke kauwela a hoʻomau mau ʻia ka hana o nā pōpoki. He ʻoi aku ka nui o kēia mau ʻōpiopio a hoʻopaʻa i nā hua he 300. Hoʻopilikia nui nā keiki o ka lua o nā hua he nui i nā hua lāʻau. I nā hōʻoluʻolu wela a me ke anuanu, ulu wale nō ka hanauna hoʻokahi.
Hoʻomoʻa kui huehole
ʻO ka lāʻau palu ʻo ka palu ʻoi kahi pōpoki weliweli o nā lāʻau maʻamau. ʻO nā hua o ka apple a me nā lāʻau poli he mau pilina paʻa no ka larvae. ʻO ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻiʻo a me nā hua kanu, hoʻopili ʻia nā anu i ka hoʻomohala maʻamau o ka hua, i alakaʻi i ko lākou pala me ka pala.
Hoʻopilikia ʻia nā huaʻai i ke kumu hope o ka ʻūhā ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā ʻoihana kūʻai aku a kūʻai ʻia ma mua o ke kūʻai. ʻO ka poino i hana ʻia e ka pēpē i hiki ke hoʻonui i ka nalowale a hiki i ka 90%.
ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana o ka Apple Moth
Kāliki iki nā huaʻai, a hiki i ka diameter o 1 lākou maʻa he 1 mika. ʻO ka hoʻonaninani o ka hua me ka waiū keʻokeʻo me kahi lau ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
Apala apple codling (Cydia pomonella).
ʻIke like nā kōlepili me nā ʻōpala koʻikoʻi. ʻAʻohe lauoho o ke kino. Pale ke keʻokeʻo a ʻulaʻula paha ke kino, uhi ʻia ke kino me nā polū hina. ʻO ke poʻo a me ka pale kaua ma ka umauma heʻeleʻele. Aia ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū ma nā puʻupuʻu i nā puʻupuʻu. Aia pū kekahi nā lehelehe a nā wāwae hind. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino o nā kukuna o ka apple codling a hiki ke 18 milimita.
ʻO ka nui o ka pupa i liʻiliʻi i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ka uka a ʻo 9-12 milimita ka nui. ʻO ke kala o ka wai niu he ʻōniʻomaʻo a he melemele paha me ka lei gula. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao o lalo o ka pupa he ʻano o ka maka: ma luna o laila he 8 mau bristles.
Winged apple pūpū kalo.
Hoʻololi nā ʻēheu o nā pōpoki pākelē ma waena o 15-20 hapa. He ʻeleʻele-brown ka ʻēheu o mua, inā i kekahi manawa he poni ʻula. Hoʻonohonohoʻia lākou me kahi hiʻohiʻona o nā laina transmittent intermittent. Ma ka kihi o kēlā me kēia pā i loaʻa ai kahi wahi nui oval o ka ʻulaʻula kala. ʻOloʻeluʻu ka hina o ka hind, akā ʻoi aku ka māmā o ka hue. Mālama ʻia ʻo Butterfly i kona mau eheu i ke ʻano o kahi e hoʻopili ai i ka hale.
ʻO keʻano
He lālā lālā o Apple codling he lālā o ka ʻohana leafworms. Lawe iā ia i ke kauoha Lepidoptera, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā kīpana. Loaʻa e ʻike pinepine ʻia kēia mau leʻaleʻa e nā māla mahi, pono e aʻo hou e pili ana i ia.
I ka pākeke, ua like ka pepe me ka pōpoki hina nondescript. Me nā ʻēheu pālahalaha, kona nui he 18-22 mm.
He ʻeleʻele hina nā mua o nā pale o ka ʻūpī, ʻo nā lei kāhea ke kua ʻoluʻolu. Ma ka kihi mamao ma ke poʻo, he wahi ʻulaʻula ia me kahi kaila ʻulaʻula. Ke piʻi ʻia, ua like nā ʻēheu o kahi pepeke kūloko.
He liʻiliʻi nā ʻēheu hind, he mālamalama ʻulaʻula a me kahi palena holo kaʻa. ʻO nā hua hua o kahi kala ʻōmaʻomaʻo māmā o nā inika e waiho iā 1-2 mau ʻāpana. ʻO ka nui o nā larva ka mea maʻamau i pili i 1 mm.
Hiki ke kino o ka pelepoke ma keʻokeʻo a ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ka melemele paha. Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻōpū i kahi pale ʻoi. ʻO ke poʻo a me ke alo o ka umauma o nā ʻeke manu he ʻeleʻele. Ma nā wāwae o ka larva ma lalo o ke aniani hōʻailona, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā ʻōpū. Ma nā ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū ma kahi o 35 pcs., I nā wāwae anal - a hiki i 25 pcs. ʻO ka pupa ka melemele i maʻemaʻe kona lōʻihi i ka lōʻihi o 12 mm.
Ka hoʻokūkū ola
Hoʻokipa kahi ʻōla makua i ka hoʻoilo ma kahi kulu, ke koho ʻana i nā wahi i loko o nā ulana o ka ʻili, ma ka lepo ka hohonu o 3 cm a i waena o nā lau hāʻule.
I ka pūnāwai, ke piʻi ka mahana o ke ea a hiki i kahi la he 10, ua waiho ka anu i nā ko lākou niu a hoʻomaka. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ka neʻe ʻana o ka lāʻau codling, kahi e hana ai i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi no kona luku.
ʻO kekahi manawa, ma lalo o nā kūlana pōʻino, loaʻa i ka uka ka anuʻu a hiki ke hoʻomaka ʻia ke kaʻina hana ma hope o hoʻokahi makahiki.
Kūpono kekahi pōkā mai kahi pupa i nā lā 15-20, aʻo nā kāne i waiho i hoʻokahi mau lā ma mua o nā wahine. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo ka manawa o ke ea ma kēia manawa ua kokoke loa i ka 16 tikelika, ua pau ka wā pua i nā hua lāʻau nui a hoʻomaka nā hua liʻiliʻi.
I ke ao, e noho ai nā pōpoki ma luna o nā lāʻau lāʻau, i ka pō hoʻomaka lākou e lele ikaika, ʻoi aku, moe i ka hua ma nā hua, nā lau a me nā ʻoki. Hiki i kahi pōkahi i waiho i nā hua 200. Ma hope o 7 mau lā, e hoʻomaka ana nā anuō mauka a hiki i ka 1 mm ka nui, e komo ana i nā huaʻai i loko o 2 mau hola.
E hānai nā mea kanu huaʻai i nā huaʻai no 4 mau pule, a laila iho i lalo i ka honua ma kahi puʻu a ma kahi i hūnā ʻia lākou e kāʻū iā lākou iho i loko o ka laupa cobweb, e hoʻomākaukau ana no ka hoʻoilo.
I ke kūlana o kahi kauwela lōʻihi a me ke kauwela, ua hiki ke manawa a me ka wā o ka lawehala codling e hele i nā pōkole hoʻomohala, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hatch no nā hanauna he nui. Ua ʻike ʻia kēlā kūlana ma ka North Caucasus, ma Voronezh, nā kurs Kursk, ma ka ʻāina nui o Ukraine. Ma kahi o Moscow, hāʻawi ka honu codling i hoʻokahi hanauna wale nō.
ʻO ka pahuhopu o ka uka ʻōpū ke infiltrate i ka hua o ke kōlepa a ʻai ʻia. Ma hope o kēlā, haʻalele ʻo ia i ka ʻākala a haʻalele iā ia e loaʻa i kekahi. I ka manawa hoʻokahi, hiki i ka uka ke hōʻino i ʻekolu mau hua nui a 5 paha nā hua liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka hopena, hāʻule ka hua i pala a lilo i kona hōʻike ʻana.
Nānā nā māla mālama i ka pōʻino mai kahi kōpū ma lalo o ke ʻano o ka hoʻoilo anuanu a me ka ʻole o nā hana pale. I kēlā mau kūlana, hoʻopaʻa nā māla i ka haki o nā hōʻemi a hiki i 90%.
Nā hana ʻohi
I loko o ka mahiʻai, nā loea, ma mua o ka lawe ʻana i nā ana e pale ai i nā iniseti, hoʻokumu mua i ka paepae o ka ʻohi kino (EPV). No kēia, hoʻohana kahi laʻa pheromone no ka ʻōpio apu (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo Atracon-A).
