Aupuni: | Eumetazoi |
Moulou | Plalani |
Hoʻopuka nui: | Hoʻohana |
Lāpala: | Kahi hale kākela |
Kāhea: | Nā Gophers |
Keledea (lat.Spermophilus ko Citellus) - ka ulu ʻana o ka nui o nā ʻohana rodirrel (a me ke kanaka nui.Sciuridae).
ʻO keʻano
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino 14-40 cm, ʻehā 4-25 cm (ka liʻiliʻi ma lalo o ka hapalua o ke kino lōʻihi). ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o nā ʻōpū o mua i ka mua. ʻO nā pōkole, nā pōkole liʻiliʻi. He ʻokoʻa like ka waihoʻoluʻu o ke kua - mai ke ʻōmaʻomaʻo a poni. ʻO ka pinepine he laka pōkole ma hope o ka hope, ka lōʻihi o ka manawa, ka lipi poʻokeʻo a i ʻole nā spaces liʻiliʻi. Ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino e hiki ke hele i nā kānana māmā. ʻAno ʻōpala a keʻokeʻo paha ka ʻōpū. Ma ka hoʻoilo, he malulu a loloa ka hulu o ka poʻe gopher, i ke kauwela he mea liʻiliʻi loa, pōkole a me ka rougher. Aia nā pahu pipi. Nā Nipples mai 4 a 6 ʻaʻole kumu i koho ʻia 446 lā ] .
Kahele
Hoʻopalaha nā poʻe ʻo Gophers i ke ala lāʻau, nā lāʻau alahelehele, ke ʻano āpau a me nā ʻōpala o kahi nahele-tundra. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona no nā ʻāina hāmeʻa. Ma nā wahi āpau o nā awāwa kahawai e hele nui aku ma kahi o Arctic Circle, a ma nā ʻāpana ʻāpana - i nā wahi semi-desales a me nā wahi neoneo, ma nā kuahiwi kuahiwi ke piʻi aku nei i ka mauna i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 3500 m ma mua aʻe o ke kai. ʻO ke ala o ke ola he terrestrial, noho lākou i nā kolana, ma nā lua i ʻeli ai lākou iā lākou iho. Pono ka lōʻihi o ka lua a me kona kūkulu i ke ʻano o ka gopher a me ke ʻano kikoʻī. Ma nā pāpū one, ʻo lākou ka lōʻihi loa - a hiki i 15 m ka lōʻihi a he 3 m hohonu ka hohonu, ma nā lepo lepo pālahalaha ʻole lōʻihi ka lōʻihi ma mua o 5-7 m. Kahi kaulana nā Gophers no kā lākou hana e kū ana ma kā lākou mau wāwae hind i ka pilikia a me ka hana ʻana i nā mea kani whistling.
Pākuʻi ʻia nā ʻāina squirrels ma luna o nā papahele a i lalo o nā mea kanu, kahi kokoke i nā lua wai. ʻAi kekahi mau holoholona i nā holoholona hānai, maʻamau nā pepeke. Hana ʻia nā wahi kanu momona mai nā hua kanu o nā mea kanu me nā mea kanu cereal. Hoʻoikaika i ke kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi, ʻoi nui ka lā ma nā pua. I ka wā hoʻoilo, hāʻule lākou i ka hibernation, ka lōʻihi a me ka manawa o ka mea e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i kahi wahi kiko. Me ka wā hoʻoilo o ka hoʻoilo, he nui nā mau ʻano me ka ʻahaʻaina o ke kauwela i pili me ka nele o ka ʻai.
Hoʻomaka pinepine ka hana a ka gopher i kekahi mau lā ma hope o ka ala ʻana mai ka hānau ʻana. ʻO ka wahine e lawe i 1 mau kiaʻi i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO ka helu o nā cubes i loko ona mai 2 a 12. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka hānauʻana ma kahi o 23-28 mau lā. [ ʻaʻole i kuhikuhi ʻia kahi lā 93 lā ]
ʻO nā ʻano nui nui o nā ʻāpana ʻāina i kekahi mea nui i ke kālepa ʻili. Hiki iā lākou ke lilo i mau mea o ka hopu huluhulu kūikawā - ʻaina.
Nui nā ʻano he nui nā pōpoki huaʻai a me nā mea lawe kūlohelohe o nā pathogens o kekahi mau maʻi (maʻi, tularemia, brucellosis). ʻIke ʻia nā koena Fossilized mai Miocene.
Nā hiʻohiʻona a me ka noho maʻamau
Noho ʻo Gophers he hui o nā holoholona, nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi he iwakālua a i ʻole nā kānaka he nui, ʻo lākou nā makuahine pilikino me nā cubs, e mākaukau e holo mai kekahi i kekahi. Noho nā Gophers i nā lua-mika lōʻihi kahi a lākou e ʻeli ai, kahi kokoke i nā lua āpau ke kokoke i kekahi.
Kūpono ʻia nā mākeke me nā puʻu liʻiliʻi. Hiki i nā wahī ke hele ma lalo o nā kahawai a me nā loko. I loko o kahi e noho ai, ua kūkulu ʻia kahi keʻena puni, uhi ʻia i ka mauʻu maloʻo. I kēlā meaka, moe ka gopher i ka hoʻoilo a me ka hapa nui o ke kauwela, ke hoʻolilo nei i ka momona i hōʻiliʻili i ka wā o ka ala i loko o ka moeʻuhane.
I ka hoʻoilo o ka hoʻoilo, ʻai ʻo ia i nā hua a me ka hehi i mālama ʻia i ka lua. Makemake nā holoholona i ka noho ʻana i nā wahi ākea i nā nahele, nā anuina, i ka semi-wao a hiki i ka wao nahele. He palena ʻāina kēia mau kaila a ʻaʻole makemake i ka cohabitation me nā hui, ʻoi loa o ʻelua mau kānaka hoʻokahi o kēlā me kēia.
Noho ʻia ma loko o nā anuina wela, e hūnā ka holoholona ma hope o kona huelo, e like me ka umbrella, i pale ʻole ai i ka wela. I ke ahiahi, i ka wā o ka lā i kāna zenith, gophers siesta i nā lua lua. Mai ke kiʻi ʻana mai nā ʻohana squirrel, piʻi maikaʻi lākou i nā lāʻau.
Gopher - kahi noho, ka nohona, nā meaʻai a me nā mea hoihoi e pili ana i nā gophers (90 kiʻi)
ʻO Gophers kahi mamao ākea a me nā hoahānau nui o nā piriki. ʻO kā lākou huaʻōlelo ka lehulehu o nā ʻano he ʻumikumamālua, aia kekahi o lākou e noho ma Rū. ʻO nā leo i hana ʻia e ka holoholona ma ke kamaʻilio ʻana, a hāʻawi iā ia i kahi inoa - "susati" i ka unuhi ʻana mai ka Old Slavonic ʻo ia ka "hiss".
ʻActerlelo ola a me ke ʻano
Nā holoholona Gophers mea akamai a maikaʻi hoʻi. He nui nā ʻenemi iā lākou, e like me nā haehae, nā aʻalā, nāhelehele, lynx, raccoons, antelope, coyotes, badger, nā ʻūlio a me nā alopeke. ʻAʻole noʻonoʻo lākou āpau i ka ʻai ʻana i kahi gopher ua hānai maikaʻi.
Hiki iā lākou ke pena ʻia no ka mea i ko lākou ʻili, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia no ka huluhulu i nā huahana ʻoihana hulu. Me nā pīpī pohō o ka weliweli, e kū ana ke kākeke ma kona mau wāwae hind a nānā a puni. Hōʻalo ka holoholona i ka pōpilikia, e hoʻopuka ana i kahi lāʻau a peʻa paha, e ʻōlelo ana i ka ʻohana a e koi ana iā lākou e pale i nā lua.
E hoʻolohe i ka kāhea
Eia kekahi, ke hoʻokokoke aku ke kanaka, ke neʻe nei kahi mea iʻa a manu paha i nā ʻano like ole, me ka ʻike ʻana ʻo wai ka mea e hoʻokokoke mai ana. ʻO kekahi o ka pūʻulu e noho mau ana ma luna kiʻi o kahi holoholona gopher Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ke kū ʻia ʻana o ia ma ka pou.
Loaʻa i nā holoholona nā maka maikaʻi ʻole ma o ko lākou mau lalo i lalo, no laila ke piʻi lākou i nā wahi kiʻekiʻe e ʻike pono i ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻenemi. Mai ka manawa mai, ua kōkua nā lua manu i kā lākou lā, kahi e hoʻonā i nā gophers burrowed.
Hiki i nā nāhelehele ke komo i nā pōpoki a ʻai i nā hua. I mea e pale ai i kāna mau keiki, ke hāhai nei ka makuahine i ka lua a hoʻolilo ikaika i kāna ʻili, hana i ke ʻano ʻoi aku ʻo ia ma mua o ka mea maoli. Inā komo ka ʻū a me ke gopher i ka palaki, ʻaʻole hoʻi ka makuahine i ka ʻili o nā ʻona makeā.
Loaʻa i nā Gophers kahi hana kinikini e kūʻē i ka nahesa ʻohana, ʻaʻole ia e alakaʻi i ka make. Ke neʻe pinepine nei nā Gophers mai ko lākou mau lua i kahi o hoʻokahi haneli mau manawa e hūnā ai.
Hele maikaʻi lākou ma mua o nā ʻoni i mua a i hope, mahalo i kā lākou huelo ʻono, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ana i nā paia o nā pauku. Inā maikaʻi ke ʻai i ke momona o ke kāne, a laila komo ʻo ia i ka ʻōpū ma ke kakahiaka mua o Iune, a laila ʻo nā wahine makua, a ma nā lā he 10 o Iulai a i ka wā mua o ʻAukake a me nā pōpōpō. Ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, ala hou nā gophers ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana o ka ʻai mua, a puni ka hopena o Malaki.
E makaʻala!
Noho ka holoholona i nā pūʻulu o 20 mau kanaka i nā kaila hohonu i lalo, kahi lākou e ʻeli ai. Kūkulu kēlā me kēia kanaka i kahi mink hoʻokaʻawale, ʻo ka mea ʻē aʻe ka makuahine me nā cubs.
Pono ka lōʻihi o nā pūholo ma ka lepo: ma ka pālolo ʻaʻole ʻoiʻoi aʻe o 8 m, ma ke one i hiki ke loaʻa he 16 m. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaopopo i ke ola o nā gophers, hiki i nā puʻu ke one ma ka pā.
Loaʻa ʻia nā puka komo i nā lua ma kahi mamao ʻē aʻe a ke mālama ʻia nei e kekahi. I kahi hihia o ka pōʻino, hōʻailona lākou i nā kaikunāne: kū lākou ma luna o ko lākou mau wāwae hind a me ka pīpī.
Ua hūnā ʻia nā holoholona ma lalo o ka holoholona, i hoʻopaʻa pono ʻia nā holoholona me ka mauʻu. Eia ma laila lākou e kali ai i ka hānau ʻana no ka hoʻoilo.
ʻO ke ola a me ka hānau ʻana
I loko o ka hihiu, ke ola nui o ka gopher he 2-3 mau makahiki, ma ke ʻano he pēpē - hoʻonui ʻia ka 8.
