Kuhi paha kēia moʻolelo inā ʻaʻole ia no ka moʻo maoli. Ma nā mokupuni i nalowale i ke Kai ʻEiwa (Mauritius, Rodriguez a me Reunion, nona nā Mascarene Islands), nā manu dodo, nā mākaʻi o ka ʻohana Dodo, i noho i ka wā kahiko.

ʻO ka hilinaʻi manu manu dodo

ʻO ka mokupuni kahi i noho ai nā manu he paradaiso maoli: ʻaʻohe ona kanaka, ʻaʻohe neʻe, a me nā pōʻino ʻē aʻe no nā Dodovites. ʻAʻole ʻike nā manu Dodo e lele a, ʻauʻau a holo i ka holo wikiwiki, akā he mea waiwai ʻole, no ka mea ʻaʻole hewa ʻole ka dodo. ʻO ka meaʻai a pau, aia wale nō ma lalo o ko lākou mau wāwae, ka mea i pono ʻole ai ke hoʻoulu ʻia, e piʻi ana i ka lewa a e holo ʻole paha ma ke kai. ʻO kekahi ʻano hōʻailona ʻē aʻe o ka manu dodo, ʻo kona ʻōpū nui, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma muli o ke ola passive, ʻōleʻe wale ma luna o ka ʻāina, ʻoiai ua lohi i ka neʻe o nā manu.

Kekahi Dodo

ʻO kahi ala me ke ola he ʻano maʻamau o nā manu dodo, ma nā pālua ʻelua i hui pū ai e hānai wale i nā hua. ʻO ka pūnana, kahi i waiho ai ka hua manu keʻokeʻo nui wale nō i kūkulu ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka ʻala kuahiwi me ka hoʻohui o nā lālā a me nā lau pala. Ua hana ke ʻano o ka incubation ma mua o 7 hebedoma, me nā manu ʻelua (wahine a me ke kāne) e komo ana i loko. Mālama ka makua i kā lākou pūnana, mai ʻae i nā malihini e kokoke kokoke iā ia ma mua o 200 mika. He mea kupaianaha nō inā ke hele kahi "outsider" dodo i ka pūnana, a laila ka mea hoʻokahi o ka wahine like ʻole e kipaku aku iā ia.

E like me ka ʻike o kēlā mau manawa mamao (ʻo ka hope o ka 17 kenekulia), kā kā Dodos e kāhea aku nei iā lāua kekahi, kani nui ko lākou mau ʻēheu, a no nā minuke 4-5 i hana lākou he 20-30 mau papaha, i hoʻokumu i kahi leo nui e lohe ʻia ana ma kahi mamao o 200 mau mika.

Hoʻopau loa ʻia nā manu Dodo

Ua hoʻopau ka dodo idyll me ka hōʻea ʻana o ka poʻe ʻEulopa ma nā mokupuni, ke ʻike nei i ka waiwai pio ke kumu maikaʻi e ʻai ai. ʻEkolu mau manu ʻaneʻane i lawa ka mea e hānai ai i ka moku o ka moku holoʻokoʻa, a ua lawe he nui mau dodoes paʻakai i ka huakaʻi holo. Eia naʻe, manaʻo ʻia ka ʻai a nā lawaiʻa, a he ʻimi lawaiʻa no ka dodo (i ka manawa ua lawa ʻia kahi manu ʻāʻī e hoʻopā me ka pōhaku a i ʻole ka lāʻau) ʻaʻole maopopo. ʻO nā manu, ʻoiai ʻo ka puʻu ikaika, ʻaʻole i hōʻike i ka pale a holo i ka holo, ʻoi aku ka nui o kā lākou paona. Ua hoʻohuli wale ʻia ka lawe ʻana o Dodovites i kahi ʻano hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū: "nāna e hōʻalo i ka Dodo", hiki iā ia ke palekana maluhia me ka luku ʻana i nā mea ola maoli ʻole. Nui ka poʻe i hoʻāʻo e lawe i nā mea maʻamau ʻē aʻe me lākou, ʻaʻole naʻe he hiki i nā mea like ʻole ke kū i ka paʻa i kau ʻia ma luna o lākou: ke uwē lākou, hōʻole lākou e ʻai, a make hoʻi. Hōʻike ka ʻolelo mōʻaukala i nā manawa i lawe ʻia ai ka manu mai ka mokupuni i Farani, hāʻule lākou waimaka me he mea lā e ʻike ʻole ana lākou ʻaʻole lākou e ʻike i ko lākou ʻāina.

100 makahiki maikaʻiʻole - a ʻaʻohe dodo

Kii ka inoa o nā manu iā "Dodo" (mai ka Pukiki) mai nā mākaʻikaʻi like ʻole i manaʻo he mau kānaka lapuwale lākou. ʻOiai nō naʻe, he poʻe naʻaupō ka poʻe o ka moana, no ka mea, ʻaʻole ka mea akamai e luku aku i ka mea i pale ʻole ʻole.

ʻO nā heihei, nā ʻīlio, nā ʻīlio, nā ʻīlio a me nā puaʻa i lawe ʻia ai i ka mokupuni e nā poʻe i lawe i kahi mahele ʻole i ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā manu Dodo ma ka ʻai ʻana i nā hua a me nā moa.Eia kekahi, ua loaʻa nā nests ma luna o ka ʻāina, ʻoi aku ka mea maʻalahi wale i mea e hoʻopau ai. Ma kahi o 100 mau makahiki, ʻaʻohe nō dodo hoʻokahi i noho ma nā mokupuni. ʻO ka mōʻaukala o ka Dodo he hōʻike hoʻohālike no ke luku ʻana o kahi moʻomeheu aloha ʻole ma kona ala i nā mea āpau i hāʻawi ʻia ma nā ʻano kūlohelohe.

Me kahi hōʻailona o ka luku poʻokela o nā mea maoli a ka Jersey Trust no ka mālama ʻana i nā holoholona, ​​koho ʻia ka manu dodo ma kahi ʻano he kiko.

ʻO ka kumu o ke ʻano a me ka wehewehe

Hoʻi kiʻi: Dodo Bird

ʻAʻohe ʻike pololei loa e pili ana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka manu dodo, akā maopopo ka ʻike ʻepekema o ka Mau Mauritius Dodo he kūpuna ākea o nā pigeons kahiko i pae mua ma ka moku ʻo Mauritius.

ʻOiai nā ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa o ka like o nā manu anuanu ʻo Dodo a me ka manu ʻōpio, he mau hiʻohiʻona nā manu, e like me:

• ʻokoʻa nā wahi e pili ana i ka ʻili o ka maka i ke kumu o ka beak,
• kūlike pae
• nele i kekahi iwi ʻokoʻa (vomer) ma nā ʻihi,
• ka hele ʻana o kahi hapa i hoʻonui ʻia o ka esophagus.

Loaʻa ka loaʻa ʻana o nā wahi kūpono no ka noho ʻana a me ka hoʻoulu ʻia ma ka mokupuni, lilo nā manu i noho mau loa ia wahi. Ma hope e ulu hou ʻana i mau makahiki he haneli, hui ʻia nā manu, hoʻonui ʻia i ka nui a poina pehea e lele ai. He mea paʻakikī ke ʻōlelo ʻia i mau haneli he mau leo ​​o ka manu dodo i loko o kona hale, akā ke kau mua nei ma ka makahiki 1598, ua pae mua ka poʻe holele Belanda ma nā mokupuni. Mahalo i nā moʻolelo o ka admiral Walanda, ka mea nāna i wehewehe ka honua holoʻokoʻa e kū mai ana ma kona ala, ua loaʻa iā Mauritius dodo kona kaulana i ka honua holoʻokoʻa.

Hoʻi kiʻi: Dodo Bird

ʻO ka manu ʻokoʻa a me ka lele ʻole i loaʻa i ka inoa ʻepekema ʻo dodo, akā ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa e kapa ʻia ʻo ka dodo. ʻAʻole pololei ka mōʻaukala o ka inoa ʻo "dodo", akā aia kahi ʻano ma muli o kona ʻano aloha a me ka nele o ka hiki ke lele, ua kapa ʻia nā māka Dutch iā ia he naʻaupō a me ka lethargic, a no ka unuhi like me ka huaʻōlelo Dutch "duodu". Wahi a nā moʻolelo ʻē aʻe, e pili pū ana ka inoa me ka ʻoweliweli a kekahi manu a i ʻole ka hoʻohuli ʻana i kona leo. Aia kekahi mau moʻolelo pili i ka mea i hōʻike 'ia e ka Dutch i ka inoa o nā manu, ka Wallowbird, a me ka Pukiki i kapa iki' ia na penguins.

Alice ma Wonderland - kahi puke e aʻo ai ka honua i ka manu dodo

Pehea ka honua i aʻo ai e pili ana i ke ʻano o ia manu ʻano ʻokoʻa. ʻO wai ka mokupuni i noho ai ka manu dodo? A paʻa maoli nō paha?

Ua ʻike ka lehulehu i nā manu dodo hiki ke lilo i hala no ka manawa lōʻihi no ka mahalo iā Lewis Carroll a me kāna moʻolelo "Alice i Wonderland". Ma laila, ʻo ka manu dodo kekahi o nā huaʻōlelo, a nui ka poʻe loea e manaʻoʻiʻo ana i ke kiʻi o ka manu dodo, ʻo Lewis Carroll i wehewehe iā ia iho.

I loko o ke ao nei he hapa o ka dodo i ka kope hoʻokahi, i ka makahiki 1637 hiki iā lākou ke lawe mai i kahi manu ola mai nā mokupuni i ʻEnelani, kahi manawa lōʻihi ka lākou kālā kālā mai ka hōʻike ʻana i kahi kope like ʻole. Ma hope o ka make, ua hana ʻia kahi mea i hānai ʻia i ka hulu hipa, i waiho ʻia ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Ladana ma 1656. I ka makahiki 1755, ua hao ʻia ia i ka manawa, nā momi a me nā pōkā, no laila ua hoʻoholo ka curator o ka hale ʻai i ka puhi. Ma ka manawa hope ma mua o ka "luku", ua haehae kekahi limahana o ka hale waihona ʻepa a me ke poʻo mai ka holoholona i kālai ʻia (maikaʻi pono lākou), lilo ia i mea waiwai nui loa o ka honua zoology.

Nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā hiʻohiʻona

ʻO ke kiʻi: Dodo Birds Mauritius

ʻOiai ke pili ʻana o kona mau manu me ka pigeons, ʻoi aku ka nānā ʻana o ka dodo Mauritian ke like me kahi moʻo i hānai ʻia. Ma muli o ka ʻōpū nui, kahi aneane i huki ai i ka ʻōpū, ʻaʻole hiki i ka manu ke lele wale i luna, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke holo wikiwiki. Mahalo wale nō i nā moʻolelo kuʻuna a me nā kiʻi o nā mea pena i kēlā mau manawa, ua hiki ke hoʻokau i ka manaʻo nui a me ke ʻano o kēia manu manuahi hoʻokahi. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i ka 1 mika, a ʻo 20 mika kino kino he 20 kg. He manu nani a nani hoʻi ka manu dodo, he hue melemele-greenish. Ua liʻiliʻi ko ke poʻo, me ka ʻāʻī liʻiliʻi a me ka ʻā.

ʻO nā plumage he mau ʻano:

• hina a hina paha
• ʻaukā kahiko.

Hoʻohālike ʻia nā paʻu ʻōniha me nā paws o nā moa, ʻekolu i kū i mua, a i kekahi i hope. He pōkole, pōkole. Ua hoʻonani ʻia ka manu me kahi ʻoi manu pōkole, fluffy, nona ka hulu i ʻūlū i loko, e hāʻawi ana i ka dodo nui ma Mauritian. He manu pilikino nā manu a wehe ʻana i nā wahine a me nā kāne. ʻOi aku ka nui o ke kāne ma mua o ka wahine a loaʻa iā ia kahi beak nui, ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻohana ai i ka hakakā no ka wahine.

E like me ka ʻike ʻia e ka nui o nā moʻolelo i kēlā mau manawa, mahalo nui ʻia nā mea a pau e hālāwai me ke dodo. He ʻole ʻole nā ​​ʻēheu o ka manu no ka mea he liʻiliʻi lākou a he pili me ko lākou kino ikaika, ʻike ʻole lākou.

ʻAuhea e noho ai ka manu dodo?

Kiʻi: hoʻopau manu Dodo

He manu ka dodo, he kamaʻāina ʻo Mascarene, aia ma ke Kaiʻula, kokoke i Hawaiʻi. He mau wao a noho mālie kēia mau ʻāina. ʻAʻole maopopo iho paha ia ke kumu a ke kumu o ka lele ʻana o nā dodo no Mauritian, akā, ua lele ka manu i kēia paradaiso, a noho nō ia ma nā mokupuni a hiki i ka hopena o kā lākou mau lā. Mai ka wela a ke anuanu ma ka mokupuni, ua mahana a me ka hoʻoilo i ka mahina hoʻoilo a ʻaʻole wela i ke kauwela, ua ʻoluʻolu loa nā manu i ka makahiki āpau. A me nā momona momona a me nā manu o ka mokupuni i hiki ai i ke ola maikaʻi a me ka mālie.

ʻO kēia ʻano o ka dodo, noho pololei ma ka mokupuni o Mauritius, eia naʻe, ka mokupuni hui, ʻo ia ka home o ka dodo keʻokeʻo a me ka mokupuni o Rodriguez, kahi i noho ai nā dodges hermit, kahi i ka loko o ka ʻaumua. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ua ʻaneʻane lākou a pau, e like me ka dodo Mauritania iā lākou iho, ʻo ka hopena like ʻole, ua hoʻopau loa ʻia lākou e ka poʻe.

ʻOiaʻiʻo: Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo nā lawaiʻa o Golan e hoʻouna i kekahi mau kanaka pākeke ma luna o kahi moku i ʻEulopa no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā kikoʻī, akā aneane ʻaʻole kekahi i ola i kahi huakaʻi lōʻihi a paʻakikī hoʻi. No laila, ʻo ka noho pākahi wale nō i noho ai i mokupuni ʻo Mauritius.

Ma kēia ʻike ʻoe i kahi i noho ai ka manu dodo. E ʻike i nā mea āna i ʻai ai.

He aha nā kai a dodo?

Hoʻi kiʻi: Dodo Bird

He manu malū ʻo Dodo e ʻai nui ana i nā meaʻai kanu. Ua waiwai loa ka mokupuni i nā ʻano kai a pau i ʻole ka hemahema o ka dodo ma Mauriti i kahi hana pilikino ponoʻī e loaʻa ai ka ʻai, akā lawe wale i nā mea pono a pau mai ka honua, ma ia hope aku ke kāhea ʻia a me ke ʻano o ke ola.

ʻO ka meaʻai o kēlā me kēia lā o ka manu e komo:

• nā hua māla lau o ka lauma latania, nā hua liʻiliʻi ma ke ʻano o nā pī i nā diamim o kekahi mau kenimika,
• nā ʻōpala a me nā lau o nā kumulāʻau,
• ʻōpala a me nā aʻa,
• nā ʻano lau āpau
• nā huaʻehā a me nā hua
• nā pepeke liʻiliʻi
• mau lāʻau paʻakikī.

ʻO ka mea hoihoi: I mea e hoʻoulu ai i nā hua o ka lāʻau Calvaria a hāʻawi i nā mea kanu, pono ia e kāohi mai ka hale pale paʻa. ʻO kēia ka mea maoli i ka wā i ʻai ai ka manu dodo i ka māhu, akā hoʻomaikaʻi wale nō i ka ʻakaʻā i hoʻokau ʻia e ka manu e wehe i kēia mauʻu. No laila, ma muli o ke ʻano o ke kaulahao, ma hope o ka nalo ʻana o nā manu, i ka wā o ka wā, ua nalowale nā ​​lāʻau Kalavaria mai ka pua o ka mokupuni.

ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano o ka hana o ka heihei ʻo Dodo no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā meaʻai ikaika, ʻo ia nō ka moni ʻana i nā pebbs liʻiliʻi, kahi i hāʻawi ʻia i ka maikaʻi o ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai i loko o nā pā liʻiliʻi.

Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me nā ʻano hana

ʻO ke kiʻi: Dodo Bird, a ʻo Dodo

Ma muli o nā kūlana kūpono e kū ʻia ai i ka mokupuni, ʻaʻohe ʻano hoʻoweliweli a nā manu. Maikaʻi ka palekana, ua hilinaʻi nui lākou a me ke ʻano aloha, a ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻokani maikaʻi ʻia a alakaʻi ʻia i ka hoʻopau piha ʻana o nā ʻano ʻano ʻano. ʻO ka lōʻihi ma mua o 10 mau makahiki he lōʻihi.

Ke kumu, ʻo ka manu i mālama i nā hipa liʻiliʻi o nā kānaka 10-15, i nā ululāʻau pōpoki, kahi nui nā mea kanu a me ka meaʻai e pono ai.Ua alakaʻi ʻia kekahi ʻōpū a me ke ola i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi ʻōpū nui, kahi i kuhi iki aku ai i ka ʻili, a me nā wīwī nui a manuahi nā manu.

Ua kamaʻilio kēia mau manu kupaianaha me ka hoʻōho a me nā leo nui e hiki ke lohe ʻia ma kahi mamao ma mua o 200 mika. Ke kāhea aku nei i kekahi i kekahi, ua hoʻomaka lākou e paʻi ikaika i ko lākou mau eheu liʻiliʻi, e hana ana i kahi leo nui. Me ke kōkua o kēia mau ʻuhane a me nā kani, ua hoʻokomo pū ʻia me kēia mau hulahula kūikawā i mua o ka wahine, ua paʻa ka hana o ka koho ʻana i kahi hoa hana.

Ua kūkulu ʻia kahi pālua ma waena o kēlā me kēia kanaka i ke ola. Ua kūkulu manu nā manu i kā lākou mau puʻupuʻu no kā lākou mau mamo no ka wā e hiki mai ana ma ke ʻano he puʻu liʻiliʻi, e hoʻohui pū ana i nā lau palma a me nā ʻano āpau ma laila. Ma ke ʻano o ʻelua mahina ʻoi aku ka hopena, ʻoiai nā mākua i mālama nui i kā lākou hua nui.

He mea kupaianaha: i ke kaʻina ʻana o ka hua, ua hele nā ​​mākua a ʻelua e komo, a inā ua hele mai kahi dodo uka i ka nalo, a laila ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia kahi kanaka o ka wahine like ʻole.

ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻenehana a me ka hana hou

Nā kiʻi: Nā ʻ Dlelo Dodo

Eia nō naʻe, mahalo i nā noi ʻona o nā iwi i nā koina o nā iwi no ka dodo mau ʻo Mauritian, ua ʻike ʻia nā mea ʻepekema i ʻike hou aʻe e pili ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana o kēia manu a me kona ʻano o ka ulu. Ma mua o kēia, aneane ʻaʻohe mea e ʻike no kēia mau manu. Hōʻike kēia mau noiʻi e hoʻonui pinepine ʻia ka manu i kekahi manawa o ka makahiki, ma kahi o Malaki, ʻoiai ua nalowale koke ana i kona mau hulu, e waiho ana ma ka pluffage fluffy. Ua hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo e nā hōʻailona o ka nalowale nui o nā minima mai ke kino o ka manu.

Ma ke ʻano o ka mea ulu i ka iwi, ua maopopo i nā pīpī, ma hope o ka hū ʻana mai i nā hua, nui ka maʻi a nui i nā nui nui. Eia nō naʻe, ma mua o ka wā maʻi ua pono i nā makahiki he nui lākou. ʻO kahi hana kūikawā no ke ola ʻo ia ka mea i kālai lākou iā ʻAukake, i ka wā ʻoluʻolu a me ka wā ʻoi loa. A mai Nowemapa a hiki i Malaki, holo mai nei nā ʻinoʻino ma ka mokupuni, e hoʻopau pinepine ana me ka nele o ka meaʻai.

ʻO ka mea hoihoi: waiho i ka wahine dodo hoʻokahi hoʻokahi hua manu i ka manawa, ʻo ia kekahi o nā kumu no ka wikiwiki o kā lākou wikiwiki.

