Ma kahi kokoke i kēlā me kēia pā i loko o nā kūlanakauhale Lūkia, hiki i kekahi ke loaʻa i nā hipa o nā leʻaleʻa liʻiliʻi e hoʻihoʻi ana i nā manu liʻiliʻi. Noho lākou a ma kahi kokoke i nā kauhale, nā kamaʻāina e lele pinepine i ka hoʻopili e hānai iā lākou iho. ʻO ka mea e hoʻopili ai i kēia mau manu ʻelua manu e noho kokoke lākou a kokoke i kahi noho kanaka. Akā ʻike liʻiliʻi kekahi o nā pichugs maʻamau i ka nui o ka palma liʻiliʻi e hele mai ʻApelika Hikina.

Hōʻike manu

He manu liʻiliʻi o ka palahele brownish-brown me ka hina, ke keʻokeʻo, ʻeleʻele hoʻi i hāʻawi ʻia i ka inoa i nā ʻano nui o nā passerines. Hele pū kekahi i nā manu liʻiliʻi - finches, carduelis, hīmeni nightingales, oriole aniani i ulana ʻia, ke kīleʻa liʻiliʻi (ma ke kaupaona a 10 grama), a me nā subspecies e like me nā ʻuʻu manuahi - nā pōpoki manuahi, nā Sticking, ka pūlima o nā ʻokiʻoki. ʻO ka manu lehua manuahi - Australia, manaʻo ʻia he hōʻailona a me ka waiwai waihona ʻāina o ka ʻāina ma muli o ka ʻili lōʻihi o nā kāne, nona nā ʻano mea i ʻike ʻia. Hoʻokomo kēia ʻano manu i nā manu o ka paradaiso o nā kala nani ʻokoʻa, nā kānaka noho o nā mokupuni o Indonesia, New Guinea. Nā poʻe Passeriformes ma kahi o 5000 subspecies.

Nā hiʻohiʻona physiological

ʻO ka paona liʻiliʻi a me ka nui o ka sparrow e hoʻoholo i kekahi mau kūlana physiological a me nā ʻano. Ma muli o ka huakaʻi pōkole, hiki i nā ʻēheu o ka manu ke lele i kahi ʻehā hola. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia hiʻohiʻona e hakakā i nā manu liʻiliʻi i 1958, i ka manawa o Mao, e ka poʻe Kino. Ua manaʻo lākou ka nui o nā manu i ʻai i ka nui a me nā huaʻai. Ua hoʻomaka ka neʻe nui e kūʻē i nā manu. Ke hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, ʻaʻole lākou i ʻae e pae i nā minuke 15, a ua make nā manu. Ua ulu nui ka ohi ʻana i ka makahiki mua, akā i ka lua o ka makahiki ua pau ia e nā ʻūhini a me nā anuʻu a nā mea hihiu i hānai ʻia ai, kahi i hana ai i ka pōloli a me nā miliona o ka make ʻana o ka poʻe Kina ua.

Physiological helehelena o nā manu hihiu:

• paona - a hiki i ka 25 gram,
• ka lōʻihi manu - 16-18 cm,
• awelika kino hanau - 44 ⁰С,
• hele a pulse 860 mau minuke,
• ka hana o ka wikiwiki (hoʻokaʻina ʻia ka meaʻai a hoʻopiʻi ʻia ma ke ʻano he litter i ka awelika o 15 mau minuke),
• kulu a hiki i ka 1300 hulu
• ola ka ola ma lalo o nā kūlana kūlohelohe maʻamau he awelika a hiki i ʻelua mau makahiki.

ʻO ka kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe pulse o ka manu (14 mau manawa nui ma mua o ke kanaka) hānau i ka ʻōlelo e "haʻalulu like me ka manu."

