I kēia lā, ʻaʻohe kumu hypothesis e pili ana i ke ʻano a ma hea nā kūpuna kahiko o ke kanaka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻepekema e pili ana i nā kūpuna maʻamau i loko o ke kanaka a me nā mau manu. Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei ma kahi ma kahi o 5-8 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hele ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻāpana anthropoid i nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua ʻelua. Ua noho mau kekahi o lākou e ola i loko o ka honua holoholona, a ʻo ke koena, ma hope o nā miliona mau makahiki, ua lilo i kanaka.
Kuhi. 1 - ka ulu ʻana o ke kanaka
Kaʻilohelohe
ʻO kekahi o nā kūpuna kahiko o ke kanaka Kaʻi Lealea " ka poe i noho ma Aferika a me Europa 25 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Ua alakaʻi ʻo ia i ke ʻano holoholona, ʻano like me ke kūlohelohe hou. Ma muli o ka noho mau o ia i nā lāʻau, hiki i kāna mau forelimb ke huli i kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao, kahi mea nui i ka hana hou o ke kanaka.
- ua hāpai i nā limahana luna kiʻekiʻe i ka hiki ʻana mai o ka hiki ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā mea,
- ua holomua ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻike maka. Aia kahi kaalolo mai ka he manu i kahi nohona pili, ma muli o kēia, hoʻomaka nā leo ʻōlelo e hoʻomohala,
- ua hoʻonui ka nui o ka lolo
- he ʻāpana ʻāpana o ka enamel ma nā niho o ka dryopithecus e hōʻike ana i ka nui o nā meaʻai mālaʻai i loko o kāna meaʻai.
Kuhi. 2 - Dryopithecus - ke kupuna mua o ke kanaka
Poʻe primitive - ʻo wai lākou?
ʻO ka poʻe kahiko kahiko i noho ma ʻAmelika ma mua o 2 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia ma nā ʻike nui he nui. Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike no ia mea no ka manawa mua e hiki ai i nā mea humanoid e neʻe hilinaʻi ma luna o ko lākou mau wāwae wāwae (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo kēia mea nui ka mea nui e hoʻoholo ai i ke kanaka primitif) i puka mua ma mua - 4 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO kēlā ʻano ʻano kahiko o ka poʻe kahiko e like me ke kūlana kūpono i hōʻike mua ʻia i nā mea ola a nā poʻe ʻepekema i hāʻawi ai i ka inoa "Australopithecus."
Ma muli o nā kenekulia o nā kenekulia, ua hoʻololi ʻia lākou e nā hans Homo e ʻoi aku ana, ʻike ʻia hoʻi i "kanaka ʻike." Ua hoʻololi ʻia e nā mea humanoid, nā ʻelele o kēia i kapa ʻia ʻo Homo erectus, ua unuhi ʻia mai ka Latin "he kanaka pololei." A ma hope wale nō hoʻokahi a me ka hapa miliona mau makahiki i hele mai ai kahi hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa o ke kanaka prima, ʻoiai ua like ka like me ka poʻe kūlohelohe o ka honua - Homo sapiens a "Homo sapiens". E like me ka ʻike ʻana mai ka wā ma mua, lohi iki nā poʻe primitive, akā ma ka manawa like, hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia, kāohi ʻia i nā manawa hou. E kūkākūkā hou aku lākou me nā ʻano āpau o kēia poʻe kūpuna a ke kanaka, he aha kā lākou hana a me ko lākou mea e like
Kāhea
ʻO ke kumuhana o kā mākou haʻawina ʻo: Artiodactyl a me Equidrop Units. ʻO ke kumu o ke aʻo ʻana e noʻonoʻo i nā hiʻohiʻona o ke kūkulu ʻana a me nā hana koʻikoʻi o nā poʻe o nā hui ʻelua.
Ua kapa ʻia kēlā mau kauoha ʻelua he nēnē. E like me ka inoa e hōʻike ai, loaʻa i nā holoholona i luna i nā wāwae. ʻO ka puʻu ʻoiwi kahi mea i hele nui ʻia.
Kuhi. 1. Huku kuahi
Australopithecus: nā hiʻohiʻona o waho a me ke ʻano
ʻO ka anthropology mōʻaukala e pili ana ʻo Australopithecus i nā moʻo mua loa i neʻe i ko lākou wāwae. Ua hoʻomaka ʻia ke kumu o kēia ʻano maʻa mau o ka ʻāina ma ʻAmelika Hikina ma mua o 4 miliona mau makahiki i hala. No ka aneane 2 miliona mau makahiki, ua pālahalaha kēia mau mea i ka ʻāina o nā konana. ʻO ke kāne kahiko, nona ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o 135 cm ua kaupaʻa ʻole ma mua o 55 kg. ʻAʻole i like me nā kaikuahine, ua ʻōlelo hou aku ʻo Australopithecus i ka moʻomeheu wahine, akā ua like like ke ʻano o ke ʻano o nā fangs i nā kāne a me nā wahine. Kahi liʻiliʻi ka pahu ʻōpala o kēia ʻano me ka nui o ka nui o ka 600 600 3. ʻO ka hana nui a Australopithecus ʻaʻole i hoʻohālike ʻē aʻe i nā kahe mau o kēia mau wa, a ua kāʻoki ʻia i ka lawe ʻana i ka meaʻai a me ka pale mai nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe.
Artiodactyl Squad
Hāʻawi ka pūʻulu artiodactyl i ka inoa no ka hiki ʻana i nā holoholona o nā manamana lima ʻelua i kūkulu ʻia i kēlā me kēia wāwae, ke kolu a me ka ʻehā. Ua uhi ʻia nā manamana lima me ka puahi pepe paʻa. Hoʻopili ʻia nā manamana lima a me ke lima, a nalowale loa ka nalo mua. ʻO ke kauoha e pili ana i ka puaʻa, nā hipa, nā kao, nā antelope, nā hippos, nā giraffes a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe (Fig. 2-4).
Kuhi. 2 Warthog
ʻO nā holoholona Artiodactyl ka nui a he nui paha. Noho lākou i nā ululāʻau, ʻanuʻu ma nā wao nahele i nā kuahiwi a me nā ʻōpala. He mea hānai holoholona a manuahi ʻole nā mea hana hou i nā lā hou, a ma waena o nā lālā i hala o ke kauoha i ʻole nā mea hoʻohua.
Hiki i ka ʻōpū ke loaʻa kahi paʻakikī paʻakikī a paʻa i nā ʻāpana he 4. ʻO ka ʻūpī ka elongated, ma luna o ke poʻo he mau pū a manu ʻole paha, kahi holoholona e loaʻa ai ka meaʻai a pale iā ia iho i nā ʻenemi.