ʻAʻole he mea nui ka ʻike piha ʻia e ka noiʻi ʻepekema i ka moʻolelo o nā lawaiʻa o ka lawenaʻa i lawena maikaʻi ʻia e hālāwai me kēia mau manu kūʻokoʻa.

ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā manu Dodo

Kiʻi: hoʻopau manu Dodo

Noho nā manu aloha-maluhia i ka maluhia a me ka palekana, ʻaʻohe mea makehewa ma ka mokupuni e hiki ke kiʻi i kahi manu. ʻO nā ʻano lau a me nā mea ʻole a pau, ʻaʻole i lawe ʻē ʻia i ka dodo kīnā ʻole. No laila, i ka hoʻomakaʻana o nā makahiki he nui o ka hoʻokupu, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka manu dodo kekahi mau mea pale a i ʻike paha e hiki ke mālama i ka wā o kahi hoʻouka.

Ua loli maoli ka mea āpau me ka hiki ʻana mai o ke kanaka ma ka mokupuni, he manu ʻōʻō a me ke kahakaha, ua hui mai ke dodo me nā koloni Holani me ka makemake ʻana, ʻaʻole me ka manaʻo i ka poino āpau, e lilo i ka waiwai maʻalahi no ka poʻe hōʻino.

I ka hoʻomaka, ʻaʻole maopopo ka poʻe lawaiʻa i ka hiki ke ʻai i ka ʻiʻo o kēia manu, a ua hoʻāʻo ʻoi a ʻaʻole maikaʻi loa, eia naʻe, ka pōloli a me ka hopu wikiwiki, ʻaʻole naʻe i kue ka manu, ua kōkua i ka pepehi ʻana o ka dodo. A hoʻomaopopo ke poʻe lawenaʻa, he waiwai nui ka lawe ʻia ʻana o ka dodo, no ka mea, ua lawa nā manu ʻekolu ʻōpio no ka hui holoʻokoʻa. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻohe mea liʻiliʻi i hānai ʻia e nā holoholona i lawe ʻia i nā mokupuni.

• ʻuʻā iwi ʻōpala i nā hua huki
• ka ʻai ʻo nā kao i kahi e kūkulu ai nā manu i kā lākou mau lua, a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o lākou.
• ʻo nā ʻīlio a me nā ʻili ua luku ʻia nā manu ʻōpio a
• ua ʻai aku nā kānaka i nā moa.

ʻO ka hune he waiwai nui ia i ka make ʻana o ka Dodo, akā nā moʻo, nā kao, nā kahu puaa, nā puaʻa a me nā mea hihi i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai nā moku ma ka mokupuni, ma nā ala he nui, i hoʻoholo i ko lākou hopena.

Ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana a me nā ʻano

Kiʻi ʻAha: ʻO ke poʻo manu ʻo Dodo

ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, i nā makahiki 65 wale nō, ua hoʻokō ke kanaka i ka luku loa i ka poʻe o nā kenekulia he mau makahiki i hala aku nei.ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole nā ​​kānaka a pau i luku wale i nā luna āpau o kēia ʻano manu, akā ua hōʻole nō e mālama i kona mau ʻai me ka hanohano. Loaʻa kahi hōʻike no nā hihia i lawe ʻia mai i nā mokupuni manu dodo. ʻO ka manu mua i lawe ʻia aku i Netherlands i 1599, kahi i hana ai i kahi kihi, ʻoiai ʻo nā mea hana kiʻi i hōʻike pinepine ʻia i kahi manu kupanaha i ko lākou mau kiʻi.

ʻO ka lua o ka mea i lawe ʻia aku iā ʻEnelani, kokoke ma kahi o 40 mau makahiki ma hope, i kahi i hōʻike ʻia no ka mea pīhoihoi e pīhoihoi ana i ke kālā. A laila hana lākou i kahi manu i hānai ʻia mai ka manu make ʻane, a hōʻike i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻia o Oxford. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke mālama ʻia kēia holoholona mea i mālama ʻia, hiki i kēia lā, ʻo ka mea āpau i koe i loko o ka hale moʻomeheu, ʻo ia wale nō kona poʻo a me ka wāwae. ʻO kekahi mau ʻāpana o ka uluna o ke dodo a me nā koena o ka paws hiki ke ʻike ʻia i Denemaka a me Czech Republic. Ua hiki nō i nā kānaka ʻepekema ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa i kahi hiʻohiʻona piha o ka manu dodo, no laila ʻike ka poʻe i ko lākou ʻano me he mea lā ua hala ʻole. ʻOiai he nui nā manawa o ka dodo i hoʻopau i loko o nā hale moʻomeheu ʻEulopa, ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou ua nalowale a luku ʻia paha.

ʻO ka mea hoihoi: Ua lilo ka manu dodo a mahalo nui i ka fairy moʻolelo "Alice i loko o kahi hoʻomoana o nā hana mana", kahi o ka dodo kekahi o nā kiʻi i loko o ka moʻolelo.

Manu Dodo pili i nā kumu ʻepekema a me nā kuhi hewa ʻole, eia naʻe ke ʻano maoli a hōʻole ʻole ʻia ka hana maikaʻi ʻole a ke kanaka, ka mea i lilo i kumu nui no ka hoʻopau ʻole ʻana o kahi ʻano holoholona holoʻokoʻa.

Mālama ʻāina-Kākau S.A. Aeenina

Hoʻoholo mākou e hele me kahi kaikamahine i Ryazan no ka hopena pule, i ka ʻike ʻana i ka lā Pōʻaono e pae mai ana ka lā a me ka +5, ua hoʻoholo mākou e holo koke i kahi kihi, aia ka 50 km mai ke kūlanakauhale aku ʻaʻole i pau. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻolōʻihi i ka lā holoʻokoʻa ma laila e lele ka manawa, aia nā anances me ka hoʻihoʻi hou, akā pono. A no ka poʻe nāna e hoʻolālā i kahi huakaʻi like - e leʻaleʻa e hoʻolālā i nā lā ʻekolu, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lawa nā lā ʻelua. He lā ma ke kūlanakauhale, kahi lā ma nā ʻāpana a me nā hale ma loko o ke kaona, a ʻo ka lā holoʻokoʻa ʻoe e lawe ia i ke S.A. Ooenin.

Zoology: mau hoaaloha aloha

He hakakā ka ola a pau, akā he wahi i loko o ke hui pū. Hāʻawi ke ʻano kūlohelohe i nā hiʻohiʻona nui i like nā ʻano like ʻole o kekahi ʻano like ʻole, inā ʻaʻole aloha, a laila ʻae ʻia ka liʻiliʻi, ʻoluʻolu a me ka pilina. ʻO nā ʻaka a me nā ʻalā, nā bipi a me nā mikrob - nā ʻelele o nā hui like ʻole a me nā aupuni o ka honua ola e hiki ke hui pū.

Coyote + Badger = Keʻai

Nā moʻolelo o nā ʻĀina ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a me nā nānā hou o nā zoologists e haʻi e pili ana i ka "pilina" ma waena o kēia mau holoholona. Ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻohui maikaʻi kā lākou mau hopu hānai kekahi i kekahi. ʻOi nā holoholona ʻelua e hānai nui i nā rodents liʻiliʻi: nā ʻāpana ʻeleʻele, nā ʻula ʻāina, nā ʻīlio meāwa. Hiki iā Coyotes ke hopu maʻalahi me ka mea ʻai, akā ua nalo, pono ia e hūnā ma kahi lua. ʻAʻole wikiwiki nā Badger, akā, ʻo ko lākou mau wāwae mua e ʻae iā ʻoe e kiʻi i ka mea pio, ʻoiai inā hiki iā ia ke piʻi i lalo i ka hohonu.

E like me ke kulekele, noho nā coyotes i nā pa i kahi hierarchy paʻakikī a ʻaʻohe hoihoi nui i ka launa interspecific. Eia nō naʻe, inā ka holoholona hoʻokahi wale nō, a laila hiki iā ia ke komo i ka kuʻikahi kuʻikahi me ka mea hana kino hoʻokahi. ʻAʻole mau aku kēia pilina ma mua o hoʻokahi kiʻi - ʻo ka lōʻihi o hoʻokahi mau hola - a hiki i ka mea hewa ke kiʻi ʻia e ka coyote i loko o ka lua, a piʻi paha ka coyote i ka holoholona "i hāpai ʻia" e ka mea hewa.

Moana anemone + clown iʻa = pili

ʻO Andrew Stanton, ka luna o ke kiʻiʻāina ʻo The Finding Nemo, i ʻae ʻia ka hoʻowalewale ʻana i ka hanana moʻolelo e kahi kiʻi o nā iʻa o ka iʻa e piha ana ma waena o ka anemone moana. Sedentary a nele i kahi huakaʻi paʻa, paʻa nā anemones moana i loko o nā pilina like ʻole me nā hoalauna like ʻole, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kā lākou hiki ke neʻe a hāʻawi aku i ka pane ʻana mai i ka mana wela o kā lākou mau puʻupuʻu. Ua hopu ʻo Lybia i nā pahu kū i ke anemones a me ke peʻe, a i ka neʻe ʻana, e hoʻoweliweli iā lākou me ka hoʻoweliweli.

Akā i ka lawaiʻa o ka clown hele loa i kēia pili i ke aloha, ua aʻo e hoʻohālike i ke ʻano o nā melemona o nā anemones, e hoʻomaikaʻi nei iā lākou ʻaʻole ia.ʻAi kēia i ka iʻa e hūnā malū i waena o nā mea make. Noho ka noho ʻana, pale ʻoi aku iā ia i ke anemone "mai loko o ka hoʻopuni ʻana o kona mau hoa, a hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke koena o nā meaʻai a me nā ea.

Kakei kāʻai + dolphin = pilina

I kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hōʻike nā mea noiʻi o New Zealand i nā hopena o ka aneane 20 mau makahiki o ka nānā ʻana i ka kamaʻāina cetacean - nā kohina pepehi kanaka a me nā lawaia bottlenose maʻamau. Ua ʻae ke ʻano o nā ʻeke i nā ʻepekema i ʻike i kēlā me kēia kanaka a ʻike i nā makahiki he nui lākou i mālama ʻia i ka pilina "pilikino", i kekahi manawa, ka hālāwai ʻana, a ʻike hou kekahi i kekahi me nā kuʻuna o ka moana.