Kuhi ʻia kēlā mau paʻu ma nā lāʻau he 10 mau lā ma hope o ka pua ʻana. ʻO ka palena ʻana o ka paepae o ka hōʻino ʻia e manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka wā i hāʻule ai nā 10 kāne o ka lime codling i loko o ka kahe.
Ma ka hana ʻana i kahi loiloi maʻamau o nā ʻike o ka pahele me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka mahana hau, hiki iā ia ke hoʻoholo i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai ka hana o nā kī lohi a ke pau kā lākou lele.
Loaʻa nā pōmaikaʻi maikaʻi loa i ka ʻohi ʻonanika nā manu. Māhuahua nā hua liʻiliʻi, nā ʻāpana a me nā hōkele ma ka hua lāʻau meli ma luna o nā kumulāʻau o ka nui maʻa. I kēia mau lā, ua hāʻawi ʻia nā mea kanu i nā ala like ʻole e hakakā i ka leʻo codling, e noʻonoʻo mākou iā lākou i nā mea hou aku.
Biology o ka Codling Moth
Pahuʻula nui ka lolo (i nā eheu o 17-22 mm), he nui ka poʻe i ʻike. He mauʻu hina hina nā lehelehe, me nā laina aniani nā polū pōkole, nā aniani pōpoki me nā aniani ʻulaʻula, me nā aniani hina hina ma ke kae. Eia ka nui o nā kīmū o ka ʻōpū a me ka plum kalule.
Kūpono ʻia ka waha o nā makahiki ʻōpio: ke keʻokeʻo me ke poʻo ʻeleʻele, he ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōpiopio ka ʻulaʻula, me ke poʻo brown, a hiki i 20 mm ka lōʻihi. I nā hua ʻala ʻino, ʻike nā mea a pau iā ia.
ʻOiai ka laha ʻana o ka pūlima, hōʻino ʻia i ka hua e ka mua o ka hanauna o ka mauʻu ma mua o ka 20%, a hāʻule lākou a pau. Akā pili ka lua o ka hanauna o ka pūpoki a hiki i ka 80-90% o nā hua o ka lāʻau lāʻau.
Hoʻomaka ka holo ʻana o nā pōpoki me ka pua ʻana o ka lāʻau āpau a kū i 1.5-2 mau mahina. ʻO ka haʻalele ʻana o nā lemi mua o ka hanauna mua ua maʻamau me ka hoʻokahe ʻana o ka ovary ovary mai ka lua o Iune a hiki i ka hopena o Iulai. Hoʻomaka maoli nā wahine wahine i nā hua moa ma hope koke o nā lā 1-3. Hiki i ka wahine i waiho i nā hua 40-1-120 (heʻe i 1 mm ka nui, pālahalaha, ʻōmaʻomaʻo) a waiho ʻia iā lākou ma luna o ka lau o nā lau a me nā ʻōpio, nā ʻōpala a me nā hua ʻōpio.
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā kumulepua o ke butterfly i ka ulu pinepine: hoʻomau ʻo ia i ka hua ma kahi o ka lau e hoʻopā ai i ka hua, a me ka ʻohi pū i kēia lau. No laila ke pale ʻia ka larva mai nā mea hao i ka wā o kā mākou mālama ʻana. A laila hoʻouli au i ka ʻāpana, a ma laila.
Mea nui e ʻikeʻo ka haʻalele ʻana i nā lemi mua o ka lua o ka hanauna e hoʻomaka mua ʻia ma mua o ka lele ʻana o nā kīwaha hope o ka hanauna mua. ʻO ke hopena, aia nā kini āpau i ke kūkulu ʻana o ka make codling hou aku ma mua o 4 mau mahina - mai ka hopena o Mei a hiki i ka hapalua o Kepakemapa, ma muli o ke ala lāʻau. A ʻo ke kumu maʻamau o ka hāʻule ʻana i ka kaohi o ka aʻa o ka codling e pili ana i ka manaʻo ʻole o ka poʻe māla e lawe i kēia kumu.
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā huaʻai i loko o ka pūpū ma o ka petiole fossa, nā ʻeha ma luna o ka ʻili, ma lalo o ka uhi o kahi lau, ma waena o ʻelua mau hua a i ʻole kahi o nā hua e hoʻopili ai i kekahi. I ka helu ʻana o nā lealea codling e loli, a laila hana ka wasps
ʻO nā caterpillars o nā makahiki hou i hala mai ka hua i ka hua, e hoʻopau ana mai ka 2 a hiki i 5 mau ʻāpana. Inā hāʻule ka hua i pala, hoʻopau ka anu i ka lā mua a hana i kahi ala lōʻihi ma ke kāʻei i ka lei.
ʻO ka lōʻihi maʻamau o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hua lāʻau i ka hua mai 16 a 45 mau lā (e pili ana i ka mahana o ka ea). E kokoke e hāʻule, i ka wā e hāʻule ai nā huaʻai i hoʻopau ʻia, waiho nā anu iā lākou a ʻimi no nā wahi e hana ai i ka niu. Ma ka maʻamau o ka hāʻule i ka wā dormant a hiki i ka puna e hiki mai ana i ka niu ma lalo o ka pākani a i ʻole nā laka o ka ʻili i lalo o lalo o ke kumu, i lalo o nā mea kanu a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻomaka ka haumāna i ka pūnāwai i ka pā ʻana o ka ea maʻamau o kēlā me kēia lā ma luna o + 10 ° C, kahi i kū like me ke ʻano o nā pua i loko o ka hua lāʻau. E ulana ka uka i kahi kōmona, kahi e lilo ai i ka pupa kaila gula 9-12 i ka lōʻihi. Hiki i kāna hoʻomohala ke hiki mai 8 a 36 lā mau lā, akā ʻoi aku ka pinepine o kēia hana ma 2-3 hebedoma.
Nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau a me nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona
ʻAʻole nani nā kolo manu butterfly, hoʻohālikelike i nā kīwaha ʻē aʻe. He ona kala hina ona. Wingspan 15-20 mm. Mālama nā hua pua i kahi keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo-ʻulaʻula, he 1 mm ka nui. Mālama i nā ʻōpio pīpī a hiki i ka 18-18 mm ka lōʻihi., Mālamalama kukui kino, ke poʻo ʻulaʻula. ʻO Pupae ka pinepine loa 9-12 mm lōʻihi., Tan.
Makemake ka Butterfly i ke ola pō - lele wale ka pō i ka manawa mālie. ʻO ka ola ola i loko o ke kino o ka pōpōpō he 1-1,5 mau mahina. Kolo nā hua pipi i ka hua ma hope o ka pua ʻana i nā kumulāʻau lāʻau a i nā mea kanu hua ʻē aʻe paha, ma kahi o ka hebedoma ma hope, i kahi mahana o nā papa 16-18 kiʻekiʻe.
Ka hoʻokūkū ola
I ka hoʻoilo, hōloe ka popo i ka hua lāʻau makua, kahi e hānau ai ma lalo o ka pala o nā kumulāʻau, nā mea kanu lepo. Hoʻomaka ka pūnāwai e pane. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā makahiki o nā honu codling mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Mei a hiki i ka hapalua o Kepakemapa, ma muli o ka wahi. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hua wahine i nā lālani (ma nā moʻomeheu like ʻole, ʻokoʻa - ma ka hua ʻōpala ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna, ma ka ʻeli ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka lau) ma muli o ka hua, i ka hua o ka hua.
Hoʻokomo ka ʻōmole i ka huaʻai i loko o nā hua, a hoʻoheheʻe i ka papa i ka palena. Ma laila lākou makemake e ʻai i nā hua. A laila, ma ka hope o ke ola o ke ola, hele ka uka i ka ʻōpala lāʻau, kahi e waiho ai i ka hoʻoilo i kahi ʻōnoʻu. I ka hiki ʻana mai o nā haumāna wai. I ka wā mālama, e ulu pinepine ka lāʻau codling i ka hanauna hoʻokahi, ma nā wahi me ke anainu wela - a hiki i ʻelua mau hanauna.