Kuhi. 5. Nā ʻoni lele
Kuhi. 6. ʻO ke kiko o ka ʻōpū o ka artiodactyls
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia i nā ʻāina āpau koe koe wale nō ʻo Antarctica a me Ausetalia, naʻe, nā nīkala e hoʻopili ʻia e nā kānaka i kēia manawa e noho nei ma Australia. ʻO ka huina o nā ʻano artiodactyl ʻike ʻia he 200. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kauoha i 2 mau wahi: Non-ruminant a me Ruminant.
ʻO ke kanaka akamai: nā hiʻohiʻona o ke anatomy a me ke ʻano ola
ʻO Homo habilis (i unuhi ʻia mai ka Latin he "kanaka manawaleʻa") ma ke ʻano he ʻano kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa o ka anthropoids i ʻike ʻia ma 2 miliona mau makahiki i hala ma ka ʻāinaʻApelika. ʻO kēia kanaka ʻelemakule, ʻo kona ulu pinepine a hiki i 160 cm, he ulu aʻe ko lākou ʻoi aku ka ulu ma mua o Australopithecus, a ʻo kona lolo a he 700 cm 3. ʻO nā niho a me nā manamana lima o nā ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe o Homo habilis i aneane like me nā kānaka, akā naʻe, ua hele a nui ka nui o nā kahe a me nā ʻami e like me nā kaheka. I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ʻike pū kekahi kanaka akamai i ka ʻimi ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā poloka pōhaku, a ua hiki iā ia ke hoʻohana i ka pena kiʻi loina no ka ʻoki ʻana i nā kupapaʻu holoholona. Hōʻike kēia iā Homo habilis ka mea hana mua Humanoid i loaʻa ka mākau hana.
Hoʻokahi kikowaena ʻole-ruminant
ʻO nā Sub-Non-ruminant kahi ʻohana 3 a me kahi mea liʻiliʻi ma luna o 10 mau ʻano. E pili ana i nā puaʻa, hippos a me nā kahu ʻai (Fig. 7, 8). ʻO ka non-ruminant kahi kino ākea a me nā wāwae wāwae ʻehā. Hoʻopau pinepine ʻia nā Fangs ma mua o ka waha, me kā lākou mau holoholona kōkua ke kiʻi i kā lākou ʻai ponoʻi a pale iā lākou iho i nā mea wīwī.
Kuhi. 7. puaʻa puaʻa
Kuhi. 8. Babirussa
I ka hope o ka muzzle he paila cartilaginous. Kāhea ʻia nā ʻelele o kēia hana hoʻokele. ʻO ka ʻōpū o ke ʻano maʻalahi. ʻAʻohe o nā pepeiaohao, loaʻa kahi layer o ka subcutaneous nui loa.
Kuhi. 9. ʻO ka puaʻa Java
Aia nā 9 o nā ʻano kuʻuna o kēia ʻohana puaʻa. E lawe kākou e like me ke ʻano hoʻohālike puaʻa a i ʻole puaʻa hihiu. Ua māhele ʻia ʻo ia i ʻEulopa, Asia a me ʻAmelika. Noho nō ia ma nā ululāʻau, nā haʻahaʻa, ma ke kahawai o nā loko a me nā kumu lāʻau. ʻO nā pahu holo e noho ana ma ʻEulopa ma kahi maʻamau o 130 a 175 cm.
Kuhi. 10. Liʻi manu
ʻOi ka ʻaoʻao mua o ko lākou kino e piʻi a kiʻekiʻe a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe o 100 cm.ʻO ke kaupaona awelika mai 60 a 150 kg, i kekahi manawa a hiki i 300 kg. Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻili ākea i nā poli a me nā paakiki i ke kala ʻulaʻula. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā halihua o nā ʻōpū haʻahaʻa o nā kāne a hiki i 10 cm lōʻihi.
Kuhi. 11. Nā ʻāpana o ka iwi haʻahaʻa
Hoʻokomo ka ʻōpū ma ka mauʻu, nā hua, nā kō a me nā rhizome o nā mea kanu i hāʻule i ka lepo. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka beage mai ka honua aku, hiolo ka holoholona me nā hua manu. Hoʻomaʻa pinepine i ka ulu lāʻau ʻike ʻoe i nā pōkoki puaʻa, i kekahi manawa palaka i nā mea kanu, e like me nā mea kanu.
Noho nā ʻūhā hihiu i loko o nā pipi liʻiliʻi, ʻōleʻa lākou i ka pūnāwai. Hānau nā wahine i 4-5, a i kekahi manawa a hiki i 12 mau puaʻa. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻōpio a me nā kelepona mai 1 lā o ke ola. Mālama ka makuahine i nā piglets me ka waiū no 2-3 mau mahina. Loaʻa nā wahine i ka wā kamaliʻi ma 8 mau mahina, nā kāne ma ka makahiki 2 o ke ola.
Kuhi. 12. Nā puaʻa
ʻO nā pahu manuahi he mea nui ia o ka hopu. Mai nā pua ulu he nui nā ʻano hānai puaʻa ʻōiwi. ʻAʻole e like me ka kūpuna, hoʻonui koke lākou i ke kaumaha o ke kino a ʻo ka mea nui ka nui. Loaʻa i ka puaʻa kūloko ka mānoanoa nui o ka momona subcutaneous - momona. Ua aneane pau ka uhi ʻana iā lākou me ka uhi ʻana. Hānau ʻia nā piglets hale ʻole me nā kaula lōlani ma ke kino.
Kuhi. 13. nā puaʻa ʻāina
Kuhi. 14. ʻO nā puaʻa home me nā piglets
Homo erectus: helehelena
ʻO ke ʻano manomical o ka poʻe kahiko, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Homo erectus, kahi i ʻōlelo ʻia he nui i ka nui o ka iwi ʻana, i ʻae ʻia e nā kānaka ʻepekema e hoʻohālikelike ʻia ko lākou lolo i ka nui o ka lolo o kekahi kanaka. ʻO nā kī a me nā ʻoki nunui a kahi kanaka akamai e noho nui ana, ʻaʻole naʻe i haʻi ʻia ka mea i loaʻa i ko lākou poʻe mua. ʻAʻole like like ke kino o ke ʻano me nā kāne o kēia wā. Ma ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana e nā loea archaeological, ua alakaʻi ʻo Homo erectus i ke ʻano ala o ka noho a ʻike i ke ʻano o ke ahi. Noho ka poʻe ʻelele no kēia ʻano nui i loko o nā ana. ʻO ka hana nui o kekahi kanaka akamai i ka ʻākoakoa ʻana (ʻo ka mea ma waena o nā wāhine a me nā keiki), kāhili a lawaiʻa, a me ka hana ʻana i nā lole. ʻO Homo erectus kekahi o nā mea i mua i hoʻomaopopo i ka pono o ka mālama ʻāina.
