† Spinosaurus aegyptiacus
Stromer, 1915

nā pāʻalua:

• Sposesaurus marocanus
  Russell 1996
• ʻO ka makino Spinosaurus
  Russell 1996

Pākuʻi ʻia (ʻ :lelo Latin: Spinosaurus, maoli - spiked lizard) - he ʻelele o ka ʻohana Spinosaurids (Spinosauridae), i noho i ka ʻāina o ʻApelika Nui o kēia makahiki i ka manawa Cretaceous (112-93.5 miliona mau makahiki i hala).

ʻO ka manawa mua, ua wehewehe ʻia kēia ʻano ʻaiau e nā fossil i loaʻa ma ʻAigupita e ka paleontologist Kelemanʻo Ernst Shtromer i 1915, ka mea nāna i lawe i ka skeleton i Munich. Eia nō naʻe, i ka Kaua o ke Kaua Honua, i ka pō o ʻApelila 24-25, 1944, ua hana ʻia kahi paie ma ke kūlanakauhale, ua ʻoli nui nā wahi o ka hale mōʻī, a ua luku ʻia nā iwi o nā spinosaurus, ʻoiai ua ʻōlelo mua ʻo Stromer e haʻalele i ka hōʻike, akā hōʻole aku ka luna. ʻO nā kiʻi wale nō a me nā kiʻi liʻiliʻi o Shtromer i ola i ko mākou mau lā, e hōʻike ana i kahi holotype o nā ʻano BSP 1912 VIII 19.

I kēia manawa, loaʻa i nā paleontologist he 20 o nā spinosaurs spinosaurs. ʻO ka hapalua o lākou i loaʻa ma Morocco, ʻehā ma ʻAigupita, ʻekolu i Tunisia, hoʻokahi ʻāpana mai Niger, Cameroon a me Kenya.

Kālā

E like me nā ʻike i loaʻa, ʻo ke lōʻihi o ke kino o nā spinosaurus ma kahi o 16-18 m, a me ke paona 7-9 tons. ʻO kēlā mau hoʻohālikelike i hoʻākāka ʻia ma ke kumu o ka like me ke kino e like me kona kūpuna ʻo Zuhomim (Suchomimus) a i ʻole kēlā hui maikaʻi ʻana ʻo Tyrannosaurus rex i aʻo ʻia.

Ma ka 2007, ua hiki i nā mea noiʻi ʻo Francois Terrier a ʻo Donald Henderson ka hopena o ka nui o nā luna o kēia ʻano ʻano ma waena o 12-23 tons. ʻO nā ʻikepili pololei, i ko lākou manaʻo, hiki ke loaʻa i ka wā e loaʻa ana nā ʻōpala piha o nā forepaws. I kā kā lākou huliʻana, ua hoʻohālikelike lākou i ʻelua mau ʻanoʻano - Spinosaurus maroccanus a me Carcharodontosaurus iguidensis.

ʻO keʻano

Akau ka spinosaurus no ke koena o nā fossil i pau ʻia, ʻaʻole ka helu ʻana o nā mea i ʻike ʻia i nā niho a me nā ʻōpio i ʻike ʻia. ʻO nā manawa hou i ʻike ʻia ma Moroko, ʻo nā hala o nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka spinosaurus i lilo ai i keiki ʻōpiopio, ʻoiai lākou i hōʻea i kekahi wahi liʻiliʻi. ʻO nā huila a me nā ʻōpala, i hōʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 2005, hōʻike ʻo ia i kekahi o nā koʻumi lōʻihi i waena o nā dinosaur carnivorous a pau, e piʻi ana ma luna o 1.5 mika ka loa. He ʻāʻī ʻīwī liʻiliʻi nā pale ʻana me nā ʻōpala i piha i nā niho conical pololei. ʻO ka nui nui kuhi spinosaurus i ʻike ʻia he 16 mau mika ka lōʻihi a ʻo ke kaupaona ʻana ma mua o 7 tons (e like paha ma ka 11.7-16.7 tons, no ka mea he iwi liʻiliʻi ʻoi kona iwi.) Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka kaulana o nā huaʻai o nā pākeke a me nā ʻōpio spinosaurs i mea e ʻike ʻia ai ka theropod nui loa i ka mōʻaukala, ʻoiai ua ʻike ʻia kēia mau kānaka i ka nui a hiki i ka ʻōpio baryonyx a me zuhomima.

ʻO kekahi o nā alapiʻina o kahi spinosaurus ʻo kāna pōpilikia. ʻO nā kaʻina o ka dorsal a me caudal vertebrae, ma ko lākou nui a me ke ʻano, i hana ai i kahi ʻano o "holo". Loaʻa nā ʻano like ʻana ma nā dinosaurs (spinosaurids, kekahi ornithopods), a me nā diapsids kahiko (Poposauroidea) a me nā synapsids (sphenacodonts). ʻO ke kumu o ka "holo" ke kumu o ke kūkākūkā nui. ʻO kekahi o nā hypotheses hou i kāna hana ma ke ʻano he hydrostabilizer.

Palapala Paleobiology

Noho ka poʻe Spinosaur i nā mea i kēia manawa e hiki ai i ko ʻAigupita ke noho i nā māla lau a alakaʻi i kahi ola amphibious. ʻAʻole lākou i ʻimi wale i ka ʻona aku, akā ua hana pū ma nā ʻāina ʻē.