Ua ʻike ʻia hiki i kēia mau ʻano ke hana i nā hybrids kūponoʻole, nā orcasphodelphins. Akā ʻo ke kumu o kā lākou pilina pili me ka hahai manu. Makemake nui nā Dolphins i ka salmon, a ua makemake ʻia nā kohola pepehi kanaka e kuʻi ʻia i ka mackerel nui loa, ka mea e mālama mau ʻia ma kahi kokoke. ʻAʻole i kaupalena ʻia ko lākou pilina aloha ʻole i kēia: ua kākau nā kānaka ʻepekema i nā hōʻike he nui o ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa ʻae ʻole. Hiki i nā holoholona ke ʻuʻulu a me ka maʻa ma ka ʻaoʻao, e hoʻopiʻi hou i nā hoaaloha ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka hoae.

Frog + Tarantula = Puʻuwai

I kēia pili ʻana, ʻaʻole like nā mea āpau. "ʻO ka ʻaha mua i hoʻokani ʻia e nā arachnids nui, aʻo nā ʻeke i hana ʻia e ke vertebrate, nā pōkā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi pokole Microhylidae. ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke inoa iā lākou i nā poʻe kaulana o ka honua amphibian, ʻoiai he mau haneli o kēia mau micro-alika e noho nei i nā wahi mahana a pākahi o ka honua. A nui o lākou i komo i ka simbiosis me nā tarantulas ikaika o ka genus Xenesthis, 2-3 mau manawa nui aʻe ma mua o kēia mau baki. Ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, maʻalahi hiki i ka spider ke pepehi a ʻai i ka hoalauna inā ʻaʻole i make ia no ia.

Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻo ka tarantula e ʻae i ka neʻe ʻana o nā lālau lāʻau, akā e hiki nō iā ia ke noho ma hope o kāna pūnana, e hoʻohana ai i kona pale mai nā nahelehele a me nā mea hana hoʻomālamalama ʻē aʻe. Ma ka huli ana, ʻo nā rana - hiki i kahi mea kikoʻī ke "hoʻomaka" i hoʻokahi manawa - ʻai i nā pepeke liʻiliʻi (ʻoi aku nā kime) e ʻike kokoke ʻia, e weliweli no nā hua spider. He pīhoihoi ia ia ʻano ʻano like o nā ʻano like ʻole o kēia mau rana a me ka tarantulas a nānā ʻia ma nā wahi a pau kahi e noho nei nā ʻelele o nā ʻano genera ʻelua - mai India a Peru.

Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻo Darwinism i ka kūlohelohe i ka kūlohelohe o ka hoʻokūkū mau loa, nā hoʻokūkū ikaika, ai ka ola o ka fittest - ka wikiwiki loa, ikaika loa, ka toothiest. Akā mamao loa kēia mai ka haʻahaʻa. Hoʻohālikelike ka hoʻokūkū a me ka wānana e ka simbiosis a me ka pilina, nā mea maʻamau ma waena o nā ʻano a me nā waena o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole a me nā aupuni o ka mea ola. Hiki ke kapa ʻia kēlā mau ʻano ʻano i ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana: hoʻomāʻule, manu e ʻoluʻolu a hoʻomehana i ke anuanu koʻikoʻi, hoʻoikaika ikaika i nā ʻano o nā gen, ka hana a nā mikrob i ka pale ʻana i ka hana a nā lāʻau lapaʻau. E like me nā manaʻo o kēia wā, a hiki i ka 98% o nā maʻi bacterial i hiki ʻole ke ola a hoʻomohala wale, i ka noho kaʻawale ʻana mai nā poʻe o nā ʻano like ʻole. Mai kēia ʻano o ke ʻano, ʻaʻole ka like o ka kunu me ke kaua piha, akā he kahua politika paʻakikī, piha i nā pili paʻa a me nā ʻae. ʻOiai inā hoʻokomo ʻia kekahi o nā mea i pili i kēia mau pilina, e pōmaikaʻi ka poʻe āpau. Kiwi e koi i nā kumukūʻai hou - no ka laʻana, ka hana o ka nui o nā protein e pono ai e hōʻona i nā toxins a i ʻole antibiotics - lilo i "hiki ʻole" no kona mau hoalauna. Hiki i kēlā me kēia mau alu e like me ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea ola, e like me ka polyps a me ka jellyfish, e hoʻokumu nei i ka "mau waʻa Portuguese." A ma nā hihia nui loa, he hopena i kahi hoʻohui piha - no laila, ma muli o ka kokoke e pili ana i ka simbiosis kokoke, nā nuclei a me ka mitochondria i loko o kā mākou mau sela.

ʻO Bacteria + clam = invisibility

ʻAʻole ulu nā Cephalopods i ka cuttlefish Sepiolida i ka ulu lōʻihi ma mua o nā kenimita. ʻO nā mea hoʻohiki pōkole i ka pō, ʻo lākou iho ka mea pale ʻole e kūʻē i nā kahu nui, no laila ʻoi aku ka mea nui i ka ola.Hoʻokomo nā huakini Bioluminescent e noho ana i ko lākou kino e hūnā i kā lākou silhouette pōʻeleʻele e pili ana i ke kua o ke aniani o ka lewa ākea. Loaʻa i nā mikrob nā huna a me ka meaʻai, ke hāʻawi nei i kahi kūlike o kahi mālamalama. Ke hele nei ʻo Sepiolide i kēia radiation ma o nā kānana translucent, kokoke a pili like i kona ʻano kūlohelohe, a lilo i mea ʻike ʻole.

Ma ka laulā, ke kamaʻilio pū ʻana o nā kai hohonu i ke kai me nā lehe pinepine. ʻO nā kukuna ʻulaʻula a me nā ulia pōkole i manaʻo ʻia kekahi o nā holoholona nui e hoʻopailua ana ma ka honua. Eia nō naʻe, manaʻo ka hapa nui ʻaʻole hiki i nā cephalopods ke hana i nā toxin nerve nāu ponoʻī iā lākou iho. No ka hana i kēia, hele lākou i nā lawelawe o nā ʻano simbiotic e noho ana i kā lākou mau kelepona sima.

ʻO Symbiosis kahi ʻano o nā pilina interspecific e hoʻohana pono ana i ka liʻiliʻi o kahi o nā mea i komo.

ʻO Parasitism kekahi ʻano o ka simbiosis, ʻoiai ke kaʻawale ʻana ia mai kēia hui mai, e hoʻopili ana i ka wānana.

ʻO ka Mutualism ka pilina pili ʻole, ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe o nā ʻano simbolo e hiki ke ola.

ʻO ka Commensalism kahi pilina e pono ai he pōmaikaʻi wale kekahi o nā hoa a ʻaʻole i pili i ka lua. ʻO kēia, no ka laʻana, ʻo ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā hua ma ka lauoho holoholona (eriochoria) a i ʻole kahi i noho ai nā kaiāulu manuahi i loko o nā bora rodent (syneykia).

He maikaʻi ka hana ʻana, akā ʻaʻole pono ia no nā hui o nā mea komo.

Nā kiʻi: NATURE PL (X3) / LEGION-MEDIA, ARDEA / EAST NEWS, ISTOCK

Ua paʻi ʻia ka mea i loko o ka makasina "Around the World" No. 12, December 2019

ʻHernlelo Chernobyl 2. Wālā Chernobyl

I nā papa hana mua:

Hoʻomau mākou e hoʻonohonoho i nā mea nānā no ka ulia. ʻO kēia manawa, ʻelua mau huaʻōlelo e pili ana i ka ʻāina i loaʻa i ka ulia. Ua noi wau i ka nui loa, akā e pili ana iā Polesie hiki iā ʻoe ke kamaʻilio pau ʻole. Maanei mākou e nānā nei i kekahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi (ʻāpana) o kahi o ka ʻāina, he mōʻaukala lōʻihi ia i hoʻololi i ka makahiki 1966 (a ʻaʻohe, he typo kēia no nā ʻano.

Sergey Mirny. "Mana ola. ʻO ka palapala kākuna

Ma ka palena o Iukure-Belarusian, mai Polani a Rūsia, kahi pālahalaha loa a koʻikoʻi ka Polessky Territory. He mōʻī kahiko kona. Ua manaʻo ʻia aia ma ka kahawai ʻo Pripyat ma kahi o 3.5 mau makahiki i hala aku nei i hala aku i ka palena ʻākau o ka moʻomeheu archaeological East East Shinets, kahi a ka poʻe ʻepekema i ʻōlelo ai, i lilo i kumu no ka ʻohana Pre-Slavic. ʻO ka mea e ʻōlelo i ka mea maʻamau o nā kānaka e noho nei ma kēia ʻāina, ʻo Herotota ka mea e kapa iā lākou he "neurons." Ma hope mai, ua ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia ka wahi i loko o nā moʻolelo like a ʻike i ke ʻano o Russia. Ua hoʻohalahala ʻia ka mea like pū me nā ʻohana o Drevlyans, Polani, a me Dregovich ma kahi o ka ʻāina.

Well no kahi manaʻo maʻamau

ʻO ka haʻi mua loa o Chernobyl i hala i ka makahiki 12. I ka 1127, ua kapa ʻia ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Strezhev. Ma hope mai, ua hoʻomālamalama ʻia ke kūlanakauhale i loko o ka Ipatiev Chronicle, e like me ke keiki a ke aliʻi aliʻi maʻa ʻo Rurik Rostislavich i ʻimi i kēia wahi i ka makahiki 1193, kahi nona (kāna keiki na ke ʻano) ua loaʻa iā ia kona inoa o kēia manawa. I ka kenekulia XIII, kokoke i ka waha o Pripyat, hoʻoili ʻia kahi kaua ma hope, e like me kekahi mau loea, ua koikoi ʻo Mongols ka pio mua loa ma Rūsia. A laila, hele mua ka ʻāina ma lalo o Lūkani, a laila, ma ka kenekulia 15, mana Polani. I loko o kēia mau manawa, kūkulu ʻia kahi hale aliʻi ma kahi o ke kūlanakauhale, a laila hana ʻia i loko o kahi pā.