Kūkū hua
Aia ka subuhi o Ruminant ma kahi o nā ʻano he 180 mai 6 mau ʻohana. Ma waena o nā ʻohana, ʻo ka mea i kaulana loa ʻo ka Deer, Giraffe a me Barnread. Ua loaʻa i kona kime kahi inoa no ka lawaiʻa ʻana o kona mau ʻelele: ʻo kēia mau holoholona e ʻōlaʻomaʻo mau nei. ʻO ka chewing gum kahi hapa o ka mea kanu mea kanu e koi ai i ka hoʻouka hou ʻana i ka kahe waha. E hoʻolei nei i nā pulu kele kaomi mai ke alo o kahi ʻōpū paʻakikī.
ʻO ka ʻōpū he 4 mau ʻāpana. Ma lalo o ka mana o nā microorganisms, ʻo ka mea kanu i ka lāʻau o ka pauku 1, ka rumen, e hoʻomoʻi ʻia a pana ʻia i loko o ka ʻāpana 2, ka ʻupena, ka ʻoka mai ka ʻupena i loko o ka waha, kahi i hoʻomalo ʻia ai me ka wai pākahi a ʻeli hou i kēia, ua kuhi ʻia kēia meaʻai me ka ʻikepili maʻa.
Holo ka nui o ka semi-wai i loko o ka pauku 3, ka puke, kahi hiʻi ʻia i loko o ka ʻōpū, a laila komo i ka ʻāpana hope o ka ʻōpū, abomasum, no ka hoʻōla hope ʻana me ka wai momona.
Kuhi. 15. ʻO nā keʻena o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū
No ke aha ke kanu mua ʻia ʻana o ka mea kanu e nā microorganisms? ʻO ka meaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo nā ruminants, e like me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻohe pono o lākou mau enzyme no ka wāwahi i ka cellulose, ʻo ia kahi o nā mea kanu, a me nā ʻolopoli a me nā microorganism e kōkua iā lākou i kēia mea.
ʻO nā ruminants he kino lūlū, nā wāwae lōʻihi loa iā ʻoe e holo wikiwiki, nā kime hiki ke hele a holo a holo aku hoʻi mai nā lā mua o ke ola. ʻO ka lauoho lōʻihi o nā kala a me nā kala e ulu ma luna o ka ʻili. ʻAʻole aneane ke kolo o ka momona o ka momona a ma nā poʻo, akā, ma ke poʻo i loaʻa pinepine nā pū (Fig. 16, 17).
ʻO kekahi mau ʻelele, e like me ka reindeer, me ke kōkua o nā pu i hiki ke loaʻa i kā lākou mau meaʻai. ʻO nā holoholona artiodactyl e pale ʻia i nā holoholona a helu ʻia i loko o nā Red Book. Ma keʻano kūikawā, ʻo ka bison ʻEulopa, kekahi mau ʻano o ka ʻalā a me nā hipa, musk deer, dzeren a me nā goral i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka Russian Red Book (Fig 18-20).
Neanderthal: kahi wehewehe i ke ʻano o ka helehelena a me ke ʻano ola
Ua ʻike nui ʻia ʻo Neanderthals ma mua o ko lākou mau kūpuna - ma kahi o 250 millennia i hala. He aha kēia kāne kahiko? Ua hiki i kona ulu ʻana i ka 170 cm, a ʻo ka nui o ka ʻōpala he 1200 cm 3. Ma kahi o ʻAmelika a me ʻAsia, ua noho kēia mau kūpuna kāne i ʻEulopa. ʻO ka helu nui loa o Neanderthals i ka hui hoʻokahi i hōʻea he 100 kanaka. ʻAʻole i like ko lākou poʻe mua, he mau ʻano ʻano ʻōlelo lākou, ka mea i hiki i ko nā ʻohana like ʻole ke hoʻololi i ka ʻike a kamaʻilio ʻē aʻe kekahi me kekahi. ʻO ka hana nui o kēia kūpuna kanaka i ka hopu holoholona. Ua loaʻa i ka kūleʻa ʻana i ka meaʻai nā ʻano mea hana: nā ihe, nā puʻu lōʻihi spiky o nā pōhaku i lilo i mau ʻāʻī, a me nā pahele i ʻeli ʻia i ka lepo me ke kōkua o nā pou. Loaʻa nā mea i loaʻa (hides, ʻili) e Neanderthals no ka hana ʻana i nā lole a me nā kāmaʻa.
ʻO Cro-Magnons: ke kūlana hope loa i ka loli ʻana o ke kanaka primitif
ʻO Cro-Magnons a ʻo Homo Sapiens kahi kanaka kahiko loa i ʻike ʻia e ka ʻepekema, nona ka ulu ʻana ua hiki ke piʻi i 170-190 cm.ʻO ka like o waho o kēia ʻano o nā poʻe primitive me nā mōʻīwī he aneane hiki ʻole ke kiko, e like me ka hoʻokaʻā ʻana o nā kīwaho superciliary a ʻaʻole i kūloe ka iwi lalo o mua. . ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā mea hana Cro-Magnons i hana wale ʻia i ka pōhaku wale nō, akā ʻo ka lāʻau a me ka iwi. Ma ke ʻano o ka hopu ʻana, ua paʻa kēia mau kūpuna kanaka i ka mahiʻai a me nā ʻano mua o nā holoholona holoholona manu.
ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka noʻonoʻo ma waena o Cro-Magnons ma mua o ko lākou mau mua. ʻAe kēia i hana iā lākou e hoʻokau i nā hui kaiaulu. Ua hoʻololi ʻia ka ʻōnaehana nui o ka holoholona i ka ʻōnaehana ʻohana a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻōmaka o nā kānāwai socio-economic.
Australopithecus
Loaʻa nā koena o Australopithecus i ʻApelika. Noho ʻia ma kahi o 3-5.5 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Ua hele wāwae ʻo ia ma kona wāwae, akā ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o kona mau lima ma mua o kahi kanaka hou. Ke loli maʻalahi nei ke kūlana o ʻAmelika, e lilo i ka palupalu, kahi i hōʻemi ai i nā ulu lāʻau. ʻO kahi hapalua nui o nā humanoid i hoʻohālikelike i nā noho ola hou ma ka hamama. Ma muli o ke ea wela, nā kūpuna kahiko o ke kanaka, hoʻomaka ka neʻe ʻana i ko lākou mau wāwae, nāna lākou i hoʻopakele mai ka wela ʻana o ka lā (ʻoi aku ka nui o ka kua i mua o ka lei o ke poʻo). A ke hopena, alakaʻi kēia i ka hoʻohemo ʻana i ka lole, ma laila e hōʻemi ai i ka hoʻokeo ʻana i ka wai.
- Ua ʻike nō ʻo ia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea pono mua o ka hana: lāʻau, nā pōhaku a pēlā aku.
- ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka lolo ma mua o ka lolo o ke kanaka o kēia manawa, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lolo o nā mea nui o kā mākou manawa.
- hōʻike e ka ulu haʻahaʻa: 110-150 cm, a me ke paona kino mai 20 a 50 kg,
- pau i nā ʻai a me ka meaʻai,
- loaʻa iā ia kāna ola e hoʻohana pono ana i nā mea hana no kēia,
- ola ke ola he 18-20 mau makahiki.
Kuhi. 3 - Ke Australia
Keiki "akamai"
Keiki "akamai" noho ʻia ma kahi o 2-2.5 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO ke kūlana o kāna kiʻi i pili loa i ke kanaka. Ua neʻe ʻo ia ma kahi kūlana kūpono, mai kēia mea i loaʻa ai kāna inoa lua - "kanaka pololei-pololei." ʻO Habitat Africa, me kekahi mau wahi ma Asia a me ʻEulopa. Ma Olduvai Gorge (East Africa), ua ʻike ʻia nā mea mai loko o ka wahi haki i hana ʻia ma kahi kokoke i ke koena o kekahi kanaka 'akamai. Hōʻike kēia i nā kūpuna kahiko o ke kanaka o kēlā manawa ua ʻike pehea e hana ai i nā mea maʻalahi o ka hana a me ka hopu, a e koho i nā kumuwaiwai kumu no kā lākou hana. Aia paha he mamo kūpono o Australopithecus.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka mea "akamai":
- ʻōpū nui - 600 cm²,
- ua liʻiliʻi ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻuʻuku, e hāʻawi i ke ʻāpana o ka lolo,
- ʻaʻole nui ka niho, e like me Australopithecus,
- he mea nui ʻole
- ua loaʻa i nā wāwae kahi kīʻaha, kahi i kōkua maikaʻi ʻia ka hele wāwae i nā wāwae ʻelua,
- ua ulu a hoʻonui ʻia ka lima, no laila ua hoʻonui ʻia kona hiki ʻana, a ke hoʻonui ʻia ka mana
- ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki i ka larynx ke hoʻohuli i ka ʻōlelo, ka hope o ka lolo i kuleana.
Kuhi. 4 - kanaka "mākaukau"
Homo erectus
ʻO kekahi inoa ʻē aʻe Erectus . ^ E Ha yM. ʻAʻole kānalua i manaʻo ʻia he ʻelele o nā lāhui kanaka. Aia 1 miliona - 300 mau makahiki i hala. Loaʻa iā ia kona inoa mai ka hele hope loa e kuhikuhi i ka hele wāwae.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke kanaka e kūkulu:
- i hiki iā ia ke kamaʻilio a noʻonoʻo pono.
- Hiki iā ia ke hana i nā mea o ka hana paʻakikī, e mālama i ke ahi. Aia ka manaʻo i ka kāne hiki iā ia ke hana i ke ahi ma luna o ia,
- ua like ka like me nā hiʻohiʻona o nā kānaka o kēia wā. Eia nō naʻe, aia kahi ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi: he mānoʻo ka paia o nā skull, ʻoiʻu ka lalo o ka wāwae a he nui nā protrusions supraorbital. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka pāpaka haʻahaʻa koʻikoʻi, a aneane ʻike ʻole ka protrusion chin.
- ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine.
- ka ulu ʻana o ka ulu ʻana o 150-180 cm, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka lolo i 1100 cm³.
ʻO ke ala o ke ola no ke kūpuna pololei o ke kanaka, ʻo ia ka hopu ʻana a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā mea kanu ʻai, huaʻa, ʻōkē. Noho ʻia e nā hui kaiāulu, kahi i hāʻawi nui ai i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka haʻi. He mea i hoʻolako ʻia e Neanderthal 300 tausani mau makahiki i hala, akā ʻaʻole kēia o nā kūʻēʻē.
Nā holoholona Prehistoric a me kā lākou poʻe mamo hou
"He makua kāne anei ʻoe, pehea nui?" - wahi a ke keiki ʻōpio e hoʻonāukiuki ai i kāna mau hoa. Hiki i ka nui o nā holoholona liʻiliʻi i noho i kēia lā ke ʻōlelo like.ʻO ko lākou mau kūpuna mamao, he mau ʻīlio nui, nā aliʻi maoli o nā kua a me nā nahele o kēlā manawa. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka moas nui, e piʻi ana i kahi kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka 3.6 m a me ke kaupaona ʻana he 250 kime, ʻo ia nā kūpuna o nā manu kiwi kīnā ʻole.
Eia ʻelima mau pōmaikaʻi o nā wā i hala a me ko lākou mau hoahānau i kēia lā.
ʻO Andrewsarchus (Andrewsarchus mongoliensis) he momi manu piha i ʻike ʻia i loko o Central Asia i ka manawa o ke Middle - Late Eocene era 45-36 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO Andrewsarch - ʻo ka mea nui i koho ʻia i ka ʻepekema he nui loa mau ʻāpana. ʻAno nā poʻomanaʻo i kāna ʻakaʻaka i kahi ʻōpiopio o kahi lāʻau kīwila, ʻo nā pā pihi zygomatic ākea i hiki ai i kahi māka wikiwiki a ikaika. Hiki i ka lōʻihi o ke kino ke hiki iā 4 mau mika (ʻaʻohe 1.5 mika ʻihi), ke kiʻekiʻe ma nā poʻohiwi - a hiki i 1,6 mika, ke kaupaona - ʻoi aku ia he ton a. Ua wikiwiki ʻo Andrewsarch a ua loaʻa iā ia kahi lolo ulu. Hoʻopaʻa paha paha ʻo ia i kahi o nā holoholona holoholona hānai, ʻai ʻawaʻī a me nā holoholona ʻōpio, akā hiki ʻole ke kūʻē i nā poʻe pākeke. Hiki iā ia ke ʻoki aku i nā mea e hoʻolilo ai i ka mea pio (no ka laʻana, ʻo mesonichid, ka nui o ka bear bear).
He aha ka mea i:
ʻO nā koena a pau o ka mōmona manu nui ka hipa a me nā kao.
ʻO Entelodontidae (Entelodontidae) he holoholona piha o ka kauoha ʻo Artiodactyl suborder puaʻa-like. Aia nō ma Oligocene (33.9-23.03 miliona mau makahiki i hala). Hāʻawi ka manawa o nā holoholona nui i ka mea ʻāʻī nui, ʻo ka entelodont he holoholona nō wale nō. ʻO ka nui loa o lākou he pili i ka nui o ka bipi (lōʻihi ma kahi o 3.5 mau mika, ke kiʻekiʻe o ka maloʻo a hiki i ka 1,8 mita mika, ke kaupaona ʻana he ton, ʻeka nui a ʻeka nui he 75 cm): me nā niho ʻili, makemake nui e ʻai i ka ʻōpala kapu, ʻaʻole makemake ka entelodont i ka ʻoluʻolu. o kona manawa. ʻO nā ʻōpū hope o ka hapanui o nā entelodonts i waiho i nā ʻeha hōʻeha nui i hiki ke hōʻeha wale i nā kūpuna o ko lākou mau hoahānau. ʻO ka hapa pinepine, ua ʻeha nā iwi zygomatic, ʻehaʻeha, a me nā hōʻeha hōʻeha nui i ʻike ʻia - ua loaʻa nā holoholona i kēia mau hōʻeha ma ka hakakā me nā ʻohana ma muli o ka ʻai a me ka wahine.