ʻO ka waha elongated e hōʻike ana i ka hānai ʻana i nā iʻa.

Hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia kēia e ka wahi o nā niho conical a me nā nostrils i loaʻa i ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻuʻake. Wahi a ka paleobiologist ʻAmelika ʻo Gregory Paul, ʻo ka ʻikepili, ʻoi aku i ka iʻa, ua hānai i ke kālai a ʻimi i nā mea liʻiliʻi a me nā mea nui, akā ua hoʻopiʻi pū kekahi i nā mea nui, e komo pū ana me nā pterodactyls i ka wā maloʻo.

Noho ka spinosaurus ma kahi o 100-94 miliona mau makahiki i hala.

Kāleka

Kahuli ʻo Kālā Spinosaurus

I luna o ke kenekulia mai ka loaʻa ʻana o ka spinosaurus, e loli mau ana nā manaʻo e pili ana i kona ʻano. ʻO ke kumu o ka nele o ka waiwai. I nā kūmole mua loa, hōʻike ʻia ka spinosaurus ma ke ʻano heropod maʻamau me kahi gati pololei loa a me kahi ʻūhā e like me ke kaʻe o kahi allosaurus (koe wale nō ka iwi haʻahaʻa, ʻike ʻia ia manawa).

I ka hapalua ʻelua o ka makahiki 20, ua hōʻike ʻo spinosaurus i ke ʻano o ka baryonix nui a me ka holo ua holo i kona kua. Ua hoʻēmi ʻia kēia e ka hōʻole ʻana i ke kūlana pololei o ka kuʻina i loko o ka dinosaur predatory, me ka ʻike ʻana i ka iwi o luna.

Ma ka huli ʻana, ʻōlelo ʻo ka paleo-kiʻi hoʻohālikelike ʻia ʻo Rodrigo Vega i ke kūkulu hou ʻana o nā spinosaurus, e like me ia i kā quadruped lokomotion, he puʻu momona a me kahi ʻokiʻaki miniature. Ua manaʻo ʻo ia no ka holoholona e hānai nui ana i ka iʻa (a i ka wā o ka maloʻo i loko o nā hale ʻai o ka manawa Cretaceous ua aneane pau loa ia), pono ia e mālama i kahi mālama o ke kino ma ke ʻano o kahi momona momona, a i kahi hump, ma ke kua. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā spinosaurus ma mua o ka nui o nā forelimbs nui, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka quomruped locomotion. Ua manaʻo ʻo Rodrigo Vega, ʻo ke kū ma nā wāwae ʻehā he kūlana pale ʻole loa ia no nā spinosaurus, no ka mea ʻoi aku kona kikowaena kokoke i ka ʻūhā ma mua o ka vertebrae kūloko, e like me nā andropod ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi, hiki i kahi hāhā ʻehā ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi loa inā lawaiʻa ma kahakai.

I ka makahiki 2014, ʻike nā paleontologists David Martill, Nizar Ibrahim, Paul Sereno a me Cristiano Dal Sasso i nā ʻāpana o ka huakaʻi o kahi spinosaurus ma Morocco - nā ʻāpana o ka ʻawili, phalanges o nā manamana lima o nā mua, he mau ʻāpana caudal a me spebra vertebrae me nā kaʻina hana a me nā limu. ʻO ka makahiki o ka FSAC-KK 11888 neotype ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo 97 Ma. Loaʻa kēia ʻike i nā manaʻo paleontologists āpau e pili ana i ka spinosaurus i lalo. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hypothesized ua neʻe ʻo ia i nā wāwae ʻehā. ʻO ka lua, ua hoʻololiʻia ke ʻano semicircular o ka moku i ka trapezoidal. ʻO ke kolu, ua loaʻa i kahi hōʻoia ma kahi ʻano wai no ka hana ʻana ma kahi ʻano ʻāina. Ua pana ʻia kahi palapala kiʻi e pili ana i kēia. Eia naʻe, ma hope o ka hana hou ʻana o ka quadropedal o nā spinosaurus ua hoʻomākaʻi nui ʻia.

He ʻauhau

Hāʻawi nā spinosaurus i kona inoa i ka ʻohana dinosaur, nā spinosaurus, a ʻelua mau subfamilies - Baryonychinae a me Spinosaurinae. Kahi kaulana nō hoʻi nā fossile o kahi dinosaur i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai Ausalia - kahi vertebra e like me ka baryonyx vertebra. Kokoke ka Spinosaurus i ka genus ʻAumakuama kahi hopena o lākou i hui pū ai i ka waiwai o Spinosaurini.

Ma lalo iho nei he cladogram e hōʻike ana i ke kūlana phylogenetic o ka ʻauhau:

Kāleka

He ʻano "kolo" kipa kēia mōʻaukala ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka hope o ka hope. Loaʻa ia i nā iwi spiky me ka uhi o ka ʻili. Manaʻo kekahi mau paleontologists aia i ke ʻano o ka hump he momona momona, ʻoiai i nā kūlana i ola ai kēia ʻano he hiki ʻole ke ola me ka ʻole o kahi pūngao i ke ʻano o ka momona. Akā naʻe ʻaʻole nā ​​mea ʻepekema i 100% no ke aha e pono ai kēlā hump. Malama paha i hoʻohana ʻia e kāohi ai i ke ʻano wela o ke kino.. ^ E Ha yM. Ke hoʻohuli nei i ka holo i ka lā, hiki iā ia ke hoʻomehana i kona koko me ka ʻoihana ʻē aʻe i ke koko ʻē aʻe.