I ka pūnāwai, ma hope o ke ala ʻana, hoʻomaka ka wā hānai e mau ana ma kahi o hoʻokahi pule a me ka hapa. I ka Mei, ma hope o kahi hānau ʻana he 29 lā, hānau ʻia nā kuli a me nā ʻōpio makapō.
I loko o hoʻokahi mahina, hoʻomaka ke ʻimi ʻupena e huli i kahi hale hou. I hoʻokahi makahiki hiki ʻo ia i ka wā pahulu. ʻAʻole i komo nā Males i ka hānai ʻana.
Ke ʻano kai
Makemake nā Gophers i ka meaʻai o ka mea kanu kumu. Ma muli o ko lākou makemake makemake, ua lilo lākou i mea hānai no nā kānaka: me ka hao wale lākou i ka ʻāina mahiʻai.
Aneane ua ʻai nā mea āpau: nā pua, nā hua kanu, nā hua waina a me nā lau - kāloti, nā ʻōpala. ʻAʻole hōʻole ʻo Gophers i ka mau meakanu, pepeke, voles mahina a me nā manu liʻiliʻi. Hiki iā lākou ke huʻi i ka kalaiʻi.
ʻO nā holoholona e noho ana i nā kuahiwi, no ka laʻana, i ka pūnāwai ke ʻai i nā aʻa o nā dandelions, tulip, a me nā kumu kiʻekiʻe o nā mea kanu. I ke kauwela, dandelions, bluegrass, geranium e hāʻule i loko o kaʻai.
ʻO ka kumu o ke ʻano a me ka wehewehe
ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā gophers i pua mau lōʻihi. Ua loaʻa iā lākou ka lōʻihi ma nā ʻohana like ʻole, nā ʻano a me nā kauoha.
I kēia manawa, aia ma kahi o 38 mau ʻano he nui a ʻo ka mea maʻamau ka ʻōlelo penei:
E like me ka mea i loaʻa iā lākou, he kūpuna maʻamau i noho hou i kēia manawa. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā poʻe pio Gulag i loaʻa i nā mummy nui o ka poʻe gophers i ka lua o Yakutia i ka hohonu o ka 12 mau mika. Ma hope o ka hoʻoili ʻana i kekahi o nā huaʻōlelo a me ke aʻo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka molekone a ʻike ʻia, ʻike ʻia ʻo kēia ʻano Indigir o 30 tausani mau makahiki.
I ka manawa o ke Oligocene, ua hana ʻia kahi wahi hou o ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana, ma muli o ia ʻano i puka mai ai nā ʻohana hou, i loko o nā koina liuliu, kahi i loaʻa ai nā ʻano ʻōiwi mua loa o ka honua, nā mea a Indigir. Ka mea hele i ka pili pono loa o nā gophers, he poʻe liʻiliʻi wale nō a nāwaliwali. Me na wahini hoi e lele ana, na ke aniani lele ana a me na ilio hihiu.
ʻO ka ʻohana squirrel, no nā papa kahiko o nā rodents. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe ʻepekema mai lākou i puka mai ai i ka 60-70 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻoiai aia kekahi e hōʻoiaʻiʻo nei lākou he hoʻomau loiloi o ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka manawa o ka Cretaceous manawa. Akā, i kekahi hihia, hiki ke hoʻokele ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā holoholona kahiko i ola hou a hiki i kēia lā.
Nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā hiʻohiʻona
He rodents liʻiliʻi nā Gophers, no ka mea, ʻokoʻa ka lōʻihi o ke kino mai 15 a 38 cm, a ʻo ka huelo mai ka lima a i ka iwakāluakūmākolu paha he mau pepeiao liʻiliʻi ko lākou i uhi ʻia me lalo. ʻO ka ʻāpana ʻokoʻa o ke kua i hope mai ke aniani a i ka poni. Nā kihi panuʻeleʻele a he ʻāwīwī paha ma ke kua. ʻAno paha a ʻōmaʻomaʻo ka ʻōpū. I ka hoʻoilo, ua māloe ka lōʻihi o ka hulu a no ka mea, ke kokoke ke anuanu.
Kūʻai liʻiliʻi nā gophers Europa e like me ke ʻano. Loa ke kino mai 16 a 22 paha kenimika, pōkole ka lā: wale no 5-7 cm. Hōʻihi ka ʻaoʻao poʻomanaʻo me ka ʻulu melemele a i ʻole keʻokeʻo. ʻĀnō nā ʻaoʻao a he ʻulaʻula iʻa ʻia ka paʻu. Ua hoʻopuni ʻia nā maka e nā wahi ʻulaʻula, a me ka tummy me ka pale pale o ka melemele.
ʻOi aku ka nui o ka mea hoʻopiʻi ʻAmelika ma mua o kona hoalauna ʻEulopa. ʻO ka poʻe noho o Chukotka 25-32 cm ka lōʻihi, ʻAmelika mai 30 a 40 cm. Ma kahi o 710-790 kāmela. ʻAʻole i ʻokoʻa ʻē ka nui o nā kāne no nā kāne, akā ʻoi aku kā lākou paona. He ʻumiʻu a maikaʻi loa lākou a hiki i 13 cm lōʻihi. He brownish-ocher ke kua i loko o ka waihoʻoluʻu me nā kukui māmā, a ua ʻulaʻula ke poʻo. I ka hoʻoilo, ua mālamalama ka hulu, a kū mai nā ʻōpio i kahi ʻāpana ʻōpala.
ʻOi aku ka nui o ka gopher nui a i ka lua ʻāpana wale nō i ka melemele. Loaʻa lākou i ka lōʻihi o ke kino o 25-33 cm a me kahi huelo o 7-10 cm. Na ke kaumaha a hiki i ka hapa a me ka hapa kilograms. Ma hope ke kua o ka kua, ʻoi aku ka ʻulaʻula, he ʻokoʻa like nā ʻaoʻao ʻulaʻula. Ua kua ʻia ke kua me nā ʻulaʻula keʻokeʻo, a he hina a ʻeleʻele paha ka ʻōpū. ʻO nā gophers nui ka 36 mau chromosom i ka karyotype, ʻaʻole like me nā ʻohana, like ʻole ʻo ia ke kumu e hoʻomaka ai ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻoilo ma ka hopena o Iulai.
ʻO ka laulā he 18-25 cm ka nui, a ʻo ke kaupaona ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻea i ka hapalua hapa. ʻOi ka wili i emi iho ma mua o ʻehā mau cm.ʻO ke kanaka ʻākau i loaʻa ka hina hina-ʻula o ke kua, ma ke kūkulu hema e huli i ka hina hina. I ka huina, he 9 mau subspesies e ʻokoʻa i ka helehelena a lilo ka liʻiliʻi i ke ala o ka hema.
He ʻano like ko ka mea puhoi mauna i ka poʻe gopher liʻiliʻi, ma mua o ka heluna nui o ka poʻe maoli ia lākou. ʻAʻole hiki ke nui o ke kino i 25 cm, a ʻo kahi huʻu a hiki i 4 cm. ʻO ke kua hina ka hina me kahi brownish-yellow hue. Aia he mau wahiʻeleʻele ma ke kua. ʻOi aku ka laka a me nā ʻōpū ma mua o ke kua, me kahi kāʻei melemele. ʻEleʻele nā ʻōpiopio a me nā wahi nui ma mua o nā pākeke.
Aia i hea ke kanaka gopher?
Ua hoʻohuli ʻo ka poʻe Gopher Pake i kahi alahele a me ka mea i noho ma ke ala lāʻau, e like me marten, ʻoiai i kēia manawa he ʻano maʻamau ia. E noho ana ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina o ke kikowaena a me ka hikina o ʻEulopa. ʻO ka pinepine loa ma Kelemania, ma Polani ma ka Splian Upland. Noho pū kekahi ma Austria, Czech Republic, Moldova. Pēlā pū kekahi ʻaoʻao komohana o Tureke a me Slovakia. Ma ke komohana hema o Ukraine, ua loaʻa wale ia ma Transcarpathia, Vinnitsa a me Chernivtsi.
Noho ka poʻe Americao puni honua ʻaʻole wale ma ka ʻāina o ʻAmelika Hema, akā aia nō ma ka hikina o Rūsia. Ma ke komohana-hikina i Siberia, noho ia Chukotka, Kamchatka a me Kolyma Highlands. ʻO nā hui ʻo Yang a me Indigir kahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻē aʻe i nā koena a pau. Ma ka ʻāina o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, he nui i Alaska a me Kanada. Noho ka poʻe gopher nui i ka puʻu o nā ʻūhā wāwae a me nā pāpū o Kazakhstan a me Russia. E hoʻomaka ka hale noho i ka muliwai ʻo Volga ma ke komohana a hoʻopau i ka laha o Ishim a me Tobol ma ka hikina. Ma ke kūkulu hema, e hele ai ka palena ma waena o nā kahe o Bolshoi a me Maly Uzen, a ma ke ʻākau, aia ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau, ʻo Agidel.
Kahi ʻā pinepine ʻia nā kuahiwi kuana kokoke i nā kahawai Kuban a me Terek, a ʻo ka mokuʻo Elbrus hoʻi. Piki aku lākou i kahi kiʻekiʻe loa: 1250 - 3250 m ma luna o ke kai. ʻO kahi wahi o ka hoʻonāʻāina he ʻekolu haneli haneli hekili, he mau wahi nui loa a hōʻike i kahi helu maikaʻi. Noho lākou i ke kiʻekiʻe e hiki ai: kahi i loaʻa ai nā mea kanu i hiki ai ʻoe ke ʻai.
He aha nā meaʻai e nā gophers?
Ma mua, ua manaʻo ʻia nā mea kanu ʻehā ʻē aʻe o nā mea kanu mea kanu, no ka mea ʻo kaʻai nui o ka mea kanu. Ma ia hope aia, ua hānai lākou i nā meaʻai o nā ʻano holoholona. Ma muli o ke ala ʻana, hoʻoulu hou lākou iā lākou iho me nā pulu o nā mea kanu, a laila hoʻololi lākou i nā hua cereal. I ke kauwela, ʻai nui ʻoe i nā hua lāʻau a me nā hua. Hiki i nā kīnā liʻiliʻi.
ʻIke ʻia nā meaʻai i nā wahi e noho ai ka mākele ʻāina o ʻAmelika, no laila ua mākaukau lākou e ʻai i nā mea āpau ma ko lākou ala. Ma mua o ka hānau ʻana, e hānai ʻia lākou me nā rhizome a me nā pōpoki o nā mea kanu, hoʻohui i nā hua ono a me nā ʻono e hiki ai iā lākou ke hālāwai. Ma muli o ke anuanu, pono ke ʻai i nā māla, nā ʻōpala, nā ʻōpala, a i kekahi manawa ukana. Ke hele nei i kona ala ʻana i nā wahi i loaʻa i ka meaʻai i loko o nā puahiā, i kekahi manawa aia nā maʻi cannibalism. Hoʻopilikia ke ola o kahi groundhog ʻAmelika: hiki iā ʻoe ke pololi a make a ʻai ʻia paha e kekahi ʻohana.
