Aupuni: | Eumetazoi |
Moulou | Plalani |
Lāpala: | Equinae |
Hoʻopiʻi: | † Tarpan |
- Kūlike f. pallas equiferus, 1811
- Kūlike f. gmelini Antonius, 1912
- Kūlike f. sylvestris Brincken, 1826
- Kūlike f. silvaticus Vetulani, 1928
- Kūlike f. tarpan Pidoplichko, 1951
He ʻauhau ma nā wiki | Nā kiʻi ma Wikimedia Commons |
|
Tarpan (lat. Equus ferus ferus, Equus gmelini) - he kupuna kūpilikiʻi o kahi lio home, kahi ʻāpana o kahi lio hihiu. I laila nō nā ʻano he nui: ka hapana steppe (Latin E. gmelini gmelini Antonius, 1912) a me ka maiū heʻāina (Latin E. gmelini silvaticus Vetulani, 1927-1928). Noho kahi i nā ʻolo a me nā alahele ala o Europe, a me nā wao nahele o Central Europe. Aia hoʻi i ke kenekulia 18 - 19 mau kenekulia, ua pālahalaha ʻia ia ma nā ʻanuʻu o nā ʻāina ʻEulopa, ka ʻaoʻao hema a me ka ʻaoʻao hema o ʻĀsia ʻEulani, ma Siberia Western a me ke kākā o Western Kazakhstan.
ʻO ka wehewehe kikoʻī mua o ka tarpan i hana ʻia e ka naturalist Kelemania i ka lawelawe Lūkini ʻo S. G. Gmelin i "Traveling in Russia e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā ʻekolu mau kūlohelohe" (1771). ʻO ka mea mua ma ka ʻepekema ʻo ka ʻōlelo ʻana ʻaʻole helima nā tarpans, akā ʻo nā holoholona mua maoli no ka holoholona mua, ʻo Joseph N. Shatilov. ʻElua o kāna mau hana "Letter to Y. N. Kalinovsky. ʻO ka hōʻike Tarpana (1860) a me ka hōʻike Tarpana (1884) i hōʻailona ʻia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka noi ʻana i ka noiʻepekema o nā lio hihiu. Loaʻa i ka inoa ʻo Subspecies kona inoa ʻepekema Hoʻohui ʻia ferus gmelini wale nō ma 1912, ma hope o ka hemo ʻana.
ʻO ka wehewehe Zoological
Kahi liʻuliʻu ka wāwae i ke alapine me ke poʻo hunchbacked ākea, ke kuhikuhi i nā pepeiao, ua poʻo pōkole pōkole, ʻeke nā lauoho lauoho, nui ke lōʻihi i ka hoʻoilo, pōkole, kūloko, ka mane, ʻaʻole ka bang a me kahi lōʻihi ka lōʻihi me ka huelo. ʻO ke kala i ke kauwela he kapa ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele a iʻa a pala paha i ke kauwela, i ka hoʻoilo he mea ʻoi aku ka māmā, ka mole (nā kiole), me kahi kāʻeiʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele ma ke kua. ʻEnouli nā wāwae, mane a me nā huelo, hōʻailona nā zebroid i nā wāwae. ʻO Mane, e like me ka lio Przhevalsky e kū nei. ʻO ka hulu huluhulu i ʻae i ka tarpans e ola i ka huluhulu anu. ʻAʻole pono nā māeʻu ikaika e hele i nā lio. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka maule a hiki i ka 136 cm. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino e pili ana i 150 cm.
Loaʻa ka tarpan nahele i ka haki i loko o kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a nāwaliwali loa kino.
ʻO nā holoholona kekahi holoholona, ka ʻāpana i nā manawa he mau haneli, i hāʻule i loko o nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi me kahi ulū. He nui loa ka wabi o nā tarpana, akahele me ka palaka.