Eia naʻe, ʻo kēlā holo nui spiky nui paha i ʻike i ke ʻano kaulana loa o kēia Cretaceous predator a ua hana ʻoi i kahi ʻano maʻamau i ka ʻohana dinosaur. ʻAʻole like ia me kahi holo o dimetrodon, e noho ana ma ka Honua ma kahi o 280-265 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻAʻole i like nā mea like me ka stegosaurus, nāna i hoʻāla ʻia nā papa mai ka ʻili, ua paʻa ʻia nā pelu spinosaurus e nā neʻe ʻana o ka vertebrae ma hope o kona kino, e kāohi piha ana iā lākou i ka ʻihi. Wahi a nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe, ua ulu kēia mau hana o ka vertebrae o ka posterior i hoʻokahi a me ka hapa mika. Ua like me ka ʻili o ke poʻo nā paʻahao e hoʻopaʻa pū ai iā lākou. I ka hiʻohiʻona, ka manaʻo, ua like nā mea like me nā membranes ma waena o nā manamana lima o kekahi amphibians.

ʻAʻohe mea kānalua i hoʻopili pololei ʻia nā spinal spins i ka vertebrae, akā ʻokoʻa ka manaʻo o nā mea ʻepekema ma ka ʻano o nā membrane, e hoʻopili ana iā lākou i hoʻokahi ʻaoʻao. ʻOiai ua manaʻo ʻia kekahi mau paleontologists e like ʻo ka holo o ka spinosaurus i like me ka moku dimetrodon, aia kekahi poʻe e like me Jack Bohman Bailey, ka mea i manaʻoʻiʻo no ka mānoanoa o nā puʻupuʻu, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pohō ma mua o ka ʻāʻā maʻamau a ua like hoʻi me ka membrane kūikawā. . ^ E Ha yM.

Ua manaʻo ʻo Bailey, aia ka pale o ka spinosaurus i ka momona momona, akā naʻe, ke ʻike mau nei kona ʻano maoli ma muli o ka nalowale o nā tauira.

ʻO ke kumu o ka ʻano physiological e like me kahi holo ma ke kua o kahi spinosaurus, ʻokoʻa like nā manaʻo. Ke hāʻawi ʻia nei nā manaʻo he nui ma kēia kumuhana, ka mea maʻamau o ka hana ka thermoregulation. ʻO ka manaʻo o kahi ʻano hana hou no ka hoʻomehana ʻana a me ka hoʻomehana i ke kino. Hoʻohana ʻia e wehewehe i ka nui o nā iwi ʻōiwi i ka nui o nā dinosaur, a me nā spinosaurus, stegosaurus a me nā parasaurolophus.

Wahi a ka poʻe Paleontologist ua pili loa nā kīʻaha koko ma kēia kuamoʻo i ka ʻano o ka wela o ka wela o ka wela o ka wela o ka pō. Manaʻo kekahi mau poʻomanaʻo ua hoʻohana ʻia ka spinsaurus spine i ka neʻe i ke koko ma o nā moku koko e kokoke ana i ka ʻili e ʻae i ka wikiwiki o nā kime wela. I kēlā me kēia kūlana, ua ʻoluʻolu ʻo ia mau “akamai” i ʻAmelika. ʻO ka Thermoregulation e like me ka wehewehe nui loa no ka holo spinosaurus, eia nō naʻe kekahi mau manaʻo ʻē aʻe i kumu e ʻole ai ka makemake i ka lehulehu.

He hoihoi! ʻOiai ke ʻano o ka manaʻo o ka holo ʻana o ka mokulele spinosaurus, ke ʻano nui, ke ʻano o ka ʻōpala i nui, elongated, maopopo i nā paleontologists āpau. Ma kāna kaohālike, ua kūkulu ʻia ke kaʻe o kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo hou i loaʻa i nā ʻāʻī elongated e noho ana i kahi ʻāpana nui. ʻO ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo spinosaurus, ʻoiai ma kēia manawa, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea lōʻihi loa ma waena o nā dinosaurs e kū nei i ko mākou honua.

Manaʻo kekahi mau paleontologists e hana i ka lawepoka vertebral o nā spinosaurus i hana like me ka plumage o nā manu nui i kēia lā. ʻIke ʻia, pono ia i mea e huki ai i kahi hoa no ka hoʻohālikelike a me ke kau ʻana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wā poperty o nā kānaka. ʻOiai ʻaʻole ʻike maopopo ka kala o kēia pāʻaina, aia nā manaʻo e kakali ana, aʻalani nā leo, hoʻoneʻe i ka manaʻo o nā kāne ke kū mai ka mamao.

Nānā ʻia kekahi ʻano pale pale kūʻokoʻa. Malia paha iā ia e hoʻohana nui ʻia ai ke nānā ʻana ma ke alo o ka ʻenemi kūʻē kūʻē iā ia. Me ka hoʻonui nui o ka holo spinal, nānā nui ka spinosaurus i ka nui o ka menacing i nā maka o ka poʻe i ʻike ia he "snack wikiwiki". No laila, hiki i ka ʻenemi, ke makemake ʻole e komo i kahi kaua paʻakikī, hoʻihoʻi, e ʻimi ana i kahi mea ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi.