Noho nā gophers nui i nā kūlana maikaʻi loa a hānai i nā cereals a me nā mea kanu pua. I ka pūnāwai makemake lākou e loaʻa i nā ʻōpala a me nā aʻa o nā mea kanu, huli i nā pua a me nā lau. ʻO kahi kokoke e hāʻule, kahi ʻano meaʻai e hoʻohui ai i ka rye, palaoa, millet a me nā oats. No ka hoʻoilo, ʻaʻole paʻa ka meaʻai. Hoʻopili nā gophers liʻiliʻi i nā aʻa, nā lau a me nā pua o nā mea kanu. I kekahi manawa ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻowahāwahā i ka meaʻai holoholona. Hoʻopili loa ke ʻano kaiʻai e ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea kanu i ulu e nā kānaka. E ʻoki aku i nā ʻōpala a me nā hua o ka maple, hazel. Mai nā hua e like me ka apricot.
Ua aneane ka nui o nā gophers ma ka nui o ka nui o ka ʻai, ka mea maoli e ola nā ʻAmelika, a ʻaʻole wale nā mea pihi mauna ke manaʻo nei i kēia lā ke kali nei lākou no ka ʻaina kakahiaka, ka ʻaina a me ka pāʻina. ʻO ka maʻa mau i nā mauna ʻaʻole ʻoe e hele a puni ʻoe. Aneane pau nā wahi āpau o nā mea kanu, ʻai ʻia kekahi manawa o ka holoholona holoholona, akā ʻaʻole anuanu.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me nā ʻano hana
Ke makemake nei ka gopher Europa i nā ʻāina pāpū ma ke kumu lāʻau, a e noho ana i nā ʻāina kahi i hānai ʻia ai nā pipi, kahi kūpono ʻole no ka lulu puaʻa. ʻAʻole makemake ʻo ia i nā pā lepo, nā lāʻau a me nā mea kanu lāʻau. Noho lākou i nā kolone o 7-10 kanaka. ʻO nā kikowaena he mau loa a he pōkole kekahi, he nui. Hoʻokomo lākou i nā kāmera pale nīnū.
Loaʻa nā kolola o nā poʻe gophers ʻAmelika i kahi 50. Loaʻa nā pahuhopu kūʻokoʻa i ka 6 ha. Ma nā pāpū one, he 15 mau m a ka hohonu he 15 m kahi. I nā hale noho e noho lākou i ka hoʻokumu o nā hale a me nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Hoʻoikaika mai 5 a 20 mau hola i ka lā.
Noho ka poʻe gopher nui i nā kolone hohonu, a loaʻa iā ia kahi 8-10 pilikino, ka ʻāina kahi i hoʻopuʻi ʻia ʻia a puni nā wahi kokoke. Hoʻomaʻa ka lā o ka hoʻoilo ma ka 9 mahina, e hele mua nā kāne, a laila ʻo nā wahine. ʻO ka ʻōpū no hoʻokahi mahina, ua hānau ʻia 3 a 15 mau cub. I hoʻokahi mahina ma hope iho, ua mākaukau lākou no ke ola kūʻokoʻa, i nā makahiki ʻelua he hiki iā lākou ke lawe mai i hua hou.
Aia nā gophers liʻiliʻi i ka wā hānau no 9 mau mahina a ala aʻe ma hope o ka hoʻoheʻe ʻana o ka hau.I ka wā wela o ke kauwela, ma muli o ka make o nā mea kanu, lilo nā holoholona i ka lepo, hiki iā lākou ke hāʻule i ka wā o ka hoʻoilo o ke kauwela, kahi e hiki ai ke ʻūhā i ka hoʻoilo. Loaʻa pinepine kahi ola ma mua o 3 mau makahiki.
Hoʻolimalau ka mauna gophers i ka wā paʻakikī i ka wā hānau, ʻo ka lōʻihi o kēlā me kēia e kau nei i ke kiʻekiʻe o kahi e noho ai lākou. ʻEono mahina ka manawa hana. Aia nō i ke pae nui o ka momona. No laila, hiki i nā ʻōpio kahiko ke hānau mua aku, a pono nā holoholona ʻōpio e ʻai i ka hoʻoilo.
ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻenehana a me ka hana hou
Ma muli o ke ala ʻana e ala ai ke ala ʻana i nā wī wahine, a hoʻomaka ka lāhui. ʻO nā kāne pinepine ka hakakā i nā wahine. Holo ka lā ʻo Pregnancy ma mua o hoʻokahi mahina, a mau keiki hou i ka hopena o ʻApelila I ka huina, hiki iā lākou ke hānau mai 3 a 9. Ke kaupaona nei lākou ma kahi o 5 g me ka lōʻihi o 4 cm. Ma hope o ka hebedoma, wehe nā maka, a ma hope o ka 2 ulu ʻana o ka lauoho. I ka wa waena o Iune, ua ʻoka nā wāhine i nā lua e noho ai kā kā lākou keiki.
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa mau nā gophers i hoʻokahi makahiki i hoʻokahi makahiki. ʻAno nā wahine i ka lā ʻApelila-Mei, ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā pāʻani moe, ka mea pinepine e kū pinepine i nā lua pōpoki. ʻOi aku ka lōlō ma mua o nā pālua o ka papa ʻāina ʻEulopa, a ua hānau ʻia nā kime ʻōpio ʻōpiopio ma hope ma muli o ke anuanu, akā i kahi nui: mai 5 a 10, a i kekahi manawa 13-14.
Ke kali nei nā kāne nui gopher no nā wahine a ma hope e ala i ka hoʻomaka ʻana e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia demographic o ka heluna. ʻO ka mea kūʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole i ʻili nā wahine i nā pono brood, akā kūkulu hou i nā mea noho. He nui nā lumi pohō e like me ka hapalua mika i ʻelua hohonu. Mai 3 a 16 mau cubs e hānau ai! Hiki i ka wahine hāpai ke lōʻihi e like me ka 20 mau lā a i ʻole ka mahina.
Hānau ʻia ka wahine gopher liʻiliʻi ma hope o 20-25 mau lā mai ka 5 a hiki i 10 cubs, ʻoiai e pili ana i ka 15 mau cebry. Ma nā kūlana maikaʻiʻole, ʻo ka hapa o ka embryo e kāpae i ka hoʻolālā a hoʻonā. No 3 mau wiki ke kaupaona lākou a hiki i 25 g, uhi ʻia i nā hulu ʻeleʻele a waiho i ka lua. ʻOiai e hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā cubs i ke kūlana - ʻ diglelo ka makuahine i nā lua, a laila waiho i ka brood.
He ʻokoʻa nā lehelehe e pili ana i nā kuahiwi, no ka mea, e kau pono nei i ke kiʻekiʻe o ko lākou wahi e noho ana a me ka manawa e ala ai. Hana ʻia ka wahine i loko o nā lā he 20-22 mau lā, me kahi hua liʻiliʻi o nā gophers i hānau: mai ʻelua a ʻehā paha. Ua hānau ʻia lākou he makapō, he kuli a ʻaʻohe hulu. No hoʻokahi mahina, e mālama ka wahine ma hope o lākou, a ma hope o lākou i puka ai i ka kukui keʻokeʻo a noho i nā puʻu ʻē aʻe ma kekahi wahi i ʻike ʻia.
Nā Pūnaewele Pono Gopher
I ke neʻe ʻana aku nei ʻo ka poʻe gopher ʻEulopa i ka hōʻemi nui ʻana i kona nui ma muli o nā ʻenemi e hoʻopuni ana iā ia a aneane ʻaʻole pauna i ka ʻāʻīwīwī kūloko. ʻO ka kumu, ua hoʻopilikia ʻia ʻo ia e ka mammals predatory. He mau manu kēia ʻōpala: nā ʻeto a me nā moʻalāʻau, ma waena o ka poʻe ʻimi kula pono e kūpono i ka hoʻohanohano ʻana i ka ala.
He kūlana maikaʻi loa nā poʻe gophersʻAmelika. I nā pilikia a me nā pōʻino, hoʻopili ʻia nā mea hoʻopihapiha i ke ʻano o nā skuas, nā ʻīlio, nā bea grizzly a me nā ʻāpana polar, he mea mahalo ʻole i ka hoʻopili ʻana o kēia mau pā poʻina i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā tundra. Hōʻa ʻia pū ka poʻe gopher nui i nā ʻano like ʻole o ke ʻano. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka lepo, kalaiʻi ma ka pūnāwai, a i ʻole hōʻino i kahi kanaka. Aia no nā pāpū ʻāina ʻEulopa, he weliweli ka nui i ka nui o nā mea nunui, e ʻai ana iā lākou i ka makahiki āpau a ʻoi hoʻi i ka wā hānau.
Eia nō hoʻi, ʻaʻole hoʻowahāwahā ka Korsaks a me nā alopeke i ka mea maʻalahi, a ʻo ka poʻe liʻiliʻi e ʻai i nā mea ʻauʻau a me nā ermines. Mai ka lani hiki iaʻu ke hoʻouka i nā ʻeto ʻōpio, nā wahi kanu, nā ʻalāʻau a me nā ʻili uliuli. Ke ʻimi ʻia nei nā poʻe gophers e like me nā mea like ʻole e noho ana ma kēia wahi. Hiki i nā burrows ke haehae i nā alopeke, corsacs a me nā ferrets. ʻO ka weliweli mai ka lani e hōʻike ʻia e nā ʻeto a me nā ʻaeto. Loaʻa ʻia kekahi poʻe liʻiliʻi a ʻokiʻoki paha e ka saker, nā moa a i ʻole ka leʻa.
Ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana a me nā ʻano
Noho ka poʻe gophers maʻEulopa i nā wahi kaʻawale o kahi wahi liʻiliʻi. Ua komo i loko o ke Kauoha ʻĀina o nā ʻāina ma ʻEulopa ʻEulopa, a i nā ʻāina e pili kokoke ana i ka malu. I ka makahiki i hala, ua hakakā maoli ka hakakā me lākou, ʻo ka hopu a me ka luku. Ua koi lākou i ka poʻe mahiʻai e hoʻomake i nā ʻōpala ʻāina, hoʻohana i ka palaoa, a ua koi ʻia nā keiki kula e kaua "nā pōpoki".
ʻOiai ke kūlana paʻakikī, ka hemahema o ka meaʻai a me nā mea hoʻonāukiuki, ʻike ka poʻe gophers ʻAmelika a maikaʻi. I ka manawa like, loaʻa iā lākou kahi hopena maikaʻi ma ke kaiapuni. Noho nā holoholona he nui i ko lākou mau hāhi, a i ka wā e ʻeli ai, lawe lākou i nā hua i ka ʻula. Ma muli o nā kūlana kūpono o ka hua pālua nui, ʻaʻole ia i nā holoholona i ka hopena. Akā ma kekahi mau wahi ua hoʻemi nui ʻia ia ma muli o ka uhuki ʻana i nā ʻāina wahine a me ka luku piha ʻana. No ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia, ma Kazakhstan ua manaʻo ʻia ia he pōpilikia. ʻO ia nō hoʻi ke kumu kumu o ka maʻi a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka mea pīpī liʻiliʻi ka mea make kīkī, e ʻai ana i nā mea kanu i ulu i nā māla a me nā mahinaʻai e nā kānaka, me ka luku ʻana i nā mea kanu maikaʻi loa e mau ana i ka ʻai. I ka manawa like, ua loaʻa i nā maʻi a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe. Akā ma muli o ka hoʻonui nui a me nā ʻano ʻai, ʻaʻole ia i loko o nā ʻano mea e pale aku. Hoʻokumu ka poʻe gopher i nā wahi liʻiliʻi loa e pili ana i ke ola ʻana. ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha, no ka mea e noho ana ʻo ia i kahi e noho ʻole ai nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻai ʻo ia i ka mea a ka poʻe noho e ʻole i makemake nui ai, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ka hoʻoluhi ʻana i kekahi, ʻaʻole e like me nā gophers liʻiliʻi.