Aia kekahi moʻolelo hoihoi e pili ana me ka wā Polani. I Chernobyl i 1768, hānau ʻia ʻo Rosalia Khodkevich-Lyubomirskaya. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia i ka ʻike liʻiliʻi iā ia me kāna mau hana kālai ʻāina ma ke kahe a Polani-Lithuanian Commonwealth a me Farani. Ua manaʻo maikaʻi ʻia ua kaikamahine lā e ʻike pono ʻo Marie Antoinette, a ua kākoʻo maoli i ka poʻe aliʻi, ʻaʻole i hiki ke hoʻopau ʻo Jacobin Farani. Ua mālama ʻia ʻo Rosalia ma Iune 21, 1794. E like me Rosalia Chernobyl, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ia i nā moʻolelo o nā mea kuhihewa a me nā moʻo.

Rosalia Lyubomirskaya-Khodkevich aka Chernobyl. No kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo.

I ka waena o ka kenekulia 18, ma hope iho ua lilo ke kūlanakauhale i ʻāpana o ka Lūkini Lūkini (1793), ua lilo ke kūlanakauhale i ke kikowaena o Hasidism - ʻoiai he ʻano kaāliū o ka hoʻomana nui ma waena o nā kumuhana Iudaio o ka Commonwealth. A laila ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke aupuni Chernobyl Hasidic. I ka wā o nā hoʻohuli ʻana a me ke kaua kīwila, ʻo ka lehulehu o ka lehulehu o nā kānaka o ke kūlanakauhale (mai 10,800 mau Iudaio he 7,200 i ka makahiki 1898) ua hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā pogroms, a ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana o ka Chernobyl i haʻalele i ke kūlanakauhale i ka 1920. Ua luku ʻia nā Iudaio e koe ana i ka Kaua Honua II. I loko o ke kaua Soviet-Polish, no kekahi manawa ua hele aku ʻo Chernobyl i loko o nā lima o nā Pola, akā ua kāpae ʻia e ka Red Army, a laila hoʻokomo ʻia me SSR Ukrania.

ʻO Menachem Nachum o Tver, ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka hoʻomāʻo Chornobyl Hasidic. Ke manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia nei ʻo ia ka Tverskys i hele mai mai Chernobyl nāna, a hiki i ka hoʻoiho ʻana, ua noho aliʻi ma luna o kahi kūlana nui ma waena o Iuklisian Jewry

ʻO ka māhele honua, ʻo ka Polesie lowland he ulu kai lolō ia. Inā ʻoe e nānā i ka palapala i ka ʻāina ʻo Pripyat, ʻike iā ʻoe e piʻi pinepine ana ka muliwai, e hana ana i nā wahine kahiko. Pēlā nā kūlana i hoʻoholo ʻia i ka ʻoluʻolu o nā partisans (ʻaʻole hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia nā mea kaumaha ma ʻaneʻi) Eia kekahi, ʻo ia ka nui o nā ululāʻau a me nā pulu ʻeke i hiki iā mākou ke mālama i ka moʻomeheu Polesie kūʻokoʻa a hiki i kēia lā. Noho ka poʻe noho ma hope o ka hopu, lawaiʻa a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana. ʻO ka mōʻaukala o Vovkulak, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka werewolf, i hele mai ma o Kuprin i nā palapala mele maʻamau. Ua ʻokoʻa ʻē ka polesie werewolves mai ko lākou mau hoa ʻĀina i loko o ʻEulopa ma nā hōʻino ʻilihune, a me kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe. Eia, i ka makahiki ʻumikūmālua, mālama ʻia nā hana mua o ka Kalikimaka, me ka laʻana, ka hana hoʻomana o ke "wahine hoʻokamakama".

ʻO ka hiʻona o kēia kuana ʻōlelo e neʻe nei i nā hilinaʻi kahiko e hele wāwae wale ana nā ʻuhane o nā kaikamahine hala hala ʻole i ko mākou honua, a aia wale nō i ka wiki Rusal (ma ka Trinity) loaʻa iā lākou ka manawa kūpono e hiki ai i ka "honua ʻē aʻe". No ka mālama ʻana i nā "mermaids", ua lawe ʻia i ke kakahiaka nui ʻo ke kapa wahine i hana ʻia ma ke ʻano o ke ahiahi, mua, ma waena o ke kauhale, a laila ma ka mahina ʻai, a lawe ʻia i ka hale kupapaʻu, kahi i kuhi ʻia ai nā kuahiwi a hoʻolei ʻia i ka lepo.

Sergey Paskevich, Denis Vishnevsky. “Chernobyl. Ka honua maoli. ”

ʻO Mermaids e like me ka mea kākau ʻo Konstantin Makovsky

ʻO ke kino kūlohelohe wale nō ʻo Polesie i ka hōʻeha i ka wā o ke Kaua Patriotic Nui. I ka makahiki 1941, e hāakaʻi ke kaua no Kiev, a ua pau i loko o Kiev Cauldron. Hoʻomaka koke nā detachment hoʻonohonoho i kahi hoʻonohonoho wikiwiki, ʻo ia ka mea kaulana loa, a ʻoi aku hoʻi, ua wehe ʻo Sidor Kovpak. Ua lilo ʻo Polesie Hikina i wahi kuleana maoli.

ʻO Sawmill ma kahi o Vilcha. He 50 km ākea mai ka lālā hana nuklea i kēia manawa, paʻa.

Ma hope o ke kaua, e like me ka papa o ka ʻĀina o nā Kuhina i nā makahiki 1966, ua hoʻomaka ka koho kahua pae no ka mea kanu ulu mua o ko ka ʻāina mua ma Ukraine. I ke hopena, ua koho ʻia kahi wahi 4 mau kilomita mai ke kauhale o Kopachi. Nui nā kumu no kēia. ʻO ka mea mua, ua ʻike ʻia ka wahi i hana ʻole ʻia no ka mahiʻai. ʻO ka lua, aia kekahi mau alanui nui e kokoke kokoke ana - ʻo Pripyat kēia me ka Dnieper, a me ke kahua kaʻaahi Chernigov-Ovruch me ka papa o Yanov ma kahi kokoke o ka mea hoʻonāʻike nukle e hiki mai ana. Ua lilo ʻia nā makahiki e hiki mai ana e hana i nā huaʻōlelo, e wehewehe ana i ka hoʻolālā a me nā ʻano pono ʻē aʻe. A ʻo kahi hopena, ma Dekemaba 14, 1970, i ka manawa i hoʻomaka ai ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka hui mana mua a me ke kūlanakauhale o nā mea ʻepekema nukula, ua ʻae ka ʻĀina o nā Kuhina o USSR (a hoʻokahi makahiki a i ka hapalua ma hope) i ke kau ʻana o ka mana o ka Ministry of Energy and Ministry of Environment on the use of a RBMK-1000 type reactor at the station. Aia nā kumu ʻelua i ke koho ʻana i kēia mea hoʻopihapiha: ʻo ka mea mua, ʻaʻole hiki i ka ʻāina ke hāʻawi i ka hana hoʻomohala o ka nui o nā moku e pono ai no nā mea hoʻololi VVER, a ʻo ka lua, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hāʻawi i ka mana o 1000 MW i koi ʻia mai kēlā me kēia pā o ka hale. ʻO ia ke kumu no ka wikiwiki wikiwiki i ka nui o ka ikehu i hana ʻia, ʻo RBMK ka mea ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka koho. Eia hou, hiki ke loli maʻalahi i kona mana. I Mei Mei, hoʻomaka ka hōʻailona ʻana o ka pūʻali mana o ka wā e hiki mai ana, a ma ka 4 Pepeluali, hoʻomaka ka hana ma ke kūkulu ʻana i ke kūlanakauhale o nā ʻenehana nuklea - Pripyat.Ua koho ʻia ʻo Viktor Bryukhanov i lunahoomalu o ka kikowaena.

Ma ke kūkulu ʻana o ka NPP a me Pripyat, ʻekolu mau wahi noho i ka palapala honua - nā kauhale o Nagorsy a me Semikhody a me ka mahiʻai ʻo Podlesny. ʻO nā mea mua a hope hope i ka wai o ka wai o ka pūlima kūwaho o ka nuklea hana, a ua ʻai ʻia ʻo Semikhody e ke kūlanakauhale o nā ʻepekema hana ʻana Eia naʻe, waiho lākou i kahi hoʻomanaʻo - i kēia manawa ua hele mai nā limahana o ka hana mana nuklea i ke kahua kaʻaahi o ka inoa like.

Kuhi ʻia ka hana e kūkulu i nā pilikia ma ke ʻano he hapa liʻiliʻi o nā mea hana a hoʻonohonoho i nā hoʻolālā hiki ʻole. Ua hiki i ka manaʻo o ka luna kākau mua o ke Komite Central o ka Communist Party o Ukraine Volodymyr Shcherbitsky i kahi hoʻomanaʻo i ka Pelekikena o ke Kuhina o nā Kuhina o USSR Alexei Kosygin ma hope o ka uhai ʻana i ka hoʻolālā e hoʻolaha i ka pūnaehana kaulike mua o Chernobyl i 1975.

ʻOi aku paha ma mua o kahi i hālāwai ai i loko o ka nūpepa a ma nā mea kanu kaulike Chernobyl, ma muli o ka hoʻokele mua - nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā hoʻonohonoho. ʻAʻole maopopo iaʻu. Ua hiki au i ka ke kahua i ka mahina ʻo Kepakemapa 1973. Ma ka hale canteen aia he slogan e pili ana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pākuʻi mua i 1975. Ua hala ka manawa kūpono - ua kākau ʻia nā ʻelima i ʻeono. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka hui mua o ka Chernobyl NPP i Sepatemaba 26, 1977. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka papa ʻelua i ka lā 197Kekemaba 1978, Aia hoʻi he ʻelua mau poloka i hope aʻe. ʻAʻohe mea e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka lawe mua ʻana. ʻO ka mahalo, a hiki i ka lā 31 Dekemaba, e kamaʻilio leo nui ana no ka hiki ʻole o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i kēia makahiki he hiki ʻole. A laila hele mai ka emissary a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā hoʻolālā pono ʻole a me ka hoʻonohonoho hou. Hoʻopili, hoʻopaʻa ʻia, haʻalele ka emissary. A eia hoʻi no ka manawa mua e hoʻomaka ka hassle ma muli o ka paʻa paʻa o ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka papa hana, hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale mai ka manawa o ka hoʻohui. ʻO nā hālāwai lawelawe e hoʻopau ai, kahea i ka pō e hana. Hoʻoulu ʻia ka backlog hiki ʻole, e hāʻule ke kaohi, hoʻomaka ka hana maʻamau. A hiki i ka hōʻea ʻana o ke poʻo ...