He aha ka mea i:
ʻO nā puaʻa home. I ka manawa aʻe, e hoʻohuli ana i ka hoʻāla puaʻa puaʻa, e noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ke kupuna kāne o ka puaʻa mai kahi hana.
ʻO Megateria (ʻo Megatherium, mai nā holoholona he nui "Helene nui") he hua piha o nā sloths nui i kū i loko o Pliocene a me Pleistocene mai 2 miliona a 8000 mau makahiki i hala ma ka ʻāina ʻo South a me ʻAmelika ʻĀpana ʻAmelika. ʻO Megaterium kahi mea kanu ʻano nunui kahi iʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻōpū ʻApelika - ua hiki iā 6 mau mika ka lōʻihi. Kū ʻā ʻo ua kanaka nei i ka wāwae wāwae a ma muli o kahi hopena ua lilo ʻelua mau manawa kiʻekiʻe. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻohana i kona huelo ikaika e like me ke kākoʻo kākoʻo hou. He mau ʻakaʻaka nui kona mau wāwae i luna o kāna mau wāwae (a hiki i 17 cm), me lākou he mea hoʻoweliweli kēia ʻano ʻīlio nui. ʻO ka hoʻolālā o nā forepaws o ka megateria ua like nō me nā mamm predatory a hoʻopaʻa i ka wikiwiki o ka hopena. No laila, ua manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i kona mau wāwae mua i ke kaua.
4. tiger saber-toothed tiger
ʻO ka tiger marotupial saber-toothed tiger, a i ʻole tilakosmil (Thylacosmilus) he holoholona marsupial i noho i ka Miocene ma ʻAmelika Hema. ʻO nā tiger aototer Saber kahi mau moʻolelo weliweli loa i loko o nā puke a nā keiki a me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni e pili ana i nā manawa prehistoric. He ʻoiaʻiʻo, he paʻakikī ke makaʻu i nāʻuʻuku he 18 kenimika lōʻihi, no kahi kanaka ʻehā mau haneli kilogram. Ua hiki ʻo Tilacosmil i ka nui o kahi jaguar, he kino lōʻihi, nā wāwae ikaika a me nā ʻāʻī lōʻihi. Ke ulu mau nei nā canine ʻeke kiʻekiʻe, me nā aʻa nui i palahalaha loa i ka ʻāina frontal. ʻOiai he kaona like ʻole o waho, ʻo tilakosmil ka mea i pili ʻole i nā tiger sabot-toothed mai ka ʻohana ʻoi.
He mea i hana.
ʻAno loa, huli ia i nā tigers, ʻaʻole hoʻi me nā pōpoki. ʻO ka hoahānau pili sabot-toothed e noho kokoke ana.
5. Giant Hyenodon
ʻO Hyenodon (Neohyaenodon horridus - he hyenodon weliweli hou) e noho ana i ʻAmelika ʻAmelika (ʻo kekahi mau mea kokoke i ia mea e noho ana ma ʻAsia) ma ka Late Eocene a me Oligocene (mai kahi 40 a 20 miliona mau makahiki i hala). ʻO ka nui o nā lio he nui ka nui o kahi lio, loaʻa nā nika nui a kaupaona ana ma kahi o hoʻokahi. ʻO kēia mau mea ʻala maikaʻi loa nā mīkini make, neʻe ʻia ma ka wikiwiki nui, loaʻa i kahi ʻano maikaʻi, hoʻopiʻi ʻia i nā holoholona nui.
He aha ka mea i:
Nā raccoons ʻono maikaʻi.
Pithecanthropus
Pithecanthropus - Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā kūpuna kahiko o ke kanaka. ʻO kēia kekahi o nā ʻano 'pono o ke kanaka pololei. ʻO kahi noho ma Halo: Hema Asia Hema, noho ma kahi o 500-700 tausani mau makahiki i hala. ʻO nā koena o ke "monkey man" i ʻike mua ʻia ma ka mokupuni o Java. Ua kuhi ʻia ʻo ia ʻaʻohe ʻano kūpuna he Kanaka no kēia au, manaʻo nō ʻo ia he "hoahānau" kāua.
ʻO ke kāne kāne ʻo Neanderthal
ʻO ka mea i koho ʻia no ke ʻano kanaka, ma mua ua manaʻo ʻia ia he subspecies o ke "ʻano maikaʻi" kanaka. ʻO kona wahi noho ai ʻo ʻEulopa a me North Africa ma mua o 100 tausani mau makahiki i hala. ʻO ka manawa o ke ola Neanderthal i hāʻule i ka wā o ka hau, ma kēlā me kēia, i nā kūlana pilikia nui, pono lākou e mālama i ka hana ʻana i nā lole a me nā hale kūkulu hale. ʻO ka meaʻai nui ka ʻai. ʻAʻole ia no ka pili pololei o kekahi kanaka akamai, akā hiki iā ia ke noho maikaʻi ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ka Cro-Magnons, nā mea i hāʻawi pū i kā lāua hui ʻana. Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei kekahi poʻe haʻawina e hakakā mau ka hakakā ma waena o Neanderthals a me Cro-Magnons, a kaʻi ʻia i ka hoʻopau ʻana iā Neanderthals. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua ʻimi nā mea ʻē aʻe ʻelua. He kino pilikino nui nā Neanderthals, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me Cro-Magnons.
- ʻōpū nui - 1200-1600 cm³,
- kiʻekiʻe - aneane 150 cm
- ma muli o ka lolo nui, he elongated back hope ka ʻūhā. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ua nui ka iwi hope, ua pālahalaha nā pāpale, a nui ka ʻāʻī iho. Ua hoʻākāka ka leo, a ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻula hoʻokūkū e kahi protrusion kupaianaha.
Kuhi. 6 - Neanderthal
Ua alakaʻi ʻo Neanderthals i kahi ola moʻomeheu: i ka wā huki nui, ua loaʻa nā mea kani. Ua mālama ʻia ka hoʻomana ʻana, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma nā kuʻina kūikawā i ke kanu ʻana o ko lākou mau hoa ʻohana. ʻAʻohe mea e ʻike ai i kēia mau kūpuna kahiko i ka ʻike olakino. ʻO ka laʻana, ʻike lākou i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā fractures.