Hōʻuluʻe nā manu liʻiliʻi i kahi heluna nui, a ʻoi aku ka helu ana a ʻoi i hoʻokahi piliona kanaka. I ka huina, hōʻike nā ornithologists i nā 22 ʻano. ʻO nā subspecies ka mea maʻamau a me ka brownie.

Kāhea

Ma ka inoa e maopopo ai ke noho nei kēia mau manu ma kahi o ke kanaka, kona hale. ʻIke ka poʻe āpau i ka plumage o kahi pōpiki: nā kukui hina a me ka ʻōpū, ʻepaʻi tua, nā ʻēheu me nā kaula lōʻihi. Ua hoʻoponopono ʻia kēia mau manu i ke ola ma nā kūlanakauhale. Noho i nā hipa, pūlea ʻelua. I ka hoʻoilo, peʻe lākou mai ka malulu ma lalo o nā hale o nā hakahaka, nā hale, nā hale kaona. Nui ka hana maʻa ma laila. Nā manu, nā paipu, nā nests o nā manu ʻē aʻe, nā kumulāʻau lāʻau, nāʻauʻau kai wai kūpono no kēia mau kumu. Ma ka manawa like, ʻo lākou e lawelawe nei ma ke ʻano i ka wā i ke anuanu. I ka meaʻai, ʻaʻole picky ka hale liʻiliʻi, ʻo ka mea nui no ia e ola i ka hoʻoilo (he nui nā mea make). Mālama ka huaʻai maikaʻi i ka heluna kanaka - ʻekolu mau kākake i ka wā puna a me ke kauwela kauwela (e kau i 7 mau huaʻai i ka manawa).

Ua lilo ka sparrow hale i mea hoʻohui nui o ke ʻano o ke kūlanakauhale, e like me nā pigeons. Loaʻa loaʻa kahi pōmaikaʻi koʻikoʻi mai ia. I ka manawa o ke kauwela-kauwela e hānai nui nā manu i nā pōpoki pepeke, no laila e hoʻopakele ana i nā māla a me nā māla.

ʻOkoʻa ka manu manu i ka kala plumage. He kāne ma luna o ka pahu māmā me kahi nūnū i ka puʻu, ʻāʻī, goiter region e hele i kahi ʻāpana ʻeleʻele. He lei hina ke kala o ka kala i luna o kona poʻo. I ka wahine, he hina kēia wahi, like me ka umauma. Ma ka ʻāpana superciliary kahi hoʻokaʻawale ʻokoʻa a kahi hina hina.

Kūʻai

ʻAʻole e like me ka pīhoihoi o ka hale, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia i kahi pili aloha ʻē aʻe. Noho lākou ma ke kahawai o nā kauhale, nā kauhale, nā hale kolo, ma nā lūlū, kokoke i nā māla. Noho lākou i kahi wahi a i ʻole wander ai i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai. Lele pinepine i ka home e hānai i nā koena i nā holoholona home.

ʻElua mau ʻano manu o nā ʻano like manu. He liʻiliʻi ka sparrow (a hiki i ka 14 cm). Me ka like o ka ʻoniʻala o ka plumage, ʻokoʻa ka māla ma ka pahu kohu o ke poʻo a me ka nape. He ʻāpana ʻolua kona me nā kaula keʻokeʻo ʻelua. ʻO ka wahi ʻeleʻele ma ka umauma i nā kāne ma ke ʻano o kahi kaula liʻiliʻi i liʻiliʻi ʻia ma mua o ka hale-kāne. ʻAʻole ʻ notlelo ʻia ka ʻanuʻu plumage ma waena o nā mea heterosexual, akā ʻokoʻa wale ka ʻula.

Hoʻopau ka ʻōhio o ke kau i ka nui o nā pōpoki pepeke, akā lele i loko o nā māla a me nā mahinaʻai i ka wā o ka ʻūhū ʻana. ʻO ia ke kumu a lākou e hoʻoweliweli aku ai iā ia e ka hoʻolei aku ʻana i nā holoholona i kāhea ʻia a me nā ʻū o nā kani.

ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wā hāpai, ka kūkulu ʻana i ka nano, a hemo i hoʻokahi mahina, e hilinaʻi ana i nā kūlana climatic o ka wahi o ka noho ʻana.

ʻO Habitat a me ke ʻano

Noho kēlā mau manu nīnaka i nā ʻāina āpau, me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole ka Antarctica a me ka Arctic. ʻOiai hōʻea nā manu liʻiliʻi, mai lele i nā keʻena mahana, hele lākou i ka ʻimi i nā wahi hou e ʻai ai. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine lākou ma nā kuʻekuʻe wāwae a ke kanaka i nā kūlanakauhale hou, nā wahi noho, i nā ʻāina hou. ʻO nā ala hele i loko o Sparrow ma Rū ma Karelia, kahi o Murmansk a me nā wahi o Yakutia.

E ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, ʻaʻohe ʻōmole kēia manu, neʻe mau nei, lohe ʻia kāna mau tweet. Kuhi hewa ʻole nā ​​hua liʻiliʻi i loko o ke ʻano, hoʻonohonoho pinepine i nā hakakā liʻiliʻi no ka meaʻai i ka wā hānai. I ka manawa like, ʻo ka koʻi manu, ka mea i loaʻa i ka mua, ka hāʻawi i ka hōʻailona i nā mea'ē aʻe. I ka hihia no ka pōʻino, aia kahi kahu hānai i ka ʻohana.

Hoʻomaʻemaʻe nā manu i kā lākou palaʻai mai nā pōpoki, "ʻauʻau" ma ke one. Ma hope o ka nānā ʻana ʻaʻole lākou maʻemaʻe, akā ke kūpono loa ke ʻano o kēia ala.

ʻAno maoli nā manu lele a, ma kahi pōʻino e hoʻoweliweli iā lākou, hiki iā lākou ke peʻe i ka ʻenemi e ka wai.

ʻAʻole ʻae nā wāwae pōkole i ka manu i "holo", no laila ua neʻe lākou ma luna o ka puʻupuʻu e ka lele.

I kuhi mua nā Ornithologists i nā sparrows i ʻano paʻa mau ʻelua. Kūʻē hou nā noiʻi genetic i kēia noi. I loko o nā pahu o kahi pākahi, ua ʻike ʻia nā hihia kaawale i ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai ka genome o kā lākou mau mākua.

Mea ʻai

ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o ka manu, ʻo ka wikiwiki ka metabolism. Hele mau ka Sparrow i ka neʻe ʻana a me ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai. Make ʻo ia i loko o ʻelua lā me ka ʻole o ka meaʻai. ʻO ka mea nui e kōkua ana i ka manu i waho ʻo ia ka mana nui.

He aha nā holoholona hihiu e ʻai ai? ʻAno kā lākou ʻai ʻana:

• nā meaʻai huna: nā pepeke liʻiliʻi, nā kukuna,
• nā huaʻai, nā hua kanu o nā mea kanu,
• mauʻu, nā lau, nā hua, nā hua.
• ʻoki nā ʻōpala, Bacon,
• kai ʻai
• palaoa ʻaʻano

ʻOiai ka mea kī ʻole o ka ʻōpala he mea i kapa ʻia he “gourmet,” ʻo ia ka ʻai kīʻaha ʻole e hāʻawi ai i ka poʻe i ola me ka ola ʻole.

ʻO ka pilina a me ka lōʻihi

ʻAʻole kūlike ka poʻe loea i ka makahiki e ola ai nā manu liʻiliʻi. Ma ke ʻano maoli, ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi loa, ʻokoʻa ka ola ʻana o ko lākou ola mai kahi hoʻokahi a ʻelua mau makahiki, akā ma ka pio pio hiki iā lākou ke ola lōʻihi aku - a hiki i 9 mau makahiki, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hihia a me 11 mau makahiki. Aia ke kaukaʻi i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka meaʻai, nā ʻano ke ʻano o ka wā.

Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pūnāwai, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā manu liʻiliʻi e hoʻomaka i ka manawa o ka moena a me ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi pā. Hoʻomaka ka poʻe ulu liʻiliʻi o ka hale ma mua o mua, e like me ke kūlanakauhale ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke anuanu.

Hoʻokomo nā kahe o nā kauhale a me nā hale liʻiliʻi i nā lua. Hiki i nā pakanalua pākahi ke hana i kahi kolone liʻiliʻi. Hana ʻia nā moʻo mai nā ʻōpala, mauʻu, nā hulu. ʻO ka moena me nā mea hoʻoluʻu i loko. I ka wā mālama, moe ka male a huki i nā kahiki ʻekolu (ma nā ʻaoʻao kūkulu hema).

I ke ʻano huhū o Rūsia, e hoʻomaka kēia mau manu i nā pāʻani pāʻani i ka hoʻomaka o Malaki. Ua hui pū ʻia lākou me nā pākeke cocky nā kāne, nā leo pākaha nui. Ma hope o ka hoʻoholo ʻana o nā male e i ka hoa, hoʻomaka lākou e hana pū me ka ulu ʻana.

Hoʻopili ka wahine i nā hua ma ka awelika ʻelua pule, ma kahi kiko o 4 a 7-10 ʻāpana. Hānau ʻia nā pua kīwaha, ʻaʻohe mea ʻole. Ke hoʻomaka nei lākou e hatch, hoʻomaka koke lākou e hanu. He melemele ka beak, nā pale like hoʻokahi a puni ona. Hele nui nā kuʻekuʻe, a e ʻimi mau ana nā mākua i nā meaʻai. Ua hānai nui lākou i ka protein, ka ʻai o nā protein: nā nūnū, nā pepeke, nā lālani, nā hua ʻalā ʻO kēia papa meaʻai e ʻānai koke i nā moa, holo, no laila ka lā 10-14 ke mākaukau lākou e haʻalele i kā lākou mau hihi. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻokūkū no ka wahi o ka nohona a me ka hānai i loko o ka pūnana. ʻAʻole kū ka yellowhorotics i ka hana me nā hoahānau nāwaliwali - paʻa pinepine lākou iā lākou mai waho aku o ka pūnana.

Nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe

ʻO nā kūlana o ke kūlanakauhale, hiki i ka pōʻino nui i ka manu i puka mai ai i nā poki, ʻo ia hoʻi ka poʻe e noho nei ma ke alanui. Mai kahi kiʻekiʻe nāhelehe a me nā manu liʻiliʻi e lele kūʻē iā lākou. Ka nānā makaʻala lākou no ka mea ʻai, me ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻouka ʻana.

ʻO nā manu liʻiliʻi o ke kūlohelohe e noho ana ma waho o nā kauhale, ma nā ulu lāʻau liʻiliʻi, e pono e mālama i nā ʻalā pō. ʻUʻuku ʻahe, ʻoki manu. Hoʻopilikia ka marten, piʻi pono i ka lāʻau. ʻO nā holoholona ʻano ʻino ʻole like ʻole, e like me ka hedgehog, ferret, squirrel, ʻaʻole nō hoʻi kahi palapela i ka pāʻina ʻana i nā hua passerine.

Wahi a ka sparrow no mākou kahiʻino pili ʻana, ʻai ʻai i ka hua. Akā he mea nui ka pōmaikaʻi iā lākou, hoʻokahi ʻāpana o nā manu e hoʻopau i ka 3 kg o nā pōpoki i hoʻokahi mahina. ʻO ka mea nui ka mālama ʻana i kahi kaulike ma waena o ke kūlohelohe, ma waena o ka nui o ka lehulehu a me ka hāʻawi i ka meaʻai.