ʻO kona lōʻihi e pili ana iā 152 a me ka hapa hapa kenimika. ʻO nā ʻōpala nui, i noho ai ka hapa nui o kēia wahi, i loaʻa nā niho, i pae pono ka like me ke ʻano, a kūpono hoʻi i ka hopu ʻana a me ka ʻai ʻana i ka iʻa. Manaʻo ʻia ua loaʻa i ka spinosaurus i nā niho he ʻehā mau puʻupuʻu, ʻelua ma nā ʻū a luna a lalo, a ʻelua mau ʻanuʻu nui ma kēlā ʻaoʻao. ʻO ka ʻāʻī o kahi spinosaurus ʻaʻole wale nō ia e hōʻike i kona kolohe. He mau maka nō hoʻi ʻo ia i hoʻāi ʻia i ka hope o ke kaʻe, e like me ke ʻano kahuhilohi hou. Ua like kēia ʻano me ke ʻano o kekahi mau paleontologists e pili ana i ka mea, ʻo ia ʻo ia ka hapa o ka nui o ka pastime i ka wai. No ka mea, he nui nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka mea manu he manu a i ʻole he ʻano holoholona iʻa.

E huli ka mōʻaukala

ʻO ka spinosaurus ka nui nui o ka dinosaur karnivor i loaʻa.

• No ka manawa mua, ʻike ʻia nā koena o ka spinosaurus (Latin Spinosaurus) i ka hāʻule ʻana o 1912 i loko o nā kāwili o Bahariya i loko o ka eponymous oasis ma ke komohana o Egypt. Ua kiʻi ʻia ka kuhi piha ʻana e Richard Markgraf i ka hāʻawi ʻana a me ka loaʻa kālā o ka paleontologist Keleman Ernst Stromer von Reichenbach a me ka Bavarian Academy of Science. Ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo ka dinosaur e Stroemer ma 1915.
• Ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia kahi kīʻaha maʻamau (holotype) o ka spinosaurus i ka makahiki 1944 ma ka pō o ʻApelila 24-25. Kuhi ʻia ka hope o 2006 ma Joshua Smith et al. Ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka ʻokoʻa ʻana o nā kiʻi kiʻi mai nā kiʻi paʻi.
• Loaʻa nā kiʻi Spinosaurus ʻelua ma ke kūkulu hema a me ke kūkulu ʻākau o Maroko. Ua hoʻoili ʻia ka kope mua ma 1975 a i loko o kahi hōʻiliʻili pilikino a hiki i 2002. He wahi hiʻohiʻona: ma waena o ka alveolus a me ka niho o ka mea pena, ka vertebra o ka sawfish i paʻa.
• Loaʻa ka makana lua o ka dinosaur i 1996. Aia ʻo 2002, aia nō ia ma ke Kulanui o Chicago. Ua wehewehe ʻia nā ʻelua ʻelua i ka makahiki 2005 e Cristiano Del Sasso et al.
• ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona o ka dinosaur BM231, ʻo ia ka mua o ka manawa hema (dental) iwi 115 mm ka lōʻihi me nā alveoli ʻehā a ʻelua mau niho piha ʻole, ua loaʻa ma Tunisia a hōʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 2002 e Eric Bufto a me kāna hoa hana.
• ʻO kahi mea maʻamau o ka spinsaurus FSAC-KK 11888, he mea kīnā ʻole piha ʻole o kekahi ʻōpiopio, ua loaʻa ma Morocco a wehewehe ʻia e Nizar Ibrahim a me kāna mau hoa hana i ka makahiki 2014.
• I ka makahiki 2016, ua ho'ākāka ʻo Christophe Hendricks me kāna mau hoa e ʻeono mau ʻāpana iwi dinosaur hoʻokaʻawale i ʻike ʻia ma Morocco. Hoʻokū ʻelima o lākou i nā ʻano holotypic o nā spinosaurus, a ʻo kekahi i nā huaʻōlelo o nā spinosaurids - nā sigilmassasaurus.
• ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o NMC 50791, e hōʻike ana i ka waena o ka piko o ka lula cervical 19.5 cm lōʻihi, ua loaʻa ma Morocco. Ua hoʻolana ʻo ia ma kahi holotype no nā ʻano lua o spinosaurus - S. maroccanus. Hoʻohui ʻia nā kikoʻī hou aʻe i kēia ʻano ʻano ʻelua: ʻelua mau ʻāpana ʻē aʻe mai ka ʻaoʻao like o ka ʻāʻī, ʻelua mau ʻāpana o ka iwi niho a me ka neural arch o ka anterior spinal vertebra. Mea i ho'ākāka ʻia ma 1996 e Dale Russell. Ma hope mai ua hui pū ʻia kēia ʻano me Spinosaurus aegyptiacus.
• Kahi hoʻohālike ʻia ka MNHN SAM 124 mai Algeria i wehewehe ʻia a hāʻawi ʻia i S. maroccanus na Russell a me Philip Take i ka makahiki 1998. ʻO ia ka piha piha o ka premaxillary a me nā iwi ʻāhiu, he vomer a me kahi ʻāpana o ka niho.

Nā ʻano o Spinosaurus

Hoʻokahi wale nō ʻano maʻamau a ʻike ʻia o nā spinosaurus - S. aegyptiacus. He hoʻonaninani ʻo Spinosaurus marocanus.

