ʻIstslelo ʻepekema mai Cambridge University (Nui Pelekane), ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a kahi kauka (Emily Mitchell), i ʻō ka mana o ka rangeomorphs - ʻo ia kekahi o nā meaola multicellular mua loa ma ka Honua. He ʻatikala e pili ana i kēia paʻi ʻia ma ka nūpepa Kaluakalaka hou i ka pūnaewele PololeiʻEpekema.

Noho ʻo Rangeomorphs i ke kai 565 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i ka wā Ediacar (Neo-Proterozoic era). ʻOiai he holoholona maikaʻi loa lākou, ʻaʻohe o lākou waha a me nā ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke neʻe, akā pili ʻia i ka seabate. ʻO kā lākou kino, ua kūleʻa nā ʻōpala kūhā o nā pae he ʻehā a like me nā lau o nā fern modern.

Ua loiloi nā ʻepekema i loko o Cambridge i nā paʻi limu o nā ʻelele Fractofusus, kekahi o nā genera rangeomorph, mai nā puʻu Ediacar e pili ana i. ʻO Newfoundland (Canada), kahi i mālama ʻia nā koena o nā mea ola o kēia manawa geological ma ka honua.

Ke noi nei i nā kaʻina helu helu helu i ke kikoʻī o kahi o ka pae manamana lima, ua loaʻa i nā mea ola ko Cambridge e hoʻohana ana i ʻelua mau hoʻolālā hoʻokele. ʻO ka hanauna mua o kēia mau mea ola, e noho ana ma kēlā me kēia wahi, ua hānau ia mai kahi hakakā i lawe ʻia e ka wai. (ʻAʻole nō i akaka ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o kēia mau hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ka moe kolohe a manuahi paha.) Ua hala aʻe nā hanauna ma hope mai o kēia mau paionia me ke kōkua o nā kaʻina hana.

"ʻO ka hana hou ma kēia ala ka mea e pōmaikaʻi ai ka rankeomorph, no ka mea hiki wikiwiki lākou ke kūkulu hou i nā ʻāina hou a laila hoʻonui lākou iā lākou i ka wikiwiki," wahi a Kauka Mitchell. "ʻO ka hiki i kēia mau mea ke hoʻololi i waena o nā ʻōhua like ʻelua e hōʻike ana i ka paʻakikī o ko lākou manaʻo. No ka mea he haʻani ka nui o nā mea ola ʻē aʻe i kēlā wā."

Holo laulaha nui nā rangomorphs i loko o ke kai o ka Ediacaria, akā, i ka manawa o ka wā hope o Kūkila (nona ia i ka wā Paleozoic), nalo lākou i nā mea huna. Hoʻohui ʻia no kēia kumu, ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻepekema ke koho pono no lākou "nā ʻohana" aloha i waena o nā mea ola ola.

Ke hoʻi nei ʻoe i ka ʻike i hana ʻia e Kauka Mitchell a me nā hoa hana, ʻike mākou he mea nui ia no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kaʻina hana o nā holoholona multicellular mua, a me ko lākou ola ma ka laulā.

ʻO ke aʻo ʻana o nā mea ola kahiko, e like me ke koena o kā lākou fossil, i kekahi manawa ke alakaʻi nei i nā hopena i manaʻo ʻole ʻia. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka manawa wale nō i ʻike hope ai i ka anatomy o nā kūpuna fossil o nā ʻānela modern, ua ʻike ka ʻepekema i nā ʻano o nā anatomy o ke ʻano o nā kūpuna a nā poʻe i noho i ka wā o ka pahū ʻo Cambrian (540 miliona mau makahiki i hala) a kāhea ʻia no kona ʻano kūlohelohe. Hallucigenia. ^ E Ha yM. Huli ka manaʻo i kuhi ʻia i ke poʻo o kēia ulia, ʻo ka huelo, a ua huli nā “wāwae” i mea kīwī ma hope.

Panspermia

Hoʻomaopopo nā poʻe kākoʻo o ka manaʻo panspermia e lawe ʻia mai nā mea microorganism mua i ka Honua mai ka wa mai. No laila ka mea ʻike ʻia iʻike ʻia e Kelemania Helmholtz, ka mea noiʻi Pelekānia Kelvin, ke kanaka ʻepekema Pelekane ʻo Vladimir Vernadsky, a me ke kanaka hōʻike holene ʻo Svante Arrhenius, i kēia lā ua manaʻo ʻia ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i kēia manaʻo.

Ua hōʻoia ʻia ʻepekema e ka mea, ma ka Honua, ua ʻike pinepine ʻia nā meteorite mai Mars a me nā hoʻolālā ʻē aʻe, aia paha mai nā mea hōʻea, hiki ke hele mai nā ʻōnaehana hōkū. ʻAʻohe mea kānalua i kēia lā, ʻaʻole naʻe i akaka i ka hiki ʻana o ke ola ma nā honua ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka meaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo nā apologists no nā transferpermia e hoʻoili i "kuleana" no ka mea e hopohopo nei i nā lāhui kanaka ʻē aʻe.

Ka Waihona Palapala Wāhi

ʻO ka hānau hānau ʻana o kēia hypothesis i hoʻoikaika ʻia e nā hoʻokolohua a Harold Urey lāua ʻo Stanley Miller, i mālama ʻia i nā makahiki 1950. Ua hiki iā lākou ke hōʻoluʻolu hou i nā kūlana like loa i ke ʻano o ka honua ma mua o ka hānau ʻana o ke ola. Hoʻolaha nā puka uila uila a me nā ultraviolet ma loko o ke kāwili ʻana o ka molowa molowa, carbon monoxide a me ka methane.

Ke puka mai nei o ke ola

Wahi a ka manaʻo o kēia wā hou o ka honua RNA, ʻo ka ribonucleic acid (RNA) ka molekomi mua i loaʻa i ka hiki ke hana pono iā ia iho. Hiki i nā miliona mau makahiki ke hala ma mua o ka puka mua ʻana o ia mau molekele ma ka Honua. Akā ma hope o kona hoʻomohala ʻana, ʻike ʻia ka hiki ʻana mai o ke ola ma kā mākou honua.

Hiki i kahi molina RNA ke hana ma ka hooneʻe me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā nucleotides kūlohelohe i kahi papa hoʻohui. Pēlā, e hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻonui nui o ka RNA. ʻAʻole hiki i kēia mau pūlea kemina ke kapa ʻia i nā mea ola, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe o nā palena o ke kino. Aia kekahi palena ola. ʻO ka mahele wale nō o ke kino ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale i ke ʻano hilahila o ke kino hiki i nā mea kemupela ke hiki mai i ka mea make ke hoʻoulu, hoʻoulu, hoʻoulu, a pēlā aku.

ʻO ke ʻano o nā ana i kahi kaʻawale ma ke kai ke ʻano maʻamau. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia lākou e nā momona momona (aliphatic acid) i hāʻule i ka wai. ʻO ka mea, ʻo kekahi o ka pauku o ka molekō he hydrophilic, a ʻo kekahi ʻēheano hydrophobic. ʻO nā momona momona i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o nā wai puka i loko o ke ʻano kahi o ka hopena o ka hydrophobic i loko o ka honua. ʻOi paha hoʻomaka ka molekula RNA i loko o ia mau wahi.

Ehia makahiki?

ʻAʻole nui ka poʻe i ʻike i ka makahiki o kēia mauʻano o ka Homo Sapiens, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi mea kūpono, kahi i manaʻo ʻia e nā ʻepekema he 200 tausani mau makahiki. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo ka makahiki o ke kanaka he mau ʻano he 1250 mau manawa ma mua o ka makahiki o ka papa reptile, nona nā dinosaurs.

Ke komo i loko o ka ʻike a hoʻonohonoho i kēia mau ʻike, inā makemake mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano o ka ola ma luna o kā mākou honua. A i hea hea nā kānaka e hoʻāʻo e hoʻomaopopo i kēia ola mai kēia lā?

I kēia lā, ua lilo nā mea ʻepekema i ʻike ʻia i nā lehulehu. ʻO ka pīhoihoi haʻalulu o nā hoʻokolohua o nā makahiki i hala, e kākau hou nei i ke kumumanaʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻololi a hoʻāliʻi i ka pehea i hoʻomaka ai ke ola ma ko mākou honua, ua hoʻonā i nā ʻīlio lōʻihi. ʻO nā mea huna o nā genetics, hiki ke loaʻa wale i ka pōkole pōkole o ka "hoʻomaka", i hāʻawi i kahi pane ʻole i manaʻo ʻia o Darwin.

Nā Hema Sapiens (Homo sapiens) he 200 tausani wale nō ka makahiki hoʻokahi. A ʻo kā mākou honua he 4.5 biliona!

Mahele papa ʻokoʻa

ʻAʻole pehea e ʻike ai nā pūnaewele mua, e pili ana i ka molekena RNA a me kahi membrane o nā momona momona i hoʻokaʻawale, ʻaʻole i kēia manawa. ʻOi paha, hoʻomaka kahi molekula RNA hou i kūkulu ʻia i loko o ka membrane e hoʻomaka ai mai ka mua. I ka hope, puka kekahi o lākou i ka membrane. A me ka molekini RNA, ʻo kekahi o nā molekala momona momona i hana hou i kahi kihi hou i puni.

Nā mea waiwai

I hoʻokahi mau makahiki i hala no kēia mau manaʻo, hiki i ke kanaka ke manaʻo e hoʻokō i ka make. Ua puhi ʻia o Giordano Bruno nona e hoʻowahāwahā ʻana ma kahi o 400 mau makahiki ma mua aku, ma Pepeluali 1600. Akā i kēia lā, ua lilo nā mea noiʻi clandestine o nā paionia wiwo ʻole i ʻike.

ʻO 50 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hilahila pinepine nā kūpuna i nā keiki o nā kāne ʻē, ʻo ka makuahine ponoʻī ʻaʻole i ʻike i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. I kēia lā, e hoʻokau i ka paternity he hana maʻamau. Hiki iā mākou ke hele iā mākaʻi i ka hōʻike DNA a ʻike i ka mea nona kona kūpuna, ke kahe ana o ke koko i loko o kona mau uaua. ʻO ke kaʻina o nā hanauna ke lawe mau ʻia i ke code genetic.

Aia ma kēia palapala i ka pane i ka nīnau wela loa e noho nei i nā manaʻo o nā kānaka i ka manawa: pehea i hoʻomaka ai ke ola?

Hōʻike nā ʻano o nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka mōʻaukala o ka makemake e loaʻa i ka pane kūpono wale nō. He moʻolelo kēia o ke ahonui, hoʻomau a me ka hana like ʻana, e pili ana i nā ʻike mua loa i ka ʻepekema hou.

I kā lākou huli ʻana e hoʻomaopopo i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke ola, hele nā ​​kānaka e ʻimi i nā kihi ʻoi loa o ka honua. Ma ka huli ʻana o kēia mau hulina, ua loaʻa i kekahi poʻe ʻepekema ka stigma o "monsters" no kā lākou hoʻokolohua, ʻoiai aia kekahi e alakaʻi iā lākou ma lalo o ka nānā pono ʻana o ka pūnaehana totalitarian.

Makiahine

Ua pau he 4 billion mau makahiki ʻo precambrian. I loko o kēia manawa, ua hiki mai nā loli nui ma ka Honua: ua nanea ka ʻili, ua kū mai nā kaʻe, a ʻo ka mea nui, ua kū mai ke ola mua. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole iki ka mahele o kēia ola i loko o ka puke fossil, no ka mea, he liʻiliʻi nā mea ola mua, ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā mea paʻakikī.

ʻO nā moʻomanaʻo precambrian no ka hapa nui o ka mōʻaukala o ka Honua - ma kahi o 3.8 biliona mau makahiki. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka hoʻomau ʻia o kāna nīpana ma mua o ka Phanerozoic ma hope aʻe. ʻO ke kumu o nā mea no nā koena hanohano ma mua o nā loina Precambrian, he mea maʻamau loa ia, ʻo ia kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona o kēia ʻano ʻano ʻona kahiko. No laila, ʻaʻole pili ʻia nā ʻano paleontological no ka strata precambrian.

ʻO Archean Aeon (4.6 - 2,5 bililona makahiki i hala aku nei)

Ke hōʻike nei nā haʻawina o ka meteorite, nā pōhaku a me nā mea waiwai ʻē aʻe o ka manawa i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ko mākou honua e pili ana i 4.6 billion i hala. A hiki i kēlā manawa, aia kahi pī e pupule ana a puni ka Lā, kahi i ka hau a me ka lepo lepo. A laila, ma lalo o ke kaha o ke kūleʻa, hoʻomaka ka lepo e hōʻiliʻili i loko o nā kino liʻiliʻi, a laila ua hoʻohuli i ka lele.

No nā makahiki he miliona, ʻaʻohe ola i ka honua. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka Archean o ka hoʻoheʻe ʻana o ka mākele o luna a me kona panuhiluhi me ka ʻike ʻana o ka moana magmatic ma kēia uahi, ʻo ka ʻōpū holoʻokoʻa o ka Honua, me kona ʻano mua a me ka līuʻi mua loa, neʻe koke i ka meli o ka ʻōpala luna. ʻAʻole ʻino ka lewa ma ia manawa a ʻo nā ʻano o nā mea ʻona e like me ka ammonia (NH₃) mūmano (CH₄), ke kahakoli (H₂), kehelena (Cl₂), ohapanai. Ua hiki ke mahana i kona wela 80 ° C. He mau manawa ka ʻoi o ka radioactivity maoli ma mua o ka mea o kēia manawa. ʻAʻole hiki ke ola i loko o ia mau mea.

4,5 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ka Honua me ke kino lani i ka nui o Mars, ʻo ka honua hypothetical Teia. Eia nā ikaika o ke kūleʻa a hoʻokumu ʻia nā lepo i ka wā o ke kūleʻa a ʻōlelo i ka mahina. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka mahina i ka hiki ʻana mai o ke ola: he kumu ka mea i hoʻopiʻi i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā moana, a hoʻopaʻa ʻia. ʻaʻole i kuhikuhi ʻia kahi kumu 2933 lā ] axis o ke ana o ka Honua.

Ua loaʻa nā mea ʻimi mua o ke ola no kahi o ka 3,5 piriona mau makahiki i nā pōhaku o Australia (Pilbara). Ua ʻike ʻia ka carbon Organic i nā pōhaku e hoʻomaka ana i ka makahiki 4.1 billion. Ma mua paha ua ola ka wai i loko o nā pūnāwai wela, kahi i nui ai nā mea kanu, me ka nucleotides.

Ua ulu ka ola i ke Archean i nā maʻi a me ka cyanobacteria. Ua alakaʻi lākou i kahi keena hoʻoneʻe e pili ana i ka lalo: ua uhi lākou i ka lalo o ke kai me kahi ʻāpana ʻāpana o ka māhu.

Pehea ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke ola ma ka honua.

ʻO kēia paha ka mea paʻakikī i nā nīnau a pau. Ma luna o ka millennia, ua hoʻomālamalama ka hapa nui o nā kānaka i kēia me ka tesis hoʻokahi - "hana nā akua i ke ola." ʻO nā wehewehe ʻē aʻe, me ka maopopo ʻole. Akā i ka lōʻihi o kēia manawa, ua loli ke kūlana. I nā makahiki i hala aku nei, ke ʻimi nei nā kānakaʻepekema e noʻonoʻo pono pehea e hoʻomaka ai ke ola mua ma ka honua, kākau ʻo Michael Marshall no BBC.

Kuhi ka nui o nā poʻe ʻepekema hou i ke kumu o ke ola e neʻe nei lākou i ka ala kūpono - a ua hoʻokō ʻia nā hoʻokolohua wale i ko lākou hilinaʻi. Ua kākau hou nā puke i nā genetics i ka puke o ka ʻike mai ka ʻaoʻao mua a hiki i ka hope.

• ʻAʻole i lōʻihi e ʻike, ua ʻike nā kānakaʻepekema i ke kupuna kahiko o ke kanaka e noho ma ka papa honua ma kahi o 540 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Mai kēia "toothy sac" kahi i kū mai ai nā vertebrates āpau, wahi a nā mea noiʻi. ʻO ka nui o nā kūpuna maʻamau he milimita wale nō.
• Ua hoʻoikaika pū ka poʻe noiʻi hou i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka organisical semi-synthetic mua me nā loli nui i ka DNA. Ua pili loa mākou i ke ʻano o ka hoʻohālikelike o nā protein hou, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi ola maoli. I nā kenekulia ʻelua mau haneli, ua hoʻokau ke kanaka i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi ʻano o ka mea ola hou.
• ʻAʻole wale mākou e hana i nā mea hou hou, akā e hōʻoiaʻiʻo pū kekahi i nā mea i loaʻa. Ua hana hou nā ʻepekema ʻenehana i nā "polokalamu" hiki i ka hoʻohana 'ana i nā mea hana DNA e hoʻoponopono i ke kaulahao DNA. Ma ke ala, ʻo ka 1% wale nō o ka DNA e lawe i nā ʻike genetic, haʻi nā mea noiʻi. No ke aha lā mākou e pono ai ke koena 99%?
• He poʻomanaʻo ka DNA hiki iā ʻoe ke mālama i ka ʻikepili ma ia mea e like me ka paakiki. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma ka DNA a mālama i ka ʻikepili i ka ʻole o nā pilikia, ʻoiai ua hana lākou e lawe i nā faila mai ka floppy disk.

Ke noʻonoʻo nei ʻoe iā ʻoe iho he mea hoʻonaʻauao a i kēia wā? Ma laila pono ʻoe e ʻike i kēia.

ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻike ʻana o nā lā a DNA mai 1869, ʻaʻole i hiki i ka makahiki 1986 i hoʻohana mua ʻia ai kēia ʻike ma nā forensics.

Eia ka moʻolelo o ka mua o ke ola ma ka Honua

Ua ʻelemakule ke ola. ʻO Dinosaurs paha ka mea kaulana loa o nā mea kupanaha āpau, akā ua puka wale nō lākou he 250 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO ka ola mua ma ka honua kahi i hoʻomaka ai ma mua.

ʻO nā foss mua loa, e like me ka poʻe loea, ma kahi o 3.5 miliona mau makahiki. I nā huaʻōlelo aʻe, he 14 mau makahiki ma mua o nā dinosaurs mua loa!

Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole kēia ka palena. No ka mea la, i ka makahiki ʻAukake 2016, ua ʻike ʻia nā huapalapala fossil, nona ka makahiki he 3.7 bileka. ʻO 15 tausani kēia mau makahiki i ʻoi aku ma mua o nā dinosaurs!

ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka honua ma mua o kēia mau bakuna - i hana hope ʻia ko mākou honua ma kahi o ka 4,5 billion mau makahiki i hala. ʻO ia hoʻi, ka hānau mua loa ma ka Honua i ka manawa "ka wikiwiki", ma hope o kekahi mau miliona 800 ma ka honua he mau bakuna - nā mea ola, kahi, e like me nā kānaka ʻepekema, ua hoʻokauwale nui loa kēia mau manawa a hoʻomaka mua no nā mea maʻalahi o ke kai, a ma ka hopena. -end, a i ke kanaka noonoo ponoi iho.

Ua hōʻoia ʻia kahi hōʻike hou mai Kanada e ʻike i kēia mau helu: ʻo ka huahelu kahiko ka mea i helu ʻia ma waena o 3,770 a me 4,300 billion mau makahiki o ko lākou mau makahiki. ʻO ia ke ola, ma ka honua honua, inā paha, he "pila" 200 miliona mau makahiki ma hope o kona hoʻokumu ʻana. Loaʻa nā mea microorganism i noho ma ka hao. Ua ʻike ʻia ko lākou mau koena ma nā pōhaku quartz.

Inā mākou e manaʻo no ka mea i hoʻomaka mai ka ola ma ka Honua - he mea kūpono ia, i ʻike ʻia ʻole i loaʻa iā mākou ma luna o nā kino kosmic, ma nā papa honua ʻē aʻe a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana meteorite i lawe ʻia mai waho mai o ka wao - a laila ua hele mau kēia i kēlā wā manawa , e helu ana i kahi miliona o kona mau makahiki ma waena o ka manawa i hoʻokau ʻia ai ka honua, a me ka lā o ka hopena o nā foss i loaʻa i ko mākou manawa.

No laila, ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka manawa e pono ai iā mākou, ke hilinaʻi nei i nā noi e pili ana, hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo i ka mea o ke ola mua ma ka Honua.

Ua ʻoluʻolu hoʻi nā kānakaʻepekema i ka nānā ʻana o nā keiki kō prehistoric mai nā huakaʻi i loaʻa i ka wā o nā ʻimi.

Loaʻa nā mea ola a pau i nā pūpū (a pēlā nō ʻoe)

I ka makahiki 19, ua ʻike nā mea noiʻi i nā mea ola a pau o "cell" - nā puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi o nā mea kolo o nā ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻano a me nā ʻāpana.

ʻO nā kelepona i ʻike mua ʻia i ka kenekulia 17, i ka manawa like me ka hana ʻana i nā mikroskopona mana ikaika, akā ma hope iho o hoʻokahi kenekulia a hapa wale nō, ua hele mai nā ʻepekema i ka hopena like: ʻo nā pūpuna ke kumu o ke ola āpau ma ka honua.

ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, aia i waho, ʻaʻole like ke kanaka me nā iʻa a i ʻole nā ​​dinosaur, akā e nānā wale ma kahi microscope i maopopo ai ka pili ʻana o nā kānaka i nā ʻāpana like ʻole e like me nā ʻelele o ka honua holoholona. Eia kekahi, kūlohelohe nā mea kanu i nā mea kanu a me nā manu.

Nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo āpau i kūkulu ʻia i nā pū, me ʻoe pū.

ʻO ke ala nui loa o ke ola he unipela unicellular.

I kēia mau lā, hiki i ka nui o nā mea ola ke palekana maluhia i nā microorganisms, nona kēlā me kēia me hoʻokahi kelepona hoʻokahi.

ʻO ke ʻano kaulana loa o ia ola ka mau pōpoki e noho ana i nā wahi āpau ma ka honua.

Ma ʻApelila 2016, ua hāʻawi nā mea ʻepekema i kahi hōʻano hou o ka "lāʻau o ke ola": kahi ʻano lāʻau kuʻuna no kēlā me kēia ʻano ola. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā "lālā" o kēia kumulāʻau he mau huamona. Eia hoʻi ke hōʻike nei ke ʻano o ka lāʻau i ka kūpuna o nā ola a pau ma ka Honua he bacterium. I nā huaʻōlelo hou, nā hāmeʻa o nā mea ola holoʻokoʻa (me ʻoe pū) e hele mai i hoʻokahi bacterium.

No laila, hiki iā mākou ke hele pololei a pololei i ka hihia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke ola. E kipa hou i ka pūnaehana mua-mua, pono ʻoe e hōʻoluʻolu i nā kūlana i noho aliʻi ai ma ka honua nei ma mua o 3.5 mau makahiki i hala me ka pololei.

No laila pehea ka paʻakikī?

ʻO nā mea kūleʻa Unicellular ke ʻano maʻamau o ka nohona ma ka Honua.

Hoʻomaka i nā hoʻokolohua

No nā makahiki he nui, ʻo ka nīnau "ma hea i hoʻomaka ai ke ola?" koi pinepine i ole noi. ʻOiai, me kā mākou i hoʻomanaʻo ai i ka wā mua, ʻike ʻia ka pane: Ua ola ʻia ke ola e ka Mea nāna i hana.

A hiki i ka kenekulia 19, ua manaʻo nui ka poʻe i ka "vitalism". Kahi ʻia kēia aʻo ʻana i ka manaʻo i hoʻolako ʻia nā mea ola a pau me kahi mana kūikawā ʻokoʻa, e hoʻokaʻawale ana iā lākou mai nā mea ola ʻole.

Hoʻohui pinepine nā manaʻo o ka vitalism i nā postulat hoʻomana. Wahi a ka Baibala, ke hoʻohana ʻana o ka "hanu o ke ola", hoʻolaʻa i nā kānaka mua, a ʻo ka ʻuhane make ʻole kekahi o nā hōʻike o ke ʻano nui.

Akā loaʻa kekahi pilikia. Kūpono nā manaʻo o ka vitalism.

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kenekulia 19, ua ʻike nā ʻepekema i kekahi mau mea i loaʻa kūʻokoʻa i nā mea ola. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau mea i loaʻa i ka urea i loko o ka urine, a ua loaʻa iā i ka 1799.

ʻO kēia ʻike ʻia, ʻaʻole kue i ke kumumanaʻo e pili ana i ka ulu ola. ʻIke wale ʻia ʻo Urea i nā mea ola ola, no laila ua hāʻawi ʻia me kahi ikehu koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi, nāna lākou i ʻokoʻa.

Make ʻana o ka vitalism

Akā i ka makahiki 1828, hiki i ka mea hoʻohana Kelemania ʻo Friedrich Wöhler ke hana i ka syntraize i ka urea mai kahi pūpū hoʻokūkū - ciumate ammonium, ʻaʻohe mea i pili i ka mea ola. Ua hiki i nā kānakaʻepekema hou ke hoʻomaikaʻi i kāna hoʻokolohua, a ʻike koke ia i hiki ke loaʻa nā pūlea āpau i nā mea pūlohelohe maʻalahi maʻalahi loa.

Hoʻopau kēia i ka vitalism ma kahi manaʻo ʻepekema.

Akā ʻo ka pale ʻana i ko lākou mau manaʻoʻiʻo ua paʻakikī i ka poʻe. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma nā mea ola kino i nā mea ola wale nō he mea kūikawā ʻole loa, no ka lehulehu, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale i ke ola o kahi mea kilokilo, e hoʻohuli ana i nā poʻe mai nā mea a ke Akua aneane i loko o nā mīkini. Eia ka mea, he kūʻē kue loa kēia i ka Baibala.

ʻO kekahi mau loea i hoʻomau i ka hakakā no ka vitalism. I ka makahiki 1913, ua hoʻohauʻoli nui ka biochemist Pelekane ʻo Benjamin Moore i kāna kumumanaʻo o "biotic energy," a, ʻo ia hoʻi, ia ka nui like like ʻole, akā ma ka uhi ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka manaʻo o ka vitalism ka mea i loaʻa i nā aʻa ikaika loa i ka ʻuhane o ke kanaka ma kahi pae ʻuhane.

I kēia mau lā, hiki i kona mau e noʻonoʻo ai i nā wahi i ʻike ʻole ʻia. E lawe, no ka laʻana, he ʻano hana o ka ʻepekema ʻepekema i hoʻohālikelike ʻia a hoʻopau ʻia paha ke "ola ola" o kahi ʻano. E hoʻomanaʻo i ka "ikaika o ka hoʻoponopono hou" i hoʻohana ʻia e ka lāhui o ka Time Lords mai ka series Doctor Who. Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia kēia ikehu inā hōʻea. ʻOiai ʻo ka manaʻo he futuristic, ʻo ka mea maoli he hoʻohālike ʻo ia o nā ʻenekena kahiko.

No laila, ma hope o 1828, ua loaʻa i nā kānaka ʻepekema nā kumu maikaʻi e ʻimi i kahi wehewehe hou no ke kumu o ke ola, i kēia manawa hōʻole i ka manaʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻokae ʻana o ke Akua.

Akā ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻomaka. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hiki mai ke kumuhana o ka noiʻi, akā i kaʻoiaʻiʻo, he mau makahiki i hala ʻole ua hiki ʻole i ka hiʻu o ka mua o ke ola.Inā paʻa paha nā kānaka a pau i ka vitalism e neʻe aku ai.

Darwin a me ke ʻano kumumanaʻo o ka ulu ʻana

ʻO ke kumu nui o ka noiʻi o ka noiʻi ola o ka kenekulia 19, ʻo ia ka manaʻo o ke kukuna e hoʻomohala ʻia e Charles Darwin a hoʻomau ʻia e nā mea ʻepekema ʻē aʻe.

Teʻomanaʻo Darwini wehewehe ʻia ma ka Pūnaewele o ka Hōʻailona o ka makahiki 1859, i wehewehe i ka ʻano o ka like ʻole o ke ʻano holoholona o ka holoholona mai kahi kūpuna hoʻokahi.

Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Darwin, ʻaʻole na ke Akua i hana i kēlā me kēia kumuhana o nā mea ola, a ʻo kēia mau ʻano āpau i puka mai i kahi mea ola mua i lilo i mau miliona o nā makahiki i hala, a ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka kūpuna mua loa.

Ua hoʻohālikelike hou ʻia kēia manaʻo, no ka mea hoʻi ua hōʻole ʻo ia i ka postset bibliuma. Ua hōʻino nui ʻia ke kumumanaʻo Darwin, ʻoiai ʻo nā Kristiano i hoʻonāukiuki ʻia.

Akā ʻaʻole i ʻōlelo i ka manaʻo kumu o ke kaʻina e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka hele mua ʻana.

Pehea ka ola mua?

Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻo Darwin he nīnau koʻikoʻi kēia, akā (ʻaʻole paha makemake paha e komo i loko o kekahi kuʻikahi like me nā mākaʻi) hoʻopā wale nō ʻo ia iā ia ma ka leka 1871. Hōʻike ka ʻōpū o ka leka i ka ʻike ʻana o ka meaʻepekema i ka hohonu o kēia pilikia.

"... Akā inā i kēia manawa [ʻĀnō nui inā!] i loko o kahi kao mahana e pili ana i nā paʻakai āpau e pono ai ka amoni a me ka phosphorus a ke komo ʻana i ka māmā, ka wela, ka hiko, a me nā mea hoʻi, a me ka protein i hana ʻia e hiki ai ke hoʻonui hou aʻe i nā hoʻololi hou ... "

I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe: e noʻonoʻo ʻoe i kahi wai liʻiliʻi e hoʻopiha ʻia me nā hoʻohuihui māmā a aia i lalo o ka lā. Hoʻomaka hoʻomaka kekahi o nā mea hoʻohui i ka hoʻopili ʻana, e hana ana i nā mea paʻakikī loa, e like me ka palupalu, kahi, ʻo ia hoʻi, e launa pū a hoʻomohala hoʻi.

Ua kū maikaʻi loa ka manaʻo. Akā, naʻe, ua hoʻokumu i ka kumu o nā hypotheses mua e pili ana i ka mea i hoʻomaka.

ʻAʻole wale ʻo Darwin i hana i kahiʻenehana kukuna, akā ua ʻōlelo pū hoʻi i ka mea i hoʻomaka mai ke ola ma ka wai mahana me ka nui o ka pūhui inorganic pono.

ʻO nā manaʻo kupanaha o Alexander Oparin

ʻAʻole i lawe ʻia nā hana mua i kēia ala i kahi āu e manaʻo ai. Manaʻo paha ʻoe no nā noiʻi, e hoʻohauleʻa ana i ke kūʻokoʻa o ka noʻonoʻo, pono i alakaʻi ʻia ma ka UK a i ʻole ʻo USA. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia nā hypotheses mua e pili ana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke ola ma nā expanses maoli o ka Stalinist USSR, he mea ʻepekema nona paha kou inoa i lohe ʻole ai.

Ua ʻike ʻia ua pani ʻia ʻo Stalin i nā loiloi he nui i ke ʻano o ka genetics. Ma ke ʻano, ua hoʻolaha ʻo ia i nā manaʻo o agronomist Trofim Lysenko, nāna i manaʻo, ua kūpono ʻia no nā ideology komunist. ʻO nā ʻepekema ʻepekema e hana ana i ka noiʻi o ka genetics i koi a kākoʻo i ka manaʻo o Lysenko i ka manaʻo o ke ʻano he mea ʻole i loko o nā kahua hoʻomoana.

Aia ma loko o kahi kūlana ulia e hoʻohālikelike ai ka lāʻau biochemist Alexander Ivanovich Oparin i kāna mau hoʻokolohua. Hiki paha kēia no ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu iā ia iho he kamaʻilio hilinaʻi nui: kākoʻo ʻo ia i nā manaʻo o Lysenko a loaʻa iā ia ka Palena a Lenin - ʻo ia ka mea hanohano o nā mea a pau i kū i kēlā manawa.

I ka 1924, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Oparin i ka puke On the Origin of Life. Ma loko nō ʻo ia, ua hōʻike ʻo ia i kona ʻano o ke kumu o ke ola, ʻoiai ka mea e kupanaha ai me ka hiʻona hoʻoweliweli o kahi "reservoir mahana" a Darwin.

Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Alexander Biochemist Alexander Oparin i nā mea ola mua i hana ʻia he coacervates.

He ʻikepili hou o ke ola mua ma ka honua

Ua wehewehe ʻo Oparin i ka honua i nā lā mua ma hope o kona hoʻokumu ʻia. He papa wela kahi o ka honua a ua huki i nā meteorites liʻiliʻi. ʻO nā a puni a pau he mau ʻāpana haneli wale nō, he nui nā kinikona, he nui ia i pili me carbon.

I ka hopena, ua hoʻomaha maikaʻi ka honua, a ua huli mua ka ua i loko o ka wai wai, e hana ana i ka ua mua. Ma hope o kekahi manawa, puka mai nā wai wela ma ka honua nei i momona nui i nā mea ʻona-kalai. Hiki i nā hanana hanana hou aʻe i nā hanana hōʻike ʻelua.

Hoʻokomo ka mea mua i ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā mea i ʻike ʻia i nā mea ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī. Ua manaʻo ʻo Oparin e hiki i nā kōpili a me nā waikawa amino i nui no nā mea ola e kū ai i ka wai wai o ka honua.

I ka hoʻokūkū lua, hoʻomaka kekahi mau mea i ka wā i hoʻopili ai e hana i nā ʻano mikroskopika. E like me ʻoe e ʻike ai, ʻaʻole nui ka nui o nā pūhui organik i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai: no ka laʻana, hoʻokumu ka ʻaila i kahi papaha ma luna o ka wai. Akā kekahi mau mea pili i ka wai me nā globules spherical spornical, a i ʻole he "coacervates," me ke anawaena a hiki i 0,01 cm (a i ʻole 0.004 mau iniha).

ʻO ka nānā ʻana i nā coacervates ma lalo o kahi mikroscope, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaopopo i ka like me nā pūnaola ola. Ke ulu nei lākou, hoʻololi i ka helehelena a mahele i kekahi manawa i ʻelua ʻāpana. Hoʻonohonoho pū lākou me ka hoʻopuni pū e pili ana i ka pūlima, i hiki ai i nā kumuwaiwai ke kiko i loko o lākou. Ua manaʻo ʻo Oparin, ʻo nā loina ka poʻe kūpuna i nā ʻōnaehana o kēia mau lā.

John Haldane Theory of the Life Life

Elima mau makahiki ma hope mai, i ka makahiki 1929, ua hoʻokuʻu kūʻokoʻa ʻo ka loea Pelekane ʻo John Burdon Sanderson Haldane i kāna manaʻo me nā manaʻo like ʻole, kahi i paʻi ʻia ma ka nūpepa ʻo Rationalist Annual.

Ua hana mua ʻo Haldane i kēlā manawa i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻepekema o ka ʻōiwi, e kōkua ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā manaʻo o Darwin ma ka ʻepekema o mau ʻano.

A he kanaka hoʻomanaʻo ʻole loa ʻo ia. I ka manawa hoʻokahi, ma ka hoʻokolohua ʻana i loko o ka lumi decompression, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka pohihihi ʻana o ka eardrum, a laila i kākau ʻo ia i ka hope aʻe: he hanana kūpono. ”

E like me Oparin, ʻōlelo akula ʻo Haldane pehea e hiki ai i nā hoʻākā a me nā kūlohelohe e pili ai i ka wai: "(ma mua) hiki ke o ka nui o nā ʻanuʻu mua i ka hoʻomau o ka ʻuala wela." Ua hana kēia i nā kūlana no ka nānā aku o nā mea ola mua a i ʻole ka hapalua olaola. " Ma lalo o nā ʻano like, hiki i nā mea maʻalahi ke hiki i loko o ka "kiʻi ʻoniʻoni".

ʻO John Haldane, kūʻokoʻa o Oparin, i hoʻokau i nā manaʻo like e pili ana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā mea mua.

Na Kukui Oparin-Haldane

No laila, ʻo nā mea noiʻi mua i hoʻomaikaʻi i kēia ʻenehana ʻo Oparin a me Haldane. Akā ʻo ka manaʻo o ke Akua a i ʻole kekahi "ikaika nui" ʻaʻole i komo i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā mea ola e like me nā mea nui. E like me ka hōʻike a Darwin e hōʻike nei, ʻo kēia manaʻo ke ʻano o ka maka no ka Karistiano.

Ua piha loa ka mana o ka USSR i kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo. Ma lalo o ke aupuni Soviet, i noho aliʻi ai ka atheism ma ka'āina, a ua hauʻoli nā luna i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā mea waiwai nui e like me ke ola. Ma ke ala, he mea uku hewa a he komunista ʻo Haldane.