Cro-Magnon
ʻO ke kūkaʻa pololei o kahi kanaka "hoʻomohala". Ma kahi he 40 tausani mau makahiki i hala.
Nā hiʻona o nā Cro-Magnons:
- ua helehelena kūlana like kanaka. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa: he lae kūpono kūpono, ke kahe ʻole ʻana o ka ʻōlima maka, he protrusion o ke ʻano māmā,
- ke kiʻekiʻe - 180 cm, akā he nui iki ka momona o ke kino ma mua o ko Neanderthals,
- ka nui o ka lolo o 1400-1900 cm³,
- i ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi
- ua manaʻo ʻia ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka mua o ke kanaka maoli,
- noho i nā hui o 100 kanaka, no laila e ʻōlelo ai, nā ʻohana iwi, ke kūkulu ʻana i nā kauhale mua.
- Ua hana ʻo ia i ka hana ʻana i nā huts, nā potouts, e hoʻohana ai no kēia ʻili manu o nā holoholona make. Nā mea i hana ʻia, nā mea hale a me nā mea hiʻona.
- ʻike i ka mahiʻai
- hele pū me ka pūʻulu o nā hoa ʻohana, e alualu ana i ka holoholona i loko o kahi pahele i hoʻomākaukau ʻia. I ka wā lōʻihi, ua aʻo wau e hoʻopū i nā holoholona.
- nona kona moʻomeheu koʻikoʻi, kahi i kū mai a hiki i kēia lā i ke ʻano o nā kaomi pōhaku a me nā kiʻi kiʻi i hana ʻia i ka pālala.
- ua hoʻokō ʻia nā hana hoʻomana ma ke kanu ʻana o nā hoahānau. Ua hahai ia e like me ka Cro-Magnons, like me nā Neanderthals, i manaʻoʻiʻo i kahi ola ʻē aʻe ma hope o ka make,
Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻepekema ʻo ia ke kanaka ʻo Cro-Magnon ke ʻano pololei o nā kānaka hou.
Ma nā kikoʻī hou aku, e nīnau ʻia nā kūpuna kahiko o ke kanaka i nā haʻawina e hiki mai ana.
He kūlana Phylogenetic
ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā caudal appendages, molting i ka pākeke, a me nā hōʻailona he nui o nā pala paha e hōʻike i ko lākou kokoke i nā bristles. I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā ʻano o nā wahi o nā ʻae ʻao a me ka hiki ʻole o nā ʻēheu e piʻi, ʻo ia kekahi ʻano o nā ʻelele o nā ʻuʻuku ʻēheu, hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia i kēia hui ke kokoke loa i ka ʻano o nā kūpuna o nā pepeke.
Nā ʻanoʻelemakule
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻona o nā mayflies ʻekolu (ʻehā ʻole) ʻelua mau kaila ʻihi lōʻihi a hope o ka ʻōpū. ʻElua wāwae o nā ʻēheu me ka hoʻonani waiwai, a ʻoi aku ka pōkole o ka hope ma mua o ka mea mua, a hoʻemi ʻia paha hoʻi. Noho ka hapanui makua mai nā hola he mau lā a ʻaʻole hoʻi e ʻai (ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pūpū o nā pākeke ma ke palena o ka waena a ʻona a me nā ʻōpū ma loko o ka ea, ua hoʻēmi ʻia ka ʻōpū āpau.
Allosaurus
Hoʻolālā maikaʻi. Hoʻomanaʻo i ka pulu kulu pahū mai ka papahana "When Dinosaurs Roamed America".
Nā ʻonekeke
ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Eocene hope o Asia. Ua pepehi ʻo Mongolonyx robustus iā Giracodont Forstercooperia (Forstercooperia).
ʻO ka nūhou o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mesonychidae (Mesonychidae) i hana i nā pōloli maoli i ka honua, ʻo ia kekahi o nā Mongolonyx i noho ma ka hope Eokene o ʻAsia. I kēia mau lā, ʻike ʻia ʻelua mau ʻano: nui Mongolonix (Mongolonyx robustus) a ma hope mai ʻo Mongolonix maxillary (Mongolonyx dolichognathus). ʻO nā mea kuʻuna no nā Mongolonics ka Middle Eocene mesonics (Mesonyx), he mauʻeke mālamalama o nā mea wikiwiki wikiwiki. I ke ao, me ka hoʻolaha o ka ululāʻau māmā, nā savannahs a me nā anuehana, ua hoʻonui ʻia nā keiki o nā mezzanines, a me nā karnivores, e like me ka nui o nā liona nui, i hele aku i ka puka.
Hoʻoulu hou i nā ʻuā a me ke poʻo o ka Dolichognathus Mongolonyx.
Ua unuhi ka inoa inoa nui ʻo Mongolonyx i "The claw Mongolian."
Hōʻike maopopo ʻia ka genus a he mau hiʻohiʻona hiʻona morphological kūpono. No laila, mai Mesonyx ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā mea nui nui i hoʻonui ʻia, ka P4 / 4, a ʻo kahi ʻula nui a me nā molila nui. ʻO kona mau niho nō ka mea nui a ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā Dissacus, Harpagolestes a me ka hapa nui o nā ʻohana. ʻAʻole ia e like me Dissacus a me Pachyaena, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka Mongolonyx i ka scingulum ma nā niho o luna a ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike i nā ʻāpana o ka metaconid ma nā koita molar haʻahaʻa. Loaʻa kēia ʻatikala mai Synoplotherium, Mongolestes a me Harpagolestes e ka ua kuʻikuʻu pololei ʻoi aku me ka symphysis elongated a me ka liʻiliʻi.
ʻEkolu mau kiki Mongolonyx i hopu i ka saboteriid o Protitan (Protitan). Ma nā mamao mamao, hoʻopuʻi nā pantodonts o Eudinoceras i ka makaʻu.
ʻO kahi ʻokoʻa nui mai ka hapa nui o ka mesonichids (ʻo ka ʻokoʻa ʻole ʻo Pachyaena) ʻo ia ka liʻiliʻi o nā paʻakai o Mongolonyx i kēlā me kēia. ʻAʻole ia e like me Harpagolestes, ʻaʻole i kūliki ʻia nā lei aliʻi o ka prerooted haʻahaʻa, a me ko lākou laina enamel-dentine, ʻaʻole i hopu ʻia. Eia kekahi, i ka p4, nā kuʻuna nui paraconid e kūlike i ka protoconid, aʻo Harpagolestes a me Pachyaena, ka paraconid e kuhi me kahi poʻomanaʻo. ʻO ka wahi anteroposteriori paraconid m3 e wehewehe maopopo ana i ka Mongolonyx mai Harpagolestes. ʻOkoʻa nā ʻaha o nā ʻōhua mai ka ʻoi aku i ke kiʻekiʻe o M3 ma ka hiki ʻana o m3 a me ka hōʻemi o ka p1.