ʻO ka wehe ʻana i ka tarpan he subspecies hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o kahi lio hihiu he paʻakikī e ka neʻe ʻana mai i nā makahiki 100 o kona ola ʻana i ka holoholona hihiu, hoʻopiʻi ʻia ʻo Tarpan me nā lio ʻehā, ka mea i kuhi ʻia a ʻaihue ʻia e ka hui pāpan. Ua ʻike ʻia ka mua o ka noiʻi mua o ka tarpan steppe ... "aia i waenakonu o ke kenekulia 18, ua kū nā poʻoneʻī ma ka maka o kahi ʻekolu a ʻoi aku paha i ka nui o nā mākē home a me nā hale moku."." I ka hopena o ke kenekulia 18, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e S.G. He mane kūpaʻa ʻo Gmelin, akā ʻo ka hopena o ko lākou ola ʻana i ka nahele, no ka hoʻopili ʻana me nā lio ʻōpala feral, ʻo ka mea hope loa i kau mai nūnū i nā mane, e like me ka lio maʻamau. Eia nō naʻe, e like me nā ʻano craniological, ʻike ka ʻepekema i nā tarpans mai nā lio ʻāina, e noʻonoʻo ana i ka nui o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka "lio hihiu". ʻAʻole i hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina genetic o nā tarpan e noho nei i nā ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe o ka puaʻa o ka hale, lawa pono e hoʻokaʻawale i ka tarpan i kahi ʻano ʻē.
Kahele
ʻO ka ʻāina ʻo Tarpan ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa a me ʻEulopa ka ʻāpana o Rusia.
I ka wā kahiko, ua kahele ʻia ke kilepana pālani ma nā anuʻu a me nā wahi ala lāʻau o ʻEulopa (a hiki i ka 55 ° N), i Western Siberia a me ke aupuni o Western Kazakhstan. I ka kenekulia XVIII, loaʻa nā tarps he nui i kokoke i Voronezh. A hiki i ka makahiki 1870, ua hālāwai me ke kula o ʻĀmelika hou.
Noho ka ʻāina ʻo Tarpan ma waena o ʻEulopa, Polani, Belarus a me Lithuania.
I Polani a me Prussia Hikina, ua noho ʻo ia a hiki i ka hopena o ka 18 - ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka kenekulia 19. ʻO nā tarpans ululāʻau, ka mea i noho i kahi menagerie ma ke kūlanakauhale polikona o Zamosc, ua lawe ʻia i ka poʻe mahiʻai i ka makahiki 1808. Ma muli o ke kuʻi manuahi ʻana me nā lio ʻōpio, hāʻawi lākou i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Polish conic - he lio ʻāʻī hina hina like ia me ka tarpan me nā "kākeke" anuanu ma kona kua a me kona mau ʻeleʻele.
Hoʻohālikelike
Ua ʻae ʻia ia ka lilo ʻana o ka poʻe i hei mai i nā wahi i lalo o ke kīhāpai, a kaʻi ʻana mai i nā ʻano kūlohelohe e nā holoholona o nā holoholona, a i kahi pae liʻiliʻi o nā kanaka. I ka wā mālama i ka pōloli, ua ʻai ka ʻona i nā mea ʻai i ka haki i ka ʻūhā nui, a i ka wā e haki ana ka hana a me ka ʻaihue i ka māla home. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka ʻai ʻana o ka lio ʻōiwi i manaʻo ʻia ka mea maikaʻi loa a ʻai ʻole no nā kenekulia, a ua hōʻike ka waʻa puaʻa i ka hanohano o kahi lio ma lalo o kahi lio, ʻoiai he paʻakikī ke kāʻei i ka tarpan.
I ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19, hiki i kekahi ke ʻike i kahi kaʻe ma waena o kahi tarpan a me kahi lio kupio i loko o Moscow Zoo.
Ua hoʻopau ʻia ka uluna pōlapa ma waena o ʻEulopa ma ka makahiki waena, a ma ka hikina o ka awelika i ka 16th - 18th mau makahiki, ua luku ʻia ka mea hope loa i ka makahiki 1814 ma ke kūloko o ka ʻāina Kaliningrad kūloko.