A me nā pakuhi. Ke hoʻohuli ʻia lākou i hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia no nā kumu like, a me kēia āpau me ke ʻole o ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā limahana, nā lako a me nā mea hana. Aia wale nō ke kumu o ka ʻōlelo i kuhikuhi ʻia e ke aliʻi i hōʻea. He mea pono ʻole ke ʻōlelo ʻia, ʻaʻole mahalo lākou. Ma kahi o ka lua o ka poloka, no ke koena o nā ʻāpana he 10 i mau manawa no ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka pā. Hele mai ke poʻo o Glavatomenergo Nevsky a ma kahi papa no ke kauoha ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana piping. Hoʻolaha ʻia ka papaʻaina i ka mahina o Iune, a i ka mahina o ʻAukake, e pili ana i ka lā hoʻomaka, a ua hoʻolako ʻia ka pae laina ʻo KMPT. ʻO nā paila polike me ka diameter o 800 mm o, kahi hoʻopihapiha kuleana, he mau mea hoʻoweliweli wale nō i hōʻoia. No kēlā me kēia hui paʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ʻehiku mau lā ʻo ka ʻenehana. A ʻo ka mea hoihoi: ʻo Nevsky, i kēia mau makahiki i hala, kahi mea nāna e hoʻopuka, ʻaʻole hiki ke kōkua akā ʻike i ka pono o nā lā. Ua hōʻea kekahi limahana o ke Komite Central ʻo Maryin, me he mea lā he eletiano ia, a ua huki hou ʻia kahi hana ʻē aʻe - ʻo ke hoʻoponopono ʻana o nā ʻāpana elekihi. A laila.

Ma ka like like, ua hoʻomaka lākou e hōʻoia i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ke kahua i nā ʻāpana ʻehā a hoʻonui i kona hiki iā 4000 MW. I ka wā 14 o Dekemaba, 1977, ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ka palapala hōʻoia o ka wae mana mua, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka mea i hiki i ka lā 24 o Mei, 1978. A i hoʻokahi makahiki a me 4 mau lā ma hope, ua hiki i ka lua o ka hui i kona mana hoʻolālā, a ma ʻOkakopa 5, 1979 ua lawe piha ʻia nā mea ʻelua i ko lākou mana i helu ʻia. ʻO ka papa ʻekolu ke kaha piha i ka 1000 MW ma Iune 9, 1982, a me kona kaikua ʻehā ona - i ka lā Malaki 28 o ka makahiki aʻe. Aia ma ʻAukake o kēlā makahiki, ua lanakila ʻo Chernobyl i ka laina o 100 billion kWh. Ma ka ʻanuʻuku, ka hana ʻana o ka lima (ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kūkulu ʻana - Ianuali 1, 1981, ka hoʻomaka ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻomaka ma 1986) a me ka papa ʻeono (hoʻomaka ʻo - Ianuali 1, 1983). E like me nā hopena o ka hoʻolālā ʻumikūmākahi mau makahiki (1981-1985), ua hōʻike ʻia ke kanu mana hoʻomalu Chernobyl no ka Order of Lenin.

Ma lalo o ka makahiki

Ma kahi huaʻōlelo, ke hana wikiwiki nei ka kūkulu ʻana. I kahi pū me ke keʻena, ua kūkulu pū kekahi kūlanakauhale atom. ʻO ka pale mua a me ka pahu mua no ka hoʻokumu o ka hale mua ua lawe ʻia i ka lā Pepeluali 4, 1970. Ua hoʻolaha ʻia ka hana kūkulu ʻoi i ka hana ma hope o All-Union. ʻO nā mea noho mua, nā mea hana Komsomol like, a me nā limahana hana.Ke hele nei ma ke kuamoʻo o nā alahele o ka huakaʻi, a me ka lilo ʻana i kūlanakauhale nui o ke ʻano nui o nā mea hoʻopukapuka kaulike nui ma ʻEulopa, ua weliweli ke kūlanakauhale i ka ulu wikiwiki a lilo i kahi hōʻike o ke ʻano pilikino.

Pripyat, Nā mea kūkulu hale hale. Ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻole o ka hanana i ka manawa e hoʻopau ai.

Kūkulu ʻia ʻo Pripyat e like me ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "triangular type of building". Wahi a kēia loiloi, i loko o nā wahi micro-district kahi loaʻa kahi hoʻoluʻu, pono nā hale noho ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā ala nui i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻopili me nā pōʻai, ʻaʻole ma kahi kikoʻī. Ua manaʻo ʻia kēlā ʻano hoʻolālā e kōkua i ka hiki ʻana o ka huakaʻi ʻoi loa ma waena o ka poʻe 80-90,000 mau kānaka. ʻO Microdistrict ma, no ka laʻana, ʻo Tolyatti a me Volgodonsk i kūkulu ʻia e like me kahi papa hana like. Ua hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia ʻo Pripyat me nā panela like ʻole, me nā hōʻailona neon. Ua hoʻāʻo nā mea hale a me nā mea hoʻolālā i ka ulu me nā lāʻau a me ka lāʻau i loko o ke kūlanakauhale, no ka mea ua piha nā wahi i nā wahi nani.

A ʻo kēia ka hana i kūkulu mua i ka microdistrict o ke kūlanakauhale, ʻo Lenin Avenue

ʻAʻole poina iā lākou e pili ana i ka māhele moʻomeheu. He hale moʻomeheu, kahi hōkele, kahi hale kiʻi hale, hale hale, a me nā ʻano hoʻonaʻauao a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau i kūkulu ʻia i loko o ke kūlanakauhale. Ua alakaʻi kēia mau mea i ka pahuhopu o Pripyat i hoʻonui i ka poʻe ʻōpio - ʻo ka nui o nā makahiki o ka poʻe noho i ka manawa o ka ulia i hala he 26 mau makahiki. Ma o ʻApelila 26, 1986, ua emi ma lalo o 50 tausani mau kānaka ma Pripyat ma 5 mau micro-mau ʻāina, no laila e noho maluhia ana nā poʻe noho, ʻoiai e ulu mau ana ka ulu ʻana o ka lehulehu - he hui kūhaʻo ia i kēlā me kēia makahiki ʻoi aku ka nui o nā tausani keiki i hānau ma ke kūlanakauhale. Ke mākaukau nei ke kūlanakauhale e hoʻonui i ka ʻae ʻana i nā limahana hana e hiki mai ana i ke kolu o ka hana mana nīneka - i ka manawa ʻo ia ka ulia, ua mākaukau kekahi wahi no ka molowa ʻeono. I ka makahiki 1986, ua hoʻolālā lākou e wehe i kahi huakaʻi ferris i kahi mākaukau leʻa. ʻO ka nui o nā'ōpiopio'ōpio, i pili pū me ka pilikia o ka nalowale ʻana i kā lākou hana hanohano, ua waiho i kahi hōʻailona kūikawā no ke ola o ke kūlanakauhale. Ma Pripyat, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā mea ma mua o nā kūlanakauhale o ke kaona o ka USSR. Ua nui nā hewa hewa, ua ʻae nā kānaka i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i kā lākou keiki e hele no nā hele a ʻaʻole i laka ʻole i kā lākou mau hale, ʻoiai ua ʻaihue ʻia ka waiwai pilikino mai kēlā me kēia manawa. Ua hana ʻia he pepehi kanaka, no kekahi o ia wā hōʻike i loaʻa i ka mea pepehi kanaka i hoʻopaʻi ʻia he make. ʻO ka paʻi ʻia ʻana o ka poʻe hoʻowahāwahā e hele a puni ke kūlanakauhale.

I ke ahiahi, hele ka lehulehu ma ke alanui Broadway - Lenin Street, i hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā ʻākoakoa ma ka hale pule ʻo Pripyat a inu ʻihi ma ke kapa wai ma ka make. Makemake nui ʻia ka ʻōpio no ka disco moʻokalaleo "Edison-2" na Alexander Demidov, i paʻa i ke kikowaena kūloko kūloko "Energetik". ʻAʻole lawa ka mau ʻoliā, a laila ua hoʻopili ʻia ka hale kāno i ka pu maoli ʻana i nā mea aloha ʻoluʻolu. Ua ola ʻo kēia disco iā Pripyat no hoʻokahi makahiki ʻelima, e ʻākoakoa ana ma Slavutich.

Arthur Shigapov. "ʻO Chernobyl, Pripyat, ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe ..."

Loaʻa ʻo Pripyat ma 2 km mai ke kahua, Chernobyl - 18 km. A aneane ma waena o lākou, e hoʻopau ana i ka triangle, 9 km mai Chernobyl nuclear power plant, aia kahi kikowaena Duga radar Duga. ʻO kāna hana ʻo ia ka ʻike ʻana i ke ākea nui o nā missile balistic intercontinental ʻAmelika. Ma 60 km, kokoke i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Lubech, aia kahi mākaʻi i hoʻouna aku ai i nā pālele radio i kahi hoʻomoana o kahi ʻenemi i hiki mai ai. ʻO ka mea paʻakikī, aia ma ke kūlanakauhale kiki o Chernobyl-2, ʻo ia wale ka luna. He hui o ia i nā aniani nunui ākea i ʻike ʻia mai ke ao holoʻokoʻa āpau - nā haʻahaʻa-palena (ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mast mai ka 135 a 150 mika, ka lōʻihi - mai 300 a 500 mau mika) a me ka piʻi o ka lōʻihi (ma kahi o 250 mika ka lōʻihi a hiki i 100 mika ke kiʻekiʻe). A ma kahi kokoke nō hoʻi kekahi radar i hoʻolālā ʻia e ʻimi ai i nā kinipōpō ʻo kahi ʻenemi hiki ʻole. Ua hoʻohana nā radars āpau i ke kumuhana o kahi antenna hoonui phased. Ma ka makahiki 1985, kū ʻo Duga ma ke alapena i ka pale malu o ka USSR, akā ʻaʻole ia i hele i ka hōʻike. ʻO ke kumu nui, ʻo ia ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana me nā palahalilani o nā ʻōhua polikani. Ua hoʻolei ʻo ka mea kuʻu iā lākou me kahi mea koʻikoʻi, no ka mea ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia i ka lāʻau kaluna o Lūkia.Ma ka makahiki 1986, ua hoʻomaka ke kahua i kahi mana hou a e hoʻomākaukau nei e komo i nā hoʻokolokolo mokuʻāina. A ma hope aʻe he kūlanakauhale liʻiliʻi ia me ke alanui Kurchatov - Chernobyl-2.

I hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka ʻikepili mai ka ululāʻau paʻu, hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau kumu i loko o ka ʻatikala, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia kekahi o lākou ma hope o ke kūʻaina ʻana o ka ʻōlelo, akā hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi loa i kēia mau kāne no nā kiʻi o Pripyat: https://vk.com/chernobyl_world

ʻO ka hashtag pilikino a ka mea kākau ma VK ʻo # Starostin @ catx2, a no mākou nō Nā Papa Kūlana o Cat_Cat (12/31/2019)

Saint Helena. Ua hoʻoweliweli ka pākeke

Ma Malaki 1980, hoʻomaka ʻo St. Helens Stratovolcano (St Helena), ma ke kahua o Wakinekona, Scamania County, e hōʻike ana i nā hana seismic. Ke lulu nei ka ʻūhā ma nā ʻano o nā ʻōlaʻi liʻiliʻi.

Ua hopohopo ke aupuni a huli aku i nā kānakaʻepekema me ka nīnau sākololi:

Ua kāʻae lākou i kā lākou ʻoki a waiho i nā pahu kapu:

"ʻAe, ʻaʻole pono ..."

ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ka weliweli wale o nā kānaka ʻepekema i kā lākou puka. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka nui o nā ʻikepili, a laila hoʻonui ʻia i nā lua pele Hawaiʻi i ʻike pono ʻia. Wahi a nā hualoaʻa, ua paio nā poʻe loea a puni Mei o laila e liʻiliʻi ai kekahi pele a ka lua pele. I ka pōkole, ua manaʻo ʻia ke kiʻi o ke kala, akā he palekana.

Ua hoʻokūʻē ʻia ke kumuhana nei i ka nūhou, no laila, ʻo ka hui pū ʻana i nā mea ʻepekema, ua hele nui kahi poʻe kipa nui e ʻike i ka hana mana o ke ʻano. Papa pūnaewele nānā no nā mea ʻike maʻalahi he 30 km. mai ka pūnaewele i hū ʻia, nā ʻepekema ʻepekema kokoke i - 8-10 km. I loko o kahi hoʻomoana no nā mākaʻikaʻi, ua wehe pono ka poʻe e ʻai me nā mea kūʻai aku, nā mea kūʻai aku, nā mea hoʻokani a me nā hippies ʻē aʻe. Ma ka huina, he ʻekolu haneli ka poʻe i ʻākoakoa ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka lua pele.

ʻAʻole lākou i ʻike i kahi kikoʻī nui. Me ka mea i huli nui ma hope, ua hōʻailona ʻia ka lua o ka lua pele i kahi pōkole mai ka lahui maloʻo, ʻaʻole i hāʻawi i ka nui o ka piʻo o loko o ka mauna. Eia kekahi, heʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe ʻo St. Helens mai nā ʻohana Hawaiʻi ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi palupalu nui ma ka ʻaoʻao hema.

Hoʻokomo ka poʻe lua pele ʻAmelika i kahi loiloi hoʻohālikelike

Hiki i kēia mau kumu ke alakaʻi i nā pōʻino ʻē aʻe. A lawe mai lākou.

Ma ka lā Lāpule, Mei 18 ma 8.32 a.m. ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka puhipuhila ikaika i lalo o kahi puhaka ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka lua pele. Aia ma 8 km. mai ka lua pele, kāhea ʻo Volonio David Johnston i kāna mau hoa hana ma Vancouver ma o ka lepe leo - "Ua hoʻomaka ʻia kēlā." (spoiler - ʻo ia kāna ʻōlelo hope).

Nā kekona ma hope aku, ua ʻāwili ʻia ka ikaika i loko o ka lua pele i uhaʻi i lalo. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka lua pele i neʻe koke aku me ka ikaika e like me ka 24 megatons (ka mana o ka "pēpē" i hāʻule ai iā Hiroshima ma kahi o 15 KILons). Ke aʻo mai nei ʻo Kanema, ʻo ka pōʻino nui loa i ka wā e hū ai ka pele, kahi hiki ʻole iā ʻoe ke pakele e ka ʻūhā ʻana i nā pebbles kiʻekiʻe. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo nā mea kaua nui o ka lua pele i kahe pyroclastic. ʻO kēia ia mea i hoʻomahala ai i nā lewa wela, ka lehu a me nā pōhaku liʻiliʻi, e neʻe me ka wikiwiki nui, a hiki i ka mahana i loko ke hiki i 700 degere. Loaʻa ka pono o ke ola. I mea e hoʻolalapaʻi ai i ka ʻōlelo kahiko - mai holo ʻoe mai ke kahawai pyroclastic, make ʻoe e luhi.

Noho nā poʻe o Pompeii!

Pahu ka lua i ka wikiwiki o 200-250 km / h, holo kahe kahe, nā ʻūhū wela o ka lua pele a ua ʻalo mai nā ao nui o ka lehu mai luna mai. ʻO ka poʻe ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana kokoke i 10 km. ma kahi o ka ʻaihue ʻaʻohe manawa kūpono. ʻOi aku ka pōmaikaʻi i ka poʻe i noho ma ka huakaʻi huakaʻi - ʻaʻole i hiki ke kahawai nui iā lākou no 3-4 mau kilomita a ua "pololei" wale ʻia a kāʻei ʻia i ka ʻā o ka lehu lua pele me ke aniani o 100-150 tikel. ʻO ka make wale nō, he 57 ka poʻe i make, ʻoi aku ka 200 i hōʻeha ʻia o nā hōʻeha ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka hapa paha, nui aku ka make ʻana, no ka mea ua hele ʻo kekahi mau poʻe makana i nā pā a piʻi i luna ma ka pali. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ʻaʻole i hoʻokūkū ʻia ka pahuhopu i ka hebedoma a ka wā e hana ai nā kālai lāʻau kaiāulu ma nā pua o ka lua pele.

ʻO ka papa ʻākau o St. Helens a me nā wahi e kokoke ana i ka pae piha he 64 mau square square. km hele i kahi ʻōlapa lae, kahi i make ai nā mea ola a pau.

Ke kaʻa i ʻike ʻia e nā mea hoʻopakele 12 km. mai ka lua. Ua make ʻelua mau kānaka i loko.

ʻO kahi a ka ʻala i hiki ʻole ai i ka ikaika o ka pahū ua pau nā lāʻau a pau.

ʻO nā ʻauamo e puni ana ua ʻōlū ʻia me ka nahele ulana. Kiʻi 2002 (!) Makahiki.

Ma kahi mau minuke, ua alo aku ka lua pele ma mua o hoʻokahi miliona mau miliona o ka lehu i ke kiʻekiʻe o 17 mau kilomita, e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano o ke kuʻi nui o ka uila. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka poho o Ash ma 11 mau mokuʻāina a me Kanada. Aia ma 130 km. mai ka lua pele, kahi ʻāpana o Yakima i hoʻokahi hola ua lilo i mea hoʻonani no Silent Hill. Ua hāʻule ka ʻike i ʻekolu mau mika i ka lā, a ua waiho ka hapalua hapelima o ka lehu ma luna o nā mea āpau. Ka poʻe i aloha ʻia i nā kānaka, ka wai i haumia, nā mākaʻi e paʻa ke kīwaha, nā waila i kālai ʻia. Hoʻomaka ka mana, nā pilikia ma ka wai. ʻEhā mau kānaka i hōʻike ʻia ma ka make mai nā hopena o ka lua.

He lā kauwela maikaʻi ma nā alanui o Yakima

Ma kahi pae a hoʻokahi, ua kau ʻia nā kūlanakauhale ma kēlā me kēia wahi o ka lehu. ʻO ka hana ʻana o ka lehu i hāpai aʻe i nā wai ma nā muliwai a me nā wai, e hoʻopiʻi ana i nā wai lehulehu. Ma muli o ka ʻike maka ʻole, ua hoʻopau ʻia nā haneli huakaʻi, ua paʻa nā alanui. Ua hala aku i hoʻokahi hebedoma e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i kahi ʻāpana o ke ala alanui mai Yakima a hiki i Seattle, a i ka laulā nui, ua wehe ʻia ka lehu o ka mokuʻāina ʻo Wakinekona ma kahi o hoʻokahi mahina. Ua helu he nui o nā holoholona hihiu, holoholona a me nā moa moa, iʻa i nā muliwai a me nā loko, ua make nā mea kanu holoholona. Ua oi aku ka nui o na poino mai ka pahiki ana i oi aku mamua o ka miliona dala.

A ke kumu o ka manawa i kēia manawa

I kēia lā, ma kahi o 60 mau kūlanakauhale nui e noho kokoke ana i nā lua pele. I waena o lākou me nā megacities e like me Tokyo, Naples, San Salvador.