"I kēlā mau lā, ʻike ʻia kēia manaʻo ma o ka ulu wale ʻana o ko lākou manaʻo iho: ʻike ka poʻe haipule i ka huhū, ʻokoʻa ʻole i nā mea kākoʻo o nā manaʻo komunista," wahi a Armen Mulkidzhanyan, he loea no ke kumu o ke ola ma Osnabruck University i Kelemānia. “I ka Soviet Union, ua ʻae ʻia kēia manaʻo me ka hauʻoli, no ka mea, ʻaʻole pono lākou i ke Akua. A ma ke Komohana i mahele ʻia e nā poʻe kākoʻo hema a pau, nā mea kamaʻilio, etc. "

ʻO ka manaʻo i hana ʻia ke ola i loko o ka "mauʻu momona" o nā mea hoʻohui o nā mea waiwai ke kipi Op Opua-Haldane. ^ E Ha yM. ʻIke ʻo ia i ke kūʻiʻo ʻana, akā aia kekahi pilikia. I kēlā manawa, ʻaʻole hanana kahi hoʻokolohua kū hoʻokahi e hōʻoia i ka hōʻoia o kēia hypothesis.

Ua hoʻomaka ʻia kēlā mau hoʻokolohua ma hope o ka hapalua o hoʻokahi kenekulia wale nō.

ʻO ka hoʻokolohua mua e hana i ke ola "ma vitro"

Ua lilo ka nīnau o ke kumu o ke ola iā Harold Urey, he kanaka ʻepekema kaulana i loaʻa i kēlā manawa i ka manawa o ka Nobel Prize i kā chemistry i 1934 a ua komo pū i ka hana ʻana o ka pōmaika.

I ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II, ua komo ʻo Yuri i ka papahana Manhattan, hōʻiliʻili i ka uranium-235 paʻa i pono no ke kumu o kahi pōkā. Ma hope o ke pau ʻana o ke kaua, hoʻomalu ʻo Yuri i ka kaona o ka ʻenehana kūloko.

Ua makemake nui ʻo Yuri i nā mea ʻenemi e kū mai ana i waho. A ʻo ka mea hoihoi loa iā ia nā kaʻina hana i hoʻokau ʻia i ka wā o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana solar. I loko o kekahi o kāna mau haʻawina, ua kuhikuhi aku ʻo ia i ka manawa ma ka Honua, me ka nui loa, ʻaʻohe ʻikehu. A ua kūpono kēia mau kūlana no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka “mau pōhā mua,” i ʻōlelo ai ʻo Oparin lāua ʻo Haldane, no ka mea, ua nāwaliwali kekahi o nā mea pono ʻole e palu me ka pilina o ka oxygen.

Ua hālāwai ʻia ke kūkākūkā e kekahi haumāna kauka i kapa ʻia ʻo Stanley Miller, ka mea i huli iā Yuri me kahi manaʻo e hana i kahi hoʻokolohua ma luna o kēia manaʻo. I ka wā mua, ua kānalua o Yuuri i ka manaʻo, akā ma hope aku ua hoʻokele ʻo Miller iā ia.

Ma 1952, alakaʻi ʻo Miller i ka hoʻokolohua kaulana loa o nā mea a pau i pili i ka wehewehe i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke ola ma ka Honua.

Ua lilo ka hoʻokolohuaʻo Stanley Miller i kaulana loa i ka mōʻaukala aʻo i ke kumu o nā mea ola o nā mea ola ma kā mākou honua.

ʻO ka hoʻokolohua kaulana loa i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke ola ma ka Honua

ʻAʻole i mālama nui ka mākaukau. Ua hoʻopili ʻo Miller i nā ʻano aniani o nā aniani i loaʻa ai nā mea ʻehā 4 i manaʻo ʻia i ka pae mua o ka honua: ka ʻū ʻana i ka wai, ka hydrogen, ammonia a me ka methane. Ke haki nei nā hakahaka o nā kikowaena uila - he ʻano hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā uila uila, he mea maʻamau loa ia ma ka Honua Honua.

Ua ʻike ʻo Miller "ʻo ka wai i loko o ka pā kuhi i huli i ka ʻulaʻula ma hope o ka lā mua, a ma hope o ka hebedoma mua i lilo ai ke ʻano o ka ʻōuli a ua ʻulaʻula hoʻi." Aia ke hoʻokumuʻana i nā pūhui kemika hou.

I ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana o Miller i ka māhele o ka hopena o ka hopena, ua loaʻa iā ia he ʻelua waʻa amino: glycine a me alanine. E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā waikela amino e like me ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka pā o ke ola. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau waikina amino i ka hana o nā protein e mālama i ka nui o nā kaʻina biochemical i loko o ko mākou kino. Ua hana maoli ʻo Miller mai nā hakahaka o nā mea nui ʻelua o nā mea ola ola.

I ka makahiki 1953, ua paʻi ʻia nā hopena o ka hoʻokolohua ma ka puke hoʻonaʻauao koʻikoʻi. ʻO Yuri, he mea hanohano, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia he ʻano ʻano ʻepekema o kona makahiki, ua wehe kona ʻano i kona inoa mai ke poʻo inoa, a waiho i kahi hanohano iā Miller. Akā me kēia, ka mea i kapa ʻia ka haʻawina ʻo "Miller-Yuri Experiment".

ʻO ka manaʻo nui o ka hoʻokolokolo ʻo Miller-Yuri

"ʻO ka waiwai o ka hoʻokolohua Miller-Urey ka mea e hōʻike nei i loko o kahi aniani maʻalahi, hiki ke hoʻomohala ʻia nā molekamu maha," wahi a John Sutherland, ka ʻepekema i ka Cambridge Laboratory of Molecular Biology.

ʻAʻole pololei nā kikoʻī āpau o ka hoʻokolohua, e like me ka mea i huli aʻe. I ka mea maoli, ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina e pili ana i nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ke aniani o ka Honua mua. Akā ʻaʻole kēia e haʻalele i ka koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻokolohua.

"He hana hoʻokūkū ka i haki i ka noʻonoʻo o nā mea he nui, a ʻo ia ke kumu e pili ʻia nei i kēia lā," wahi a Sutherland.

I ka hoʻomakaʻana o kā Miller hoʻokolohua, ua hoʻomaka nā mea ʻepekema e ʻimi i nā ala e hoʻokumu ai i nā molekala hoʻopiʻi maʻalahi mai ka ʻohi ʻana. ʻO ka pane i ka nīnau "Pehea e hoʻomaka ai ke ola ma ka Honua?" I kahi kokoke loa.

Akā ua hoʻohuli ʻē aʻe ka ola ma mua o ka noʻonoʻo. ʻO nā ʻōmaola ola, e like me ka mea i kū i ai, ʻaʻole ia he hoʻonohonoho wale o nā pūhui kemika, akā nā mea hana paʻakikī. Ua loli koke ka mea i hana ʻia nā ola ola mai ka ʻohi ʻana mai i kahi pilikia koʻikoʻi ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia e nā ʻepekema.

ʻO ke aʻo ʻana o nā ira a me ka DNA

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 50 o ka kenekulia 20, ua hala loa nā mea ʻepekema mai ka manaʻo he makana nā ola mai nā akua.

Ma kahi o lākou, hoʻomaka lākou e aʻo i ka hiki ʻana o kahi ola kūlohelohe a me ke ola ʻana i ke ola mua ma ka Honua - a, mahalo ʻia iā Stanley Miller hana hoʻokolohua, ʻike ʻia nā hōʻike hōʻike mai kēia manaʻo.

ʻOiai e hoʻāʻo ana ʻo Miller e hana i ka ola mai ka wā ʻōpio, ua kuhi kekahi mau ʻepekema i nā mea i hana ʻia.

I kēia manawa, ua aʻo mua nā meaola nui o nā meaola. Hoʻopili kēia i ka gula, nā momona, nā palaka a me nā waikawa nukika, e like me "deoxyribonucleic acid" - he DNA nō hoʻi ia.

I kēia mau lā ʻike nā kānaka o kā mākou genes i loko o ka DNA, akā no nā mea koi o nā makahiki o nā makahiki 1950 he mea pīhoihoi maoli kēia.

He ʻoihana hou aku ka ʻoi aku o nā protote, ʻo ia ke kumu i manaʻo ai nā poʻe ʻepekema ʻo ka loaʻa i nā ʻike o ka gen i loko o lākou

Ua hōʻole ʻia ke kumumanaʻo i ka makahiki 1952 e nā ʻepekema mai Carnegie Institute - Alfred Hershey a me Marta Chase. Ua aʻo lākou i nā virus māmā, nā ʻano o ka protein a me ka DNA, ka mea i hoʻonui ʻia e ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā maʻi ʻē aʻe. Ua ʻike nā ʻepekema ʻepekema o ka DNA viral, ʻaʻole ka protein, ke komo i ka bacteria. Mai kēia, ua hoʻoholo ʻia he genetic genetic ke DNA.

ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o Hershey lāua ʻo Chase ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kahi lāhui e kona pahuhopu e aʻo ai i ke ʻano o ka DNA a me nā ʻōnaehana o kāna hana.

Ua ʻike ʻo Martha Chase lāua ʻo Alfred Hershey ua lawe ka DNA i ka ʻikepili genetic.

Kūkulu DNA spiral - kekahi o nā mea ʻike nui loa o ka kenekulia 20

ʻO ka mea mua e hoʻonā i ka pilikia ʻo Francis Crick lāua ʻo James Watson o ke Kulanui o Cambridge, ʻaʻole me ke kōkua ʻole ʻia o kona hoa, ʻo Rosalind Franklin. Ua lilo kēia i hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope o nā hoʻokolohua o Hershey lāua ʻo Chase.

ʻO kā lākou koho ʻana ua lilo i mea nui loa i ka kenekulia 20. Ua hoʻololi kēia ʻimi i ke ala e ʻimi ai i nā kumu kumu o ke ola, e hōʻike ana i ka ʻano paʻakikī o nā ʻōna ola.

Ua ʻike ʻo Watson a me Crick he DNA pālua ka pelaho (pālua kope ʻelua) he mea e like me ka ʻihi o ka pihi. ʻO kēlā me kēia mau 'āpana' ʻelua o kēia alana i kūkulu ʻia nā molekole i kapa ʻia ʻo nucleotides.

Ua wehewehe kēia ʻano i ke ʻano o ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā cell i kā lākou DNA. I nā huaʻōlelo, ʻike ia pehea i hāʻawi ʻia ai e nā mākua i nā kope o kā lākou mau gen i nā keiki.

He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo e hiki ke "wehe" ka helix. ʻO kēia ka wehe i ke code genetic, e loaʻa ana i kahi ʻano o nā waihona genetic (A, T, C a me G), maʻamau i hoʻopuni ʻia i loko o nā "kiʻina" o ka laʻa DNA. Hoʻohana ʻia kēlā me kēia kaula e like me ke kumu a hana i kahi kope o kekahi.

Hāʻawi kēia hana i nā genena i hoʻoili ʻia mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke ola. Kēia mau gen huawa mai kahi pilium kahiko - a me kēlā me kēia kaila i hoʻohana ai i ka hana like e ʻike ʻia e Crick lāua ʻo Watson.

I ka makahiki 1953, ua paʻi ʻo Watson lāua ʻo Crick i kā lākou hōʻike i ka puke pai Nature. I nā makahiki e hiki mai ana, ua hoʻāʻo ka ʻepekema e hoʻomaopopo pololei i nā ʻike i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka DNA, a pehea hoʻi ia e hoʻohana ai i nā pūola ola.

No ka manawa mua, ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi o nā mea huna huna o ke ola ma ka lehulehu.

Ka hana DNA: 2 mau kuaʻi (mau kaula antiparallel) a me nā pāʻina o nā nucleotides.

Hōʻike DNA

E like me ka hōʻike ʻana, hoʻokahi wale nō hana hana o ka DNA. Hōʻike kāu DNA i nā sela o kou kino pehea e hana ai i nā protein (protein) - nā molekeko e hana nui ai nā hana nui.

Inā ʻaʻole nā ​​protein, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka meaʻai, ke pani ʻole kou naʻau, a paʻa kou hanu.

Akā ʻo ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ke kaʻina hana o ka protein e hoʻohana ai i ka DNA he hana paʻakikī loa ia. ʻO ka poʻe a pau i hoʻāʻo e wehewehe i ka kumu o ke ola, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomaopopo i ka hiki ʻole o kekahi mea paʻakikī loa ke kū a hoʻomohala ma kāna iho.

ʻO kēlā me kēia protein ka nui o kahi kaulahao lōʻihi o nā waikona amino i hoʻohui ʻia i kahi ʻāpana kikoʻī. Hoʻoholo kēia kauoha i nā ʻano ʻekolu o ka nui o ka protein a, no laila, ʻo ia ke kumu.

Hoʻopili ʻia kēia ʻikepili i ka pauku waihona DNA.No laila, inā pono kahi papa e hana i ka protein kikoʻī, e heluhelu ana ia i ka kiko e pili ana i ka DNA i mea e kūkulu ai i kahi mahele o nā waikawa amino.

Heaha ka RNA?

Ma ke kaʻina hana e hoʻohana ai i nā sel DNA i kahi nuance.

• ʻO ka DNA ka mea waiwai kumu nui o ka cell. No laila, makemake ʻole nā ​​cell e komo i ka DNA me kēlā me kēia hana.
• Ma kahi o kope, e kuhi i nā ʻikepili mai ka DNA i nā molekele liʻiliʻi o kekahi mea i kapa ʻia RNA (waikawa ribonucleic).
• Hoʻohālike ka RNA ma ka DNA, akā hoʻokahi wale nō ʻōnaehana.

Inā mākou e kahakiʻi i kahi aniani ma waena o DNA a me kahi puke waihona, a laila ʻike ka RNA ma aneʻi e like me kahi ʻaoʻao me ka ʻōmole o ka puke.

ʻO ke kaʻina o ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka ʻike ma o ka mekena RNA i ka protein ka hoʻopau me ke kōkua o kahi moleki koʻikoʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo "ribosome".

Hana kēia kaʻina i kēlā me kēia cell ola, ʻo ia hoʻi i nā maʻi maʻalahi maʻalahi. I mea e mālama ai i ke ola, he mea nui e like me ka meaʻai a me ka hanu.

No laila, ʻo ka wehewehe ʻana o ke ʻano o ke ola e hōʻike i ke ʻano o ka trio paʻakikī ʻO DNA, RNA a me ka ribosa.

ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka DNA a me RNA.

Ua paʻakikī loa nā mea a pau.

Ua like me nā manaʻo o Oparin a me Haldane nā mea maʻalahi loa a me ka hoʻokolohua ʻana o Miller, i hana ʻia he mau waʻa amino e pono ai ke kūkulu ʻia o ka protein. I ke ala lōʻihi o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke ola, ʻo kāna noiʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi, he mea kūpono wale nō ia o ke kaʻina mua.

"Hana ka DNA i ka hana RNA i ka protein, āpau i loko o ka peke paʻa i mea hoʻomehana," wahi a John Sutherland. "Nānā ʻoe iā ia ae pīhoihoi i ka paʻakikī. He aha kā mākou e hana ai e loaʻa i ka pūhui mea kikoʻī e hana i kēia mau mea i hoʻokahi?

Hoʻomaka paha ke ola me RNA?

ʻO ka mea mua e hoʻāʻo e pane i kēia nīnau he mea kākia Pelekānia ʻo Leslie Orgel. ʻO ia kekahi o nā mea mua i ʻike i ka hiʻohiʻona DNA i haku ʻia e Crick lāua ʻo Watson, a ua kōkua hope i ka NASA ma ke ʻano o ka papahana Viking, kahi i hoʻouna ʻia ai nā module ʻāina i Mars.

Hoʻolālā ʻo Orgel e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka hana. I ka makahiki 1968, me ke kākoʻo o Crick, ua hōʻike ʻo ia ʻaʻole ʻaʻohe protein a he DNA paha i nā papa ola mua. I ka hewa, ua pili lākou a kokoke loa i ka RNA. I kēia hihia, pono nā ʻōnaehana RNA mua i ka honua holoʻokoʻa. No ka laʻana, pono lākou e hana i kā lākou kope ponoʻī, e hoʻohana paha i ka papa hana pili like me ka DNA.

He manaʻo maikaʻi ka manaʻo e hoʻomaka ana ke ola me RNA i nā noiʻi hou aʻe. A lilo nō ia i kumu kumu no ka hakakā kūloko ʻana i ka ʻepekema ʻepekema, ʻaʻole i pau i kēia lā.

I ka manaʻo e hoʻomaka ana ke ola me ka RNA a me kekahi mea ʻē aʻe, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Orgel i kekahi o nā mea nui loa o ke ola - ka hiki ke hoʻohālikelike iā ia iho - i hele mua ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole ʻo ia wale no ka mea i kū mua ai ke ola, akā ua kamaʻilio e pili ana i ke ʻano maoli o ke ola.

Ua ʻae ka nui o nā poʻe ola ololi i ka manaʻo o Orgel, ʻo "ka hua hou ka mua." I loko o ka'ōlelo o Darwin e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana, aia ka hiki i ke kūmākena i ke alo mua: ʻo ia wale nō ke ala no ke kino ke "lanakila" i kēia lāhui - ʻo ia hoʻi, waiho i nā keiki he nui.

Ua hāʻawi mua ʻo Leslie Orgel i ka manaʻo o ka nui o nā cell i hana ma ke kumu o RNA.

Mahele i 3 mau pā

Akā he mau hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe o ke ola, he like nui.

ʻO ka mea ʻike nui loa o ka hana ka metabolism: ʻo ka hiki ke hoʻomoʻo i ka ikehu o ke kaiapuni a hoʻohana iā ia no ke ola.

No nā biologists he nui, ʻo ka metabolism kahi mea e wehewehe pono ai i ke ola, kau lākou i ka hana no ka hoʻohuli i ka lua o ka noho.

No laila, e hoʻomaka ana i ka 1960s, ʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema e hakakā nei me ka mea huna o ke kumu o ke ola e hoʻomaka e hoʻokaʻawale i nā kau he 2.

"ʻO ka mea i hala ua hōʻike mua i ka hoʻomakaʻana o ka metabolism ma mua o ka genetics, ʻo ke ʻano o nā manaʻo ʻē aʻe," i wehewehe ʻo Sutherland.

Aia kahi kolu o kahi kolamu, e ʻōlelo ana i ka mea mua i kahi pahu no nā molika nui e kū pono ʻia, ʻaʻole e ʻae ʻia lākou e hoʻokaʻawale.