Nā hōʻailona kūwaho o ka hōʻino ʻia i nā mea kanu e ka hua lāʻau meli
Hiki i kekahi mea lapaʻau ke hoʻopōʻino i nā huaʻai ʻekolu i ka wā o kona ola. ʻO waho, ʻike maopopo ʻia kēia mea - ua maʻi ʻo ka pēpē ma hope o ke kūkulu ʻana, huli i ka melemele a me ka crumbles prematurely. Pono e ʻoki a wāwahi paha i kēlā hua, a hoʻoholo i ka ʻike i ke ʻano o nā anuʻu.
Hoʻopili ʻia ka lua o ka puka, kahi i hoʻopā ʻia ka keʻena pome a ʻo ke alo o nā kelepona ʻono he hōʻailona āpau nā hōʻailona āpau o kahi ʻōpala apopo.
A) pale pale pale
ʻO nā hana no ka pale ʻana o ka agrotechnical pale o nā mea kanu mai nā ʻōpū āpau:
- kāpae a hoʻohemo i ka hāʻule, ka ʻili o nā lāʻau,
- ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe kino
- hōʻiliʻili i nā lau ʻōpala a me ka wehe i nā lepo kanu,
- disinfection me vitriol a i ʻole wai i ka wai trellis, wai i loko a me nā mea lawe wai,
- Kolo ʻaila o ka lepo ma nā kahe e pili ana iā ia, a he mauʻu ia ma mua o ka pūnāwai, e like me ka maʻi maʻamau.
- i pale aku i ka hele ʻana o nā kukuna i ka lepo, hiki ke pani ʻia nā ʻōpala no ka hoʻoilo me kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni, mea hoʻouluulu ʻia, niu niu, a me nā mea inā he hua leʻa me nā ʻano hiʻu,
- ka hana a me ka kau ʻana o nā kāʻei hopu holoholona ma lalo iho o nā kumu lāʻau nui, a i ʻole ma nā waena waena o nā puʻu nui.
B) Kālina hoʻokolohua o ka nui o ka hoʻokele
ʻO ke ʻano nui o ka pale ʻana i ka hua mai ke ʻino e ka make a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea iniseti. Hoʻolaha ʻia ka hoʻoili ʻana e lawe ʻia mai i ka manawa o ka puka o nā lau mai loko mai o nā hua a ma mua o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ke kō, ʻo ia ka lā ʻumi o Iune.
- nā hua o ka hoʻomaka mua - 2-3 mau manawa,
- nā wā o ka hoʻoilo-hoʻoilo - a hiki i ka manawa 4,
- nā wā o ka hoʻoilo hoʻoilo - 5-7 mau wā.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka insecticides i ka ʻano o nā ʻano mea ʻono ikaika. I waena o nā lāʻau lapaʻau i ʻōlelo ʻia no ka pale ʻana i ka helu o māla.
· "Gladiator SUPER, KS" (lotianidin a me lambda-cygalotrin),
ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o ka hua meli ma nā huahana pālima "Lepidocide" a me "Fitoverm" ma muli o kā lākou hoʻohana palekana a me ka launa pili ʻoluʻolu.
ʻO ka manawa e kali ai ma mua o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana mai ka lā 3-5 (a i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i ka mākaukau o nā mea ola Fitoverm, Lepidocin, etc.) i 40-50 mau lā (i ka wā e hoʻohana ai iā Zolon, Ditox, Accord, etc.)
ʻO kahi papa inoa piha o nā lāʻau lapaʻau kūpono no ka codling lāʻau ma ka pūnaewele.
C) nā ʻano ola olakino e pale ai
ʻO ka mea hou nei, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kahi hana no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hana palekana i ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kanu mai nā pōʻino pepeke. Mai ka honu ka hoʻohana i kēia. Hoʻopau i ka lepo ma kahi o nā lāʻau āpau NA MEAOLELO . ^ E Ha yM. He mau huaʻai palu kēia - ʻai ʻai hua.
Hoʻohana ʻia lākou i loko o nā mea hana olakino kūikawā ma nā hua o ka lāʻau huʻai a hoʻohana ʻia i ke kaua hakakā ʻana i nā mea kanu lepidopteran o nā mea kanu. Ua liʻiliʻi ka iniseti (e pili ana i 1 mm, ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele i kahi kala me kahi kolo metallic), ka ulia o nā ʻōpala i nā hua o ka palu, a me nā lauwiwi, nā māla a me nā mea kanu manu. I loko o ia mea, hoʻomohala lākou, pupate a me ka hoʻoilo, ma laila e luku ai i ka hua codling.
ʻO ka pomonaila Laspeyresia
Carpocapsa pomonella, Cydia pomonella, Grapholitha pomonella, Laspeyresia putukum, Codling piercer
Lepidoptera (nā Kukupu) - Lepidoptera
Apple papa - ka mea maʻamau a kaulana i ka lau o nā ʻōpala. Hōʻino nā larvae i kahi huaʻō, ka pōpala, ka pīpī, ka apricot, plum, i hana ma ke ʻano he walnut.
Hoʻopili i ka bisexual. ʻO nā mea kanu o ka makahiki hope loa i ka wā kokua. ʻO ka nui o nā hanauna i kēlā me kēia makahiki e pili ana i ke aniani o ka wahi. I kekahi laʻana, e hoʻomohala ana kekahi hanauna i nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka ulu ʻana o ka hua, ʻelua ma North Caucasus, a ʻekolu ma ʻĀkelika Asia.
Kaomi i ke kiʻi e hoʻonui
inā a loaʻa aʻe nā hua 2-5
he 100 huaʻai a i ʻole e hoʻopau ai
2 -3% o nā hua.
Laulima
Imago. ^ E Ha yM. Pale hina ka poli. Wingspan 18-20 mm, lōʻihi o ke kino - 10 mm. Kahi nā poʻo ʻōleʻele me ka poli pōʻeleʻele me nā poli pōʻeleʻele a he kaula nui, ʻōpiopio, kahi wahi ʻona me ke keleawe gula ma ke poʻo o ka ʻēheu. Nā ʻēheu Hind me kahi kaila hina hina i nā kihi, i nā kua kukui ʻono. I loko o kahi kūlana mālie, lōlū ʻia nā ʻēheu i ulana ʻia.
Hoʻoponopono maikaʻi i ke ʻano. ^ E Ha yM. E like me Lepidoptera, ʻokoʻa ka wahine mai ka kāne kāne i loko o ke kumuhana o nā māhele genital. I loko o nā kāne kāne, ʻo ka ʻaoʻao o lalo o ka valva me ka pālima liʻiliʻi. I loko o nā wahine wahine, ʻo ke kāʻei o ka peke copulative he 2-3 mau manawa i ʻoi aku i ka peke ponoʻī iho.
Nā hua. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻokomo ʻia ke ʻano, pōʻalo ʻia. Ke aniani a hiki i 1 mm. Hoʻopuka, nani, ailama-keʻokeʻo.
ʻApela. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻoulu ia i ka lōʻihi i 18-20 mm. ʻO ka kala ma ka ʻaoʻao dorsal a me nā ʻāpana ka ʻiʻo-ʻulaʻula, a me ka melemele keʻokeʻo ma lalo. ʻO ke poʻo a me ka pale kaua prothoracic he brown, me kahi hiʻohiʻona keʻokeʻo i ʻoluʻolu hoʻi. Palupalu nā palupalu anal. Ma ke kumu o ka hatchet he mau pale pale aniani māmā. ʻO nā wāwae o ka ʻōpū i mākaʻi ʻia i ka lei pale o ka maka he 25-35 mau māka, nā mea anal e hoʻopili ʻia me nā 15-25 mau ʻāpana i loko o ka kāmaʻa medial. ʻAʻohe kahi popest anal.
Kaumaka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka lōʻihi he 8-12 mm. ʻO ke kala o ka integument he brown brown me kahi hue gula. ʻO ka hope o ka ʻōpū i kahi cone hāmeʻe me ʻewalu kūpeʻe like ʻole.