ʻO nā ʻano like a pau o nā gophers, no ka mea,:
- ʻAi nā meaʻai like
- E alakaʻi i ke ʻano liʻiliʻi
- Loaʻa iā lākou nā mea kikoʻī
- Hiki ke nānā like lākou.
Hoʻokaumaha kekahi poʻe iā lākou, ʻoi wale kekahi e pono i ka ʻenehana. ʻA aneʻane e kokoke kekahi e pili i ka piha ʻana, e noho nei i nā kūlana maikaʻi, ʻoiai e ola ana kekahi a maikaʻi hoʻi, ke hele nei i kahi kūlana paʻakikī. I nā mea hōʻiliʻili he mau mea like ʻole, akā ʻokoʻa ka mea maʻamau.
Mea ʻai Gopher
Nā holoholona Gophers ʻai nā mea kanu i nā mea kanu, nā lau, nā pua, nā hua, nā hua a me nā huaʻai, e like me nā kāloti, nā ʻōpala, a me nā mea ʻai ʻē aʻe. Ka poʻe hoʻowahāwahā like ʻole i pale ʻole ʻia i nā ʻōpala, nā palaki, nā mea ʻino, nā mea e hoʻouka hou i kā lākou ʻai me ka protein.
ʻOi mau ka hana o ke ola gopher, ʻelua mau manawa ʻelua i ka lā: kakahiaka kakahiaka kakahiaka nui a me ka pāʻina ahiahi ahiahi. ʻAi nā Gophers, e hoʻopiʻi wikiwiki ana i ko lākou mau pāpale i ka mālama, a ʻai ʻana i ko lākou pale.
Mālama nā papalina iā lākou i mau ʻeke, me ke kōkua o ia mea e hoʻoili i nā lāʻau i kā lākou pua. No ka poʻe, hiki i kēia mau rodents ke lilo i pōʻino maoli, me ka hōʻoki pinepine ʻana i nā hua ʻai i ka mahina.
No kēia kumu, ʻo nā mea mahiʻai i nā wahi e noho ai nā rodents, pana a ʻona paha i kēia mau holoholona. Loaʻa kahi lawelawe e pili ana i ka luku ʻana o kēia mau pōpilikia.
ʻO ka pilina a me ka lōʻihi
ʻElua mau hapa ma mua o nā wahine. Ma hope koke o ka hānau ʻana, ua mākaukau nā mākele ʻāina, e hoʻohālikelike i kekahi mau manawa i ka makahiki. Hoʻonui koke kēia mau holoholona i ka hana moekolohe, i nā mahina ʻeono mākaukau lākou no ka mare ʻana.
ʻO ke kaʻina o ka kōmole ke like-kū like. Lawe ke wahine i nā poki no nā hebedoma ʻehā, ʻo kēlā me kēia kanaka i ka hua mai ʻelua a ʻewalu. Nā mākeke holoholona pēpē hanauuliuli, makapō a kapa ʻole. I ke mau makahiki o hoʻokahi pule, e ulu nā ʻōpio i kahi huluhulu kulu hulu manu, he ʻelua e hamama ana i ko lākou mau maka.
ʻO nā mahina mua, hilinaʻi nā pēpē i ka waiū o ko lāua makuahine a me kāna mālama. Puka mai nā poli mai loko o ka lua ma hope o hoʻokahi mahina a ʻelua paha. I nā makahiki ʻelua mau makahiki, ʻaʻole i hoʻomohala ʻia nā holoholona ʻōpio i kahi antidote no nā nāhelehele, no laila mea pīpī loa lākou. Hāʻawi kahi makuahine mālama i kahi lua no nā holoholona ʻōpio a huki iā lākou e ola kaawale.
Noho nā Gophers mai hoʻokahi a ʻekolu mau makahiki, kekahi mau gophers i loko o ke ʻano e ola a ʻewalu mau makahiki. Hiki i nā pēpē kihi home hiki ke ola a hiki i ʻelima mau makahiki. ʻAʻole hopohopo ka hapa nui o nā ʻano hānai no kā lākou pau.
Nā ola Gophers i ke ʻano
ʻAʻole e like me nā puʻukū, nā mea noho o ka nahele ulu puulā, ʻuʻuku, nimble, like me ka kala i nā ʻāina lepo, nā puʻu ʻāina i maʻamau he ʻano papa i hamama ka lā. Hiki nō iā lākou ma nā nāhelehele haʻahaʻa, ma nā kuahiwi paʻa ʻole, ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kula. Makemake lākou i nā wahi ākea a maloʻo me ka mauʻu sparse, kahi mea maʻalahi i nā holoholona mālama e ʻike i ka pōʻino i ka manawa. Pale aku i nā ululāʻau, nā wahi i uhi ʻia i nā lāʻau nāu a me nā nāhelehele, a me nā pāpū. No ko lākou mau home ke hoʻāʻo nei e koho i nā wahi kiʻekiʻe.
ʻIke ʻia ka gopher no kāna ʻano e kū ai i kahi kolamu; he hana ʻano ʻehā kēia hana ia. ʻO ke kiʻi he gopher e nānā pono ana i nā wahi.
Ke alakaʻi nei nā poʻe Gophers i kahi nohona semi-lalo a ma kahi liʻiliʻi me ka hūnā ʻia. I kekahi manawa ke hiki aku ka hohonu o ka lua i ʻekolu mau mika, a ʻo ka lōʻihi he 15 mika! ʻO ka pinepine ke loaʻa nā lālā he nui i loko o ka lua. I ka pau ʻana o ko lākou home, e hoʻopiha i nā holoholona iā lākou iho kahi wahi e hoʻomaha ai mai ka lau a me ka mauʻu maloʻo.
Noho nā holoholona ola kū hoʻokahi a i nā kolone paha. Holo kēlā me kēia pākiki i kona pūnāwai ponoʻī iho a me kāna ʻāina liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.
I loko o ka lua, hoʻopau kā gopher i ka pō a hoʻomaha i nā hola he nui i ka lā. I ke kakahiaka, haʻalele ka holoholona i ka lua inā puka wale ka hau. Ma ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā i ka lua no ka pō.
Nora lawelawe i ka gopher a me ka puʻuhonua mai nā ʻenemi, kahi e ulu ai ka rodent: nā ʻōpio, nā ʻeto, nā ʻalā, nā lynx, raccoons, coyotes, wolves, fox, nā mea hana kino. Eia nō naʻe, ka nui o nā wahi i lalo, a makaʻala maoli a me ka dexterity, e ʻae pinepine iā ʻoe e haʻalele i ka poʻe e alualu iā ʻoe me ka ihu. Akā ʻo ke polikina kūloko a me ka hoʻokūkū e hōʻike ana i kahi pōʻino nui i ka holoholona, kahi e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ko lākou kino lōʻihi a olakino, hiki iā lākou ke hele pololei i ka lua o ka rodent.
ʻIke maopopo kēlā me kēia kīlaha i kona lua i kekahi manawa, akā i kekahi manawa, pakele mai ka ʻenemi, ʻāeʻa ka rodent e hūnā ma kahi lua. Ma kēia hihia, ʻike ikaika ka mea nona ka home: no ka mea mua ʻo ia ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ia i ka mea hoʻokipa ʻole ʻia me kona mau wāwae mua i ke alo, me he mea lā e hāʻawi ana i kahi pī i mua o ka maka, a laila hoʻomaka ka haunaele i ka malihini a pēlā i hoʻolilo ai iā ia. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole pinepine kēlā mau hālāwai.
E like me nā mea nui e like me ka helehelena a me ke ala o ke ola, ʻo nā mea āpau, a ma waena o ka mea i kaulana loa nā marmots - ka poʻe nui a me nā ʻōpio o nā alapiʻi. ka hoʻolilo ʻana i nā mālama o nā momona i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ka hāʻule ʻana. I ka wā hānau, e lohi ana ke kaʻina o ke ola: e kani mau ana ka naʻau, e hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa, a emi ke ʻano o ke kino. ʻO ka hele wale ʻana o ka wela i ka wai e noho ai ka mea gopher a ʻai.
Ke manaʻoʻiʻo ia ka hiamoe o ka gopher i ka wā hānau. Hiki ke huki ʻia ka holoholona mai loko o ka lua, e lohi like me kāu e makemake ai, ʻaʻole ia e ala. Ma ka manawa like, ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻAmelika i ka hānai ʻana o ka holoholona me kahi haʻahaʻa nui loa i ke ea wela (i ka -26 ° C).
Hiki i kekahi mau ʻano ke ʻeha i ke kauwela. Loaʻa paha kēia ma muli o nā kūlana māla i ka pūnāwai, kahi i hoʻēmi i ka hoʻomaka koke ʻana o nā mea kanu, a ma muli o nā holoholona, ʻaʻole loa i hānai pono ʻia nā holoholona.
Ma lalo o nā kūlana kūlohelohe, pilikia pinepine ka poʻe gopher no nā makahiki ʻekolu a ʻehā.
Kamaʻilio ʻana
E like me ka ʻike ʻana o ka poʻe ʻepekema, ma waena o nā holoholona, ʻo ka poʻe gophers ka mea paʻakikī loa o ka ʻōlelo e kamaʻilio. Ma kahi o nā kumulāʻau a me ka pīhoihoi, e kamaʻilio nā holoholona me kēlā me kēia e nā hōʻailona ultrasonic. Ma kekahi mau mea e pīhoihoi nui ai, a i kekahi manawa ona lākou me ka wheeze. Akā ʻo wheezing kahi ʻāpana kahi o ka hōʻailona e hiki ai ke lohe a me kekahi holoholona paha. ʻO ka hapa nui ka hōʻailona hele i nā ʻāpana uila.
Me kā lākou "kamaʻilio kamaʻilio" me nā tonality, kūlike a me ka timbre, hiki i nā holoholona ke wehewehe pololei i ka mea e hoʻokokoke ana i kona ʻano, kona helehelena, kona nui, ka nui a me ka papaina, a haʻi i ka mamao o ka weliweli.
He aha nā mea e ʻai ai ka mākele ʻāina?
ʻO nā mea ʻai i nā mākele ʻāina ka mea kanu nui, eia naʻe, i nā wā hapa, hoʻopiʻi lākou i nā iniseti, ʻoi loa ka mau ʻōpala, a me nā ʻano pōpoki ʻē aʻe, nā ʻūhini, nā ʻōpio. Kekahi manawa kuʻi ka poʻe gophers i nā kiʻina lāʻau a me nā manu liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka mea kanu o nā holoholona nā mea nona nā hua ʻōpio, nā kumu a me nā lau, a me nā huaʻala. Hoʻokahi ʻano ʻano ʻano like me nā mea ʻai i ʻai ʻia e nā holoholona: knotweed, yarrow, clover sweet, stinging nettle, a me nā ʻano cereals, etc. Mālama ka mea kanu i nā meaʻai ma loko o ke kula like, kahi a lākou e mākaʻikaʻi ai.