"Ua manaʻo ʻia ka Compartalization e hele ma mua, no ka mea me ka ʻole o ka nui o ka cellism, ʻaʻohe ʻōlelo," wehewehe ʻo Sutherland.

I ka huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ua kū pono paha kahi papa i nā mea i hoʻomaka ai ke ola, ʻoiai ua hoʻonui mua ʻo Oparin lāua ʻo Haldane i nā makahiki he mau makahiki i hala aku nei, a ʻo kēia pūlela paha e hoʻopiʻi ʻia me nā poli a me nā lipids maʻalahi.

Ua loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻekolu manaʻo kāna mau kākoʻo a ola a hiki i kēia lā. Ua poina nā ʻepekema ʻepekema i nā limahana hoʻonanika a nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo me ka makapō i ke kākoʻo ʻana i kekahi o nā manaʻo ʻekolu.

Ma ke hopena, ua hui pinepine ʻia nā ʻepekema ʻepekema e pili ana i kēia pilikia, a ua lohe pinepine nā mea nūpepa i uhi i kēia mau hanana ʻana i nā loiloi o nā poʻe ʻepekema mai kahi kahua e pili ana i ka hana a kā lākou mau hoa hana mai nā ʻano ʻelua.

Mahalo iā Orgel, ua hoʻomaka ka manaʻo no ka ola me RNA i ka lehulehu i hoʻokahi manawa i ka pane.

A i nā makahiki 1980, ua ʻike ʻia kahi mea hoʻomaka e hōʻoia maoli nei i ka hypothesis Orgel.

He aha ka mea mua: container, metabolism a genetics?

No laila, i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1960, ua mahele ʻia nā ʻepekema i 3 mau kahua hoʻomoana i ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi pane i ka hoʻokele o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke ola ma ka honua.

1. ʻO ka mea kahiko ke maopopo i ke ola me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā pihi moʻomeheu o nā mua o nā ʻōloola.
2. Ua manaʻo ka lua e ʻo ka mua a me ke kī nui ka hana hoʻokūkū o ka metabolic.
3. Ua paʻa ka poʻe ʻē aʻe i ka pono o ka genetics a me ka hoʻohuli (replication).

Ke hoʻāʻo nei kēia pae ʻekolu i ke ʻano o ka mea hoʻohā mua mua o ka mea hoʻohālikelike, e mālama ana i ka manaʻo e pono ai ka mea e pono ai ka RNA.

ʻO nā maka he nui o RNA

I ka makahiki 1960, ua nui nā kumu ʻepekema e manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo RNA ke kumu o ke ola āpau.

Ua komo kēia mau kumu i ka hiki ʻana o RNA i ka mea hiki ʻole i ka DNA.

Ma ke ʻano he hoʻokahi o ka molekahi hoʻokahi, hiki iā RNA ke leʻa aku, e hāʻawi iā ia iho i kekahi mau ʻano like ʻole.

Ua like nui ka Origami-form RNA i nā protein i kāna ʻano. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, pono nā kaulahao i nā kaulahao lōʻihi, akā aia i nā waikona amino, ʻaʻole i ka nucleotides, e hiki ai iā lākou ke hana i nā mea paʻakikī hou aʻe.

ʻO kēia ke kī i ka mea kupanaha o ka maikaʻi o nā protein. Hiki i kekahi mau protein ke hoʻolele i, a i ʻole "catalyze," i hoʻohālikelike ʻia. Ua kapa ʻia kēia mau ʻōmaʻomaʻi i nā enzyme.

No ka laʻana, aia nā ʻōpū o nā kānaka i nā huaʻai he nui e hoʻokaʻawale i nā molekui meaʻai i loko o nā mea maʻalahi (e like me ke kō) - ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea e hoʻohana ʻia e kā mākou mau cell. ʻO ka noho ola ʻole me nā enzyme e maʻalahi wale nō. No ka laʻana, ka make hope o ka hapalua o ke kaikuahine o Korea ma ke kahua mokulele o Malaysia ma muli o ke ʻano he kaila (enme) e kāohi ana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ke kūlohelohe a VX ua pau ka hana i loko o kona kino - ma muli o ka hopena, ua maʻi ka ʻōnaehana hanu a make ka mea i make i loko o kekahi mau minuke. He mea koʻikoʻi nā Enzymes no ka hana ʻana o ko mākou kino.

Ua hoʻokomo ʻo Leslie Orgel lāua ʻo Francis Crick i kahi pōkahi. Inā hiki i RNA ke hoʻohui, e like me ka hana o ka protein, hiki nō iā ia ke hana hou i nā huina?

Inā hoʻohuli ʻia kēia mau ʻano, a laila hiki iā RNA ke ʻatikala - a me ka lehulehu loa - nā molekele ola e mālama ana i ka ʻikepili (e like me ka hana a DNA) a catalyzes mauʻano, he ʻano o kekahi mau protein.

He mea maikaʻi ka manaʻo, akā ma ka 10 mau makahiki e hiki mai ana ʻaʻohe hōʻike e kākoʻo iā ia.

ʻO ka Hoʻonaʻauao RNA

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Thomas Check a hānai ʻia ʻo ia ma Iowa. ʻOiai i ka wā kamaliʻi, ʻo kona aloha nui loa he mau pōhaku a me nā minela. A eia nō hoʻi i ke kula kiʻekiʻe he hale maʻamau ʻo ia me nā kaonaʻāina o ke kulanui, kahi mea i hōʻike iā ia i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā hana minerala. Ua lilo ia i mau mea biochemist, e kau ana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o RNA.

I nā makahiki 1980, Chek a me kāna mau hoa hana ma ke Kulanui o Colorado ma Boulder i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kahi hanana unicellular i kapa ʻia ʻo Tetrahymena thermophile. ʻO ka māhele o kēia kaola kelepona ke komo nei i nā kaulahao RNA. Hōʻike e nānā ʻoi kekahi o nā ʻāpana o ka RNA i ka manawa i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā mea'ē aʻe, me he mea lā ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia me nā ʻoki.

I ka hoʻokau ʻana o kāna hui i nā enzyme a me nā molekikela ʻē aʻe i hana i ke ʻano o nā ʻolihi molekō, hoʻomau ʻo RNA e hoʻokaʻawale i kēia māhele. I ka manawa like, ua loaʻa ka hāmeʻa RNA mua: kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o RNA hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou iho mai nā kaulahao nui a ia i pili.

E nānā i paʻi i nā hopena i 1982. I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope iho, ua ʻike nā mea noiʻi hou i ka lua o ka enzyme RNA, ʻo "ribozyme".

No ka ʻike ʻelua mau RNA enzyme i loaʻa i nā nūhou, ua ʻōlelo aku nā kānaka ʻepekema i hiki ke loaʻa hou aku. I kēia manawa a nui aʻe nā mea e ʻōlelo i ka manaʻo o ke ola me ka RNA.

Ua loaʻa iā Thomas Check ka huina mua RNA.

RNA Honua

ʻO ka mea mua i kapa i kēia manaʻo ʻo Walter Gilbert

Me ke kanaka olakino ka mea i hoʻomaka nui i loko o ka biology molekula, ʻo Gilbert kekahi o nā mea mua i hāpai no ka ʻatikala o ka hopena o ka hana a ke kanaka.

I loko o kahi puke i ka puke nūpepa ʻo 1986 i ka puke moʻi Nature, ua hōʻike ʻo Gilbert e hoʻomaka ka ola ma ke kumu ʻo RNA World.

ʻO ka hana mua o ka evolution, e like me Gilbert, i hana ʻia "kahi kaʻina hana a RNA molekikina i hana ʻia i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka nucleotides."

Ma ke kope ʻana a kau i nā pōpoki RNA like ʻole i kahi kaula maʻamau, hana nui nā molekula RNA i nā kaula paʻa e pili ana i nā mea i loaʻa. I ka hopena, ua hiki mai ka manawa i aʻo ai lākou e hana i nā protein a me nā enzyme protein, ka mea i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā mana RNA, no ka hapa nui o ka neʻe ʻana iā lākou a hāʻawi mai i ke ola a mākou e ʻike nei i kēia lā.

ʻO ka RNA World kahi ala nani e hana i nā mea ola olakino mai ka wā o ka wā.

Ma kēia kumuhana, ʻaʻohe pono e hilinaʻi i ka manawa like me ka nui o nā molololi ʻoiola i loko o ka "lehu mua", e lawa ia i hoʻokahi molekō kahi e hoʻomaka ai ia.

Hoʻolālā o

I ka 2000, ua loaʻa i ka RNA World hypothesis kahi hōʻike paʻa.

Ua lilo ʻo Thomas Steitz i 30 mau makahiki e aʻo ai i ke ʻano o nā molekele ma nā hale ola. I nā makahiki 90, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia i ka aʻo nui o kona ola: ʻo ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ke ʻano o ka ribosome.

I kēlā me kēia mea ola, aia kahi ribosa. Heluhelu kēia mau molekele nui i nā ʻōlelo mai ka RNA a hoʻohui i nā waikawa amino e hana i nā protein. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ribosome i loko o nā ʻāpana kanaka i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ke kino.

I kēlā manawa, ua ʻike mua ʻia e loaʻa ana ka Rosa i ka RNA. Akā i ka 2000, ua hōʻike ka hui Steitz i kahi kikoʻī kikoʻī o ke ʻano o ka ribosome, kahi i kū ai ʻo RNA ma ke ʻano catalytic o ka ribosa.

He mea koʻikoʻi kēia ʻike, akā e noʻonoʻo pono ana i ka mea kahiko a me ka waiwai nui no ka ola ʻo ia ka ribosa. ʻO ke ʻano ʻo ia mau hana nui i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka RNA i hana ka manaʻo o ka "RNA World" i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻimi i ka kaiāulu ʻepekema. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea kākoʻo o ka manaʻo o ka "RNA World" i ʻoliʻoli i ka loaʻa, a ua loaʻa ʻo Steitz i ka Nobel Hanau ma 2009.

Akā ma hope o kēlā, hoʻomaka nā mea ʻepekema i kanalua.

Nā pilikia o ka "RNA World" ʻohi

ʻO ke kumumanaʻo o ka "RNA World" ma mua he ʻelua pilikia.

ʻO ka mua, hiki i ka RNA ke hana i nā hana koʻikoʻi āpau? A ua hiki ke hana i nā kūlana o ka Honua mua?

30 mau makahiki i hala aku nei mai ka wā i hana ai ʻo Gilbert i ka mana o ka "RNA World", ʻaʻole naʻe mākou i ʻike i mau hōʻike ʻoi loa ʻo RNA hiki i nā mea āpau i wehewehe ʻia i ka kumumanaʻo. ʻAe, he mea hoʻohālike kupanaha kupanaha nei, akā ʻo hoʻokahi mea nui ʻo RNA no nā hana a pau i kuhikuhi ʻia iā ia?

Ke kue nei kekahi. Inā hoʻomaka ke ola me kahi molekula RNA, ʻo ia ka mea e hiki iā RNA ke hana i kāna mau kope ponoʻī, a i ʻole nā ​​mea hoʻohālike.

Akā ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia kekahi RNA kaulana o kēia mana. No ka hana ʻana i kahi kope kope maoli o kahi māhele RNA a DNA paha, pono i nā nui o nā enzyme a me nā molekue hou.

No laila, i ka hopena o 80s, ua hoʻomaka kahi pūʻulu o nā mea noiʻi i kahi noi. Ua manaʻo lākou e hana iā RNA i hiki iā lākou ke kahakaha iho.

ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hana i ka RNA pono-ake pono

ʻO Jack Shostak o ke Kula Kauka ʻo Harvard ka mea mua o kēia mau mea noiʻi. Mai kona wā kamaliʻi, ua nui loa kāna minamina i nā kemika a ua hoʻohuli ʻo ia i kona papa i loko o kahi labeli. Ua haʻalele ʻole ʻo ia i kona palekana, ka mea i alakaʻi i ka pahū ʻana i puhi i ke kīleʻahaʻa aniani i ka papakū.

I nā makahiki 80, hōʻike maoli ʻo Shostak i ka ʻano e pale ai nā gen kūʻokoʻa iā lākou iho i ke kaʻina hana kahiko. Ma kēia noiʻi mua e lawe iā ia i ka papa inoa o nā pono lanakila o Nobel.

Akā ua lilo koke ia e noiʻi ʻia e ka noiʻi a Chek e pili ana i nā pūnaehana RNA. "Manaʻo wau he hana maikaʻi loa kēia," wahi a Shostak. "Ma ke kānāwai, hiki i ka RNA ke hiki i ka lawelawe ke mālama i kāu mau kope."

I ka makahiki 1988, ua loaʻa iā Chek kahi pūpū RNA hiki i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka molekula RNA 10-nucleotide liʻiliʻi.

Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Shostak e hele i mua a hoʻokumu i nā enzyme RNA hou i ka laboratorium. Ua kipa aku kāna hui i kahi pūʻulu o nā kuʻekuʻe manuahi a hoʻāʻo i kēlā me kēia e loaʻa i ka liʻiliʻi i hoʻokahi e loaʻa ai he hiki i ka pīhoihoi. Eia kekahi, ua loli ka hana, a hoʻomau ka hoʻāʻo.

Ma hope o nā ho'āʻo 10, hiki iā Shostak ke hana i kahi enzyme RNA e, ma ke ʻano he aniani, ua hoʻololi hou i ka hopena 7 miliona mau manawa ma mua o ka hana ma ka hihiu.

Ua hōʻoia ka hui a Shostak e hiki i ka ikaika o nā huila o ka RNA. Akā ʻaʻole hiki i kā lākou enzyme ke hana i kā lākou replicas. He mea make ia no Shostak.

ʻO Enzyme R18

I ka makahiki 2001, ua hoʻopuka hou ʻia ka haumāna hou aʻe o Shostak - David Bartel mai Massachusetts Institute of Technology ma Cambridge.

Ua hana ʻo Bartel i kahi pūnaehana RNA i kapa ʻia ʻo R18, i hiki ke hoʻohui i ka nukleotides hou i ke kaula RNA e pili ana i nā mea i loaʻa.

I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻopili ka enzyme i nā nucleotides random, akā kope pololei i ka hana.

ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻopiʻi ponoʻī ʻana iā ia iho, akā, pololei ka kuhikuhi.

Loaʻa ka enzyme o R18 i kahi kaulahao o nā 189 nucleotides, a hiki ke hoʻohui i kahi ʻē aʻe 11 - ʻo ia hoʻi, 6% o kona lōʻihi. Ua manaʻo nā mea noiʻi i kekahi mau hoʻokolohua hou aʻe hiki i kēia 6% ke hoʻololi i ka 100%.

ʻO ka mea e kūlei nui ana ma kēia kahua ʻo Philip Holliger mai ka Laboratory of Molecular Biology ma Cambridge. I ka makahiki 2011, ua hoʻololi kā kāna hui i ka enzyme R18 e hana i ka enzyme tC19Z, hiki iā ia ke kope i kahi huina a hiki i 95 nucleotides. Ua helu kēia no 48% o kona lōʻihi - ʻoi aku ia ma mua o R18, akā he 100% ʻaʻole pono ia.

ʻO Gerald Joyce lāua ʻo Tracy Lincoln o Scripps La Jolla Research Institute i hāʻawi i kahi ala hou aʻe i ka hoʻopuka. I ka 2009, ua hana lākou i kahi enzyme RNA e hoʻokumu ana i kāna hoʻopili kūkaʻa ʻole.

Hoʻokomo pū kā lākou kaila i nā hua pōkole ʻelua o ka RNA a hoʻokumu i kekahi enzyme. Aia ia, e hoʻohui pū i ʻelua ʻāpana ʻokoʻa ʻo RNA e hōʻeuʻeu i ka hoʻoneʻeneʻe mua.

Me nā kumuwaiwai kumu, hiki ke hele ʻole kēia ʻōpiopio maʻalahi. Akā, hana pono nā huina hana inā ke loaʻa iā lākou nā kaula RNA pololei i haku ʻia e Joyce lāua ʻo Lincoln.

No nā poʻe ʻepekema he nui manaʻo ʻole o ka manaʻo o ka "RNA World", ʻo ka nele o ka hoʻohiʻona pono ʻole o ka RNA ke kumu nui o ka kānalua. ʻAʻole hoʻokō ʻo RNA i ka hana o ka mea nāna i hana i kahi ola holoʻokoʻa.

ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o RNA mai ka pipiʻi, ʻaʻole i hoʻohui i ka manaʻo kūpono. ʻOiai ʻo ka RNA he mea maʻalahi maʻalahi ka molekopa ma mua o ka DNA, ua hōʻoia ʻia ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia he pilikia kupaianaha.

Hoʻonui pinepine ʻia nā lela mua ma ka hoʻokaʻawale.

ʻO ka pilikia he gula

ʻO nā mea āpau o ke kō i loaʻa ma kēia o ka nucleotide a me ka kumu nucleotide.He mea maoli ia e hana iā lākou i kahi kaʻawale, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopili pū iā lākou.

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā 90s, ua maopopo mua kēia pilikia. Ua manaʻo ʻo ia ua nui nā poʻe ʻepekema o ka RNA World hypothesis, ʻaʻohe mea e nānā a nani paha, e noho nei wale nō he hypothesis.

• Aia nō naʻe, aia kekahi lela mole ma mua o ka Honua: he maʻalahi ia i ka RNA a hiki i ka ʻuluʻulu i ʻākoakoa mai ka "punahula mua" a ma hope e hoʻomaka ka hana hōʻuluʻulu pono.
• ʻO kēia molelie ka mea mua, a ma hope ona RNA, DNA a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Polyamide Nukleid Acid (PNA)

I ka makahiki 1991, ua ʻike ʻo Peter Nielsen o ke Kulanui o Copenhagen ma Denemaka e loaʻa i kahi moho kūpono no ke kuleana o nā mea kuhi kumu mua.

I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he hoʻomaikaʻi koʻikoʻi o ka AD. Ua haʻalele ʻo Nielsen i ke kumu i loli ʻole - maʻamau A, T, C, a me G - akā naʻe i ke hoʻohana ʻana i nā moleki gula, ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i mau molekule i kapa ʻia he polyamides.

Ua kāhea ia i ka hopena hopena o ke aniani a he polyamide nucleic acid, a i ʻole PNA. Akā, i ka wā o ka manawa, ua wehe ka decoding o ka pōkole no kekahi mau kumu i ka "peptide nucleic acid".