Phenology o ka holomua (i nā lā)
8-9 mahina
Hoʻohui
ʻĀpua mua imago. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻomaka ka lele ʻana o nā pōpoki me ka pua o ka lāʻau ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Kuhi ʻia kona nui nui ma hope o nā hebedoma 2-3, i ka manawa like me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā ovaries, ʻo ka hoʻomaka me ka nui o ka nui o nā mahana kūpono (ma luna o + 10 ° C) 90-110 °, a i ka wā mokulele ka nui o ka mahana pono ʻo 150-170 °. ʻO ka holo ʻana o nā pōpō pihi kahi i kū a hala ka 1,5-2 mau mahina. E ikaika loa nā loea i ke ahiahi, mai kahi 19 a 24 mau hola. Pono nā wahine kōkā wahine i nā meaʻai hou, a i ʻole ka hoʻoluʻu haʻahaʻa.
Ka manawa ʻai hanauna mua. Mālama ka wahine i nā hua ma hoʻokahi i ka manawa ma lalo a me nā ʻaoʻao o ka lau o ka lau, ka ʻā o nā ʻōpio a nā lālā a me nā lālā, a ma luna o nā hua, makemake loa i ka ʻila nalo. ʻO Fertility kahi 60-120, kahi nui o 180 mau hua. Wahi a nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe, hiki i ka fecundity nui loa ke hiki aku i 220 mau hua. E mālama ʻia ana ka hua wī ma ka pō a me ke ahiahi ahiahi ma ke ʻano wela o 16 + C.
Nā hua. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻopau ka hoʻolālāʻana o Embryo i nā lā 5-11. Hoʻomaka ka ʻōpiopio mua i ka honu pipi i ka nui o nā mahana kūpono e like me 230 ° - ka manawa 17-19 mau lā ma hope o ka hopena o ka wā pua o nā hua ʻōlapa hope.
Ma + 27-30 ° C, e hoʻonui ai ka hoʻolālā embryo i nā lā 5-6, ma + 18-21 ° C - 9-10 lā. I ka hua mua, ulu pinepine ka hua manu no 9-11 mau lā, ma ka lua - 5-7 nā lā. Loaʻa nā helu āpau i luna aʻe. ʻO ka manawa kūpono o ka hatching o nā pūpū i hoʻoholo ʻia e ke nānā pololei ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā hua.
Haʻawina
ʻO ka hoʻomohala o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka mākeke Codling. E pili ana i nā palena hema o ka Russian Federation, Moldova, Ukraine, a me nā mea penei:
ʻApela ma hope o ka hili ʻana, neʻe ʻia i ka ʻōpū, ʻopōpili i nā cobwebs a koho i kahi no ka hoʻolauna ʻana i nā wahi pilikia loa. Ma hope o kekahi manawa - mai kekahi mau minuke i ka hola a i ka hapalua - hoʻokomoʻo ia i loko o ke kino. Ke hoʻolilo nei i ia i ka lōʻihi o ke kino, huli ke poʻo i ke poʻo i ke komo i loko a paʻa a me kahi ʻāpana o nā bits a me nā cobwebs. No nā lā ʻelua a ʻekolu paha, e ʻai ana ka anuu ma lalo o ka ʻili o ka pūpū, a laila e hana i kahi lumi liʻiliʻi a hoʻoheheʻe no ka manawa mua i loko. A laila huhū ʻo ia i ka hele ʻana i ka lumi o ka hua a hoʻoheheʻe i ka lua o ka manawa, a ʻāwīwī ʻo ia i ke keʻena hua a me nā molts i ke kolu o ka manawa. I ka ʻehā o nā makahiki, kāpili ke anuʻu i ke ala i ka maka o ka ʻōpū, i kekahi manawa e puka ana i waho ona a ʻāʻī ʻo ia i ka hua e pili ana. Ma hope o ka hā o ka molt ʻehā, pau ka meaʻai a ka anu, a haʻalele i ka lei. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka manawa eʻai ai ma ka 22 mau lā ma ka hema o ka pae a i 45 lā ma ka ʻākau. I kēia manawa, hiki i kēlā me ka larva ke hōʻino i nā hua 1-2.
Kahu ʻo nā ʻuʻelemakule i ka lāʻau popo i ka ʻōpala i nā poʻomanaʻo o nā ʻili, i nā mea i mālama ʻia, a i ka lepo hoʻi a hohonu ka 3 cm. Koho lākou i nā wahi hoʻoilo i ka ʻāina ma kahi kokoke i ka ʻāʻī, a me ka lepo ma lalo o nā ʻūhā a me nā mea kanu lā. . ^ E Ha yM.
Kaumaka. ^ E Ha yM. I ka pūnāwai, i ka hoʻomaka me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pua o nā hua pome, i kahi mahana o + 8-9 ° C, hoʻomaka nā lāʻau i ka pala, a ma ka manawa e pau ai ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pupa. Hoʻomaka ka holo ʻana o nā pōpō i 2-3 mau pule.
Imago Hōʻike ka hanauna mua i ka manawa o ka pua o nā pua pome. Hōʻike ʻia ke kahua hoʻomohala i ʻelua mau makahiki āpau e ka huina makahiki o nā mahana kūpono (ma luna o + 10 ° С) mai 1400 °. ʻO ka holo ʻana o nā pōpō o ka lua o ka hana ua ʻōlelo ʻia no nā mahina 1.5-2.
Nā hiʻohiʻona. ^ E Ha yM. Ma nā wahi o Polesie a me Predkarpattya, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka mua i ka uka i hele i ka wā hoʻoilo, kahi lākou i kahi diapause e ola ai i ka hoʻoilo hoʻoilo. 10-15% o ka nui o nā kānaka he haumana a hoʻomohala i nā pala o ka lua o ka hanauna. Ma Transcarpathia a me ka nahele-Steppe, 30–40% o ka puppillars pupate, a ma ke kahua pākaukau a me nā wahi mauna o Crimea, 50-70%. Pau nā ʻōupuʻu o ka lua o ka hanauna i mua o ka neʻe mua o ka hanauna mua i ka lele ʻana. Ma muli o kēia, hiki ke mālama ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā manawa āpau - mai ka wā o ka hatching ʻana i nā uʻi mua o ka mua (mai ka ʻewalu o Mei a i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Iune) a hiki i ka hopena o ka hua manu e nā ʻūlima hua lua (hope o ʻAukake).
Hoʻonui nui ʻia ka nui o nā kukuna i loko o ka moku diapause i loko o nā moku ākea āpau i ka hopena o Iulai. Ma ka waena o ʻAukake, ua pau ka mālama ʻana i ka hema, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ke kahe o ka lōʻihi o nā hora wanaʻao.
Pehea e hana ai me ka apple codling moth
ʻO nā ala o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka laʻu codling ma ka lāʻau āpau ua hoʻoholo ʻia e ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā lāʻau lāʻau a me ka piʻi o nā maʻi me nā pōpoki. I ka waiho ʻana i nā māla ʻōpio, pono e kau i nā ʻōmua mua a ʻaʻole kokoke mai 100 mau mika mai ka mea i hala. Kupanaha paha, akā, koho ʻia ka pūliki i ke koho ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano kumulāʻau. ʻO ka mea i hoʻopilikia pinepine ʻia e ia, ʻo Lūkini Pepin, Renet, Parmen, Kassil, Borovinka, Antonovka.
Pehea e hana ai me ka apple codling moth:
- lawe aku a waiho i nā scavenger i ka manawa kūpono loa, mai waiho i nā hua i hoʻopau ʻia no ka hoʻoilo, hoʻoili ʻia ka hōʻiliʻili o nā huaʻai i kēlā me kēia lā i ke ahiahi, hiki ke kiʻi ʻia i ka holoholona holoholona,
- hana i nā hāmeʻa, nā mea ʻalowale, nā hale kūʻai, me ka punawai me ka pōkā, a i ʻole ka disinfection me ka wela wela,
- ka lawe ʻana a me ka pau ʻana o ka puhi ʻana o ka ʻili o ka mea i hana ʻia ma lalo o ka hoʻoilo, hoʻoilo ʻia ke kaʻina ma ka ʻūhā a me ka wai - ua lawe ʻia ka ʻili make me ka ʻōpala lāʻau, a hāwī ʻia ke ʻōpala me ka lime, e hāʻawi ana kēia hana i ka pale kiʻekiʻe o nā kumulāʻau mai ka ʻāʻato a me nā hua lāʻau ʻē aʻe.