Nā ʻano mea Gopher
ʻO kahi mahele he 38 mau ʻano rodents i ʻike ʻia, kahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā poʻe gophers. Aia wale no 9 o lākou e noho ana ma ka CIS: liʻiliʻi, ʻeleʻele, spkled, Caucasian, ʻulaʻula, Daurian, Beringian, nui, lōʻihi. ʻO ka mea noiʻi pū kekahi e pili ana i kēia mau ʻano:
- ʻEulopa. ʻO kahi holoholona ʻenehana nui me ka hiʻu pōkole a me ke kino a hiki i 25 cm lōʻihi. Ma ke kua aia kahi huluhulu brown me nā ʻōpū, ʻike maoli nā aniani i nā maka. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Turkey, pale ʻia lākou, ʻoiai ua hoʻoweliweli ʻia lākou me ka hala ʻole.
- ʻAmelika ʻO ka gopher nui, hiki ke kaumaha ke hiki i 800 gram, a me ke lōʻihi o ke kino - 39 cm. Hoʻonili ka ʻili, e like me 12 cm. He brownish ke kua, me nā wahi nui. I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻomālamalama ka ʻili. Noho ia ma ka palena o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a me Eurasia. Noho lākou i nā ʻohana. Hiki i nā holoholona ke hiki aku i 50 kanaka.
- Hoʻokahi. Loaʻa i ke kino ka lōʻihi o 31 cm, ʻo ka ʻehā ke 9 cm. He ʻulaʻula nā ʻaoʻao a me nā wāwae, he hina ke kua. Noho ia ma nā ʻūhā me nā ala ala, a nā kahe lāʻau. Hōʻalo nā lepo lepo, ʻo ka paʻakikī i ka ʻili i nā lua i loko.
- ʻAkahi liʻiliʻi. ʻAʻoleʻoi aku ke kino i ka 22 cm. He māmā ka hope, pinepine me nā ʻehā. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka lākela ma ka huelo. Noho ia ma ka palena o Lake Balkhash (East Kazakhstan) a me ka Dnieper. I ka wā o ka maloʻo a me ka wela, hiki ke hibernate.
- Pokaulā. I waho aku, ua like ia me kahi koʻi ʻāina liʻiliʻi a he lōʻihi o ke kino he 20-23 cm. He poʻo ke kua, a me ka nui o nā wahi māmā. ʻEleʻele ka ʻōpū a me nā ʻaoʻao. Noho ana ia i nā puʻu mauna haʻalulu o Caucasus.
- ʻUlaʻulaʻula. Hiki i ke kino o rodent ke lōʻihi o 25 cm. Mai nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, ʻano like nā wahi like me kahi ʻulaʻula mai ia mea. Loaʻa lākou i ke kala o ocher a ua loaʻa i ka wahi o nā pā kani superciliary a me nā ʻālina. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma Siberia, Mongolia, ka Caucasus, Kazakhstan. Noho ka kaea ʻōula ʻulaʻula i ka wao nahele. ʻAiʻī kekahi ʻike ʻole o nā makani.
- Kōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO ke poʻomanaʻo nui o kāna ʻano. Hiki ke kino i ka lōʻihi o ka papa o 38-40 cm, ka huelo 11 cm. Ua paʻi ʻia ke kua i loko o kahi waihoʻoluʻu ʻōniʻoniʻo maikaʻi, akā aia kekahi liʻiliʻi o nā lauoho ʻeleʻele. He māmā ka Abdomen. ʻO ka pua i ka hoʻoilo he ʻokoʻa ia mai ke kauwela: ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī, fleecy. Noho nā ʻāina me nā ʻāpana kūʻokoʻa - i nā kahe, nā kahawai wai, nā māka a me nā wahi one. ʻAʻole ia ʻono i ka wai, me ka ʻike ai i ka wai ʻole i loko o ka meaʻai.
Kuhi ʻia nā ʻano hilahila he nui i ka ʻatikala o ka Russian Federation a me nā ʻāpana Red Red. ʻO ka pua, liʻiliʻi, ʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula, nā iwi Daurian ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka hoʻopau. ʻO ke kumu ke luku luku ʻana i nā rodents e nā kānaka ma muli o kā lākou sabotage o nā hua.
Hoʻaiho
Ma kahi e noho ai ka gopher, e haʻi ka atlas kūikawā. Ua hoʻokalakupua nā holoholona i ke kūloko o Eurasia a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika. Hiki iā lākou ke noho ma waho o ka Pūnaewele ʻo Arctic a i nā kuahiwi., akā, ʻoi aku ka noho ʻana o nā wahi i hele i mua o nā wahi i hele nui, nāhelehele i lalo o ke ala, tundra a me nā nahele-tundra, ke koho ʻana i nā wahi ākea. Mālama ʻia nā holoholona i nā kolana liʻiliʻi (30-35 mau pahuhopu i kēlā me kēia), kahi mahele o nā heluna nui. I ka manawa like e hoʻopiʻi ai lākou i nā pua a me nā kahiki a hiki i ka 15 mika lōʻihi. ʻO ka hohonu o nā kahe o lalo o lalo, e like me ka poʻe noiʻi, hiki i ka 1.5 m.
E hoʻoikaika ana nā Gophers i ka lā. I nā kolone, noho lākou kaawale, 1−2 kēlā me kēia lua. Loaʻa ka neʻe i kēlā me kēia mink, a me nā holoholona, inā pono, kōkua kekahi. ʻO ke ola lōʻihi o nā holoholona a hiki i ka 3 makahiki. I nā kūlana kūpono, hoʻonui ʻia kēia wā 5 mau makahiki. ʻO ka nui ka nui o nā makahiki he 8 mau makahiki.
Hoʻomaopopo ka ʻoluʻolu ʻaʻole i ka hoʻoilo wale nō, akā i ke kauwela, i ka wā o kahi maloʻo i ka loaʻa ʻole o ka meaʻai. Aia ke kau i kona manawa ma kahi o ka wahi e noho ai a me ke kime climatic. Ma nā wahi ʻākau, hiki i nā ʻāpana ʻāina ke hāʻule i loko o ka hoʻoilo i ke kauwela no kekahi mau mahina. Ma nā ʻāina hema, he pokole kā lākou hiamoe.
Likelike eleele melemele (sandstone) (Spermophilus fulvus Lichtenstein)
Noho ka poli lau nahele i ka wao nahele a me nā semi-desres, akā naʻe kekahi e kū ai i nā wahi maloʻo o ka Volga ʻOke Loa.I waena o kona mau hoahānau, ʻo ia ke kū, ʻo ka mea mua, ma o nā nui e pili ana i ka nui o nā mea liʻiliʻi o ka marmots (hiki i kona lōʻihi ka lōʻihi i 38 cm), a ma ka helehelena ua like kona like me nā marmots. Hoʻohālikelike ia i kahi gopher nui me ka ʻulaʻula hulu hoʻonaninani o nā ʻeleʻele-melemele ʻalani me nā māka ʻulaʻeleʻele.
ʻO ka gopher melemele ka mea hilahila loa o ka henua Spermophilus āpau. Ma mua o ka piʻi ʻana aʻe i waho o ka lua, ke alo ʻo ia i kona poʻo i ka maka maka, a ke noho nei lākou ma kēia wahi no kekahi manawa, e nānā ana i ka apana. ʻOiai e hānai ana, ke nānā mau nei ʻo ia a puni. Ma kahi mauʻu ka nahele, ʻai ʻo ia i ka kolamu, akā inā palupalu ka mea kanu, hānai i ka noho a waha ʻole ana, e hāwili ana i ka lepo me kona kino kino. ʻO ke kumu paha o ke ala o ke anuanu he ʻano kaawale i ka mea a ka holoholona e koi ʻia ai e mālama kūʻokoʻa i kona palekana. Noho kēlā me kēia kanaka ka mākeke liʻiliʻi (hiki i ka 0.1 ha), ka mea e kiaʻi ma ka ikaika i ke komo ʻana o nā hoahānau. Inā ʻaʻole pili ka hoʻoweliweli i ka malihini, hoʻohana ʻia nā niho.
ʻO ka moʻomeheu o kēia ʻano mea kekahi o nā lā lōʻihi loa i waena o nā kuʻuna terestrial - 8-9 mau mahina.
ʻAi ʻaina
ʻO ke kumu o ka meaʻai o nā ʻelele o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole i ka meaʻai mea kanu. Akā, kūlike ka papa hana i ka wahi o kahi e noho ai. Ma nā kuahiwi, ʻai nui nā holoholona i ka mau makahiki a me nā mauʻu mau makahiki, ka mauʻu. I ka pūnāwai, ʻo ka wai o kālani tulip a me nā aniani ʻo Tien Shan, nā lāʻau dandelion, ke anuʻu kiʻekiʻe, ka nahele ʻōlepa o nā mea kanu e hele ai i nā meaʻai. I ke kauwela, hoʻopau nā rodents i nā huaʻala o ka bluegrass, geranium, mountaineer, ostracis.
ʻO ke kumu o ka meaʻai o ka kēkē papahele stepporn - tulip, wormwood, nā ʻano like ʻole o ke ʻano nati, ʻiliʻili wāwae. I ka huli ʻana o ka meaʻai, ʻaʻole lākou e ʻimi e neʻe i nā minks. No ka mea, inā he lāʻau kahi kokoke me kahi ʻenekia ʻōpala, ʻaʻole loa e nānā nā mea nānā i nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻana i nā meaʻai o nā holoholona, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ko lākou hele a maikaʻi.
ʻAʻole e hōʻole nā holoholona i kā lākou iho i ka leʻaleʻa e ʻai ai i nā huaʻa, nā ʻuū, nā lālā ʻōpio o ka willow, yernik. ʻO nā ʻōlapa, nā manu liʻiliʻi a me nā mea ʻai manuʻai hoʻi i ka meaʻai. ʻAʻole hōʻino nā poʻe Gophers i ka mea kalaiwaaka, eia nō naʻe, inā ua lawa ka ʻai ʻana, e ʻai wale ana nā wahine hāpai i nā mea kanu holoholona.
ʻElua mau holoholona i ʻelua i ka lā o ka lā. ʻO ka ʻai mua e kū i ke kakahiaka, ʻo ka lua - i ka pō i ka pō. ʻAi lākou i ka ʻai, e hoʻouka ana i ko lākou mau pāpālina. Ma mua o kou ʻāʻī ʻana, e kau i ka meaʻai ma nā recesses i ka waha, e mālama ana i ka mau ʻeke kū mua. Hiki i kahi holoholona me nā pāpālina piha ke nānā ʻoluʻolu loa. Hāpai nā Gophers e lawe mai i nā hua mink, nā mea kanu kanu, nā mea kanu o nā mea kanu i kanu ʻia a hana i nā lāʻau. I kekahi manawa inu lākou i ka wai. Pono nā mea hāpai a me nā makuahine hānai.
Kaomi ʻulaʻula, a mea ʻona nui hoʻi (S. major Pallas)
Loaʻa ka nui gopher ma loko o nā forbs a me nā nāhelehele-mauʻu o nā anuʻu mai ka waena o Volga a hiki i ka Irtysh. I ka nui, ʻo ka ʻulaʻula ulaula ka lua wale nō i ka melemele, ka lōʻihi o kona kino e hiki i 33 cm, ʻo ka huelo - 6-10 cm.