I ke kūlohelohe, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ʻo PNA. Akā ua like kona ʻano me ke ʻano o ka DNA. Hiki i ke kaulahao PNA ke hoʻololi i ka kaulahao i ka molekika DNA, a me nā waihona kumu e like me ka maʻamau. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ʻo PNA i helix, e like me DNA.

Minamina ʻo Stanley Miller. Me ka hopohopo hohonu e pili ana i ka manaʻo o ka "RNA World", ua manaʻo ʻo ia ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka PNA no ka hana o nā ʻano genetic mua.

I ka 2000, ua kākoʻo ʻo ia i kāna manaʻo me nā hōʻike. Ma ia manawa ua piha ʻo ia iā 70 ona makahiki a ua loaʻa iā ia kekahi mau hōʻeha, a ma hope ʻo ia i hoʻopau ai i kahi hale hānai, akā ʻaʻole ʻo ia e haʻalele.

Ua hōʻike hou ʻo Miller i kāna hoʻokolohua maʻamau i wehewehe ʻia ma mua, i kēia manawa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka methane, nitrogen, ammonia a me ka wai, a ua loaʻa hope i ka polyamide base PNA.

Ua hahai ia mai laila mai ma ka Honua i mua he hiki ke loaʻa nā kūlana no ka hōʻike o PNA, i ka ʻokoʻa i ka RNA.

Kūleʻa ka hanana PNA ma ka DNA.

Hoʻoikaika acid acid acid (TNC)

I kēia manawa, ua hana kekahi mea pena hou i kā lākou pūloi kūlohelohe ponoʻī.

I ka makahiki 2000, ua hana ʻo Albert Eschenmozer i ka threose-nucleic acid (TNC).

I ka uluʻana, ʻo ia ka like o ka DNA, akā me ka like o ke kō o ka kō i ke kumu. Hiki i nā kaulike a ka TNC ke pālua me ka helix, a hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ka ʻike mai RNA i TNCs a me kekahi.

Eia kekahi, hiki i nā TNC ke hana i nā ʻano paʻakikī, me ke ʻano o ka protein. ʻIke ʻia kēia e hiki i ka TNC ke hana ma ke ʻano he enzyme, e like me RNA.

ʻO ka huaila no Glycol Nukika (GNA)

I ka makahiki 2005, hana ʻo Eric Megger i kahi acidic glycol, hiki iā ia ke hana i kahi helix.

Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia koina nīneka ke kākoʻo i nā mea a lākou i kākoʻo: maʻamau ʻo ka mea nāna i hana i nā aikine.

Akā ma ka hana maoli ʻaʻohe ona hanu o kēia mau nucleic acid, no laila ke manaʻo nei ua hoʻohana ʻia lākou e ko lākou ola mua, ma kekahi manawa pono lākou e haʻalele iā lākou i ke aloha iā RNA a me DNA.

Hōʻalo ʻia ke kani, akā ʻaʻole i kākoʻo ʻia e nā hōʻike hōʻike.

He manaʻo maikaʻi, akā ...

No laila, ma ka waena o ka makahiki mua o ka makahiki 21, ua koi ʻia nā poʻe kākoʻo o ka RNA World e hōʻike nei.

Ma ka lima ʻē aʻe, loaʻa nā ʻōiwi RNA i ka kūlohelohe a hoʻokomo i kekahi o nā koina ʻalani nui o nā hana biology - ka ribosa. ʻAʻole ia he kino.

Eia nō naʻe, ma ia ʻaoʻao, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka loiloi RNA nāna i hoʻopuka maoli i ka kūlohelohe, ʻaʻohe mea e hiki ke wehewehe pono i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o ka RNA i ka "lemū mua". Ma ke ʻano he hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kēia hope o nā mea kūlohelohe kūlohelohe, akā ma ke ʻano kūlohelohe wale nō lākou. He maikaʻi kēia.

Ua maopopo ka ʻōlelo a ke kumu holoʻokoʻa o ka "RNA World": maikaʻi ka manaʻo, akā ʻaʻole i pau.

I kēia manawa, mai ka waena o nā makahiki 80, ua hoʻomohala maoli kekahi manaʻo hou. Ua hōʻoia kā kāna mau kākoʻo i ka hoʻomaka ʻana mai ke ola me RNA, DNA, a i ʻole kekahi mea ʻanoʻano'ē aʻe.I ko lākou manaʻo, ua hānau ʻia ke ola ma ke ʻano he ʻano hana no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu.

Ikehu mua?

No laila, i nā makahiki, ua ʻimi nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke ola i loko o 3 mau kahua.

Kūkū nā ʻelele o ka mea mua i hoʻomaka ke ola ʻana me kahi molekela RNA, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke ʻike i ke ʻano o ka molekula RNA a i ʻole like nā RNA like i kū like me ke ʻano o ka Honua a hoʻomaka i ka hana hou ʻana. ʻO ka kūleʻa o nāʻike ʻepekema i ka hauʻoli mua, akā i ka hopena, ua hiki i nā mea noiʻi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai ua holo paʻa ʻia kēia mau noiʻi, aia nō ka poʻe e maopopo ana i hānau ʻia ke ola ma ke ʻano ʻē.

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka manaʻo o ke "RNA World" i kahi manaʻo maʻalahi: ka hana nui o ke kino ʻo ia ka hiki ke hoʻohālikelike. Kūlike ka hapa nui o nā mea ola lāʻau i kēia. ʻO nā mea ola a pau, mai nā huakini a i nā kohola uliuli, e haʻalele ana i ka hua.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe hewa ka poʻe noiʻi no kēia pilikia e hele mai ka hana reproduction. ʻLelo lākou, ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana, pono ke lilo ka kino iā ʻoe iho. Pono ʻo ia e pono e mālama i ke ola iā ia iho. I ka hopena, ʻaʻole ʻoe e loaʻa i nā keiki inā make ʻoe ma mua o kēlā.

Kākoʻo mākou i ke ola ma o ka meaʻai, ʻoiai nā mea kanu ke hoʻopō i ka ikehu mai ka lā.

ʻAe, he mea leʻaʻai ʻaʻa ʻona e ʻai i ke kolo wai hoʻokeʻaka ʻaʻole like me he aakolo kenekulia.

ʻO ka ʻōpiopio ikehu ke kumu o ke ola.

Hāpai

E kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka ikehu o nā mea ola, ke mālama nei mākou i ka metabolism.

1. Loaʻa ka papa hana mua i ka ikaika, no ka laʻana, mai nā mea waiwai nui i ka ikehu (ma ka laʻana, gula.
2. ʻO ka lua ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka ikehu e kūkulu i nā selama olakino ma ke kino.

He mea koʻikoʻi ke kaʻina o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu, a ua maopopo ka nui o nā mea noiʻi, ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻomaka ai ke ola.

Akā pehea e like ai nā mea like me nā hana metabol wale nō?

ʻO ka manaʻo kumu mua a me nā mana koʻikoʻi hoʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e Gunther Wachtershauzer i nā makahiki he 80 o ka kenekulia 20. Ma ka ʻoihana, he loiloi kanaka ʻo ia, akā he ʻike maikaʻi i ka ʻoihana.

Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Wachtershauzer, ua ʻokoʻa "ka mea like ʻole i nā mea āpau a mākou e ʻike ai." ʻAʻole lākou i mālama i nā pehu. ʻAʻohe lākou i nā enzyme, DNA a i RNA.

No ka weheweheʻana, ua wehewehe ʻo Wachtershauser i ka kahe o ka wai wela e kahe ana mai ka lua pele. Ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka wai me nā hoʻomehana pele e like me ka ammonia a loaʻa nā nole o nā minima mai ka waena o ka lua pele.

Ma nā wahi a ke kahawai e kahe ana ma luna o nā pōhaku, ua hoʻomaka ka hopena kemika. ʻO nā Metals i loko o ka wai i hāʻawi ʻia i ka hana ʻana o nā pūhui organic nui mai nā mea maʻalahi.

He pōkole Metabola

ʻO ka huli huli ʻana o ke kaomi ʻana o ka hana pae mua mua.

Ma loko o kēia kaʻina hana, hele kekahi ʻano kinikini i kekahi mau mea ʻē aʻe, a pēlā aku, a hiki i ka hopena hope loa nā mea a pau i ka hana hou i ka waiwai mua.

I ka hana o ka kaʻina hana, hiki i ka ʻōnaehana āpau i komo i ka metabolism ka hōʻuluʻulu i ka ikehu, hiki ke hana hou e hoʻoiho hou i ka pōkole a i ʻole ka hoʻomaka i kekahi kaʻina hou.

ʻO nā pōkole metabolic, ʻoiai me ko lākou "mechanical", he mea waiwai nui ke ola.

ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe āpau i hāʻawi ʻia i nā mea hou o kēia mau mea (DNA, cell, brain) ma hope o kēia mau ʻano.

ʻO ka helehelena Metabolic ʻaʻole like like me ke ola. No laila, ua kapa ʻia ʻo Wachtershauser i kāna mea noiʻi "nā loina o mua" a kākau ʻo ia i "hiki ʻole ke kapa ʻia ʻo lākou ke ola."

Akā ke kū mau nei nā ʻikepili metabolic i hōʻike ʻia e Wachtershauser ma ke kikowaena o kekahi mea ola.

ʻO kāu mau kelepona he mau lāʻau mikroskopika e haki mau i kekahi mau mea, e hoʻohuli ana i nā mea'ē aʻe.

ʻO nā pōkole metabolic, ʻoiai me ko lākou "mechanical", he mea waiwai nui ke ola.

I nā makahiki he iwakāluakū i hala o ke kenekulia 20, ua mālama ʻo Wachtershauser i kāna moʻomeheu, a hoʻomālamalama i ka kikoʻī.Ua wehewehe ʻo ia ka mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā minerala ma mua o nā mea āpau a me nā mea ʻōpio hiki ke hana ʻia. Ua hoʻomaka kāna kumu e loaʻa ai nā mea kākoʻo.

ʻO ka hōʻoia hōʻoia

Akā ʻaʻole i hele aku nā mea ma mua o nā kumumanaʻo. Pono ke kiaʻi i kahi ʻike ikaika e hōʻoia i ka ʻepekema. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ua hana mua ʻia he ʻumi makahiki ma mua.

I ka makahiki 1977, ua k, hui 'o k hui' o Jack Corliss mai ke Kulanui o Oregon i loko o ka Moana Pakipika ma ka hikina he 2 mau kilomita (1.5 mau mile). Ua noiʻi nā ʻepekema ʻepekema i ke kauwela wela o Galapagos ma kahi e piʻi ai nā kuahiwi mai lalo. Ua ʻike ʻia nā awela he mau mea ikaika i ka luaʻi.

ʻIke ʻo Corliss ua aneane kokoke nā aniani i nā puna wela. Ua piʻi a wai ka wai wela a ka wai i lalo i lalo o ka wai.

ʻO ka mea kupanaha, ua hoʻopuni nui ʻia kēia mau "air hydrothermal" e nā mea ʻē ʻokoʻa. He mau manu nui nui kēia o nā ʻano, nā mussels a me nā annelids.

Ua piha hoʻi ka wai i nā maʻi. I kēia noho ʻana a pau o ke ola ʻana mai nā kaupuna hydrothermal.

ʻO ka wehe i nā kahe hydrothermal i hana iā Corliss i kahi maikaʻi maikaʻi loa. Ua noʻonoʻo pū ʻo ia iā ia.

Hāʻawi ka mau wai i ka moana i ke kai i ke ola o nā mea ola i kēia lā. Ua lilo paha ia i kumu kumu nui?

ʻO nā puna wai

I ka makahiki 1981, ua kuhikuhi ʻo Jack Corliss, aia nō ia mau mana i ka Honua ma 4 a 4 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, a ua puni ʻo lākou i hānau ʻia ke ola. Hoʻopaʻa houʻo ia i kāna hana āpau i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kēia manaʻo.

Ua manaʻo ʻo Corliss e hiki i nā ʻōpū hydrothermal ke hana i kahi hui o ka meaʻala. ʻO kēlā me kēia miki, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia, he ʻano o ka pauka nui "atom".

• ʻOiai ka wai wela e kahe ana i nā pōhaku, ka wela a me ka pohihihi nā kumu hoʻonaninani maʻalahi loa e hoʻohuli i nā mea i ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī e like me nā waikoma amino, nucleotides a me ke kō.
• E kokoke kokoke i ke kua i ka moana, kahi i ka wela ʻole ai ka wai, hoʻomaka lākou e hana i nā kaulahao, hana i nā kālaiʻai, nā protein a me nā nucleotides e like me DNA.
• A laila, aia i loko o ke kai ponoʻī, kahi i hoʻomoʻo ʻia ai ka wai, ua hōʻuluʻulu kēia mau molekula i loko o nā hale maʻalahi.

Ua hoʻokō maikaʻi ʻia nei ke kumumanaʻo a me nā hoihoi.

Akā ʻaʻole ʻo Stanley Miller i hōʻike ʻia ma mua o kona ʻano hoʻokolohua. I ka makahiki 1988, kākau ʻo ia ua wela loa nā puka ma loko o ke ola e hoʻopō ai i loko o lākou.

ʻO ka manaʻo o Corliss ka mea hiki i ka mahana wela ke hoʻowalewale i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā mea like e like me nā waikawa amino, akā hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolike a Miller hiki iā ia ke luku aku iā lākou.

ʻO nā mea nui e like me ka hilo hiki ke mau i kekona mau sekona.

Eia kekahi, hiki ʻole i kēia mau molekele maʻalahi ke hana i nā kaulahao, no ka mea, aneane koke ka wai e hoʻopuni iā ​​lākou.

Hoʻohana, a mahana hoʻi ...

I kēia manawa, ua hui pū ʻo geologist ʻo Mike Russell i ke kūkākūkā. Ua manaʻo ʻo ia ka kūpono o ka loiloi ma nā wanana a Wachtershauser e pili ana i nā mea mua. Ua alakaʻi ʻia kēia mau manaʻo iā ia e hana i kekahi o nā mea nui i kaulana e pili ana i ke kumu o ke ola.

Ua hele a ʻōpio ʻo Russell i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka aspirin a me ke aʻo ʻana i nā minamina waiwai. A i ka hiki ʻana o ka ʻānai ʻana o ka lua pele i nā makahiki he 60, ua koikoʻi ʻo ia me kahi papa hana pane, me ka ʻike ʻole ma hope ona. Akā makemake loa ʻo ia e aʻo e pehea ka hoʻololi o ka honua o ka honua ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole. ʻO ka manawa kūpono e nānā i ka mōʻaukala mai ka hiʻohiʻona o ka mea hoʻohana ʻikepili i hoʻokumu i kāna ʻano o ke kumu o ke ola.

I nā makahiki 80, ua loaʻa nō ʻo ia i nā popo, e hōʻike ana i ka wā kahiko ma laila he mau puna wai hydrothermal, ma kahi o ka mahana, ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma kahi o 150 degere Celsius. ʻO kēia mau hiʻohiʻona maʻalahi, ua hoʻopiʻi ʻo ia, hiki ke ʻae i nā molekula e lōʻihi aku i ka lōʻihi ma mua o ka manaʻo o Miller.

Eia kekahi, loaʻa kekahi mea hoihoi i nā lua o kēia mau wai i lalo o ka wela.ʻO kahi minerale i kapa ʻia he pyrite, nona ka hao a me ke kinikona, ma ke ʻano o nā pūpū 1 ​​mm lōʻihi.

Ma kāna kikowaena, ʻike ʻia ʻo Russell hiki i ka pyrite ke hana i nā pūpū spherical. Ua koi ʻo ia no ka hoʻopili mua ʻana o nā molekala palupalu mua i loko o nā hana pyrite.

I ka manawa like, hoʻomaka ʻo Wachttershauser e hoʻopuka i kāna mau kumuhana e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai i nā mea waiwai i nā kemika i ka pū me kekahi mineral. Ua ʻōlelo ʻoi aʻe ʻo ia i hiki ke pyrite i kēia kalima.

Hiki iā Russell ke hoʻohui wale iā 2 a me 2.

Ua hōʻoia ʻo ia ma loko o ka wai wela o ka hydrothermal ma loko o ke kai hohonu, kahi i hiki ai i nā hanganga pyrite, i hoʻomohala ʻia, nā huaʻina mua o ka Wachtershauser precursor. Inā ʻaʻole kuhi hewa ʻo Russell, a laila ua hoʻomaka ka ola i ka hohonu o ke kai, a ʻike mua ka metabolism.

Ua kau ʻia kēia mau mea ma kahi ʻatikala a Russell, paʻi ʻia ma 1993, 40 mau makahiki ma hope o ka hoʻokolohua maʻamau ʻo Miller.

ʻOi aku ka nui o ka ulu ʻana ma ka nūpepa, akā ʻaʻole ka haʻalele o ka ʻike i kēia. Ua hoʻohui ʻo Russell i ʻelua mau manaʻo like ʻole (Wachtershauzer mau huina a me nā puna wai Corliss hydrothermal) i loko o ka manaʻo pākahi hoʻokahi.

ʻOi aku ka manaʻo o ka manaʻo i ka haʻi ʻana o Russell i kona mau manaʻo i ka pehea o nā mea mua i lawe ai ka ikaika. I nā huaʻōlelo'ē aʻe, ua weheweheʻo ia i ka hana o kā lākou metabolism. Hoʻokumu ʻia kāna manaʻo i ka hana o kekahi o nā mea hoʻopoina loa o ka ʻepekema hou.

ʻO nā hoʻokolohua "hoʻohenehene" Mitchell

I nā makahiki 60, ua koi ʻia ka lāʻau biochemist Peter Mitchell e haʻalele iā Edinburgh University ma muli o ka maʻi.

Ua hoʻololi ʻo ia i ka mansion ma Cornwall i kahi kikowaena pilikino. I ke ʻoki ʻia ʻana mai ka kaiāulu ʻepekema, ua ʻoi ʻo ia i kāna hana ma ke kūʻai ʻana i ka waiū o kāna poʻe kīnā. He nui nā biochemist nui, e waiho pū ana me Leslie Orgel, nona nā haʻawina RNA i kūkākūkā ma mua, ua manaʻo ʻia he hana nui loa ʻo Mitchell.

Ma kahi kokoke i iwakālua mau makahiki ma hope, ua lanakila ʻo Mitchell ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka makana Nobel in Chemistry i 1978. ʻAʻole i lilo ʻo ia i kaulana, akā hiki i kāna mau manaʻo ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi puke e pili ana i ka biology.