- ʻO ka ʻohi ʻana i ka manawa, ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻoilo, ma waena o nā pā o nā alapine
- ka hōʻiliʻili pinepine a me ka luku ʻana i nā hua mummified, nā mea kanu kanu
ʻO ka ʻohi ʻana i nā kumulāʻau mai nā hua lewa me nā mea e make ai ka manuahi manuahi e mālama ʻia i nā manawa pinepine i ka makahiki. Ma nā wahi hema, kahi e hoʻomohala ana nā ʻelua o nā pōpoki, i lawe ʻia i ka pīpī he 4 mau manawa, 2 mau hālāwai no kēlā me kēia hanauna.
- i ka wā e kū mai ai nā pūleʻa,
- 3 mau pule ma hope o ka hoʻoipo mua ʻana.
- 7-10 mau lā ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kauwela o ke kauwela o nā māmā i nā momi
- 18 mau lā ma hope o ke kolu o ka mālama ʻana.
E pīpī i ka lāʻau meli mai ka laʻu a me ka codling i:
- "Match" 050 EU he kālele Swiss i hana ʻia ma ka wā pākeke a he hopena ovicidal i loko o nā hua hou. ʻAʻole holoi ʻia e ka ua, palekana no nā kānaka, me ka maikaʻi hoʻi e kū'ē i nā iniseti i hoʻomohala i ka pale ʻana i ka insecticides kuʻuna, ʻaʻole ia e luku i ka entomofauna maikaʻi.
- "Calypso" kahi hana hoʻomehana lino pūnaehana ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka hana i ka ʻili o ka ʻili. Make ka make kino ma 3 mau hola ma hope o ka mālama ʻana. Mālama ia kona hopena no 30 lā.
- "Decis Pro" - ʻike ʻia ka hopena o ka noi ma kahi hola ma hope o ka pipi ʻana. Hiki ke hoʻohui pū me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea e ulu ai ka ulu ʻana o nā mea e ulu ai, nā mea inikini ʻē aʻe, me ka hoʻoleʻa ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau me nā ʻano alkaline.
Hoʻohana pū iā Kinmiks, Karbofos, Inta-Vir, Fufanon, Agrovertin, Fitoverm.
Hoʻopili ʻia ke kiʻi ʻana i nā kumulāʻau mai ke kōkoke ʻana i ke ahiahi i ka ʻike ʻole ʻana o ka makani a me ka ua.
ʻO ka hana hou o ka lāʻau kahe
I ka pūnāwai, ua koho ʻia nā ʻōpala o nā ʻōpala i mau hale paʻakai: nā kolo, nā hua maloʻo, nā mea kanu lāʻau, nā lāʻau lāʻau a me nā mea like. I nā māla me nā kumulāʻau ʻōpiopio, kahi i loaʻa ʻole ka palu i ka palu, ʻo ka ʻōpio ke kanu pinepine ʻia i ka lepo, i ka hohonu o 3 mau kenimika.
I ke ana o kahi haneli he 10 mau kekona i ka hapanui o ka anuhe. E mau ana kēia pae ma kahi o 14-20 lā.
Hoʻomaka ka kauwela ma ka hua lewa apple codling, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ma hope o ka ulu ʻana o ka lāʻau o ka pūhaka, ke kū mai ka wela ma luna o 15 mau kiʻekiʻe. I kēia manawa, hele a male ka mare, a ma hope o 2-3 lā mau lā oviposition. Hoʻokomo nā wahine i nā hua ma luna o hoʻokahi manawa. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia wahine ka hapa o 60-120 hua manu. Hoʻoulu nā hua i kahi lā he 12 mau lā, a laila puka mai nā māla mai lākou.
Hoʻokomo ʻia i ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū ma loko o kahi apu.
Kau ka ʻōpū i ka ʻōpū a piʻi aʻe i loko o ka lumi hopena, kahi e hele mua ai ka molt. Ma hope o kēia, hoʻolāʻau ke kahe o ka makahiki 2 i kahi kuʻekuʻe lōʻihi, ʻoiai e hoʻēmi ana i ka lua o ka manawa. Hele ʻo ia i ke ana o ka hua, hoʻomaka e ʻai i nā hua a me nā molts no ke kolu o ka manawa. A laila ua koho pono ʻia ka uka mai ka ʻōpala i hoʻopau ʻia a nānā hou no kahi mea hou. ʻO ke ʻano o ke ola, e pili ana i ka hale, a hala nā lā 25-40. Ma hope o ka puka ʻana o ka pēpē ʻehā. Hoʻopau kekahi mau ʻano, aʻo kekahi mau makahiki e hāʻawi i kahi lua. I nā wahi mahana, ʻoi aku ka ulu ʻana o ka lua o ka hanauna.
ʻO nā ʻano hana
ʻAʻole hiki ke mālama maikaʻi ʻia i ka hakakā ʻana me ka lāʻau kōkānū ma luna o ka lāʻau āpau me ke kōkua ʻana o nā poʻe lapaʻau i hala i ke ʻano o ka manawa.
- 300 g mau hāmeʻe o ka rye, he nui o ka punetē o ke kō a me ka hu ʻai ʻāinā maʻamau ua kau ʻia i loko o kahi pahu ʻekolu-lita. E ninini ʻia nā mea kanu āpau me ka wai a waiho ʻia i kahi pā mahana no ka fermentation. Ma hope o 2 mau lā, ua hoʻokahe ka kvass nā hopena, ua hoʻohui hou i ka kō, ka palaoa a me ka wai i ke koena i koe. Hoʻohana ʻia ka lāʻau hoʻoneʻe me he mau lānu no nā pōpoki o nā pipi codling. Kau ʻia nā Jars i ke ahiahi, hoʻoneʻe i ke kakahiaka, lawe ʻia nā pepeke ua lawe ʻia, a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hakakā ʻana e hana hou i ke kaʻina hana. E like me ka paena, hiki i kekahi wai wai ʻai hou ʻia ka wai, wai wai, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia.
- I ka wā o ka uluʻana, e mālama ʻia nā lāʻau me ka infusions o ka wormwood, tansy, a me ka tupeka e hoʻowalewale i ka pua.
- I nā lāʻau e hoʻokau i nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo nā kāla. ʻO ka pahele no ka popo mania hiki ke lilo i kahi pāʻina pahu kahi i hoʻopili ʻia ma ka ʻū me ke kaula a i ʻole a i ʻole ka insecticidal. I ka hopena o hope, ua hoʻomohu ʻia nā ʻeke me kahi hopena kūmole a hoʻopuni a puni nā ʻōpala, i uhi ʻia me ke kiʻi kirika ma luna. ʻOi ka maʻalahi o ka pahele o ka pā. Hoʻopili ʻia nā pepa a me nā kāleka hoʻopili i ka ʻōpala a mālama ʻia me ka pā kai, ka pā a me ka ʻa.
Hoʻohana ʻia nō hoʻi nā māla pheromone no ka ʻōlelo ʻana. Hoʻolohe lākou i nā kāne a no laila ke pale i ka hānau ʻana. Loaʻa i kahi pono nui o ia ʻano mea ʻo ia ka mea e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke nānā i ka dinamika o ka ulu ʻana o ka poʻe o ka apple codling moths a i ka wā e ʻike ʻia ana ka nui o nā kānaka, e hoʻomaka i ka hana ʻōlohelohe manawa.
ʻO ka maikaʻi a me ka hōʻeha o ka lāʻau meli
Hoʻokomo wale nā lāʻau o Apple i nā lāʻau lāʻau āpau o nā ʻano like ʻole, akā na ka pī, ka plum, peach, walnut, quince a me apricot. ʻAi ka honu i ka pulpula o ka hua, a hoʻomau ʻia kāna hōʻono i nā pau ʻana.
Hoʻoku ʻia kahi ʻōpū ma kahi kalai.
I ka wā e ola ai, mālama ka larva i nā hua 2-3. Pau ka hua a pau i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka pumehana codling i ka lepo. He koʻikoʻi loa nā pōpilikia, huaʻōlelo i hāʻawi ʻia e kekahi wahine i mea e luku a hiki i ka 1000 mau hua, a ʻo kēia hoʻi e pili ana i ka 55-70% o ka nui o ka hua.
Inā loaʻa ʻoe i kahi hala, e koho i kahi ʻāpana a me ka paʻi Ctrl + Kākau.