Hāʻawi ʻia ka inoa like ʻole e ka inoa o kahi ʻāina kahi i ʻike mua ʻia ke koena. ʻO ka holotype o nā spinosaurus i ʻelua iwi niho a me ka iwi lamellar, kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻāʻī, iwakālua mau niho, ʻelua cervical, ʻehiku dorsal, ʻekolu ʻekalima a hoʻokahi caudal vertebrae, ʻehā pectoral iwi, ʻehā gastralia (ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū) a ʻeiwa nui nā kaʻina hāmeʻe mai nā dorsal spine (ke kiʻekiʻe loa. - 165 cm).

He ʻano huila

Loaʻa i nā kaʻina kūwili ikaika o nā sporsaurus o nā sporsaurus, i hoʻomehana ʻia ma hope, akā i hoʻomāhuahua ʻia i ke ala anteroposterior i loko o nā limu, e kūpaʻa ʻia ana ma ka kumu. ʻO kekahi o lākou he mea ikaika ikaika loa, nā ikaika a me nā uaua e hoʻopili ʻia me lākou. ʻO kēia mau hiʻohiʻona o nā kaʻina spinous i ka mea i mea e hoʻokaʻawale ai ke hōʻike i kahi neʻe o kahi momona, e like me ke bison, ʻaʻole i ka holo, e like me ka dimetrodon. Ua uhi ʻia ka luʻu spinosaurus me ka ʻili a lawelawe i nā kumu hōʻike, no ka mea e hōʻike ʻia ana e ka ʻala i ke ʻano o nā kaʻina hana, nā kihi ʻili, a he palupalu a vascularized ma waena. ʻO nā kaʻina kikoʻī o ka caudal vertebrae o ka dinosaur ua pōkole.

Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻole o nā iwi wāwae i nā spimaurus mua o ka spinosaurus, ua kūkulu hou ʻia e ka neʻe ʻana i nā wāwae ʻelua. ʻO ia ka mea ma mua o ka hana a Nizar Ibrahim a me nā mea kākau kākau ma 2014, kahi i wehewehe ʻia ai nā iwi wāwae a ua ʻōlelo ʻia kahi ʻano dinosaur ʻehā.

ʻO ka pūnaewele o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka huelo o ka ʻūhā o ka ʻūhā i ka ʻākau nui dinosaur a lōʻihi a lōʻihi (¹ / ₃ o ka lōʻihi o ka ʻūhā). ʻO ka hoʻololiʻana o ka huelo o nā spinosaurus a me ke ʻano o nā kaʻina o nā hanana kuʻi o ka caudal vertebrae e hōʻike nei

N neʻe ka spinosaurus i nā wāwae hind 2 ikaika. Ua loaʻa iā lākou āpau me 4 nā manamana lima me nā kāwili lōʻihi. ʻAʻole like me nā luaroprop, kīno loa ka wāwae wāwae a lōʻihi. ʻO ka phalanx mua o kēia manamana lima ka lōʻihi, e hoʻohālikelike me nā phalanges non-kuku ʻē aʻe. Ma ka ʻāina, ua neʻe wale ka spinosaurus i nā wāwae ʻehā, no ka mea pono ke kākoʻo o ke kino me nā forelimbs ma muli o ka neʻe i ka gravity.

Ke ʻano ʻōpala

He kūkini kona ʻōpū o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā spinosaurus. Heʻuʻuku ka mua o ka iwi ʻula, i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā iwi premaxillary. Ma ka pālahalaha, puni poʻo ka wili, i ka pihi ma hope, he nui nā hāmeʻa neʻe neʻe nui. ʻO luna a lalo lalo i kēia hopena. Ma ke ala ʻōpiopio, ua pōkole loa nā iwi premaxillary o ka dinosaur. I ka nui o nā ihu, ʻo ko lākou laulā he 29 mm. He 6 mau niho i kēlā me kēia o nā iwi maxillary o nā spinosaurus.

Kahu ʻia nā niho o nā spinosaurus i ke alo (6-7 ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao) a me ke kua o ke kauā (12 ma kēlā ʻaoʻao). ʻO nā niho mua o nā spinosaurus he liʻiliʻi, ʻo ka lua a ʻo ke kolu ka nui, ʻo ka lua e hele kokoke a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka poʻe ʻē aʻe e nā kahe. Mawaena o ka eono o ka niho a me ka iwi ākē he ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao. ʻO ka ʻili me ke anawaena o lalo o 35 mm mau a he conical a conical, a ʻo nā niho nui ka lua i ka hema a a me ka lua a me ke kolu hoʻi ma ka ʻākau, oval ma waena, i.e. i hoʻomoʻi iki ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao niho. ʻEkolu mau reseses hōʻailona ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao o nā lehelehe niho. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao mua o ka iwi ʻākau o ka dinosaur i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka ʻaoʻao like o ka ʻaoʻao o luna, ʻo ia ka mea ʻike ʻia nā niho he nui loa (2–4) i ka wā e pani ʻia ai ka ʻāʻī, e hāʻule ana i loko o ka lehelehe.

He mea paʻakikī ka pilina o ka iwi o ka maxillary a me nā iwi ʻākī o nā spinosaurus. Ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao o ka iwi ā ka iwi he 12 mau kaʻe, conical niho. Hoʻonui ikaika ka nui o lākou mai ka mua a hiki i ka ʻehā (hoʻonui ka circumference mai ka 42 a 146 mm), akā mai ka lima a hiki i ka ʻumikūmāwili e emi iki ana. ʻO nā niho nui loa (mai ke kolu a hiki i ka lima ma ka ʻākau a mai ka ʻekolu a ʻehā i ka ʻaoʻao hema) aia ka oval i ke anawaena.

He liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi nā nostrils Dinosaur i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka nui o ke alo o ka spinosaurus a me nā theropods ʻē aʻe. Ua kaha ikaika ʻia lākou i hope a aia i ka pae o 9-10 alveoli o ka iwi kuʻi. ʻO nā ʻōlapa nā ʻōlule, akā puka i kahi kihi ma mua.

ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona 3D o ka ʻūhā o kekahi spinosaurus (hiki ke nānā ʻia ke kumu hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka kiʻi).

Ua manaʻo ʻia nā spinosaurus he semi-aquatic, he holoholona muliwai, no ka mea ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka huku o ka dinosaur i hope o ke poʻo, ʻoi ke poʻo, elongated, ʻōpū, ke ʻāʻī a me ke kino e neʻe, ke kikowaena o ka pōloli a neʻe aku i mua o ka pelvis a me nā kuli ma kahi lōʻihi loa ka lōʻihi o ka ʻūhā. Hoʻopili ʻia ke kāʻei o nā wāwae o nā spinosaurus, he pokole nā ​​wāwae, paʻa nā iwi, paʻa, ikaika nā forelimbs. ʻOi aku ka pōkole ma mua o ka tibia a me ka ikaika, e like me ka wīwī mua a me nā mammals semi-aquatic hou. ʻO nā iwi o ka wāwae o nā spinosaurus he lōʻihi, haʻahaʻa a keu. Ua like nā kāne me nā ʻōpū o nā manu.

Wahi a kekahi ʻano kumuhana hou e pili ana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ke ʻano ʻekolu no ka nui o nā spinosaurus (hana a Donald Henderson ma 2018), nā mea āpau a me nā holoholona semi-aquatic hou, ʻaʻole ia he ʻano hana hoʻomalu ʻano kūikawā. Ke uʻe nei ʻo ia me ke kākoʻo ʻole o nā wāwae, e ʻō ʻo ia i kona ʻaoʻao. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke kākele ma ke poʻo o lalo o ka wai o ka wai. Ua hele kokoke ke kikowaena o ka gravity i ka hope.

Mea ʻai

Ua hānai ʻo Spinosaurus ma ka muliwai E like me nā manaʻo hou loa, ua lilo ʻo ia i kahi nui o kona ola ma ka ʻāina, a ma ka wai āna i ʻimi ai i ka wai pāpaku. No ka hoʻopakeleʻana i ka ikaika o kona kino nui, ikaika ka dinosaur e hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa e waiho ana ma kahakai. Ua kūʻē ʻo ia i kāna mau mea mai kahi hoʻohālua a hoʻopaʻa i ko lākou ʻāʻī. He ʻimi pinepine ʻo ia iā ia.

Hōʻike ʻike

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea i ʻike e pili ana i nā spinosaurus, no ka mea, he derivative o ka manaʻo, no ka mea o ka hapa ʻole o nā kiʻi holoʻokoʻa e waiho i kahi manawa hou no ka noiʻi. ʻIke ʻia nā wahi mua o nā spinosaurus ma ke awāwa ʻo Bahariya ma ʻAigupita i ka makahiki 1912, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou i hāʻawi ʻia i kēia mau ʻano ʻano like me ia. ʻO 3 mau makahiki wale nō, ua hoʻopili ʻia ka mea paleontologist Keleman Ernst Stromer i kahi spinosaurus. Ua loaʻa nā iwi ʻē aʻe o kēia dinosaur ma Baharia a ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka ʻohana ʻelua i ka 1934. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ka manawa i ʻike ʻia ai, ua pōʻino kekahi o lākou i ka hoʻouna ʻia ʻana i Munich, a ua hoʻopau ʻia ke koena i ka wā o ka hoʻouka kaua kaua i ka 1944. I kēia manawa, ua loaʻa nā kīkēnō spinosaurus hapa ʻikepili, ʻaʻole i loaʻa he ʻole a i ʻole a pau paha nā kikoʻī ʻokoʻa.

Kahi hana spinosaurus i ʻike ʻia ma Morocco i ka makahiki 1996 i waena o ka vertebra cervical waena, kahi kūloko neural dorsal anterior, a me nā niho niho waena. Eia kekahi, ʻelua mau ʻāpana ʻokoʻa i loaʻa i 1998 i Algeria a ma 2002 ma Tunisia i loaʻa i nā ʻāpana niho o nā ʻāʻī. Eia kekahi laʻana, aia ma Morocco i ka makahiki 2005, ua ʻike ʻia nā mea waiwai nui aʻe.. ^ E Ha yM. Wahi a nā loiloi i hāpai ʻia ma ka kumu o kēia loaʻa, he haka ʻo ke ʻano o ka holoholona i ʻike ʻia, e like me nā mea manaʻo o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻĀina ma Milan, he 183 kenimika ka lōʻihi, e hana ana i kēia manawa o ka spinosaurus i hoʻokahi o ka nui.