Ua hoʻolaʻa ʻo Mitchell i kona ola e hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana i ka ikehu mai ka meaʻai. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ua makemake nui ʻo ia i ke ola ʻana mai ka lua a i ka lua.

Ua loaʻa i ka poʻe biochemist Pelekane ʻo Peter Mitchell ka Loka Nobel in Chemistry no kāna mau hana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hana o nā ʻano ATP synthesis.

Pehea e mālama ai ke kino i ka ikaika

Ua ʻike ʻo Mitchell na nā selela āpau e mālama i ka ikehu ma ka molowa kūikawā - adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ʻO ka mea nui ke kālai ʻia i kahi pilina ʻekolu ʻekolu i hoʻopili ʻia me ka adenosine. ʻO ka hoʻohuiʻana o ke kolu o ka phosphate e lawe nui ana i ka ikehu, ka mea i kau ma ATP.

Ke pono kahi cell i kahi ikehu (no ka laʻana, me ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka muse) e hōʻoki ana i ke kolu o ka phosphate ʻekolu mai ATP. Hoʻohuli kēia i ka ATP i loko o adenosidiphosphate (ADP) a hoʻokuʻu i ka mālama mālama ʻia.

Makemake ʻo Mitchell i ka hoʻomaopopo pehea e hoʻokele ai nā cell i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka ATP. Pehea ko lākou hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ikaika nui i ka ADP e hui pū ai i ka lua o ka phosphate?

ʻIke ʻo Mitchell ʻo ka enzyme e hoʻopuka ai i ka ATP ma luna o ka membrane. Kē hōʻa ʻia ʻo ia e hoʻopiʻi i nā pulu pākuʻi i nā palapona i kapa ʻia nā protons ma loko o ka membrane, a no laila he nui nā protons ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻoiai ʻaʻole aneane kekahi ma kekahi.

A laila hoʻāʻo nā protons e hoʻi i ka membrane i mea e mālama ai i ka kaulike i kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao, akā hiki iā lākou ke komo wale i ka enzyme. Hāʻawi ka kahe ʻana o nā protons puʻu i ka enzyme i ka ikaika e pono ai e hana ai i ka ATP.

Ua hōʻike mua ʻo Mitchell i kēia manaʻo i ka makahiki 1961. I nā makahiki 15 e hiki mai ana, ua pale ʻo ia i kāna manaʻo ku i ke kaua ʻana, me ka hōʻike ʻole ʻia ʻole.

ʻO kēia lā ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ke kaʻina hana i hōʻike ʻia e Mitchell kahi meaʻokoʻa o nā mea ola a pau o ka honua. E kū ana kēia i kāu mau cell i kēia manawa. E like me ka DNA, ʻo kahi kumu nui kēia o ke ola a mākou e ʻike ai.

Kakolika

Catharheon aeon (Helene kahikoκατἀρχαῖος - "ma lalo iho nei i ka wā kahiko"), 4.6–4 bilela mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka mana protoplanetary o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka Honua. Hoʻopuni i ka hapa hapa mua o ka ʻAlekia. ʻO ka honua i ia manawa he kino anu a me kahi anuanu ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia. I kēlā mau kūlana, ʻaʻohe ola ʻē aʻe.

ʻAʻole maʻeu ka lewa i ka wā catarchea. ʻO ia ka wai o ka wai a me ka uahi wai i ʻike ʻia i ka wā o ke kolo ʻana o ka Honua me nā asteroids.

Ma muli o ka hiki o ke kokoke kokoke loa i ka Paka (ʻo 170 mau haneli mau km) ka Honua (ʻumi - 40 mano km) ʻaʻole nō i lōʻihi ka lā. Akā, ke ʻano o ka mahina, hoʻomaka ka lā.

ʻO Proterozoic Aeon (2.5 biliona - 543 miliona mau makahiki i ka makahiki)

ʻO ka Proterozoic (Greek πρότερος - mua, kahiko, Helene ζωή - ola) i hōʻailona ʻia e ka ulu ʻana o nā mea paʻakikī, ʻuhū a me nā holoholona (ma ke ʻano he sponges). Hoʻopili ʻia ke ola ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Proterozoic ma loko o ke kai, no ka mea ʻaʻole i ʻāpono ʻia nā kūlana ma ka ʻāina: ʻo ka lewa ke kumu o ka hydrogen sulfide, CO₂, N₂, CH₄, a me kahi hapa uuku loa o O₂.

Eia nō naʻe, hoʻomaka ka huaʻai e noho ana i loko o ke kai i kēlā manawa₂ e like me ka huahana huakaʻi, a me 2 mau tausani mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua loaʻa ka nui o ke oxygen i kahi kiʻekiʻe. Akā ʻo ka piʻi nui o ka oxygen i ka lewa i alakaʻi i kahi pōʻino o ka oxygen, kahi i huli ai i kahi loli o nā ʻōpū hanu o nā mea ola i noho ai nā loko o kēlā manawa (ua hoʻohuli ʻia nā anaerobic e nā aerobic) a me kahi loli i ka pūnaehana o ka ea (hoʻokumu i ke kime ozone). Ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka hopena o ka home me ka Honua, ua hele mai kahi mahana o Huron: ua hāʻule ka mahana i ka −40 ° С.

Loaʻa nā pona o nā multicellular mua ma hope o ka glaciation. I kēlā manawa, ua noho ʻia nā moana e nā holoholona e like me ka spriggin (Spriggina) - nā holoholona ulaula i loaʻa ke poʻo a me ka hope. E lilo paha kēia mau holoholona i nā kūpuna o nā holoholona o kēia wā.

Paleoproterozoic

Paleoproterozoic - ke ʻano kikowaena, kahi ʻāpana o ka Proterozoic, i hoʻomaka i ka 2.5 bilela mau makahiki i hala aku nei a hoʻopau i 1,6 biliona makahiki i hala aku nei. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka hoʻokū mua ʻana o nā konika. ʻO Cyanobacteria, kahi ʻano o nā huakini e hoʻohana ana i ke kaʻina biochemical i ke kiʻi o ka photosynthesis e hoʻoulu ai i ka ikehu a me ka oxygen, ua ulu ʻia i kēia manawa.

ʻO ka mea koʻikoʻi ka hanana nui o ka Paleoproterozoic manawa he catastrophe oxygen. Ma mua o ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka ʻike o ka oxygen i ka lewa, aneane nā mea ola āpau i loaʻa i ka anaerobes, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka metabolism ma nā mea ola e hilinaʻi nei i nā ʻano hana o ka hanela, ʻaʻole i koi ka oxygen. ʻO ka komo ʻana o nā nui o ka oxygen he mea pōʻino i ka hapa nui o ka nui o ka nui anaerobic, no laila i kēia manawa ua nalowale ka hapa nui o nā mea ola ma ka Honua. ʻO ke koena o ke ola olaola kekahi o ka pale ʻana i ka hopena o ka hāleo a me nā hopena o ke o ka oxygen, a i ʻole ko lākou hele ʻana i ke ola o ke ola ma kahi o ka oxygen.

Neoproterozoic

NeoproterozoicPelekania ʻO ka Neoproterozoic Era he manawa geochronological (ʻo ke manawa hope o ka Proterozoic), i hoʻomaka ai ʻo 1000 miliona mau makahiki i hala a ua hoʻopau i ka 542 miliona mau makahiki i hala.

Mai kahi ʻano kuhihewa, ʻike ʻia e ka hina ʻana o ka puʻu kahiko o Rodinia ma lalo o 8 mau ʻāpana, kahi i pili ai me ka lewa kahiki o Mirovia e pau ai. I ka wā cryogenesis, ua nui ka hona nui o ka honua - kahi i loaʻa ka hau i ka eku (ʻo ka hau-hau honua.

ʻO ka neoproterozoic hope (Ediacarius) e pili ana i nā koena mua loa o nā mea ola ola, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻomaka ai kekahi ʻano o ka ʻāʻī mānoanoa a i ʻole nāhelehe.

Ka manawa kahiki (543-490 miliona mau makahiki i hala)

I ka wā o Kūkū, ʻike koke kekahi hū nui o nā mea ola - nā kūpuna o nā ʻelele o kēia manawa i nā ʻāpana he nui o ke aupuni holoholona (i loko o nā ʻaʻalā ma mua o ka poʻe Kūkū, ʻaʻole i koe nā koena o ia mau mea).ʻO kēia hanana, ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia ma ke ʻano heʻepekema, akā i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he mau miliona mau makahiki, ʻike ʻia ʻo ia i ka ʻepekema e like me ka huluhulu ʻo Cambrian.

Loaʻa nā fossil i nā holoholona o ka manawa no Cambrian i loaʻa pinepine iā lākou ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. I ka wā hoʻomaka o ka manawa o Cambrian (ma kahi o 540 miliona mau makahiki i hala), ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi maka paʻakikī i kekahi mau holoholona o nā holoholona. ʻO ke ʻano o kēia okana kekahi papa évolusioner nui - hiki i kēia mau holoholona ke ʻike i ka honua a puni lākou. No laila, ua hiki i nā mea i hōʻea i kēia manawa ke ʻike i ka poʻe lawaiʻa, a hiki i ka poʻe lawaiʻa ke ʻike i kā lākou mau pōmaikaʻi.

I ka wā Pokole, ʻaʻole noho ka ʻāina i ka ʻāina. Akā ʻo ka nui o nā kai he wahi nakiʻi e nā invertebrates, no ka laʻana, sponges, trilobites, anomalocars. Mai ka manawa o ka ʻāina, ua kanu nā kai nui o nā kai kai i nā kai o nā mea ʻona ma lalo o ke aniani siliki. Mahalo i kēia mau ʻāina ʻāina, hiki iā mākou keʻike i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ke ʻano nui o ke aupuni holoholona o ka manawa like a Cambrian, no ka mea, ua mālama pono ʻia nā holoholona palupalu palu i loko o ka silt me ​​nā fossils.

I loko o ke kai o ka manawa hope o Cambrian, ʻo nā hui nui o nā holoholona nā arthropods, echinoderms, a me nā mollusks. Akā ʻo ka mea nui nui e noho ana i ka moana i ia manawa, ʻo ia ka mea haikouihtis manuahi - ʻo ka manawa pū kekahi i kona mau maka, ua hana ʻo ia i kahi kō.

Hana hana (490-443 Ma aku nei)

I ka noho ʻana o ka ʻāina Ordovician i noho ʻole ʻia, me ka ʻole o nā lichens, ʻo ia ke kumu mua o nā mea kanu e noho ana ma ka ʻāina. Akā ua ulu maoli ke ola nui i loko o ke kai.

ʻO nā kānaka nui o nā kai ʻo Ordovician he mau arthropods, e like me megalograph. Hiki iā lākou ke hele iki i ka ʻāina e waiho i ka hua manu. Akā aia kekahi mau kamaʻāina ʻē aʻe, no ka laʻana, he ʻelele o ka pūnaewele cephalopod cell orthoconus.

ʻAʻole hoʻopili pono ʻia nā holoholona vertebrate i loko o ka Ordovician. Nā poʻe aloha o ka haikouihtis i loko o ke kai, a he ʻano ʻano like me kahi ʻuʻuku.

Aia pū kekahi i nā kai o ka Ordovician i noho nā noho o ka ʻōpū, echinoderms, corals, sponges a me nā invertebrates ʻē aʻe.

ʻO Silurian manawa (443-417 miliona mau makahiki i hala)

ʻO kekahi mau mea kanu, no ka laʻana, kuksonia (Coocsonia), kahi i kiʻekiʻe o ke kūkaʻi ʻaʻole i 10 cm, a me kekahi mau lichens, e hele i ka ʻāina i siluria. Hoʻokumu kekahi mau arthropod i nā māmā primitive, e ʻae iā lākou e hanu i ka ea hau, no ka laʻana, hiki i ka brontoscorpio scorpion ma ka ʻāina i ʻehā mau hola [ kumu ʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā lā 1968 ] .

He mau miliona makahiki ma hope iho, ua puka nā ʻōpala he nui i loko o ke kai, kahi i loaʻa ai nā puʻu liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me nā brachopod. I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā arthropods no ka laʻana, no ka laʻana, hiki i ka pterygot racoscorpion ke hiki i 2 mau mika ka lōʻihi, akā naʻe, he mea ākea ka ulu ʻē aʻe i ka ʻāina.

Ma nā moana Silurian, kū hou ʻia nā vertebrates. ʻAʻole i like me ka arthropod, he kūlau he pūlou nā kaebrebrate, e ʻae ana iā lākou e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ka wai. ʻO ka cephalaspis vertebral, no ka laʻana, ua hoʻomohala pū i nā ʻōpū sensory e hana ana i kahi pānaʻi kūikawā i hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaopopo i ke kaiapuni. Hoʻokumu pū ʻo Cephalaspis i kahi lolo primitive, e ʻae ana i ka holoholona e hoʻomanaʻo i kekahi mau hanana.

Nā wā Deviano (417-354 miliona mau makahiki i hala)

I nā Deviano, hoʻomau ka ola i ka neʻe ʻana ma ka ʻāina a ma ke kai. Hōʻike mau nā nahele ulu mua, nona nā ʻano o nā lāʻau mua loa e like me nā pua o ka archaeopteris (Archaeopteris) i ulu nui ʻia ma nā kapa o nā kahawai a me nā loko.

ʻO ke ola nui o ka ʻAmela ʻĀpana ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ka arthropods a me nā centipedes, nāna i hanu i ka ʻāpana holoʻokoʻa o ke kino a noho i nā wahi hina. Eia naʻe, ma ka hopena o ka Devonian, he citinous kinipola kahiko, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o nā ʻāpana kino, ua lilo ka ʻaoʻao ʻehā i nā puha e lilo i antennae a me nā ʻōpū, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kekahi mau ʻēheu.No laila, puka mai kahi lālā evolutionary hou - nā pepeke, hiki iā ia ke haku i nā kihi ʻihiʻāina o ka lewa.

Ma ka waena waena o nā Deviano, ʻo nā amphibians mua loa e kau ana i ka wāwae ma ka ʻāina (no ka laʻana, ginerpeton, ichthyostega). ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke noho mamao aku i ka wai, ʻoiai ko lākou ili ʻiliʻī a maloʻo loa lākou ʻaʻole e pale i ka maloʻo. Eia kekahi, hiki i nā amphibians ke hōʻuluʻulu wale nō me ke kōkua o ka wai - hua. Ma waho o ka wai e make nā keiki a nā amphibians: e hoʻomaloʻo ka lā i ka caviar, no ka mea ʻole pale ʻia e kekahi meakanu akā ʻo ka kiʻi nīneʻe.

Hoʻokahi nā iʻa i ka ʻāʻī, e ʻae iā lākou e hopu wikiwiki i ka lawaiʻa wikiwiki. Hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻonui wikiwiki i ka nui. Hoʻohālikelike ka manawa Devonian me ke kōkō ʻana o ka iʻa primitive, koʻikoʻi, cartilaginous. I ka hopena o nā Deviano, ua ʻike ʻia nā iʻa mua o ka bony i loko o ke kai, e like me ka gineria predatory nui, ka mea i hoʻokuʻi i nā iʻa cartilaginous (ma ke ʻano maʻamau, nā kūpuna o nā māke modern) i ke kua. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā kānaka noho ʻino loa o ke kai o Deviano he mau ʻelele o ka hui placoderm, e like me Dunkleosteus a me Dinhis, a hiki i ka lōʻihi o 8-10 mita.

Ka wā Carboniferous (354-290 miliona mau makahiki i hala)

I loko o ka hui ʻo Carboniferous, wela a me ke anenu ke anuanu ma luna o ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Ma nā nahele kekele o kēlā manawa, ʻo ka hapanui kai nui, nā ʻano lāʻau like me nā lepidodendrons a me nā lepidodendrons nunui e ulu ana, a hiki ke kiʻekiʻe o 10 a 35 mau mika, a hiki i hoʻokahi mita ka ʻāpana ʻeke.

Ua hōʻike ʻia ka nui o nā mea ola. Ka nui o ka wela, ka waiū a me ka oxygen i hāpai i ka hoʻonui i ka nui o ka arthropod, no ka laʻana, hiki i ka arthropleura ke hiki i 2.5 mau mika ka lōʻihi, a me nā manu nui i manu meganevra - 75 cm ma nā wingpan.

ʻO ke ʻano ʻo ia mau mea i hāpai ai i ka pōmaikaʻi o nā amphibians. Noho lākou (no ka laʻa, proterogyrinus) i noho i nā wahi āpau o ke kahakai, aneane ua hoʻohuli loa nei i ke ʻano o nā ʻōpū a me nā holoholona a ʻokiʻoki. I ka wā Carboniferous, ua hāpai nā ʻepekopa i nā reptile mua (sauropsids) a me nā synapsids a i ko lākou mau kūpuna mua. ʻO nā holoholona reptilian mua loa he holoholona liʻiliʻi ia e like me nā pōlima hou, no ka laʻana, ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka petrolacosaurus ma kahi o 40 mau kenimita ka lōʻihi. Hiki iā lākou ke waiho i nā hua ʻai i ka ʻāina - he ʻano nui a hoʻomohala nui kēia, ʻo ka hoʻopili aku, ua pale ʻia ko lākou ʻili i nā paona palu e pale aku i ka ʻili o ka holoholona i ka maloʻo, ʻo ia ka mea hiki ke neʻe koke i ka wai. ʻO ka hiki ʻana o ia mau hiʻohiʻona kau i hoʻoholo i ko lākou holomua hou ʻana e like me nā holoholona terrestrial.

Nui nā ʻano ola i ke kai o ka wā Carboniferous. ʻO ka iʻa pōpoki (nā kūpuna o nā iʻa kahiko loa) ka kao wai, a ua nui nā kaʻi lāʻau i uhi i ke kai, ka palena no nā hola he nui ma nā kahakai o nā ʻāina kahiko.

ʻO ka hope o ka Carboniferous, ma kahi o 290 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, he hōʻailona ma kahi lōloʻi lōʻihi, a i pau i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke Permian. E hele mālie ana nā Glacier i ka e kaulike mai ka ʻākau a me ke kūkulu hema. ʻAʻole hiki i nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu ke hoʻohālikelike i kēlā me ke ʻano pilikia.

Ke wā pono (290—248 Ma mua)

Ma muli o ka pau ʻana o ka hau i ka hopena o ka Carboniferous i ka wā Permian, hele a maloʻo ka pā. Ua hoʻololi nā ʻōpala i nā wahi ulu lāʻau, nā wahi wī nahele a i nā pāpū nui. I kēlā mau kūlana, ulu nā mea kanu hoʻomau wale nō - nā pua a me nā conifers primitive.