ʻO nā ala o ka hakakā
Nui nā ala e hoʻohālikelike ai i ka lāʻau meli, akā ʻo ka lilo ʻana o nā iniseti ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka mea kūpono loa. Nā hana ʻohi.ʻO Agrotechnical: hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā pā a me nā lālā mai ka ʻōpala kahiko, hōʻili i nā ʻōpala o nā mea kanu, ʻala nā wai i ka wai me nā hua ʻala a me nā mea lawe, e kāhū ana i ka lepo e luku ai i nā kumulāʻau hoʻoilo, ka puhi ʻana i ka ʻōpala, nā mea hoʻohana pono ʻole kīwaha i loko o nā kīhāpai, ma nā papahele a i ke waiho ʻana ma ka waena waena a me nā lala nui ma ko lākou waihona, e nānā ana i nā kāʻei hopu, a me ka luku ʻana i nā pōpoki i kēlā me kēia lā 10 mau lā, e hōʻiliʻili ana i ka kalima a me kona hoʻoiho ʻana aʻe mai ka māla. Biology: hoʻokuʻu i nā trichograms i loko o nā māla, hoʻohana i nā huahana biol.E pale i nā kōpili mai ka hele ʻana i ka lepo, uhi i ka lepo ma lalo o kahi lāʻauʻōmaʻomaʻo me kahi kiʻi ʻala. Chemical: hana lapaʻau me nā iniseti manu i ka manawa o ke puka ʻana mai nā hua ma mua o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā hua lāʻau i loko o ka hua i loko o ka ʻohana noho i ka pōʻai. Hiki ke hoʻomōhala nui ʻia nā hana o ka lele ʻana i nā pōpoki me ke kōkua o nā mea hoʻohālikelike, ʻike pono nā loli o nā hanauna i ka wā e hoʻohana ana i nā kāʻei i nā ʻūlū e kau ʻia ana ma luna o nā lāʻau lāʻau ʻapihi.
Nā hanana Agrotechnical
ʻO ke kumu nui o ia mau hanana, ʻo ka luku ʻana i ka palani i hoʻomākaukau ʻia no ka hoʻoilo. No kēia, ʻae nā loea i:
- Lawe i ka ʻili make mai nā lāʻau a hoʻopau iā ia.
- nā wahi o nā lāʻau i keʻokeʻo a ʻoki ai i pena,
- hoʻokumu i nā pale i ka wā hōʻiliʻili ai.
- lapaʻau i nā ʻōpala me nā hoʻomākaukau kūikawā ma ke anawaena a hiki i 20 cm,
- hoʻopili i nā kāʻei hopu manu i nā ʻoki lāʻau (20 mau lā ma hope o ke ʻano o nā palū)
- hoʻokū i nā pahe pheromone i loko o nā māla (ʻo ka helu ʻana penei: kahi hoʻokahi ma kahi he 2 ʻeka o ka māla).
Poma peʻa
Inā pili ka lāʻau meli i nā hua lāʻau a me ka pa, a ʻo ka plum, a laila, hoʻomoʻi wale ka māla palu i nā hua o ka pou.
ʻO ka pipi kukupa a hiki i ka 2 cm ka nui o ka nui o ka hina o nā alo o mua, me kahi kumu hoʻohuli. ʻO nā māka ʻōpiopio a hiki i ka 2 cm lōʻihi, keʻokeʻo me ke poʻo brown.
Mālama i ka ʻu lau ʻo ka kōpū ma nā lau niu i nā papa o ka ʻāina (i ka hohonu o 15 cm) ma lalo o nā lei, a me nā lau hāʻule. ʻO 40 mau lā ma hope o ka pua ʻana i nā hua kanu palu hemo pālahalaha. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻōpala i kā lākou mau huakaʻi i ka hua o ka huaʻai i ka lumi kanu a ʻai i nā hua. Ma hope o hoʻokahi mahina, ua haʻalele nā anu i ka hua a hele i ka pupation a hoʻoilo i ka ʻāina o ka hehi lāʻau.
No laila, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka neʻe ʻana o kēia hānai ma mua o ka huaʻala, no laila e maʻalahi ke kaua.
Lūle lāʻau
ʻO ia he mea laʻi o nā ʻalā, nā kakalaioa, nā plums cherry, peaches, ʻaʻole loaʻa nā cherries a me nā cherries. ʻAi nā kōmeri i ka pulp o nā huaʻai, luku a me ka hoʻohaumia iā lākou me kā lākou hoʻopōkī ʻana. Hoʻopau nā hua i hoʻopau ʻia a hāʻule maoli.
ʻO ka huke nā kaila i loko o ka lau niu spider spider. E hoʻomohala i nā hanauna he 2-3, pili i ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana. ʻOi aku kēia pōpō liʻiliʻi ma mua o kahi pōpō apple, ʻo kona lōʻihi o 5-8 mm, kona ʻulaʻulaʻula. ʻO nā ʻēheu keʻokeʻo kahi ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele me kahi poni ʻula. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻēheu me kahi kaula lipe. ʻO nā wīwī ʻehā he monochromatic, ʻulaʻula kukui i ka ʻulaʻula, me nā piula ma ka ʻaoʻao o waho. He ʻulaʻula-ʻōmaʻomaʻo ka anuhe, me kahi poʻo ʻōuli ʻeleʻele. Kahi - 12-15 mm.
Hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mokulele o nā pōpoki i ka wā i loaʻa ai ka huina o nā mahana kūpono i ka 105-120 °. Holo ʻia. Ma ka hema o Ukraine, ua lōʻihi ia mai 35 a 50 mau lā. Hoʻokomo ʻo nā wahine i nā hua manu, ʻoi loa i ka hua, ʻoi aku ka nui - ma luna o nā lau, waiho iā lākou i ka pinepine ma lalo, i ka lā. E kau ana i ka wīwī ma ke ahiahi ma kahi wela o ka liʻiliʻi +14. + 15 ° C. ʻO Masonry e hana ikaika i +24. + 26 ° C. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā wahine ma kahi o 2-5 mau huaʻai no ka hāpai ʻana.
ʻO ka puka ʻana o ka hua lāʻau mai ka hua manu e hoʻopili ai me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi iwi i nā hua o nā lūlū hope i ka huina o ka hopena kūpono o 190-200 °. Ka waiho nei ka uka i ka hua mai waho a a no kekahi mau manawa - mai kekahi mau minuke a hiki i kekahi mau hola - lele i luna o ka hua. Ma kahi i koho ʻia, kau ai ʻo ia i ka ʻupena mai ka puʻu a i lalo i loko o ka pūpū. ʻAʻole ʻai ʻo ka larva i nā ʻāpana i pale ʻia, akā waiho ia ma hope, a hemo ka puka me lākou. Nā kikowaena o ka hana hōʻeuʻeu i loko o ke ʻano o nā puna a me nā kumukū kū mai nā wahi i hōʻino ʻia. I ka pulp, ka mea i pili i ka uka ke ala i ka petiole. Loaʻa iā ia iā 3 mau lā ma hope o ka hoʻoilo ʻana, ma hope o ka hamna ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana vascular a hōʻole hoʻi i ka kahe o nā mea kanu.
Inā pili nā hua, hiki i nā anuhe ke neʻe mai kekahi i kekahi. Haʻalele nā inikini i ka pēpē ma o waho a me kahi anawaena a hiki i 3 mm. Ma hope o ka lau o ka anuhe, ua waiho kaawale o kēia lua o ka hoʻopono. ʻO nā mea kīmona i hoʻopau i ka hānai i noho i loko o ka fetus no ma mua o kahi lā. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻōleʻi ʻōpiopio i loko o lākou i kekahi manawa lōʻihi.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kōmala i ka hua ma waena mai 17 a 30 mau lā. Hoʻomaka ka puka ʻana o nā kumulā mai ka huaʻai i Iulai. ʻO kahi hapa (mai 25 a 55%) hāʻule lākou i loko o ka "moe" a noho mau nei ma kēia moku a hiki i ka pūnāwai o ka makahiki e hiki mai ana. Hiki ke loaʻa i nā hua niu i nā hua kanu, ma ka pā o nā pēpē a me nā kumulāʻau lipi.