I ka hapa nui o nā pae (mai Azov, Kuban a me Don steppes), nalowale kēia mau lio i ka hopena o XVIII - i hoʻomaka mua ai ʻo XIX mau kenekulia. Ua mālama ʻia nā paakiki lōʻihi loa i ka Pōhaku Hema, ma nā wahi he nui lākou i hoʻi i ka makahiki 1830. Eia nō naʻe, ma ka makahiki 1860 wale nō ua mālama ʻia ko lākou mau kula ponoʻī, a ma Dekemaba 1879 ma ke ʻano ʻo Taurida kokoke i ke kauhale o Aghaimany (Kherson lā i kēia manawa), 35 km mai Askania-Nova, kahi kāʻai hope o ka hope o ka hope i ka hana ma mua. Ma ka noho pio, noho hou ka poe tarpana i kekahi manawa hou aku. No laila, ma ka Zoo Pokuk a hiki i ka hopena o ke ola 1880 ka mea i kū ai kekahi lio, paʻa i ka 1866 kokoke i Kherson. ʻO ka make hope o kēia subspecies i make i ka makahiki 1918 ma kahi kahua kokoke i Mirgorod ma ka mokuʻo Poltava. Ke waiho nei ke kaʻe o kēia tarpan i ka Zoological Museum o Moscow State University, a mālama ʻia ke kāʻei i ke Zoological Institute of the Academy of Science of St. Petersburg.
Ua manaʻo ʻo nā mākia Katolika i kahi ʻiʻo holoholona hihiu he mea ʻai maikaʻi. Papale ʻia ʻo Pope Gregory III e kāpae i kēia: "Ua ʻae ʻoe i kekahi mea ʻai i ka ʻai o nā lio ʻōiwi, a ʻo ka nui o ka ʻiʻo i nā holoholona ʻōpiopio," ua kākau ʻo ia i ke kahuna nui o kekahi o nā monasteries. "Mai kēia manawa, e ka Makua Hemolele, mai ʻae ʻoe i kēia manawa."
Ua kākau kekahi o nā mea hōʻike no ka hopu tarpan: “Himi lākou iā lākou i ka hoʻoilo ma ka hoʻoilo ma lalo nei: ʻoiai ke ʻano nui o nā kahu puaʻa ma ke kaʻina, ua kau lākou i nā lio maikaʻi loa a wikiwiki hoʻi a hoʻāʻo e hoʻopuni i nā lepa mai kahi mamao aku. I kēia kūleʻa ʻana, lele pono nā luna hopu iā lākou. ʻO kēlā mau e holo e holo. Hāpai nā Horsebacks iā lākou no ka manawa lōʻihi, a hiki i ka hopena, ʻāwaliwali nā ʻōpio liʻiliʻi i ka holo ma ka hau. "
ʻO nā ho'āʻo e hōʻoli i ka ʻano
ʻO nā hoahānau zoologist Kelemania ʻo Heinz lāua ʻo Lutz Heck ma ka Munich Zoo i ka makahiki 1930 i hoʻohālikelike ai i kahi mau lio (Heck lio), like me kahi tarpan pau ʻole i ka helehelena. Ua kū pono ʻia ka hū mua o ka papahana i ka makahiki 1933. ʻO kahi hoʻāʻo ia e hoʻākoʻakaʻa i ka tarpan phenotype ma ka hoʻāʻo pinepine ʻana i nā lio home me nā hiʻohiʻona mua.
Ma ka hapa o Poland i kā Belovezhskaya Pushcha, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka kenekulia 20, mai nā poʻe i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ka mahiʻai pānaʻi (a i kēlā manawa i loaʻa nā ʻano pili me ka poʻe tarpans a hānau mai), nā kapa i kapa ʻia like he mau lālani (conics), i waho ke ʻano like me nā tarpans, i hoʻihoʻi ʻia. . ^ E Ha yM. A ma hope mai, ua lawe ʻia ka lio tarpan i ka Belarusian a mahele o Belovezhskaya Pushcha
I ka makahiki 1999, ka World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) i loko o ka hoʻolālā o ka hana e hoʻopuka i nā lio 18 ma ke kaʻe o ka Lake Papes ma ke komohana hema o Latvia. Ma ka makahiki 2008, ua loaʻa he 40 o lākou.