ʻO ka mea pōʻino, no nā spinosaurus a me nā paleontologist, ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo piha o ke kāʻei o kēia holoholona, ​​a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi a kokoke i ka hoʻopiha i nā ʻāpana o ke kino. ʻO kēia nele o nā hōʻike hōʻike ke alakaʻi i nā haunaele o nā kumumanaʻo o nā kumu physiological o kēia dinosaur. ʻAʻole i loaʻa kekahi mau iwi o nā limu o kahi spinosaurus, i hiki ai ke hāʻawi i nā paleontologists i kahi manaʻo maoli o ke ʻano maoli o kona kino a me nā kūlana ma ka lewa. ʻO ka ʻike, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana o nā iwi o nā iwi o nā kīwī o nā spinosaurus, ʻaʻole wale ia e hāʻawi i kahi ʻano physiological piha, akā kōkua pū nō hoʻi i nā paleontologists e hui pū i ka manaʻo o ka neʻe ʻana o kēia mea hana. Nani paha paha ma muli o ka nele o nā iwi wāwae e hnaka a hoʻopaʻapaʻa paha e pili ana inā ua paʻa wale paha ka spinosaurus a i ʻole nā ​​mea ʻehā a wāwae ka wāwae.

He hoihoi! Ua kū mai kahi nīnau kūpono: no ke aha lā piha piha nā kope o nā spinosaurus no ka loaʻa ʻana? ʻO nā mea he ʻelua kumu i hoʻopili i ka paʻakikī o ka ʻike ʻana i ke kumu kumu - ʻo ia ka manawa a me ke one. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ua hoʻolilo ka dinosaur i ka hapanui o kona ola ma ʻAmelika a me ʻAigupita, e alakaʻi ana i kahi ʻano semi-aquatic. He mea hiki ʻole ke kiʻi ʻia me nā specimens e waiho ana ma lalo o ke ākea o ka Sahara ma kahi kokoke loa.

A i kēia manawa, loaʻa nā mea āpau o nā spinosaurus i nā kumuhana mai ka spine a me ka ʻū. E like me ka hapanui o nā hihia, me ka hemahema o nā hoʻopiʻi piha maoli, koi ʻia nā paleontologists e hoʻohālikelike i nā ʻanoʻano dinosaur me nā holoholona like like. Akā, i ka hihia o spinosaurus, he hana paʻakikī loa kēia. No ka mea, ʻoiai ʻo ia mau dinosaurs, e like me ka poʻe paleontologists e manaʻo like, he mau ʻano like me nā spinosaurus, ʻaʻohe mea ma waena o lākou i hoʻohālike like ʻole i kēia ʻano kūlike a ma ka manawa like i ka mea hoʻoilo monstrous. No laila, ʻōlelo pinepine nā ʻepekema i ka nui loa o ka spinosaurus, e like me nā mea hoʻonani nui, e like me ka Rex tyrannosaurus. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike maopopo ʻia, a hiki i ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai a pau paha, a i ʻole ka nalo i ke koena o kēia ʻano.

Ke ʻike ʻia nei nā wahi e noho ai ʻo kēia mea kai nui nui i kēia manawa i ka hiki ʻole ke kiʻi ʻia no ka mea ʻawaʻawa. ʻO kahi kaona ʻula he wahi nui o ka loaʻa ka ʻike ma nā ʻano kikoʻī spinosaurus. Akā ʻo ka ʻāina kai pono i hoʻohana i nā hana titanic ma muli o ke ʻano o ka wā, a me ka mea e lawa ai ka hoʻomehana o ka ʻāina e mālama i nā koena fossilized. He mea maʻamau paha ia i ʻike ʻia kekahi mau spesimens i ka wā i kahakaha ʻia e ke anuanu a me ka neʻe o ke one ke lilo lākou i keʻelemele e ʻike ai a ʻike iā lākou. No laila, hoʻopiha ʻia nā paleontologists i nā mea liʻiliʻi i loaʻa i ka manaʻolana i kekahi lā e hina ai kekahi i nā hiʻohiʻona piha loa e hiki ke pane i nā nīnau hoihoi a hoʻolaha i nā mea huna o nā spinosaurus.

ʻO nā hale moʻomeheu e hōʻike ana i nā koena o kahi spinosaurus

• "Hale Hōʻikeʻike Geographic", Washington, USA
• "National Museum of Natural History", Palani, Farani
• "Hale Hōʻikeʻike Kūlohelohe o City History ma Milan", Italia
• ʻO ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o ke Kumuhana Pūnaewele ma Barcelona, ​​Sepania
• Hale Hōʻikeʻike o ka Mōʻaukala kūloheloheBerlin, Kelemānia
• Makukhari Messe Exhibition Complex, Chiba, Iapana

Wahi i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni

• ʻO Jurassic Park 3, 2001

Hōʻike ʻia ka spinosaurus e ka ʻenemi nui o nā kiʻi maʻamau, ka ʻike ʻia i nā manawa he nui i ka wā o ke kiʻi o ka kiʻi a weliweli iā lākou, no ka mea e koi ʻia lākou e holo. I kēia hana, ua hoʻololi ʻo ia i ka dinosaur o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻelua ma mua o ka franchise - ka tyrannosaurus. I mea hōʻoia i kona kūlana kiʻekiʻe, ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni, he mea make a spinosaurus i kahi T-Rex.