Aʻeleʻele ke kala o ke kua o ka holoholona, ʻōwili, brown, me kahi ʻōpū o kahi keʻokeʻo. ʻO ka piko o ke poʻo he kala hina, ʻokoʻa ma ka ʻula o ke alo o ke kua. Ma nā pāpālina a ma luna o nā maka he mau ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ke kala ʻulaʻula.
Mai nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻulaʻulaʻula: ma ka huli ʻana i ka ʻai mai kāna lua, hiki i kēia mea lāʻau ke neʻe aku i ʻelua haneli mau mika, a inā ua make ka mea kanu, e neʻe ʻo ia i nā wahi momona no ka ʻai.
Hiki i nā gophers nui ke hele i kahawai ākea!
Nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻonui
Hānau ʻia ʻo Gophers ma hope o ka hoʻoilo hiamoe. ʻO kēlā me kēia makahiki, waiho wale ka hua hoʻokahi o ka wahine hoʻokahi. ʻAʻole i komo nā Males i ka hānai ʻana i nā pēpē. Lawe a lawe ʻia ma kahi he mahina, a ma hope iho ua hānau ʻia nā kime nā lā 5-7 a ʻo ʻApelila-Mei. Hana ka lactation ʻo ka makuahine ma kahi o hoʻokahi mahina.
Hoʻopaka nā pēpē i ko lākou mau maka i 3 mau pule ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, a ma hope o 4 hebedoma haʻalele lākou i ka lua a hoʻomaka e ʻai i ka mauʻu. Ma hope o 2 mau pule aʻe, makemake lākou i ka waiū makuahine. ʻO ka hopena, haʻalele ka momi i hoʻokahi a me ka hapa o nā mahina heʻumi mau makahiki. Noho lākou i loko o nā lua ākea, e hoʻomaka i kahi ola kūʻokoʻa.
ʻO ka pākeke moʻomeheu i kēlā me kēia ʻano pili i ka manawa kūpono. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻano liʻiliʻi o ka rodents e noho ana i ka hema ma hope o ka hānau mua ʻana. Noho noho o nā wahi ʻākau - i ka makahiki ʻelua. Ma kahi o 70% o nā gophers make i ka makahiki mua o ke ola. Hiki i ke kumu o ka make ke lilo i kanaka, nā ʻenemi mai ka honua holoholona, ke ʻano ikaika o ka ʻāina (ka ʻāina manuahi, ka puna puna).
ʻOi aku ka ʻoihana iā Gopher (S. pygmaeus Pallas)
Noho ka poʻe gopher liʻiliʻi i nā kapahū mai Volga, Dnieper a me nā mauna Caucasus, a hiki i nā kai ʻo Black, Azov a me Caspian. ʻO ia kekahi o nā mea liʻiliʻi loa, ʻo ka lōʻihi o kona kino ʻaʻole i ka 24 cm, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o ka 4 cm.
Ka hopena ma ke ola kanaka
ʻO nā Gophers kahi mea lawe i nā pōʻino weliweli, tularemia a me nā maʻi koʻikoʻi e hiki ke alakaʻi i ka maʻi a make paha. Ohka meaʻai nui o nā holoholona - nā cereals a me nā hua o nā mea kanu, no ka mea ua lilo ka ʻāina i kahi e hele ai kahi haipule i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka maikaʻi. Hoʻopilikia kēia i ka hua a hoʻonāukiuki i nā poʻe e lawe i nā hana e luku ai i nā rodents (hoʻonohonoho i nā ʻōpala, e hoʻokō i nā ana o nā lua, e waiho i nā mau ʻapoʻawaʻawa.
Loaʻa i kekahi poʻe he gophers me nā holoholona. Me ka mākaukau hoʻomaʻamaʻa, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokō i nā hoʻopunipuni a me nā mea hauʻoli. Ke hoʻohana nei i kā lākou papa noiʻi, ʻike ʻia nā ʻepekema i kahi hanana e like me ka hoʻokuʻu waleʻana i kahi animala (kahi lohi manawa pōkole i nā hana nui i ke kino ma lalo o ke ʻano o nā kumu o waho. Hāʻawi ʻia kekahi pono pono i ke aila gopher, ka mea i hoʻohanaʻia i ka cosmetology a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau ma ka mālama ʻana i nā kohi a me nā ʻeha.
ʻAʻole kūpono nā ʻano kāhiko a me nā ola ola o ka gophers no ka mālama ʻana i ka home. Pili aloha nā Rodents i nā wahi. ʻAʻole paʻakikī iā lākou no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ipu a i ʻole ka aviary. ʻAʻole lākou e lilo i maʻule, e like me ka puaʻa guinea a chinchilla. Akā, ʻaʻole e kāpae i nā mea aloha i ka rodents e hoʻāʻo nei e hoʻowalewale iā lākou i nā āpau hiki.
Ke hoʻomau nei i kahi gopher, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ʻaʻole he kūpono nā holoholona i nā hale noho. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻopili hou i nā kūlana i pili i ke kūlohelohe. Eia kekahi, e mākaʻikaʻi nā rodents i ka ʻāina, a me ke ʻano o ka hona o kā lākou mea huna.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻāʻo e mālama i nā gophers i nā lua hamama i loko o kahi hale pilikino, ke hoʻolako ʻia he mea hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokō i ka maʻamau maoli no ka eli ʻana i nā lua. Pono lākou e neʻe i ka holo - holo, lele, lele. ʻO ka nui o ka hoʻopuni no ka pālua o nā mea kākela ʻāina e kū ʻia ma ka liʻiliʻi ʻo 1.5x1.5 mau mika. I loko, pono ʻoe e kau i nā polokalamu malu - nā pahu, nā hale, nā ʻāpana kipa.
Hiki ke loli ka meaʻai o nā holoholona home. Hāʻawi iā lākou e hoʻōla i nā hua palaoa, nā meaʻai i mākaukau no nā rodents, nā zucchini hou, nā hua lūlū, nā maiʻa, nā ʻapala, nā ʻupena. Mai poina e like me ka mea a ka poli lepo e ʻai ai i ke kūlohelohe, a hāʻawi iā lākou i ka lau nahele - - lettuce, alfalfa, clover, plantain, dandelion. Mai ka manawa mai, pono ʻoe i ka ʻai o ka protein - nā wīwī palaoa, nāhelehele, nā ʻōpala. E hānai i nā holoholona 2 mau manawa i kahi lā. Pono ʻia ka wai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ka inu ʻana.
Ma ka pō o ka lā hānau (ma ka hopena o ʻAukake), e lawe mai nā holoholona i ka mauʻu hou, ka lau, a me ka mauʻu. Hoʻohana nā Rodents i kēia kumuwaiwai e hoʻomākaukau i ka moena e hiamoe nei. I ka wā hoʻoilo hoʻoilo, mālama ʻia nā holoholona i hoʻokahi. ʻO nā gophers huluhulu i kūpono ke kū pono i ka mālama ʻana i nā hoʻopuni. Hoʻomaka lākou ma nā pūʻulu a i ʻole ma nā pūlua. I ka hoʻopio ʻana, noho ka holoholona ma kahi o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia.
Kaao Caucasian (S. mele mele Menetries)
Loaʻa ka pelekū o Caucasian (mauna) i ka'āina o Elbrus, ma nā wahi kuamoʻo alpine a me nā hana ʻai. Hiki i nā palena o kēia koʻokoʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o 1000 a 3200 m ma luna o ke kai.
ʻIke ʻia me kahi gopher liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka lōʻihi o kona kino a hiki i 24 cm, ʻehā - 4-5 cm.ʻO kēia ʻano he aloha maluhia: ua ʻano ʻia ia me ka haʻalele ʻole ʻana o nā pā meaʻai. Mālama ka holoholona i kā lākou mau pana paʻa wale, a ua māhele ʻia nā wahi meaʻai.
ʻO nā ʻike kiʻi
Hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā Gophers i nā kiʻi i loko o nā makasina a me nā puke paʻi. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nānā ʻana iā lākou ma ke ʻano he mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. Ua pīhoihoi kēia mau holoholona nani i ko lākou ʻano a me ke ʻano. ʻAe nā poʻe noiʻi i nā mea hoʻonaʻauao e hōʻike i nā ʻike e pili ana i nā ʻāpana ʻāina i ka poli.
- ʻO ka hiamoe ka hoʻoilo o Rodents he mea ikaika loa. Hiki ke waiho ʻia ka holoholona mai ka lua a lohi me kāu e makemake ai, akā, ʻaʻole ia e ala. I ka manawa like, ʻike nā kānakaʻepekema i ka wā e hiolo ai ka mahana i 26 degere ma lalo o ka huina, hoʻāla nā gophers.
- ʻO nā Gophers ma ke kūlohelohe he nui nā ʻenemi. Basically, kēia nā mea kikoʻī - nā alopeke, nā ermines, nā weasels, ferrets, nā ʻōpū home a me nā ʻīlio hoʻi. Pono ka hopu ʻana i nā lā mahana. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i nā ferrets ke ʻeli nei i nā ʻoka lepo i loko o nā lua i kā lākou hānau ʻana. I waena o nā manu kūpilikiʻi - nā ʻāpana ʻaeto, nā ʻōpala, nā gull, nā kime ʻeleʻele.
- Ke kū nei ka nahesa i kahi mart earthen, e kū ka wahine a ma waena o ka lua a hoʻomaka e hoʻoweliweli i ka reptile me kona huʻu. ʻAʻole ʻo ia e haʻalele i kāna keiki a pale iā ia i ka mea hope loa, ʻoiai ʻoiai e hānai ʻia e ka nahesa.
- Lawe ka kamaʻilio ma waena o nā holoholona me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ultrasound. ʻIke ke ʻano iā ia me he hāmama hāmeʻa.
- ʻO nā wahi o ke kolone ke kiaʻi mau ʻia e ka poʻe gophers. I ka hihia o ka pōʻino, hana lākou i kahi kani e like me ka squeak. He hōʻailona kēia e pane nā lālā a pau o ka pā.
E kōkua ka ʻikepili i hāʻawi ʻia i ka leka piha piha e pili ana i ka gopher.
Kāleka
ʻO ke kua ke hele mai i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a i ka poni, pinepine me nā ʻalaniʻeleʻele, nā kaula ākea ka lōʻihi, nā ʻāpana kukui a i ʻole nā spaces liʻiliʻi. Ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino ka ʻōkolu māmā. ʻO ka melemele ka melemele a keʻokeʻo paha. I ka hoʻoilo, ua mālie ke kapa a me ka mānoanoa, i ke kauwela he sparse, pōkole a pilahi. Aia nā pahu pipi.
Kalama Gopher (Spermophilus beecheyi)
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 30 cm.ʻae a hiki i 18 cm lōʻihi, mānoanoa. Mahele ka huluhulu. ʻO ke kua a me ke poʻo o ke poʻo i kālai ʻia, nā hina hina a me ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻulaʻula a me nā poliʻeleʻele. He māmā ka tummy. He keʻokeʻo ka hulu a puni ka maka, a ʻeleʻele hoʻi a mau pepeiao.