ʻO nā hale nui nui i ko ka hale nui ʻo Mongolona. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kīhai iʻoi aku ma mua o 50 cm, kahi hoʻohālikelike me kahi ʻūlike o kahi grizzly Alaskan. Wahi a nā kikoʻī o Mesonyx, i ʻike ʻia mai ka ʻūao a keu ʻole paha, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia i kēia mesonychids i hōʻea he 2,3 m ka lōʻihi (ʻaʻole me ka huʻu) a me ka 1 m ma ka maule. Eia naʻe, hāpai aʻe i nā nīnau he nui e ka hele aʻe i waho, akā e ka poʻe i manaʻo ʻia o nā Mongolonics.
ʻO ka robonyus Mongolonyx, he mau mea mua ma mua, he 52 cm ʻolua i ka lōʻihi condylobasal (mai nā condipital condyles a i ka ʻaoʻao o ka iwi intermaxillary). ʻAʻole mālama ʻia ke ʻāpana o ka ʻūhā o nā ʻulā, akā me ka occiput a hoʻihoʻi ʻia, a me kona wā i hoʻihoʻi ʻia, hiki i 60 cm ka lōʻihi. . ^ E Ha yM. A ʻo ke kaumaha o kahi mea pākeke hiki ke hōʻea i 300 - 400 kg. Ma ka laulā, he manawaleʻa nui me nā ʻōpū ikaika. I ka hoʻomohalaʻana o ka mea hana dentoalveolar, ʻo Mongolonics, ʻoiai ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nei i nā poʻe super loio maoli ʻo Harpagolestes a me Mongolestes, akā ua lawa ka ikaika o kāna mau ʻuʻuku e ʻai i ka mea ʻai nui, e ʻoki wale ana i nā iwi nui. ʻO kekahi o nā manu no ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Eocene i hala, kahi me Mongolonyx robustus, i noho ʻia e brototeria (e.g., Protitan), gyracodonts (e ..g., Forstercooperia), nā tapiroids o ka ʻohana Lofialette, he poʻe puaʻa primitive like me ka pantodonts Eudinoceras. Ua lawelawe kēia mau mea kanu lāʻau i mea ʻai no ka Mongolonics. Ma ka manawa like, he nui o nā ʻuʻuku nui a ʻoi paha (ʻoi aku paha) i ʻūlala nui e noho ana ma Asia me lākou - ua paʻa nā ʻūhā i nā Andrewsarchus, Honanodon macrodontus a me Paratriisodon, nā sarkastodons i kanu ʻia i loko o nā ululāʻau (S). Kahi ʻole o ia wahi i hui ʻia ma nā wahi āpau a hiki i ka wahi i ka wahi o Pleistocene ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
I ka hopena o Eocene i hope, ua wāwahi ʻia ka nui o nā ʻolekopa - ua pio ke ʻano ma mua o ka nui o ka luna o Mongolonyx. ʻO ka ʻike hohonu loa - hiki i ka māka haʻahaʻa ma kahi o 35 cm, aʻo ka lōʻihi o ka iwi haʻahaʻa o M. robustus he 49 cm.
Ma ke ʻano e pili ana i nā lako i loaʻa, ʻaʻole i pili nā lei maikaʻi o nā niho pipi maʻa, ʻoi aku ka palena o mua o ke kumu o ka enamel-dentin (ʻaʻole i ulana ʻia nā lei) o nā mammula premolar o nā mea hoʻohiolo e pale i nā iwi mai ka ʻohi ʻana, a me ke ʻano ikaika o ka laina enamel-dentin e hōʻike ana i ko lākou ikaika nui. nā niho). I ka manawa mua, ʻaʻole like ia he ʻōnaehana niho maʻalahi e hiki ke hoʻololi pono ʻia i nā iwi a me nā tendons. ʻAʻohe kūpono kēia i ka mesonichids hope loa, no ka hapa nui e hōʻike ana i kahi loiloi iwi crushing specialization. ʻAʻole e pono ke ʻōlelo, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o Mongolonyx ma kēia e pili ana i nā lālā mua o kahi hui e like me Mesonyx, akā he kauoha ia o ka nui o nā mea i manaʻo ʻia "ʻo Harpagolestes a me Mongolestes.
I ka manawa like, ʻo ka niho o ka papalī kōneʻaneʻi e kū nei i ka nui o ka Mongolonix, akā nui ka nui (ʻoi loa ma M. dolichognathus). Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ko lākou aʻa ma ko lākou wahi o luna, e hana ana i kahi kahua niho ma lalo o ka lei aliʻi, i hiki ke kōkua i ka lōʻihi o ka hana ʻana o ka niho ma hope o ka huki ʻana i ka lei. He mea maʻamau paha ia i ke nānā ʻia ʻana o nā niho like ʻole e pale i ka lole a hoʻokaʻawale i kahi ʻaʻai paʻa ʻana, ʻo ke kaʻi ʻana hoʻi i nā iwi o nā mea make. ʻO kekahi mau mesonichids i ʻai i ka meaʻai palupalu i loaʻa ʻole kahi ʻano like ʻole - ʻaʻole i hui ʻia ko lākou aʻa, akā ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻia ma lalo o ka lei o ka niho.
Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, hōʻike pono ʻia nā kuʻekuʻe haʻahaʻa o nā Mongolonix i ka pono o ka hoʻopili ʻana i kahi puʻupuʻu ikaika, ʻike ʻia kekahi i nā creodonts (Sarkastodon, Megistotherium). ʻO kēlā mau huluhulu kokoke e hoʻonui nui i ka ikaika o ka kuʻekuʻe, ma luna o ka loiloi o ka hōʻemi o ka hōʻemi ʻana ma kahi liʻiliʻi. Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia e waiho i kēia mau mana āpau i kā lākou mana āpau, i ka hoʻopili paʻa ʻana i ka mea nāna e hoʻopili, ʻaʻole ia i hana i nā hōʻeha ma luna.
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona kupaianaha hou o ke ʻano morphology o ka nui ma Mongolonics ke poʻo poepoe o kā lākou kaʻina hana. Eia hou, ke hoʻoponopono ʻia e nā koina i nā mea i koe, ʻo ka lālā hema a me ka hema e ʻāpono a hoʻohui pū i nā symphysis. A ke kumu, ua hiki ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻaha haʻahaʻa ma ke alo o ka ʻaoʻao, a ke pale nei i ka hilahila ma nā symphysis (he mea hoihoi ia i mea hiki ke hoʻomohala kekahi i nā ʻāpana ʻai i nā ʻiʻo - nā huaʻōlelo o ka genus Hyaenodon). ʻO ka mea kupaianaha nō hoʻi ka hele ʻana ma luna o kahi puʻupuʻu elongated o nā ʻōpū iwi i mālama ʻia e pale aku ai i nā kano ʻeha. ʻAe lākou i ka poʻe neʻe i ka hoʻoku ʻana ʻole iā lākou i ka wā e huki ana a i ka wā e hānai ai, ua hopu ʻia i nā ʻiʻi nui i loko o ko lākou waha. No nā kumu like, like me nā ʻano like ʻole kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa i kekahi o nā mea ʻike (ʻo ka ʻōlelo hoʻohālike, nā hyenodons like ʻole).