Ma muli o ka nalo ʻana o ka bogs, ua emi nui ka nui o nā amphibians, no ka mea hiki ke noho kokoke wale aku i ka wai (no ka laʻana, ʻo amphibian-reptiliomorph seymuria). ʻO kahi o nā amphibians i lawe ʻia e ka reptile a me nā synapsids, no ka mea ua kūpono maikaʻi ʻia i ke ola ma ke ʻano maloʻo. Hoʻomaka ka nui o nā Synapsids me ka nui a me ka helu, ua hoʻonui lākou i ka pālahalaha ʻana i ka ʻāina, ua hāʻawi lākou i nā holoholona terrestrial nui e like me ka pelicosaurs (no ka laʻana, dimetrodons a me edaphosaurus). Ma muli o ke anuanu, ua ulu kēia mau holoholona i kahi holo moku i kōkua iā lākou e hoʻoponopono i ko lākou kino wela.

I ka wā Late Permian, kū hoʻokahi kahi - Pangea. Ma nā wahi me kahi mahana wela a me ka mahana wela, ua hoʻomaka a hoʻomaka hou nā wahi neʻe. I kēia manawa, hāʻawi ka pelicosaurs i nā therapsids - nā kūpuna o nā mamalia. ʻAno lākou i ko lākou mau kūpuna i ka mea like i ka ʻokoʻa o ke kino niho, ʻelua, ua ʻili ke ʻano o kēia hui (i ke ʻano o ka ʻōuli, ʻaʻole i ulu kā lākou mau palima), a ʻo ke kolu, ua hoʻomohala hou ʻia kekahi o nā luna o kēia hui. a mahope ua kapa). Hoʻokomo pū ʻia nā kaila therapsid i nā mea hoʻōho wai (no ka laʻana, ka gorgonops) a me nā hua kanu kanu (no ka laʻana, diktodon). Hoʻopili i nā terapsids, noho nā ʻelele o ka ʻohana pareiasaurus o ka subclass anapsid ma luna o ka ʻāina, no ka laʻana, kahi scutosaurus pālahalaha ikaika. Hōʻike ʻia nā archosaurs mua, e like me ka archosaurus. E like me nā therapsids, lawe ʻia kēia mau mea i kahi mau ʻōmaʻomaʻo e holomua ana, ma ka nui, ka nui o ka hōʻea o ka metabolism (a hiki i ke aloha-koko).

I ka pau ʻana o ka manawa Permian, lilo ka nui i ke anuanu, kahi i hōʻemi ai i nā wahi o nā kahakai kahakai me nā mea kanu loloa a me ka hoʻonui ʻana ma nā wahi wao. A ʻo ka hopena, ma muli o ka nele o ka nui o ka nohona, nā meaʻai a me nā oxygen i hoʻoulu ʻia e nā mea kanu, ua nui loa nā ʻano holoholona a me nā mea kanu. Ua kapa ʻia kēia hanana évolusione ma kahi o Permian mass extinction i kahi o 95% o nā mea ola a make. Ke kūʻē nei nā ʻepekema kanaka i nā kumu o kēia hānai, a hāʻawi i kekahi mau hypotheses:

1. ʻO ka hāʻule o kekahi meteorite a i ʻole ka pohō honua o ka Honua me kahi asteroid me ka anawaena o nā ʻumi mau kilomita (ʻo kekahi o nā hōʻike ʻana o kēia ʻatikala. ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o kahi kōiki 500 kilomita ma ka wahi o Wilkes Earth,
2. ʻO ka hana e hoʻohua nei
3. ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu koke ʻana o ka methane mai lalo o ke kai,
4. Ke kahe o nā pahele (basalts), aʻaleʻa liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ʻo Emeishan kahe i kahi o 260 miliona mau makahiki i ka makahiki i hala aku nei, a laila ua nui ka waiwai nui o ka Siberian Siberian 251 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO ka hoʻoilo ka lua pele, nā hopena o ka home ma muli o ke hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā gas o ka lua pele, a me nā loli ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka biosphere hiki ke pili me kēia.

Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i pau ka hoʻokolohua ma laila: ma hope o kekahi manawa, ua ola nā mea ola o nā mea ola hou i nā mea hou aku, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ola.

ʻO ka wā Mesozoic

I ka wā o Mesozoic, ua ola nā mea kino ʻino loa ma ka honua. ʻO ka mea kaulana loa o lākou ka dinosaurs. Ua hoʻokipa lākou no 160 miliona mau makahiki ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe. Nā ʻāpana like ʻole lākou: mai kahi kāpili liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, i hōʻea wale ʻia he 70 cm ka lōʻihi a he 0.5 kg ka nui, hiki i ka amphicelia poʻo, ke lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o 50 mika a me ke paona o 150 tons. Akā, ma waho o nā dinosaurs, i kēlā manawa he nui aku i nā mea ʻoluʻolu ʻē aʻe e noho nei i ko mākou honua. ʻO nā ʻōpiopio i hele mai i ka mua ka lawelawe ʻana i ka lewa a me ka wai. I kēlā wā ma ka Honua he nui nā ano o ke ola e hoʻomau nei a e hoʻomaikaʻi.

ʻO ka manawa Triassic (248–206 Ma mua)

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka manawa Triassic, ke hoʻomau nei ka ola ma ka honua me ka malū ma hope o ka nui o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā ʻano manu ma ka hopena o ka lā Permian. ʻO ke anuanu o ka hapanui o ka honua ka wela a maloʻo paha, akā hiki i ka nui o ka ua ke hāʻawi i kahi ʻano nui i nā mea kanu. ʻO nā mea maʻamau ma Triassic he mau conifers primitive, ferns a me ginkgoids, nā foses a nā mea i loaʻa i ka honua a puni, e komo pū ana me nā wahi polona o ka Honua.

ʻO nā holoholona i pakele i ka lā Permian extinction o nā ʻano holoholona i loaʻa iā lākou i kahi kūlana maikaʻi loa - ma hope o nā mea āpau, aneane ʻaʻole kokoke nā mea hoʻokūkū meaʻai a i ʻole nā ​​mea kūʻai kai nui ma ka lewa. ʻOiai aia i ka hopena o ka manawa Permian, hoʻomaka koke nā archosauromorph e hele mai i mua. Hoʻomaka koke nā reptile Herbivorous i nā helu. Hana pū kekahi mea me kekahi mea wī.ʻAʻole liuliu, ua hūke ka nui o nā holoholona i kahi ʻano hou a ʻokoʻa ʻole. I ka wā mua o Triassic, ua hoʻi hou kekahi mau reptiles e noho i ka wai, nā notosaurs a me nā mea ʻē aʻe semi-akuatic o lākou.

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka manawa Triassic i noho i nā kūpuna hiki i nā dinosaurs, e like me euparkeria. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona kūikawā o ka euparkeria mai nā archosauromorphs ʻo ia ka mea hiki ke kū aʻe a holo ma luna o kona mau wāwae hind.

Ma ka hope o ka Triassic hope (227-206 miliona mau makahiki i hala), ua hanana nā hanana ma ka Honua ma mua i hāpai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke ola i nā koena o ka manawa dinosaur. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pelekane ʻo ka mea nui ʻo Pangea i hana ʻia. A hiki i ka Triassic hope ma ka ʻāina, ua pālahalaha nā therapsids hope loa, hōʻike ʻia, no ka laʻana, e ka placerias a me listrosaurus, a me kekahi mau hui ʻē aʻe o nā reptile bizarre, kahi i loaʻa ka tanistrophy a me nā proterochus. Akā i kahi manawa pōkole loa, ua hōʻemi nui ʻia ka nui o nā lāʻau lapaʻau (me ka ʻike ʻole o nā pūʻulu o nā cynodonts i hāpai i nā mammals). Ua neʻe ʻo Reptiles - nā archosaurs i kā lākou wahi, ʻekolu hui nui o ia manawa i lilo ai i luna. ʻO kēia mau pūʻulu holoholona he mau dinosaurs, nā manu (aiʻa paha mai nā dinosaurs), pterosaurs a me nā crocodilomorphs. Ua loli koke nā ʻōlima o ka moana: ichthyosaurs a me nā sauroterterigias.

ʻO ka hope o ka manawa Triassic i hōʻailona kahi i hoʻopili hou ʻia o nā ʻano iwi, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kahi hanana like ʻole ma ka hopena o ke Permian. Ke noho mau nei kona kumu. I kekahi manawa, uaʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka hina o kahi asteroid i ka Honua, nāna i waiho ma hope o kahi pahu nui ʻo Manikuagan (Kanada) me ka anawaena o 100 km, akā, ʻo ka huli ʻana, hana nui ʻia kēia hanana ma mua.

ʻO ka Jurassic wā (206-144 miliona mau makahiki i hala)

I ka wā mua o ka Jurassic (206-180 miliona mau makahiki i hala), ua wela ke ʻano o ke aniau ma ka Honua. Kū nā lāʻau ulu ulu i nā wahi circumpolar, a ua uhi ʻia nā ʻūhā i nā palalā o nā conifers, ferns a me nā cypresses. Ma ka lele mau ka nalu, ua hoʻomā ke ʻano kūlohelohe o nā wahi i lalo o nā honua. I ka wā mua o Jurassic, hoʻolōʻihi nui ka nui o nā dinosaurs a me nā pterosaur i ka nui, e lilo i mea nui a ʻano like ʻole, a hoʻomaka e pālahalaha loa i ka honua. ʻAʻole mamao loa ma hope o lākou nā reptile moana (ichthyosaurs a me plesiosaurs), me ka mollusks (no ka laʻana, he ammonites).

Ma ke kū waena a i hala lōʻihi ʻo Jurassic (180-144 miliona mau makahiki i hala), ua maloʻo ka ʻōlohelohe i kekahi wahi o ka honua. Malia paha ʻo ke kumu o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniani ke kumu e hoʻomaka koke ai nā dinosaurs i ka nui maoli. Mawaena o ka dinosaurus herbivorous - sauropods - ʻike ʻia, no ka laʻana, diplodocus, brachiosaurus a me nā mea nui ʻē aʻe, a me nā mea hoʻohalahala - i hoʻomohala i nā theropod - e like me ka allosaurus nui. Akā ʻo nā lālā o nā hui dinosaur ʻē aʻe (no ka laʻana, stegosaurs a me ʻUnieliah) pū kekahi i ka ʻāina. I ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka dinosaurs, ua maʻamau nō hoʻi nā crocodilomorph terrestrial ma ka ʻāina - ka like pū me ka hana, nā mea ʻimi maʻa a me ka ʻoluʻolu (ʻoiai ka nui o nā ʻano omnivorous a herbivorous paha). Wered pterosaurs i hōʻike ʻia e nā mea ʻai ʻai ʻehā (no ka laʻana, ramforinh) a me nā reptile insectivorous liʻiliʻi (ma ke ʻano, anurognathus).

Ua piha nui nā kai Jurassic me nā plankton i hana ai no ka lidsichtis a me nā iʻa ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā plesiosaurs predatory i hōʻike ʻia e nā ʻano ʻāʻī lōʻihi e ʻai i nā iʻa, a me nā pliosaurids puʻupuʻu pōkole e nui ana i ka nui o nā mea i ʻoi aku; i nā kai pāpaku, nā lawaiʻa lawaiʻa, i ʻeli ʻia, nā mea like ʻole mai nā kūpuna maʻamau.

Ka wā Cretaceous (144–66 miliona mau makahiki aku nei)

I ka manawa o Cretaceous, ua hoʻomau ka mahana o ke aniani ma muli o ka ua ma muli o ka ua nui o ka ua ma kahi o ka honua holoʻokoʻa - mai ka eku ʻana a hiki i nā wahi pā - i uhi ʻia me nā lāʻau lulu. I ka wā hope o Jurassic, pua nā pua (angiosperms) i mea kanu maʻamau i kēia mau lā, a i loko o ka Cretaceous manawa ua lilo lākou i mea o nā hui mea ʻai nui i ka lewa. I ka pau ʻana o ka Cretaceous, pua nui i ka nui o nā conifers, nā pua a me nā cypresses i nā wahi he nui, i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ko lākou mana nui i ka honua o ka mea kanu, aia lākou e hoʻokau hope loa i ka manawa Cenozoic.

Ma muli o ka hoʻomau mau ʻana o nā mākini, ua hoʻopuni ʻia nā wahi moana, nā kai a me nā wai moana i hoʻopukū ʻia i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻole ʻana o nā holoholona ma ka lewa. Hoʻomaka ka wānana ma nā konohiki i nā ʻano o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona.

ʻO ka manawa Cretaceous, e like me ka Jurassic wā ma mua o ia, ʻo ia ka manawa o nā higants maoli. Noho ka Titanosaurs sauropods i ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻAmelika Hema - kekahi o nā holoholona kiʻekiʻe loa e noho ana i ka honua. Ua nānā ʻia lākou e nā mea hoʻopiʻi e like me Mapusaurs a me Acrocanthosaurus. Ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, kokoke i ka hopena o ka Cretaceous, ua hoʻololi ʻia kēia fauna e tyrannosaurids gigant karnivorous a me nā keramona. Ma ka laulā, hoʻomau ka hoʻomohala mau a hoʻomohala ʻia. ʻAʻole i hoʻokō ʻo Mammals (no ka hoʻohālike didlphodone) i nā hana nui i ke ola o ka honua, he mau holoholona liʻiliʻi lākou, akā ʻo kā lākou mau helu (ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manawa o ka Cretaceous) hoʻomaka i ka nui.

Ua hiki mai nā loli nui i ke kai. ʻO kā lākou mau aliʻi mua (ichthyosaurs a me pliosaurs) i loko o ka hōʻeha ʻole, a lawe ʻo Mosasaurs i kahi - hui hou o nā reptile moana nui, a me nā mea e like me ka laʻa, platecarpus a me tylosaurus.

Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka nui o nā heihei ʻai o nā pterosaurs. ʻO Ornithoheyrus, pteranodon a me nā pterosaurs nui e hele i kahi mamao loa ma ka lewa a, inā paha, ua holo a lele aku nō i ka konohana. Puhi ka manu lele i ka lewa (ma ka laʻana ʻo Iberomezornis), ʻaʻole i ʻike kekahi mau manu moana (e like me Hesperornis) pehea e lele ai, akā ua loaʻa iā lākou ka nui kupanaha.

ʻO ka pau ʻana o ka manawa Cretaceous (ma kahi o 66 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei) i hōʻailona ʻia e kahi hou pahuhopu hou o nā ʻano nui i hoʻopau ʻia e pili ana he 40% o nā ʻohana holoholona āpau i noho i kēlā manawa. Ua nalo aku hoʻi nā Pterosaurs, ammonite, a me nā mosasaur, akā ʻo nā mea kaulana loa o kēia catastrophe, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole mau holoholona dinosaur. Loaʻa iā barely hou kēia hoʻokolohua, a me nā mea he nui o nā mea ola.

Hāpai ka manaʻo o nā kumu o ka hoʻopiʻi nui ʻana o nā ʻano ʻōiwi i ka hopena o ka manawa Cretaceous i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana i waena o nā ʻepekema. Eia kekahi mauʻanuʻu e loaʻa ai nā mea kākoʻo:

1) ʻO ke kumumanaʻo o ka hoʻokau ʻana o ka Honua me ka asteroid pīpī i loaʻa ka hapanui o nā kākoʻo (a me nā hōʻike hōʻike). Ua loaʻa ke kime ma luna o ka ʻāina o ka Yucatan Peninsula i ke Kaiwa ʻo Mexico. He mete ka nui o ka meteorite ka nui o 10 km (ua lōʻihi loa kona loa a i ka manawa i hoʻopā ai kekahi hapa o ia i ka wai i loko o ka bay, aia nō kekahi ma ke ʻano o luna o ka lewa), a ma hope o kona hāʻule ʻana i kahi kōwele me ka diameter o 160 km i hoʻokumu ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole naʻe ka poʻe ʻepekema āpau e hiki i ke kaha ikaika loa i hiki ke luku i ka nui o nā ʻano holoholona i loko o kahi manawa pōkole loa.

2) Ke kākoʻo nei kekahi mau ʻepekema i ke kumumanaʻo e hele i ka maʻi: ma muli o ka hāʻule o ke ana o ka moana i ka 66 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hana ʻia kekahi mau kaʻa kūʻē mai ka ʻāina ma ka ʻāina. Hoʻomaka nā holoholona mai nū i uka i ka ʻāina nui, a me kā lākou mau ʻalaala, nā maʻi. ʻOiai, ʻaʻole i lohi ʻia ka nui o nā holoholona mai ka ʻāina hoʻokahi no nā maʻi a me nā ʻōlima mai kekahi ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi maʻi e make ʻole ai no nā holoholona, ​​no ka laʻana, mai Asia, hiki i ka mea make no kahi holoholona, ​​no ka laʻana, mai ʻAmelika. Ma muli o kēia, ua hoʻomaka nā maʻi ʻino maoli.Ua hele aku ʻo Roundworms i Asia, no ka laʻana, a ua hele ka echinococci i ʻAmelika. Eia hou naʻe, hiki i ka hiki ke hoʻopau wale i nā ʻano holoholona he nui ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana o nā parasites he liʻiliʻi loa - ʻaʻole liuliu i nā holoholona e hoʻoponopono i nā maʻi.

3) Kēia, paʻa paha ka Cretaceous - Paleogene extinction me ka hana e piʻi ana i ka lua pele. Ua hū nā kikowaena nui ma nā wahi a puni ka honua ma 66 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Ua hū ka mana o ka pele nui, no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, mai nā lua pele nui ma ka Hindustan. Ua hoʻopau nā kahe ʻana o Lava i nā holoholona a me kā lākou mau wahi e noho ana ma ke ala. ʻO nā wahi ʻona ʻōpio i pakele mai nā lua pele, ʻoi aku ka weliweli. ʻO nā pahu nui e paʻa ana i nā dinosaur e noho ana i kēlā manawa e make ana iā lākou, ua lawa nā holoholona makua.

4) Nānā kā mākou honua i ka lewa me ka Milky Way galaxy. Aia kekahi manaʻo i ka Honua a me ka ʻōnaehana o ka lā mai ka manawa i ka wā e hāʻule ai i ka āpau, kahi i loaʻa ai nā meteorite liʻiliʻi a me nā mea nui. Malia paha he 66 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei ua like kekahi mea like, a laila ua kuʻi ka ua nui meteor nunui i ka Honua. ʻO kekahi mau meteorite ua nui loa lākou ʻaʻole i puhi i ka lewa ma loko o ka Honua. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole palupalu nā paleontologists.