He ʻano maʻamau ka mea ʻōpiopio ma Mexico a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻia.
Ke poʻo Pelekane a i ʻole nā Grey Gopher (Spermophilus citellus)
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino mai ka 17 a 23 cm, ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o cm ka lōʻihi. ʻO nā ʻaoʻao nā ʻāpana-ʻulaʻulaʻula ma ke kala, he melemele ka tummy. He puni ke alo he mau kukui māmā. Hōʻalo me ka palena pōkole ma ka hope.
ʻIke ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Central a me East Europe, i Kelemānia, Polani, ʻAralia, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slowakia, a hiki i ka ʻEulopa o Turkey a me Moldova, ma Ukraine. ʻO nā holoholona līlū, e mālama ʻia i nā ʻāina o ʻEulopa.
ʻO Daurian, a i ʻole g ʻO Transbaikal gopher (Spermophilus dauricus)
ʻO nā ʻōnika lōʻihi lōʻihi me ka lōʻihi o ke kino mai 18 a 23 cm, ʻelehe 4-6.5 cm lōʻihi. He māmā ke kua, ʻōhai-hina i ka laulu me nā ʻāpana pua, me nā wahi ʻole. ʻO ka poʻo o ke poʻo a me nā ʻili ma lalo o nā maka heʻeleʻele. He keʻokeʻo ka ʻōpala, keʻokeʻo ka melemele, nā melemele nā pihi.
Hoʻopau ka mea like ʻole ma ka mokuʻo Transbaikal. Loaʻa no ia ma ka hikina Mongolia a me northeast China.
ʻO Gopher-ʻulaʻula (Spermophilus erythrogenys)
Hāʻawi ʻia ka inoa i nā ʻano ʻano ma muli o nā wahi i nā pāpālina o ka ʻulaʻula a i ʻole hoʻi he ʻulaʻula. ʻO ka lōʻihi kino ke kino he 24-28 cm. ʻO ke kua a me ke poʻo mai ka brownish-ocher a ocher-hina i ka waihoʻoluʻu.
Mahele ʻia ma ke kūkulu hema o Western Siberia, Mongolia a me Kina, e noho ana ma nā wahi semi-desres a me nā ʻōpala huluhulu maloʻo anuʻu.
ʻO ka pā hau ʻeleʻele a i ʻole ke one o ka mākeke gopher (Spermophilus fulvus)
ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano nui me ka loa o ke kino he 23 a 38 cm. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka huelo he 6-12 cm. ʻO ka nui o nā kāne he 700-900 g, nā wahine wahine 600-800 g, ma mua o ka hānau ʻana o 1,6 kg. Ua kapa ʻia ia he gopher melemone ma muli o ka monophonic, sandy-melemele ʻo ke kua. Māmā nā ʻaoʻao, ʻōpū ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū. ʻĀpana ke aniani i waho a ʻeleʻele hoʻi i loko.
Hoʻokomo ʻia ka hale i ka wahi ma lalo o Volga ma lalo nei, i Kazakhstan a me ka hapa nui o ka ʻāina Komohana Central.
ʻO nui a ʻulaʻula nui ka pāpū poʻokela (Spermophilus nui)
ʻO ka nānā nui ʻana me ka loa o ke kino o 24 i ka 33 cm, ka lōʻihi o ka huelo 6-10 cm, paona ma mua o ka hānau ʻana a hiki i ka 1,4 kg. ʻEleʻele ke kua, ʻulaʻula, a ʻulaʻula, nā ʻāpana nā ʻaoʻao. Ma ke kua aia kahi hipoki keʻokeʻo. ʻO ke poʻo ma luna, he hina hina. Ma luna o nā maka a me nā pāpālina he wahi ʻulaʻula a ʻulaʻula paha. He hina ka melemele.
ʻIke ʻia ka mea i loaʻa i nā pāpū a me nā ala ʻākau o Lūkia a me ke kūkulu ʻākau o Kazakhstan.
Mīkini mauna Caucasian gopher (Spermophilus musicus)
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino e hiki ai i 24 cm, ʻehā e pili ana i 5 cm lōʻihi. ʻO nā ʻaoʻao a me ke tummy ka māmā ma mua o ke kua, hina a hina i ke kala me kahi hue melemele-melemele.
Wae ʻia ma ka moku o Elbrus, i loko o nā ʻōpala o Kuban a me Terek.
ʻAmelika, a i ʻole Beringian, a i ʻole loa ka lōʻihi loa o kahi gopher American (Spermophilus parryi)
ʻO nā ʻano lapalapa he lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o 25 a 33 cm. ʻO ke kaumaha he 700-800 g. ʻO ka nui a me ke kaupaona no nā mea ulu mai ka hema ma ke kūkulu ʻākau. ʻO ke kua ke brownish ocher i ka waihoʻoluʻu me kahi hiʻohiʻona o nā kukui māmā, ke poʻo nui ke poʻo, ʻulaʻula. He mālamalama ka tummy, pili i ke kua-rusty. ʻO ka lole hoʻoilo ka hoʻoilo, hina.
Noho ma Eurasia a me ʻAmelika Hui PūʻIa.
ʻOi aku ka ʻOihana Gopher (Spermophilus pygmaeus)
Hōʻike liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino mai 19 a 24 cm, ke kaupaona e pili ana iā 450 g. Ma hope mai ka lepo hina a hina i ka pua hina, ka nānā a me nā mea ʻala. Hoʻokuʻilohi ke poʻo i ke kua ma mua o ke kua. He keʻokeʻo ka tummy, keʻokeʻo ke poʻo. ʻAno nā ʻaoʻao, hina me ke kala melemele.
Noho nā holoholona i loko o nā pāpū a me nā awāwa haʻahaʻa a me nā semi-desses i ka Dnieper, Ciscaucasia, Lower Volga.
ʻO ka pilina, a ʻo Tien Shan gopher (Spermophilus relictus)
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino he 20-28 cm, ua lōʻihi ka huelo, mai ka 5 a 8 cm i waho, he mea like me ka hina a me ka Daurian gophers. ʻO ka kua i waho o brown-brown i ke kala, me nā ʻōpala ʻike ʻia. Nā lihi a me nā ʻaoʻao o kahi kala ocher hina.
Loa ʻia ma ka puʻu o nā kuahiwi o Tien Shan a me Pamir-Alai, i nā altres mai 500-800 a i 3000-3300 m ma luna o ke kai.
ʻO Cascading Mountain Gopher a i ʻole Cascading Gopher (Callospermophilus saturatus)
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino mai 29 a 32 cm. ʻO ke kaupaona ma ka laulima o 200-350 g. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka hulu i loko o kahi kala kala-hina. Ma ka ʻaoʻao nā keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo i hohola ʻia e ka ʻeleʻele.
Aia kekahi ma nā Cascade Mountains o British Columbia (Canada) a me ka'āina o Wakinekona (USA).
Spirled spirled ground squirrel (Spermophilus suslicus)
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino mai 17 a 26 cm ka lōʻihi, ka pōkole ka lōʻihi, 3-5.5 cm, ke kaupaʻa a hiki i 500 g. Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine. Nui ke poʻo, nui ka maka. Hoemi ʻia nā ʻuna. Hoʻopau nā pōkole. ʻO ka pokole ka lauoho a lōʻihi paha, lōʻihi wale nō ma ka huelo. He kilokilo ke kua, kūleʻa: keʻokeʻo a ʻeleʻele paha nā kuli a ʻulaʻula a i ke keʻokeʻo. ʻOkoʻa ke kolamu o ke poʻo i like me ke kua. Aia kahi kukui uila a puni nā maka, brown brown ma lalo o nā maka. Ke keʻokeʻo ma ka ʻāʻī a me ke poʻo ma lalo. Kūpono mai ka mālamalama mālamalama a ʻulaʻula.
Noho ola ma nā anuu a me nā lāʻau ala lāʻau ma ka hikina Europe, mai Danube a me Prut a hiki i ka waena waena o Volga.
ʻO kahi mea loloa lōʻihi, a i ʻole kā Eversman gopher (Spermophilus undulatus)
ʻO ka nānā nui ka lōʻihi o ke kino he 20 a 32 cm, ke kaupaona ʻana o 300-500 g. ʻO ka nui a me ka kaupaona hoʻonui i ka hikina a me ka ʻaoʻao o ka pae. He ʻulaʻula nā kua ke kua, ʻulaʻula nā ʻaoʻao a me nā poʻohiwi. He keʻokeʻo, ʻulaʻula ka melika.
The habitat includes the Eastern Tien Shan, Dzungarian Alatau, Tarbagatai mountain, Southern Siberia, Transbaikalia, Mongolia, China.
ʻAno lawehala
Ke alakaʻi nei ʻo Gophers i kahi nohona terrestrial. ʻO ka maʻamau ka noho lākou i nā kolone, i loko o minks, kahi e ʻeli ai lākou iā lākou iho. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka mink a me kona kāpili he ʻokoʻa i nā ʻano ʻano ʻano like ʻole o nā kahua lepo lepo a hilinaʻi i ko lākou noho. Ma nā pāpū one, lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o nā burrows, a hiki i 15 m, a aneane 3 m hohonu. Ma luna o nā lepo lepo pālahalaha ʻaʻole lākou e ʻoi aku i kahi o 5-7 m.kahi i loko o ka puʻu kahi i waiho ai ka lumi moe, kahi paʻa nā gophers me nā lau maloʻo. Aia ka noho maʻamau o nā gophers i kahi pilikia e kū aʻe ma luna o ko lākou mau wāwae hind a me nā pīpī.
Hoʻopau ka wā'ōpiopio i ka 9-10 a 15-16 mau hola, hānai nā pākeke i nā lua i ka manawa ʻelua: 1-2 mau hola ma hope o ke kakahiaka, a mai 14-15 mau hola ma mua o ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā. ʻO nā kāne ʻōpio a ʻaʻole hoʻi e hānau i nā hānau wahine i ka wā mua o Iulai, nā ʻōpio ma hope o ka hānau keiki - i ka hoʻomaka mua o ʻAukake, e hoʻomau mau ana ka wā ʻōpiopio a hiki i ka hoʻomaka o Kepakemapa.
Spirled ground squirrel (S. suslicus guldenstaedt)
ʻO ka ʻāpana mākeke kipa kekahi o nā mākaʻikaʻi loa o kēia moʻomeheu: ka lōʻihi o ke kino - 17-26 cm, ʻili - 3-5 cm. Ua pālahalaha loa ia i nā alahele me nā ala lāʻau o ka ʻaoʻao o ka Pākīpika Hema mai ka Danube a hiki i Volga.ʻO nā wahi punahele punahele i nā wahi kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻanuʻu o ka wahine, nā kīhāpai a me nā hana ʻai. Noho ma nā kolana.
E like me ka hapanui o ke ao pae wāwae a me ka wao nahele, mālama ʻia nā hale kākela lepo i ka wā wela maloʻo loa i ke kakahiaka a me nā ahiahi. ʻAʻole makemake nā holoholona i ka lepo nāu, no laila, i ke kakahiaka e waiho ana lākou i nā lua wale ma hope o ka maloʻo nui ʻana o ka hau, a i ka ua nui ʻaʻole lākou e ʻike ʻia ma ka lau. Noho ka wā i ka pua ʻana mai 4 a 8 mau mahina i ka makahiki, e pili ana i ke kūlana a me nā kūlana o ke anā.