Hāʻawi ʻia i luna o ka mea i luna a me ka noʻonoʻo i ka lohi, hiki paha i kēlā mau holoholona lehulehu, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he poʻe huluhulu nui nā pua nui no Mongol. ʻO ka mea maopopo, ʻo kā lākou mau mea make i ka nui o nā mea kanu hānai, no ka laʻana o brontoterias (ʻoi aku hoʻi nā ʻōpio), he mea maʻamau i kēlā manawa. ʻO ka mea ʻike, ʻaʻole i hiki i ka poʻe Mongolon ke hoʻokō i ka mea nui wale nō, akā hoʻohana pū kekahi.I ka manawa like, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea ʻĀmelika i ka manawa i ʻai i nā kino make a lawe pio ʻia mai nā poʻe ʻalupalu nāwaliwali (a i ʻole e hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ana i nā ikaika like - e pili ana i ka manawa like i nui nā hyenodons ʻAmelika).
ʻAno hānau
ʻO ke kahe ʻana o nā mayflies ka nui o kahi ʻano maʻamau, ʻoiai hiki i kekahi ke nānā i nā ʻalopona, kahi e hālāwai ai nā kāne male. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka mokulele ʻo Mayfly i nā hui like ʻole o nā neʻe. Hoʻopili wikiwiki lākou i ko lākou mau ʻēheu, e piʻo lākou i luna, a laila hoʻokuʻu wale, a no ka laulā o nā ʻēheu a me nā kaula lihi, a i ka hoʻolālā ʻana, hele lākou i lalo. Kahi ʻia ka ʻano "kanikani" na wai i nā wā ulu. ʻO ke kāne, e lele ana i luna o ka wahine, koke i ka lewa mai lalo e hoʻopili i ka spermatophores a hiki i kona wehe ʻōhua ʻana, he ʻelua o nā wai paha - ʻākau a hema. Ma hope o ka hiamoe ʻana, make ke kāne a ʻōlulu nā wahine i kā lākou hua i ka wai, e noho ana ma ka wai, a i ʻole (Baetis rhodani a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) e iho ana ma lalo o ka wai ma o nā mea kanu, a laila make lākou. I kekahi manawa hana hua manu (Cloon dipterum) .
ʻOkoʻa ka like me ke kala a me ke ʻano o ka hua meʻe. ʻAʻole hiki ke hue ʻia ko lākou masonry me kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona (ma kekahi mau ʻano, mālama ʻia nā hua ma nā puʻupuʻu, ma kahi pālahalaha ʻia lākou. Hiki i nā huaʻai ke halihali i nā wahi pihi no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana ma luna o nā mea i lalo o nā wai - nā kaula me nā nodules i nā kihi.
Hōʻanoʻike o Larvae
Hoʻokūkū ʻia nā ʻōleau āpau i ka wai. ʻO kēia ka poʻe kamaʻāina o nā kahawai wikiwiki a me nā kahawai. Ua loaʻa iā lākou i nā wai kūlohelohe o ka wai. ʻAʻole like me kahi pepeke ʻelemakule, loaʻa i ka larva kahi ʻōlelo hoʻonāukiuki maikaʻi maikaʻi i kūkulu ʻia. ʻAi maoli ka larva (ka nui kanu lāʻau). ʻOkoʻa loa ka Morphology o ke akahele, akā no kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona ke kū nei lākou e kū pono ʻole ai i ke ʻano o nā mea inikua ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā pala huluhulu Mayfly ka lōʻihi o nā filge ʻoi ma ka hope o ka ʻōpū, e like me kahi pepeke ʻelemakule. Hiki i kahi ʻelua o lākou (inā e hoʻemi ʻia ka kaula waena, a hoʻomohala wale nā cerci). Akā ʻo ka pinepine ka ʻekolu mau milo huakaʻi. ʻO nā ʻāpana he 7 o ka ʻōpū i lawe i nā mea tracheal gills (maʻalahi a ʻole cirrus plate, pinepine me kahi hiʻi, a i ʻole ke ʻano o kahi pūnaehana e hoʻonui ana mai nā ʻaoʻao o nā māhele i komo ai ka trachea). I nā ʻōpiopio i hoʻohālikelike ʻia mai nā hua, mai ka ʻano ke tracheal. ʻO ka mahele pili ka lā 2 mau mau makahiki. I loko o kēia manawa, molts mau ka larva i mau manawa (23 molts no Cloon dipterum ).
ʻO ka hope o ka nymphal hope, hoʻoheheʻe, hāʻawi i ka hoʻomaka mua o ka hana (subimago). Kahi kanaka e puka mai ana ma ke kino larval hope loa, ʻaʻole i like me nā pākeke, kahi kino a me nā ʻēheu pubescent me nā lauoho liʻiliʻi a hiki ʻole i ka hiki ke hāpai pū. Ma hope o kekahi manawa (mai kekahi mau hola a mau lā), hāʻule hou ka subimago. I ka molt hope, kū hou kahi kanaka makua maikaʻi (ʻoihana makua) mai ka ʻili o kahi subimago. ʻAʻohe o nā mea inikini manuahi, koe wale no nā pala, ʻaʻohe molting kahelehele pakahi.
Ke kūlana palekana
3 mau huaʻōlelo i kau inoa ʻia ma ka IUCN Red List of Threatened Spies, 1 as extinc (EN) a me 2 like extinc (EX):
Acanthametropus pecatonica - kekahi ʻano o nā kahe mai nā ʻohana Acanthametropodidae, i ʻike ʻia e nā ʻōpio, ka mea maʻamau i ka ʻākau ʻĀkau ʻĀmelika ma nā kihi o ke kahawai ʻo Mississippi, ma ke komohana o ka Lā Nui Nui. ʻAʻole paha i make paha nā ʻano. Pentagenia robusta - he lūlū manuahio kaheʻe o nā ʻohana Palingeniidae, ka mea i make i ka ʻĀpanaʻo Ohio River Basin (ʻĀpana ʻAmelika Hikina). He mea like paha ia me nā ʻano he nui o nā mea ākea ma ka waena o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika. Pentagenia vittigera . Tasmanophlebi lacuscoerulei - nā ʻohana ʻano hopohopo mai ka ʻohana Oniscigastridae, kahi hopena o ka loko kai o Kar Lake o Kosciuszko ma Australia hema.