• ʻO ke kiʻi ʻĀpana "Sin City", 2005 (kūkulu hou ʻia ma ke ʻano.
• ʻO ke kīʻaha kiʻi kīʻaha ʻo "Portal of the Jurassic Period", 2007-2011, i 1 ka manawa o 4 mau wā. Ua komo ka spinosaurus i ko mākou manawa ma o ka anomali. ʻO ke aepropod kahi i hōʻeha ʻole ai ke kanaka hoʻokahi.
• ʻO ka puke palapala "The Giant Monsters - Nā Leo" Hoʻonohonoho piha ʻia ka laina i nā spinosaurus. Hoʻopili ʻia ke kūkulu ʻana a me ke ʻano o kahi dinosaur i nāʻike mua.
• ʻO ka puke nūpepa "Planet of the Dinosaurs", 2011, ma ka 1st 1st "The Lost World". Hoʻonohonoho piha ʻia ka laina i nā spinosaurus. Hoʻouna ʻia ka ke ola o ka holoholona me ka kokoke i ka semi-aquatic.
• ʻO series series televise Terra Nova, 2011, i ka ʻatikala 7. Ke nānā nei no kahi manawa pōkole. Loaʻa he helehelena, e like me "Jurassic Park 3".
• ʻO ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni "Jurassic World", 2015 (ke kākala i luku ʻia nā tyrannosaurus)
• 2015 Nui Kūpaha Ma luna o T.R Nā palapala
• ʻO ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni "Jurassic World", 2018 (ʻo ka ʻūhā i loaʻa e Velociraptor Blue)

E noho nei ma nā kāleka

• ʻO ka animated series "Dinosaur King", 2007-2008 Hōʻike ʻia kahi spinosaurus i kapa ʻia ʻo Spiny e kahi ʻauʻau maikaʻi.
• ʻO ka animated the series "Dino Squard" (2007-2008). ʻO ke ʻano o Fiona e lilo i spinosaurus.
• ʻO ka "animals" Dinosaur Train ", 2009-2017, i ka 15th series. Hōʻike ʻia e kahi moʻomeheu kahiko, grouchy.

Baibala Hoomau

• ʻO ka Encyclopedia ma Augment Reality "Dinosaurs: mai Compsognath a Ramforinh"
  
• L. Kamburnak "Nā holoholona a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe", 2007, p. 61
• Dougal Dixon, World Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric nilikha, 2008, 261
• ʻO Gregory Paul, ʻO ke alakaʻi kumu Pelekane i Dinosaurs 2010 a me 2016 ma nā ʻaoʻao 88 a me 94-95, kēlā me kēia
• Tamara Green, "Dinosaurs Complete Encyclopedia", 2015, p. 109, 130-133, 198-199
• Malyutin A.O., "Dinosaurs: Big Encyclopedia (2nd Edition)", 2015, p. 187
• D. Hawn, "ʻO nā Palau o kahi Tyrannosaurus Rex. Biology a me ka hoʻomohala o ka mea kaulana kaulana i ka honua ", 2017
• R. Matthews, S. Parker, "ʻO nā mea āpau e pili ana i nā Dinosaurs," 2017, pp. 92-93
• B. Garrod, Spinosaurus, 2019
• P. Mason, “Nā Dinosaurs. Ke kaua ma ke Shore, 2019, p. 12-13
• D. Nash, P. Barrett, "Nā Dinosaurs. 150,000,000 mau makahiki o ka hoʻokuʻi ʻana ma ka Honua, 2019

Pāʻani pāʻani

• ARK: Survival Evolved, ʻano: simulator olaila, 2017

• ʻO Jurassic World Evolution, ʻano: simulator hoʻokele, 2018. Spinosaurus kahi ikaika a me ka nui. Hoʻohālikelike ka hana hou ʻana me ka Paka Jurassic 3.

• Warpath: Jurassic Park, ʻano: ka hakakā pāʻani, 1999. ʻO ka moku wale ma ke kua e hōʻike ana he spinosaurus. ʻO ke koena o ka kino o ka dinosaur he ʻokoʻa ia i kēia manawa i hana ʻia ai.
• ʻO Jurassic Park III: ʻO DNA Factor, ʻano: ʻaoʻao-scroller, 2001. ʻO Spinosaurus kekahi o nā luna. Pono ka mea pāʻani e hakakā hou mai kāna hahai.
• ʻO Jurassic Park III: Mākaha Park, ʻano: simulator ʻona, 2001
• ʻO Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis, ʻano: simulator ʻona, 2003. ʻO Spinosaurus ka mea nui loa e hoʻolalelule ma mua, hiki iā ia ke pepehi i nā holoholona āpau koe wale nō ka brachiosaurus.
• Dino Crisis 3, ʻano: hana hoʻoikaika, 2003
• ParaWorld Genre: Strategy, 2006
• King Dinosaur, ʻano: arcade for Nintendo DS, 2008
• ʻO Jurassic: ʻo ia ka mea i ʻoki ʻia, ka manawa: shooter, 2009. ʻO spinosaurus i kapa ʻia Spike kekahi o nā haku.
• Prima Carnage, ʻano: shooter, 2012
• ʻO Jurassic Park: Mea kūkulu, ʻano: simulator waiwai, 2012. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā spinosaurus e kahi holoholona nāwaliwali.
• ʻO Jurassic World: ʻO ke Pūʻulu, nā ʻano: mobile simulator, 2015
• LEGO Jurassic World, ʻano: hana hoʻoikaika, 2015. ʻO kahi mea nāna e kāʻei i ka mea nui. Hoʻohālikelike ka hana hou ʻana me ka Paka Jurassic 3.

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