I kēia mau lā, ʻo spirled ground squirrel he holoholona lōkahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka Red Book of Bryansk a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe. I ka wā hoʻokahi he nui o kēia mau holoholona, hakakā pū me lākou, e like me nā mea mahiʻai mahiai. Akā i kēia mau makahiki i hala, ua emi ka nui o nā wahi i loaʻa i nā noho rodent. Ma ka pakuhi, ua hoʻohua ʻia ko lākou wahi mai ke ʻano māla e lilo i mau mokupuni liʻiliʻi, a ʻo lākou e ulu iki.
Daurian Gopher (S. dauricus Brandt)
ʻO ka Daursky, a i kapa ʻia ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo Transbaikal gopher, noho i loko o kahi ala maloʻo o ka Teritori Transbaikal, a me ka ʻUlopa Mongolia a me Northeast China. Loaʻa i ka ʻike pinepine ʻia ma nā puʻu, nā palepona, me nā alahele, a me nā papa hoʻokele, a me nā māla lāʻau.
He mea hoʻohālikelike liʻiliʻi ia: ʻo kona kino he 17.5-23 cm ka lōʻihi, kona ʻōpio 4-6.5 cm ka lōʻihi. He māmā ke kua o hope o ka Transbaikal gopher, he ʻeleʻele-hina me ka kukui Rusty tint, ʻōʻīwīwī ke kiko, a ʻulaʻula nā ʻaoʻao.
ʻAʻole hana nā kolana ma kahi, akā ke ola wale nō.
ʻOpherlelo lōʻihi ʻo Longopher (S. undulatus Pallas)
E waiho ʻia ma ka East Tien Shan, i Central a me Western Mongolia, ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Central Siberia, Altai, i nā kuahiwi o Transbaikalia, i Central Yakutia. ʻAno like ʻole nā ʻano o nā ʻano holoholona i loaʻa i nā ʻāpana maloʻo a me nā anuʻu lāʻau, ma nā wahi ākea o nā wao a me nā kuahiwi.
ʻO kahi kahe lōʻihi lōʻihi - he mau iwi nui, lōʻihi ka lōʻihi a hiki i 31 cm. ʻO kahi ʻano hiʻohiʻona o kēia ʻano he ʻano manuahi a lōʻihi ka lōʻihi (ʻoi aku ka 16 cm).
ʻO ke kala o ke kua mai ka ocher-brown a hina i ka hina-pua, ma nā ʻaoʻao ua lilo ka ʻulaʻala i lilo i mea ikaika loa, ʻoi aku ka pehu o ke poʻo. Ma ke kua, hina a hina keʻokeʻo paha nā hiʻohiʻona.
Hānau ʻia kēia gopher ma mua o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, i kekahi manawa ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka hau.
Elaine Kahalu (S. parryi Richardson)
ʻO ka Bering gopher (i kapa ʻia hoʻi ʻo ʻAropa, ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻAmelika Huipū lōʻihi) e noho ana ma Eurasia a me ʻAmelika Hui PūʻIa. I ko mākou moku, ua ʻike ʻia ma Chukotka, Kamchatka, a me Siberia North-East. Noho nui ia i nā kula ākea - me nā wahi a me nā wahi i hele wāwae, ma luna o nā puʻupuʻu nui o ke kōkua, e ʻike pinepine ana ma nā ʻaoʻao o nā kauhale.
ʻO ia kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona nui loa: ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke kino o nā kikoʻī Chukchi he 25-32 cm, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā poʻeʻAmelika - ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ko lākou kino 40 cm ka lōʻihi o ka huelo o nā holoholona a lōʻihi a lololo. ʻO ke kua ke brownish-buffy me kahi kaila manawaleʻa o nā keʻokeʻo he nui, ʻo ia ke poʻo he brownish-rusty.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻopōmaikaʻi o kēia ʻano ʻōiwi e ka holoholona hānai (nā ʻōpala lepo, nā mea kanu, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka meaʻai ma muli o ke anuanu.
Gopher-pula ʻulaʻula (S. erythrogenys Brandt)
Noho ia ma ke kūkulu hema o nā ʻāina Ural a me West Siberian, loaʻa nō hoʻi ma Mongolia.
ʻO ia kahi koʻikoʻi i ka rodent, ʻo kona lōʻihi lōʻihi ʻaʻole iʻoi aku i ka 28 cm. ʻO ka ʻoi loa ka pōkole ma mua o nā hoahānau pili - 4-6 cm. loaʻa iā ia kona inoa no ka mea o nā kiʻi ʻulaʻula a me nā ʻulaʻula paha i nā pāpālina. ʻO ke kua o ka holoholona me ke one-ʻuluʻeleʻele me nā ʻalani-ʻeleʻele-ʻulaʻula, ʻeleʻele ka ʻōpū, nā ʻāpana o nā ʻaoʻao. Aia kekahi wahi keʻokeʻo ma luna o ka moa. Hōʻalo me ka ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele, pōʻeleʻele ma lalo nei.
Noho kēia holoholona i nā koloni, akā ʻo kēlā me kēia holoholona pāloko he lua kaawale a me kona wahi liʻiliʻi.
Mai ka hakakā ʻana no ka pale
ʻO nā Gophers kahi hui o nā rodents a kahi kanaka i hakakā me ke hoʻoikaika a kaua i ka manawa lōʻihi, e like me nā mea kanu o nā mea kanu a me nā mea lawe aku i nā maʻi hoʻomalu haki (ʻoi, tularemia, etc.). ʻO kēia mau hiʻohiʻona, a me ka moʻomeheu o nā ʻano he nui i nā ʻāina anthropogenic, i mālama ʻia ke kumu no ka hakakā me nā kānaka. Ua mālama a mālama ʻia ka ʻoihana mahiai a me nā lawelawe olakino e hoʻomau i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā pilikia o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka helu o ka rodents, e hoʻohana ana i nā mea ʻapoʻawaʻe kūʻē i kēia mau rodents.
Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ke ʻano ʻo Spermophilus, ka hapa nui o lākou mau ʻano ka mea e luku ai i nā makahiki he nui, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke ʻike i kā lākou hana ma ke kaiāulu kūlohelohe. No laila, he ʻōnaehana paʻakikī o nā lua e hāʻawi ana i ka hiki o ka nui o nā nui o nā meaola like ʻole. No ka laʻana, i loko o nā ʻuʻuku o kahi gopher liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole i ola a ʻoi aku paha - 12 tausani mau ʻano holoholona o nā holoholona ʻano like ʻole. Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi me ka nalo ʻana o nā ʻalāʻau lepo, ka nui o ka nui o nā mea ʻōiwi a me nā manu o ka mea noho pōʻino e hoʻemi nui loa (māmā ferret, steppe kestrel, saker, falcon eagle, etc.)
Me ka luku mau ʻana o nā ʻalāʻau lepo, aia ke kaʻina o ka hōʻemi a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ko lākou mau ʻano kūlohelohe ma muli o ka lawaiʻa a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā wahi kūlima a me nā loli hoʻololi.
ʻO ka mea hou aʻe, ua māhuahua ka pilikia o ka pale ʻana i kekahi mau luna o kēia ʻohana. I kēia lā, helu ʻulaʻula, ʻili, keʻokeʻo, ʻulaʻula a me ka Daurian gophers i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka Puke Hoʻopau o ka Lūkini Wāwili a me / a i loko o nā moʻolelo ʻo Red Book.
ʻO ke ʻano o kēia pilikia nā mea mālama loiloi kūlohelohe e mālama i nā mea mālama mālama gopher, ʻoiai e hoʻomau ka mālama ʻana i nā lawelawe olakino a me nā mahiʻai e hōʻemi i ka nui o nā holoholona i mea e hōʻoia pono ai ka pōmaikaʻi o ka nui o ka heluna a me ka hōʻemi i ka pau.
Gopher ma ke ʻano he holoholona
I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole kūpono nā gophers no ka mālama ʻana i ka home. ʻOiai ka hopena o ka nohona ma nā kūlana kūlohelohe piha i ka pōʻino, ʻaʻole ia e leʻaleʻa e makemake ana kēia palaka weliweli i kahi holoholona palupalu me ka lana o ka noho i loko o ka pā hale a i ʻole hoʻi i kahi manuahi. ʻAʻole nunui kahi gopher a puaʻa a guchilla paha, i hoʻohālikelike maoli ia i ke ola ma ka hoʻopio a lilo i kekahi kanaka, ke ʻano o ka gopher a me ka kūʻokoʻa, akā ʻaʻole loa e lilo i manual, auwila ...
Akā aia mau mea aloha i ka home exoticism e hoʻāʻo nei e hoʻohuli i kēia mau hana. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma ʻaneʻi hiki ʻole i nā hale nā kuleana no ka mālama ʻana i nā gophers - ʻaʻole lākou e noho ma aneʻi no ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻoiai he paʻakikī nā hoʻokumu i nā kūlana i loaʻa iā lākou. Eia kekahi, e hōʻailona nā holoholona i ka ʻāina, a me ka honi o kā lākou mau hiʻona, e hoʻokomo i ka ʻoluʻolu, he kikoʻī.
Hiki iā ia ke mālama i nā gophers i nā pani ākea i ka lānai o kahi hale pilikino, kahi e hiki ai i nā holoholona ke hoʻokō i kā lākou pono - ʻeli i nā tuneli, holo, lele a lele ʻole. No nā lālua o nā pirinū, pono kahi nui o 150 × 150 cm i loko. I loko o nā hale noho o gopher ua waiho ʻia, nā pahu, nā wahi o ka paipa - no nā huna manu, nā kālai - no nā wīwī. Ma ka pō o ka ʻahaʻaina (i ka hopena o ʻAukake - i ka hoʻomaka mua o Kepakemaha), hāʻawi ʻia nā rodents i ka ʻōpala - kaʻuū, mauʻu, ka lau, i hiki ai i nā kahu holoholona ke hoʻomākaukau i kahi no ka hānau. ʻO kēia mau mea waiwai e uhi i ka aviary holoʻokoʻa. No ka lōʻihi o ka wā hānau, mālama ʻia nā gophers i ka manawa.
ʻO ke kumu o ka meaʻai gopher ka mea i hui pū ʻia, nā oat, ka palaoa, ka bale, ka hua o ka lūlū, ka palaoa, ka mākaukau i hoʻomākaukau ʻia no ka rodents. Hāʻawi lākou i nā mea kanu - kāloti, beets, zucchini, kukama, a me nā hua - nā maiʻa, nā ʻomo, nā hua ʻoma, a me ka meaʻai ʻōmaʻomaʻo - ʻula salad, alfalfa, nā lau o ka dandelion, plantain, clover, etc. Mai ka manawa o ka manawa, ʻano like ka ʻai me ka meaʻai o ka protein (ʻōpala palaoa, nā ʻōpala, nā ʻōpala). ʻO nā meaʻai holoholona me 2 mau lā i ka lā.
ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hāʻawi i ka meaʻai gopher mai ka papa ʻaina o kekahi, me ka pōkō, nā kumuhana, nā ʻoka, nā lālā oak. Pono ka wai wai i loko o ka mea inu.