Hiki ke mālama ʻia kahi weliweli he lua i ka lā 7-10 mau lā ma hope o ke ʻano o nā butterflies mua - i ka lua o ka makahiki a i ka hopena o Iune. ʻO nā hua pua o ka lua o ka hanauna i kau wale i ka hua ma ka hua. Hoʻoulu ʻia nā hua ʻōpiopio lua mai nā hua i ka makahiki ʻelua o Iulai. ʻO kā lākou hoʻomohala ʻē aʻe e like me nā hunua o ka hanauna mua.
Ka mea, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka lele a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kēia pōpoki. Ma muli o kēia, loaʻa ka hānai ʻāpala i nā huaʻai i ʻAukake a me Kepakemapa.
Nā kumu no ko mākou mau hemahema i ka hakakā ʻana i ka ʻōkō a me ka plum codling moth
E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia iā ʻoe mai ka wehewehe ʻana o ka biology o kēia luku, lele nā hua o nā he mua a me ka lua o ka hanauna a lele i ka hua i ka manawa like ʻole, akā i ka manawa wela holoʻokoʻa o ke kauwela. No laila, ʻo kahi hoʻohana (hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha) hoʻohana i nā pesticides e hāʻawi i kahi hopena nui.
Palapalaola ka pōʻaiola, e waiho i ka nui o nā hua, a hoʻopau kēlā me kēia pūleiki i kekahi mau huaʻai. Kūkū maikaʻi loa ka pōpō i nā lau i ka lā, a uhi i nā hua me ka lau ʻona, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka lāʻau i loko o ka hohonu o ka paʻalaka no nā mea inu.
Ua hoʻohana ke kanaka i nā mea i make ai i ka hakakā me ka codling moth no nā makahiki he nui, a me nā pesticides o ke kenekulia i hala aku nei - nā pyrethroids e like me intavir, karbofos - ua hoʻomohala ka pōpilikia. Eia kekahi, make kēia mau maʻi ʻoihana manuahi i ka maʻi codling wale nō, akā luku i nā mea āpau e noho ana i loko o ka māla, a ma mua o nā mea āpau - nā ʻenemi o nā lau. Ke kue nei mākou i ka pākia o ke kīhāpai, ke alakaʻi nei kēia i ka nui o ka hoʻomoʻi ʻana o ka pākī.
Ka mea, ʻaʻohe ala ʻē? No ke aha - ʻike mau kahi kanaka kūpono i kahi ala. ʻO kahi horticulture kahi ʻoihana nui, no laila e hana nei nā ʻepekema a ʻike mau i nā huahana no nā hua kiaʻi hou. E kamaʻilio iā lākou no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe.
E kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā mea make pesticides
No laila, ea nā hemahema o nā lāʻau lapaʻau kahiko i kēia lā:
- ʻaʻole hana hoʻoweliweli - pepehi lākou i nā mea ola a pau,
- āona ʻia i nā kānaka
- hoʻohana ʻia i nā nui
- hōʻiliʻili i nā huaʻai a me ka lepo,
- holoi koke ʻia e ka ua mai nā lau a me nā huaʻai.
- kau ka pōkole ma hope o ka noi
- hoʻomāliʻi lākou i ka maʻi manu i ka wā e hoʻopili pono ʻia i kona ʻili a i ʻole o ka ʻomaʻo gastrointestinal.
Pesticides nā lā hou loaʻa nā mea noiʻi like ʻole i ka pōpilikia, no laila:
- ʻaʻohe hewa kūʻē i ka lāʻau lapaʻau,
- nāwaliwali palupalu a me nā mea hihiu ʻē aʻe,
- e hana no ka lōʻihi (a hiki i 2-3 mau pule ma hope o ka mālama ʻana),
- i ka hopena pahu (ʻo ia hoʻi, kā lākou make i ka pōpoki ma nā pālua, hoʻolilo i ka maʻi pākēnē i nā hola 3-4),
- lilo i nā helu liʻiliʻi loa,
- mai holoi ʻoe me ka ua
- komo i ka lau a me ka hua, ʻo ia hoʻi, loaʻa iā lākou ka maʻi o loko.
- e hana i ka lolo, a ma kāna hua, a ma ka uka.
No nā mea e aʻo ana i ka biochemistry a hoʻomanaʻo i kekahi mea ʻē aʻe, e hana hou ana au, he aha ka hopena biochemical ka mea i loko o ke kino o kahi kukuna e ulu ai, hoʻololi i ka ʻili, ka neʻe, ka hānai:
Ke neʻe nei ka nerve pili mai ka waenakonu a i ka ʻōnaehana o ka pōpela peripheral i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia i nā kahe sodium. Hiki i kēia mau ala ke pale i nā pūʻulu ʻelua o nā lāʻau lapaʻau: pyrethroids a me indoxycarb.
ʻO kaʻoi aku o ka synaps, pono ka acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Hoʻopau ia ia e ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka organophosphorus kahiko a me nā kaʻa hou o kēia mau mea hou.
Ke hōʻea nei ka kolohe i nā mea hoʻopiʻi:
he) cholinesterase - ālai ʻia lākou e neonicotinoid,
b) nā mea hopu GABA - paʻa lākou iā Fipronil.
I ka holo ʻana o ka neʻe ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā ʻaoʻao, ke hele nei ke ahulau ma nā wahi o nā klorine. Hoʻoleʻa ʻia kēia mau kahawai e avermectins. Ua puka mai nā lāʻau hou - nā mea paʻa o nā chitin synthesis, ʻaʻole hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā chitin - paʻa ka larva i hoʻomohala.
A ʻo ka hope loa, kū mai ka lāʻau lapaʻau ikaika loa - Coragen Hoʻopili ia i nā protein nā mea i hoʻohālikelike i nā mākeke o nā pepeke. ʻAʻole hiki i ka larva ke puka mai i waho o ka hua manu, no laila ʻaʻole ia e komo i ka ʻōpala, a pau nā mea ola a pau i kahi neʻe ʻia.
No laila, e hōʻiliʻili ai i nā mea aloha o ka ʻike biochemical hohonu:
- ʻO nā pyrethroids(Kinmix, Karate) a kūwauwai(Avant, Senpai) i ka hana ma ka pā sodium-potassium, i nā ʻano like ʻole:
- indoxacarbpoloka i nā iriona sodium i nā aʻa o nā nerve, kahi e hoʻoki ai i kaʻai a me ka neʻe ʻana o nā iniseti,
- FOS(kalbofos) a ʻōpala - nā puna wai o nā nerve. Kūleʻa lākou i ka acetylcholinesterase - he enzyme e kuleana no ka hoʻouna ʻana i kahi neʻe a neʻe.
- neonicotinoids(Actara, Confidor) hoʻokaʻawale i ka hana o acetylcholinesterase, he poʻe antagonist o nā mea hoʻokele nicotine-acetylcholine, e hoʻolōʻihi i ka wehe ʻana o nā pāsa sodium, aʻo ka hoʻoili ʻana i kahi ʻano neil a ke kīnā ʻia, a make nā mea make mai nā huhū ʻeha.
- ʻOa Fipronilpoloka i ka waola gamma-aminobutyric, e hoʻoponopono ana i ka kaomi ʻana o kahi neʻe i ke aʻalolo ma nā kanaleka kūloko i nā membranes o nā huina,
- nā mea hoʻoliʻi chitin syntitorspoloka i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o chitin a hoʻonāukiuki i ka papa maʻamau o ke kaʻina pili.
He mea paʻakikī paha ia, akā he mea nui ia e ʻike e hoʻohana i nā lāʻau lāʻau mai nā hui like ʻole - a laila ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia nā pōpoki paleʻino i loko o kou māla.
Ka papa inoa o nā lāʻau lapaʻau i kēia manawa
E helu wau i ka lāʻau maikaʻi loa o nā hui like ʻole e kūʻai aku ʻia a pono e hoʻohana ʻia e pale i ka lewa codling i kahi mua.
- ʻO nā Pyrethroids: Karate, Lambda-cypermethrin, Sumi-alpha, Kinmix, Beta-cypermethrin.
- Hoʻokomo pūpū: Actellik, Pyrimifos-methyl.
- Neonicotinoids (hana paʻa):
- Confidor, Tanrek - imidacloprid,
- Mospilan - acetamipride.