5) Manaʻo kekahi mau ʻepekema i kīlei aku kahi supernova i ka 66 miliona mau makahiki i hala ma kahi mamao o 200-300 mau māmā mai ka Honua. ʻOkoʻa nā hōkū e hōʻiliʻili i ka ikehu nui iā lākou iho, a me ke ʻano ʻole o ko lākou ikaika iho, e kahe. Hiki i ke ikehu mai ke pahū e hūʻai i luna o nā haneli o nā makahiki māmā. No laila, i ka manawa o ka pahū, ke ʻano nui o ka ikehu e hoʻopau ai i ka layer ozone ma ka lewa o ka Honua. Ma hope o kēia, ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe o ka pale o ka lā māmā, a hoʻomaka ka hopena i nā pū o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona.

6) Manaʻo nui nā paleontologists no kēlā mau ʻōlelo i luna ke hiki ke wehewehe i ka make o nā mea ola he nui. Manaʻo lākou he hiki wale i kēia mau pōʻino i loaʻa ka ikaika e hiki ai ke hoʻopau ʻia o nā ʻano ʻano. ua puhi ka ʻōlaʻi ozone, a hope loa i hāʻule ai ka Honua i kahi wahi me ka nui o ka meteorites a he nui nā pahuʻe a me ka liʻiliʻi, a ʻoi aku kahi nui, kahi i hoʻopau ai nā dinosaurs a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui. holoholona

Aia kekahi mauʻike āpau e pili ana i ka Cretaceous - Paleogene extinction, akā ua kākoʻo ʻia lākou e nā ʻepekema liʻiliʻi loa.

Akā, e like me ia, 66 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ka manawa Cenozoic, ka "makahiki o nā momi," ua hele mai e pani i ka manawa Mesozoic i pau koke aʻe - ka "makahiki reptile".

ʻO nā wā Cenozoic

ʻO ka hoʻonui pinepine ʻana o nā ʻano he 66 miliona mau makahiki i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai kahi hou o Cenozoic. Ma muli o nā hanana hōʻeha poʻomanaʻo o kēlā mau manawa mamao, ua nalowale nā ​​holoholona āpau nui a ʻoi aku paha i kahi kolo ka pahu mai ka maka o ka honua. A ʻo nā mea holoholona ola i koe me ka hiki ʻana o kahi manawa hou i kahi honua ʻē aʻe. Ma ka Cenozoic, hoʻomau ka Continental drift (divergence). Ma luna o kēlā me kēia kaiāulu kūikawā o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona.

Ka wā Paleogene

ʻO Paleogene, Paleogene, ʻōnaehana Paleogenic - ka wā geological, ka manawa mua o ka Cenozoic. Ua hoʻomaka a 66 miliona mau makahiki i hala, ua hoʻopau - 24.6 miliona. Ua mau ʻo 40.4 miliona mau makahiki.

Ma Paleogene, ʻehu ke ʻano kai o ka ʻāina. Ua aneane a puni nā ululāʻau kai ʻulaʻula a puni ka Europa āpau, a ulu nā mea kanu ulu wale i nā ʻāpana ʻākau. I ka lua o ka hapa o ka Paleogene, lilo ke anuanu i lalo o ka kontinental, helehelena ka hau aʻe ma nā pou.

I kēia manawa, hoʻomaka ka heyday o nā momi.Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o kahi nui o nā reptile, nui nā nological kūlohelohe manuahi i hoʻomaka e noho i nā holoholona hou o nā mamalia. ʻO nā Oviparous, marsupial a me ka placental he maʻamau. I ka ulu lāʻau a me nā ala lāʻau ala lāʻau o ʻAsia, ala i kapa ʻia ʻo "indricoteric fauna".

Pūkohu manu huluhulu ʻilikai manuahi i ka lewa. Holo nui nā manu manu holo manu (diatrims). Nui ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu pua a me nā inikini.

Pā ka loko o ka aʻa ma loko o ke kai. Hōʻike ʻia nā cetaceans ʻano hou, nā hui hou o nā corals, sea urchins, foraminifera - nummulitides hiki i nā kenimika ke anawaena, he mea kūpono loa ia no unicellular. Pau nā make wīwī hope, hoʻomaka ka pua ʻana o nā cephalopods me kahi koʻi a i pau ʻole a i ʻole nalo - octopuses, cuttlefish a squid, me nā belemnites i hui pū ʻia i loko o kahi hui o coleoids.

Paleocene era (66-55 miliona mau makahiki i hala)

Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Paleocene, kahi honua ākea e hoʻomaka lohi hou i nā hopena o ka pōʻino. ʻO ka mea mua ke kūleʻa i kēia mea kanu. Ma hope o hoʻokahi haneli haneli mau makahiki wale nō, ua uhi nui ʻia kahi ʻāpana nui o ka ʻāina i nā ʻūlā hiki ʻole i ke alo o ka honua a me nā wahi nalo. Nā holoholona i pakele i ka pālahalaha o nā ʻano he nui, he aluhi i waena o nā lāʻau a piʻi i nā lālā. ʻO nā holoholona nui nui o ka Honua i kēlā manawa he mau manu. I loko o nā anuu o ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, no ka laʻana, ka hopu ʻia o ka mea hoʻonāukiuki ʻo Gastornis, hiki i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 2,2 mika.

ʻO ka hoʻopau wale ʻana o nā dinosaur non-avian i hiki i nā mommals ke pālahalaha ākea a puni ka honua a noho i nā nological hou. I ka pau o Paleocene (ma kahi o 55 miliona mau makahiki i hala), ua piʻi ikaika ka nui o kā lākou ʻano. Hōʻike nā kūpuna o nā holoholona he nui i kēia manawa ma ka Honua - ungulates, elephants, rodents, primates, ʻōpū (no ka hoʻohālikelike, nā pā), nā kohola, nā sirens. Hoʻomaka liʻiliʻi, hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā mamalia i ka honua.

Ka manawa Eocene (55-34 miliona mau makahiki i hala)

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke Eocene, ua uhi mau ʻia kahi māhele nui o ka ʻāina i ka ululāʻau impenetrable. Noho mālie ke anuanu a ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO ka mammals primitive (ka liʻiliʻi lio propaleotherium, leptidia, etc.) i holo a lele i ka ʻōpala lāʻau. Noho ʻo Hodination ma nā kumulāʻau (ʻo kekahi o nā primates kahiko) a noho ka ambulocet i ʻAsia - kahi koholā mua e hiki ai ke hele ma ka ʻāina.

Ma kahi o 43 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua ʻoi aku ka mālie o ka honua ma ka Honua. Ma kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka honua, hāʻawi ka nahele wīwī i ka nahele a me nā papu lepo. ʻO ka noho ʻana i nā wahi ākea ua kōkua i ka ulu ʻana o nā mommals.

Ua lilo ʻo Asia i wahi hānau mua o ka brontotheriums (no ka laʻana, emboloteria) a me nā holoholona karnivorous nui (no ka laʻana, ʻo ka endrusarch, e loaʻa ana i ka 5.5 mika ka lōʻihi). I loko o nā moana wela, ka ʻāhuā mua ʻāluulu (no ka laʻana, basilosaurus a me dorudon), a ma ke kahakai o ʻAmelika he meritium a me arsineuterium ke ʻano.

Ma kahi o 36 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻomaka ka manawa o Antartika ma ka pou kūkulu hema, e uhi pono ana kona ʻōlulu i nā ʻāpana hau nui. Ua lilo ʻo ke aniani i ka honua me nā anuanua, a ua hāʻule ka wai o ka wai ma nā moana. Ma nā wahi like ʻole o ka honua, ua loli nui ka ʻano kuila o nā ua. ʻAʻole hiki i nā holoholona he nui i hoʻololi i kēia mau loli, a ma hope wale iho o hoʻokahi mau makahiki, ua like me ka hapalima o nā mea ola a pau ma ka Honua.

Oligocene era (34-24 miliona mau makahiki)

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Oligocene, ua maloʻo a maluhia ke aniani i ka lewa kahi i hoʻokumu ai i nā kula ākea, nā māmi a me nā mea kanu lāʻau. Ma muli o ke ʻano o ka loli ʻana i ka hopena o ka Eocene, ua hala nā ʻohana kahiko hemo. Ua lawe ʻia ko lākou wahi e nā holoholona holoholona hou hou, me nā kūpuna he mau kūpuna o kekahi mau momi hou - nā rhinos, nā lio, nā puaʻa, nā kāmela a me nā lapalapa.

Ke hoʻomau nei nā na nā mea kanu no waena o nā momi (Paraceratheriumno ka mea, ʻaʻole lākou i liʻiliʻi i ka nui o kekahi mau dinosaur - hiki iā lākou ke hiki i 5 mau mika ke kiʻekiʻe a kaupaʻa ʻia he 17 aihue) a me nā mea kikoʻī (e like me ka entelodon a me ka hyenodon).

Ma muli o ke ʻano o ka hoʻowahāwahā ʻana o nā kalima, ua hoʻokaʻawale loa ʻia ʻo ʻAmelika Hema a me Ausetalia mai nā koena o ka honua. I ka wā lōʻihi, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi holoholona manuahi ma kēia mau moku "mokupuni", i hōʻike ʻia e nā mams marsupial a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe.

Ma kahi o 25 miliona mau makahiki i hala ma ʻAsia, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā pāpū kahakai mua, i uhi ʻia me nā cereal - nā anuʻi. Mai ka wā mai, ʻo nā cereals, kahi mea i lilo i mea waiwai ʻole o nā ʻāina terrestrial, ma nā wahi he nui o ka honua ke huli lūlū ʻia i loko o nā ʻano nui o nā mea kanu, ka mea i pae hope i ka hapalima o ka ʻāina.

Ka manawa Neogene

Neogene - ka wā geological, ka lua o ka manawa no ka Cenozoic. Ua hoʻomaka ka manawa Neogene ma kahi o 25 miliona mau makahiki i hala, ua hoʻopau wale ʻia 2 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka Neogene he 23 miliona mau makahiki. Mālama nā momona i ka moana a me ka lewa - nā kohola a me nā ʻalā e kū mai. Paʻi Placental i kēlā me kēia hui o nā momi i koe. Hoʻopau nā ʻano o nā lobe o kēia manawa a ua like like me kēia i kēia lā. Akā e noho mau ana nā ʻokoʻa ʻole - aia nō ka mastodons, hipparions, nā tigers sabot-toothed. He nui ka hana a nā manu lele lele lele ʻole, no ka mea kaawale ka nui o ka mokupuni.

Ka manawa Miocene (24-5 miliona mau makahiki i hala)

ʻO ka loli ʻana i ke anuanua a me ka ua i alakaʻi ai i ka mea i loko o ka Miocene he wahi nui o ka ʻāina i uhi ʻia e nā ʻula ʻole. No ka mea, ua hue nui ʻia ka poʻe cereals a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻokumu nā mea kanu hakanui i nā ʻano niho hou a ua loli ka ʻāpana o ka digestive, ʻae iā lākou e kiʻi i nā momona loa mai kēia ʻai i hoʻolako ʻia.

Ua lilo nā wahi ala i kahi e hānau ai nā bipi, keka a me nā lio. Nui ka poʻe holoholona i mālama i nā holoholona a ʻauwana wale mai kēlā wahi a kēia wahi i ka ua. A ma hope o nā pipi o nā mea kanu puaʻa, ua ʻimi nā mea kō i nā kuʻekuʻe wāwae.

ʻO kekahi mau momona ʻē aʻe i makemake e ʻoki i nā lau o nā kumulāʻau. ʻO kekahi o lākou (no ka laʻana, ka dinoterium a me ka chalicoterium) i loaʻa i nā nui nui.

Ma Miocene, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻōnaehana mauna - nā Alps, nā Himalaya, nā Andes a me nā Pōhaku. Ua hoʻohuli ʻē ʻia kekahi o lākou a ua loli ke ʻano o ka lewa i ka lewa a hoʻomaka i ke ʻano nui i ke ʻano o ke aniani.

Ka wā Pliocene (5-2.6 miliona mau makahiki i hala)

I ka Pliocene, ua ʻokoʻa ka aniani o ka Honua. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka honua i nā makela he nui - mai nā wahi ākea i uhi ʻia e ka hau polar a i nā ʻōpala wela.

I nā ʻāpana huluhulu o kēlā me kēia kumulāʻau, ua loaʻa hou nā ʻano o nā ʻano lāʻau hou a me nā mea hānai. Ma nā ʻāpana a me ka hema o ʻApelika, hāʻawi ʻoi loa ka nahele i ka wehe ʻana i nā savannas, ka mea i koi i ka hominids mua (no ka laʻana, ʻo Afar Australopithecus) e iho mai i nā kumulāʻau a me ka uluwī na ka ʻāina.

Ma kahi o 2.5 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua kūpaʻa ka ʻāina ʻo ʻAmelika Hema, kahi e pili ana i ka 30 miliona mau makahiki mai ke koena o ka honua, i hoʻokuʻi me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika. Ua neʻe aku nā mea smilodons a me nā mea hana hoʻoilina ʻē aʻe i ka ʻāina o ʻAmelika mai ke kūkulu ʻākau, a me nā hoʻolaʻa nui, fororacosa, a me nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o ka manu ʻAmelika Hema e neʻe nei i ʻAmelika ʻAmelika. ʻO kēia hōʻola i nā holoholona i kapa ʻia ʻo ke Palapala Nui. I ka pau ʻana o ka Pliocene, ua make ka moana megafauna (nā mammals, Seabirds, nā mākeke a me nā ʻoli) - 36% o ka Pliocene genera hiki ke ola i ka Pleistocene. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka pākuʻi ʻana he ʻekolu mau manawa ma mua o ka awelika Cenozoic normal (2.2 mau manawa ma mua o ma Miocene, 60% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka Pleistocene).

Ka wā Anthropogenic (Quaternary)

ʻO kēia ka manawa pōkole pokole loa, akā aia ma Quaternary ka hapanui o nā ʻano honua i hana a nui nā hanana koʻikoʻi i loaʻa i ka mōʻaukala o ka Honua (mai ka manaʻo o ke kanaka) ka mea nui loa i ka manawa o ka hau a me ka helehelena o ke kanaka. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka manawa ma Quaternary he pōkole ʻo ia ka hana maʻamau paleontological maʻamau o nā pilina a me ka isotopic age hoʻonā i nā loiloi kūpono ʻole. I kēlā me kēia manawa pōkole, hoʻohana mua ʻia ka hoʻomālamalama radiocarbon a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka pauku o nā isotopes pōkole e pili pono i. ʻO ka kikoʻī o ka manawa Quaternary i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea hana i hoʻihoʻi ʻia i lawe ʻia i kahi lālā kūikawā o kahi kikoʻī - kahi Quaternary.

Ua māhelehele ʻia ka Quaternary i loko o ʻO Pleistocene lāua ʻo Holocene.

ʻO ka wā Pleistocene (2.6 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei - 11.7 tausani mau makahiki i hala)

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Pleistocene, ua hoʻomaka ka lōʻihi o ka hau ma ka honua. Iloko o ʻelua mau makahiki ʻelua, ua anu loa a ua hoʻoluʻolu ʻia ka manawa o ke kahe ʻana o ka manawa i ke ka honua. I loko o nā koina anuanu, ua mau ia ma kahi o 40 tausani mau makahiki, ua hoʻoulu ʻia e nā mākeke nā konohona. I loko o nā pae me kahi mahana ʻālo (interglacial), hele ka hau, a ua piʻi ka wai i ke kai.

1250-700 tausani pā I ka wā o ka hoʻololi ʻana ʻo Pleistocene Middle, ua loli nui ka nānā ʻana o ke kahe o ka wai ma ke kai ʻo Bering, ʻoiai ua pāpā ʻia ʻo Bering Strait e kahi ʻoka hau a me ka wai anuanu i hoʻokumu ʻia i loko o ke kai ʻo Bering no ka hoʻohemo ʻana o ka hau ma ka moana Pakipika.

ʻO nā holoholona he nui o nā wahi anu i ka hau (no ka laʻana, ka makmoth a me nā hulu manu hulu) i loaʻa ia i kahi kapa ākea a me kahi papa o ka momona subcutaneous. ʻAuhau nā kao a me nā lio i nā pāpū, i ʻimi ʻia e nā liona a me nā mea make ʻē aʻe. A ma kahi o 180 tausani mau makahiki i hala aku nei, hoʻomaka ka poʻe e ʻimi iā lākou - nā kānaka mua kahi o Neanderthal, a laila he kanaka kūpono.

Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole nui i hiki i nā holoholona nui ke hoʻololi i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano o ke aniani a lilo i nā mele pau. Ma kahi o 10 tausani mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua pau ka makahiki o ka hau, a ua hoʻomehana ke anuanu a me ka māla i ka ʻāina. Ua pili kēia i ka piʻi wikiwiki o ka lehulehu o kānaka a me ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o ka poʻe a puni ka honua. Ua aʻo lākou e ʻohi i ka ʻāina a ulu i nā mea kanu i kanu ʻia. I ka mua, ua ulu nā kaiāulu liʻiliʻi, ua hele mai nā kūlanakauhale, a he mau makahiki wale nō ma hope mai, ua huli ke kanaka i kahi kaiāulu honua e hoʻohana ana i nā hoʻokō āpau o nā ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe. Akā ua nui ka nui o nā holoholona o nā holoholona i hoʻoili pinepine ʻia i ka honua, aia ma kahi o ka pau ʻole. ʻO ia ke kumu a ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻōlelo pinepine ʻana i kahi kīnā hou i hūnā ʻia i nā hewa o ke kanaka ma ka Honua.

Hōʻano hemocene (11.7 mau makahiki i hala aku nei - i kēia manawa)

Ua loli iki ke ola o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu i ka wā o ka Holocene, akā nui ka nui o nā neʻe ma ko lākou puʻu. ʻO nā holoholona nui he nui, e pili ana i nā mammoth a me nā mastodons, nā pēpē i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka poʻe sabot (e like me nā smilodons a me kahi homotherias) a me nā ahakanaka, a make ka make ʻana mai ka ʻĀmune ma hope o Holocene. Ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, nui nā holoholona i ulu a i nā māhele ʻē aʻe (e komo pū ana me nā lio a me nā kāmelo) i piha loa. Ua wehewehe kekahi poʻe loea i ka emi ʻana o ka megafauna ʻAmelika e ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā kūpuna o nā ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, akā ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou ua ʻōlelo he hopena ʻoi aku ka hopena.