- Nā Nicotinoids (hoʻopā i ka hopena ʻōpū):
- Kūkulu o ka waila sulfonic: Bankol, Bensultap - ka hopena o ka pilina-ʻili.
- Nā Hālalala (hou, piha piha lāʻau lapaʻau).
1) Insegar - fenoxycarb (mau kalama),
2) Dimilin - diflubenzuron,
3) Pāʻani - Lufenuron,
4) Sonnet - hexaflumuron,
5) Nomolt - teflubenzuron,
6) Appleaud - ka buprofesin (ʻo ka mea inikua mua e kāohi ai i nā keʻokeʻo).
7) Rimon - Novaluron
- Avermectins: nā waiʻona haʻahaʻa no nā kānaka, kahi pālahalaha, hōʻemi haʻahaʻa o nā pōpoki.
1) Vermitek, Abamectin,
2) Actofit,
3) Fitoverm, Aversectin,
4) Agravertine, Akarin.
Ua weliweli wau i kēlā me kēia kanaka, malia ma ka helu ʻana i ka nui o nā lāʻau lapaʻau. Akā ʻaʻole pono ia no ka māla lāʻau maʻalahi, pono e ʻike ʻia kēia mau hoʻomākaukau a me kā lākou hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana e nā agronomists no nā māla ʻoihana nui.
Pehea wau e mahi ai i kaʻu māla lāʻau
I kā mākou hana ʻeono haneri, ua maʻalahi nā mea a pau. E haʻi aku wau iā ʻoe i kaʻu mea e hana nei.
I ka pūnāwai, ma hope o ka pua o ka māla, waiho wau i nā ipu o kvass. A ke kali nei au i ka pepe mua o ka make ʻana o ka mea kani iā lākou. No laila he manawa kēlā e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ai i ka māla.
Ke koho nei au i ke ahiahi wela, ʻaʻole ka ua nui, hoʻomākaukau wau i ka hui ʻana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau e like me ke kuhikuhi ʻana. Koho koho maikaʻi: senpai + mospilan. A ʻo kinmix + imidocloprid. ʻO ia kahi, kahi pyrethroid hou me ka hopena kūmole ikaika a me kahi pā maikaʻi maikaʻi loa a me kahi neonicotinoid, e hana pono ana no 2-3 mau pule.
Ma hope o nā hebedoma e 2, ke kau hou nei au i ka pālahalaha ʻana, akā me kahi ʻano o nā mea kanu like ʻole. ʻO ke koho maikaʻi loa: Sonnet + Bankol. Bankol - Ka Lime Japanese, neurotoxin, hoʻopili i ka pēpē i kekahi manawa o ka hoʻomohala. Sonnet - ka mākaukau mākaukau maikaʻi loa no ka ʻohi simulator. Hana paʻa, hana ia no hoʻokahi mahina i ka microdoses. Pani ia i ka synthesis o chitin i ka loko, a make ia i ka molting. ʻAʻole i kūʻē ke kū'ē i kēia mau lāʻau.
ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, e hana pono ana nā lāʻau hauʻenehana hou (match, Dimelin, Insegar, Coragen). ʻAʻole wau i ʻike iā lākou a ʻaʻole noi. Hōʻike koʻu ʻike i ka hoʻōla ʻia ʻana o ka māla ʻelua i ka manawa kūpono me nā ʻelua ʻelua o nā lāʻau hoʻōla kūpono e lawa no ka pale ʻana i nā pōʻino nui i nā mea kanu e ka puri.
ʻO nā hana hana kūlohelohe
Ma koʻu māla hoʻi ua hoʻohana wau i nā hoʻokele kūlohelohe. I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua nānā aku wau i nā keiki kula e ʻohiʻohi i nā lau i nā māla a me nā māla kula i ka hopena o ke kulu a waiho ʻia iā lākou i loko o nā ʻeke aila. ʻAʻole paʻakikī iaʻu e lawe i kēia mau ʻeke i loko o kaʻu māla a hoʻopuehu iā lākou a puni nā hua lāʻau āpau. Eia kekahi, lawe au i lalo o nā kumulāʻau manawaleʻa pīpī mai kaʻu mau holoholona, aia kahi nui o nā pulupapa.
No laila, lawe wau i kaʻu māla i nā ʻano he nui o nā hua weed a me nā miliona o nā holoholona hānai. Me he mea lā ke kūʻē nei wau i ka ʻōlelo aʻo a ka poʻe agronomists e makaʻu nei i ka nāhelehele a me nā pōpoki hiki iā mākou ke lawe mai me nā hua manu. Eia naʻe, i ka hana, ke hana maikaʻi nei wau.
Ma koʻu māla, ma lalo o nā kumulāʻau ma luna o kahi papa maloʻo o nā meaola, ulu kahi pā ikaika o ka mauʻu. He nui o lākou e pua mai i ka wai mua a hiki i ka hopena o ke gugur. ʻOiai, mai nā māla kahiko ua hoʻokomo au i loko o kaʻu māla i nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā ʻili lili. ʻAʻole au e hoʻohana i ka insecticides kahiko o ka hui organophosphorus, ka mea nāna e pepehi i nā mea āpau i kahi laina. Hoʻuʻu wau i ka māla i ka hapa mua o ke kauwela me nā hoʻomākaukau me nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi i kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, paʻa i ka lei. ʻAʻole holoi ʻia lākou e ka ua ma ka lepo, a ma ka mauʻu palu e ʻike ʻia ai nā mea ʻala o nā entomophages a ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ʻia.
ʻAʻole wau e make i ka huki codling 100% e ka hana ʻana i nā ʻalani he 10, e like me ka hana ʻana o nā mea māla Pake. Hoʻokele kekahi mau pōpoki pōpilikia i ka lepo i ka hapa o ke kauwela, a kau nā mea kōwī i nā hua hua i loko o nā ʻohu o ka mau momi - ʻo ia hoʻi kā lākou ʻano. Ma ka mauʻu wīwī, kahi nui o nā popo, nā pīpī lepo a me nā mea hoʻopuka ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole nā manu hoʻokahi i hiki ke piʻi hou i ka lāʻau o ka huaʻala a kāʻeha i kahi hua hou - e ʻai ʻia a i ʻole ʻia ka maʻi.
ʻO ka mauʻu palupalu, inā nui ka nui o nā mea kūlohelohe, ʻaʻohe mea hoʻokūkū ma ka lāʻau ʻōpala no nā mea meaʻai, no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki ke pale i ka lei kiʻekiʻe. Ma ka pale ʻē aʻe, nā lau nahele, hoʻopau i ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, hoʻokaʻina i ka lepo me nā mahele hou o nā paʻakai e loaʻa ana, a me ka ʻalae he wahi maikaʻi loa ia no nā mea ola.
I ka wā ʻōpio, ua kanu wau i ka mauʻu 2-3 i ke wā o ke kauwela, i kēia manawa ke hana nei wau i nā ala i loko o ka māla. Pono ka ʻōlelo ʻana o nā māla i nā huaʻala, he mau tausani mauʻu nā heihei i waena o lākou iho no kahi wahi i ka lā, e ola nā mea kanu i kūpono i koʻu ʻāina - me kēia ke kūleʻa o ka ʻānuola o kaʻu māla. ʻO kaʻu hana, ʻo ia wale nō ka hāʻawi ʻana iā ia i ka wai a me nā mea kūlohelohe.
Noho wau a puni ka lihi o ka māla me nā lindens, maples, ash ash, hawthorn a me Ieonymus, hoʻomaikaʻi aku wau i ka ke ea ʻana i kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe manawa maloʻo ma kēia i ka hoʻoilo a i ke kauwela paha.
I ka lei o kahi hawthorn, hui ʻia nā pears.
No nā makahiki he ʻumi o ka hopohopo nei no ka pōʻai, ʻoiai ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā pesticides, ua lilo kaʻu māla i wahi oasis, kahi pā hale no nā mea ola maikaʻi a me nā manu.
Kokoke i loko o nā māla he nui, mālama ka ʻāina ma lalo o ka mahuʻi. A ulu paha lākou i kekahi cereals e ʻoki.Hoʻokomo ʻia nā Monocultures i nā wahi nui. ʻO nā pesticides toxic maikaʻi loa o ka makahiki hope. A hakakā ka hakakā ʻana me ka lawaiʻa codling