Eia kekahi, ʻike mua ka mōʻaukala i nā hihia i ka wā o ka hū ʻana o ka lua pele nui i ka loli i ka hapalua honua. ʻO ka manawa hope loa i hana ʻia i ka makahiki 1815, kahi ʻā nui o ka lehu a me ka luae ma hope o ka hū ʻana o ka lua pele o Tambora ma Indonesia, ua uhi ʻia ka hapa nui o ʻEulopa. Ua iho ka makahiki 1816 i ka mōʻaukala me ka "A Year without Summer". ʻO ka hiʻona koʻikoʻi, nā hāʻule ʻole o nā huaʻai, nā make make o ka pipi, make ʻole i nā kahe a me nā loko. A he hopena - ka pōloli, nā maʻi maʻi, nā nalu o ka lele (i ka helu o ka exodo ka nui ma ʻAmelika), nā haunaele, nā haunaele. ʻAʻole au i ʻike pehea e lele ai nā ʻēheu o kahi pōpō maikaʻi, a ʻo ka "boom" maikaʻi ma kahi ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ka honua ka mea e hiki ai ke hoʻololi i ka mōʻaukala o ka lāhui kanaka.

Aloha hauʻoli iā ʻoe.

Loaʻōlelo a ka mea kākau iā VK - # Schumann @ catx2, a no mākou nō Nā Papa Kūlana o Cat_Cat (12/31/2019)

E pili ana i ka muliwai, ka mahiʻai, nā pelepiki a me ka baea.

He nui nā hue o kēia mau lawaiʻa lawaiʻa me nā hoʻolaha, akā ʻo kēia huakaʻi ua hoʻomanaʻo wau me kekahi kumu leʻaleʻa maikaʻi. Ua kiaʻi pinepine wau me ka waiʻona, akā loaʻa nā mea āpau. Hoʻohana wau ma ka make ʻana mai kahi hangover ma kaʻoluʻolu, eia ka ʻāʻī a ʻo ka hanger me ka pīhoihoi. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia ma mua o ka noho kino. Ma ke ʻano maoli, ma ke ala, he ʻokoʻa a hiki i ka nui, akā ke hiki ʻole ke kaohi ʻia o ke kahawai ʻole ʻole e kāohi. Ua haʻalele wau mai ka manu, mai ke kahili ʻana o kahi lālā ma ka ululāʻau, mai nā maka maʻamau o nā hoa i aloha ʻole, e nānā i nā mea. A laila, i waenakonu o kahi hamuhani, kipa ʻo ia ua ʻaka kekahi mea e piʻi i loko o kahi hoʻāno loa, ma lalo o ka noho o kaʻu kaʻa, kahi e loaʻa ai iaʻu ka pahu ʻina o ka ʻina e paʻa ai ka pia a me kahi pākika hoʻomaha. A ma ke ʻano maoli, he kanalima mau kilomita mai kahi mamao aʻe e hiki mai ana he pilikia. ʻAʻole wau makemake makemake e inu i ka pia a i ka uahi paha, akā ka ʻike o ka haʻalele ʻana e hana i nā hana mana me ka psyche, a i ʻole e hoʻonāukiuki i ka home nā mea e kaumaha aku nei, hele wau i ka muliwai a uha nui loa i ka wai.

Ua hoʻowahāwahā wau i kaʻu mau leo ​​leo a i koʻu hoʻi ʻana mai, aia kekahi i nā mea a pau ma ka laina. Makemake mai nā maka o ʻaneʻi a ma ʻaneʻi, nānā mai iaʻu me nā hiʻohiʻona hihiu a noʻonoʻo paha inā maikaʻi paha nā mea a pau iaʻu. ʻO nā mea a koʻu mau maka i haʻi mai ai ʻaʻole wau i ʻike, akā ʻo ka wiwo ʻole loa e makaʻu i ka ʻike mai iaʻu. A ma laila ua loaʻa i kekahi o kā mākou mau ʻano hana i nā manaʻo e hele i ka māla no ka wai maikaʻi (ʻaʻole ka pia, akā he mea liʻiliʻi loa) a no nā sika, a ua hoʻomaopopo koke wau.

Hoʻomaopopo mākou i ka mahiʻai i ka wā e wili ana i ka wao nahele ma ke ala i kahi o kā mākou lawe ʻana. Ua komo mākou i ka kaʻa.Manaʻo nā kānaka a ua hoʻomaka mua ke kaʻa, akā ʻaʻole, ua kuʻi ʻia iaʻu no ka makaʻu no ka pā ʻana o ke kaʻa. Ma ke ʻano he kanaka maʻamau, ua hele wau i waho o ke kaʻa i kekahi mau manawa no ka "kū i hoʻokahi minute," a laila noho wau i hope a haʻalele koke paha no ka mea hiki ʻole iaʻu ke koho ma hea kahi ʻoi aʻe.

Ma ka laulā, me ke kaumaha i ka hapalua, ua hele mākou i ka mahiʻai a hoʻokuʻu iaʻu i ka nani o nā flora kūloko. I ka wā kahiko, ua hoʻonani mua lākou i ka bazaar e mālama iaʻu me nā poʻe kamaʻāina. Lō wau mai ke kaʻa, ua ʻōlohelohe iaʻu iho me kahi kakaki a me ka hamani nui loa i ka ʻea ʻole o ka ea i waiho mai iaʻu. Hāpai kuʻu wale i ka mea. ʻAno koke, ʻike ʻole ʻia mai ke kūlohelohe o ke kumu lāʻau maikaʻi loa, hoʻomaka koke ke kaulahao hao e hoʻokokoke koke mai iaʻu. ʻAʻoleʻo ia i kū pololei wale nō, akā ua naki ʻo ia i ka neʻe ʻana. ʻAʻohe hewa o ka pōʻino, akā ua maopopo ka neʻe ʻole mai o ke kaulahao iaʻu wale nō. Ua hana lohi ʻia ka pōkole, me ka neʻe ʻana o ka lauoho ma hope o ke poʻo e kū ana. H lele aku wau i loko o ka hale kaʻa, paʻu i ka puka, a i kēlā manawa, kahi mea i paʻi ikaika i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka puka puka. "A he mea kūpono loa ka huki ʻana i ka ua," ʻōlelo koke au i ka leo nui. ʻAʻohe mea i loko o ka kaʻa i mahalo nui i ke ʻano o kaʻu hana. Ua puhi ʻā ʻia ka ʻīlio a puni ka waha. Hoʻowahāwahā loa ia ma mua o kēlā, hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo ʻoi aku he leʻaleʻa.

ʻO Ford Scorpio i kēlā manawa he tachil kūpono. ʻAʻole hiki i ka ʻīlio ke huki i ka kaʻa, no laila ua holo ʻo ia a me ka noiʻi iā ia me kahi kaula. A noho mākou i ka lole kūlohelohe o ko mākou mau maka a nānā pololei i ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻAʻole hoʻi i lōʻihi ke kali. Hope, ua hamama ʻia ka puka o ka hale a holo kekahi ʻīlio ʻē aʻe. Ua manaʻo ʻoe he pahu kilokilo kēia hale e holo ai nā ʻīlio hou i kēlā me kēia minuke. ʻAʻole i hiki mai ka nui, akā ʻelua ka mea i nui.

Inā ka mea mua i hiki ʻole ke hoʻopili ʻia me kahi kaulahao, ʻaʻole i kōkua, ʻo ka lua, i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nele o nā pōpō, ua lele i loko o kā mākou pākuhi a ʻaʻole i hōʻole i kekahi mea iā mākou iho. Ua like ia me lāua i ke kūwili ʻana i ka genuli hou ʻelua. ʻĀ, hiki ʻole ke hoʻopula nui i ka paila nui. Makemake au i kekahi manawa i loko o ka ʻauʻau, akā no kahi manawa pōkole loa. Ma ka hope loa, ua hele mai ka mea nona ma kahi ʻano maikaʻi me kahi pū. Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā ʻīlio e hānai ana i waho o nā pōpō he ʻumi i elima. Ua nīnau aku ka mea mahiʻai, akā ʻoi loa ka ʻīlio. Ua hoʻāʻo wau e wehe i ka puka makani e haʻi iā ia ua hōʻea mākou me kahi misionari hanohano, akā ʻo kēia clack-clack weliweli i loko o nā kenimika mai koʻu alo makaʻaka ua hoʻopaʻa iaʻu e pani koke i ka puka makani. A hikiʻole ke kūlana - ua hōʻea mākou i kahi ʻāina kūʻokoʻa ma ke kaʻa, noho mākou ma loko a ʻaʻole puka i waho. A pehea e puka ai ?! Maikaʻi paha e hiki ke hōʻea i ka mea nona ka mahina ʻai i nā ʻāpana wale nō. A iaʻu i ka Lāpule, ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu. Noho noho mākou no kekahi manawa i loko o ka lewa a ʻike ʻoi ua manawa ia e haʻalele, a hiki i ka mea nona ka ʻāina mahiʻai ke hoʻomaka e hoʻonani i nā hiʻohiʻona mai ka kaulahao me nā lua nani mai kahi pu. Hoomaka mākou i nā mīkini a hoʻomaopopo i mua o kēlā me kēia, he nani wale nō nā ʻīlio.

No laila, me ka inu ʻole e hoʻōla ai i ka wai me ka loaʻa ʻole i ka ulaula olakino olakino, ua haʻalele mākou i ka home. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ua "ʻelima mau mile" kā mākou mau "kaikaina", inā ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia ka kilomika mua i ka ʻīlio, e hopohopo nei e lilo paha mākou i lilo. Kēia hopohopo loa nō naʻe koʻu pepeiao i ke kani mau ʻana ma luna o hoʻokahi leka. G kanaka liʻiliʻi, ma kaʻu hoʻomanaʻo i kēia manawa. Hele mākou i ko mākou mau halelewa a pale malū mākou i kēlā me kēia. Ma muli oʻu i noi ʻole ai i ka ʻīlio ʻaʻole e moeʻuhane iaʻu, ʻaʻohe lākou. Ua hoʻāʻo wau e huli i ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau a ma ka hema a me ka noho ʻana, e ho'āʻo ana e hiamoe - nifiga, e walaʻau ana me ka puʻukū ahi a i koʻu ala ʻana, loaʻa iaʻu kahi manawa e lohe ai pehea wau e uwe ai.

Ua nānā ke kaʻa me he mea lā he mau hoa aloha a Spartak i ka mōʻaukala o ka hui. ʻO ka mea ʻino loa ke kāʻili ʻia nā biper i nā wahi he nui. ʻAʻole wau he hoa naʻaupō ʻole ʻole, akā he impressionable. ʻOiai ʻaʻohe ʻike o kekahi, ua ho'āʻo wau e hoʻonui i ka havalnik a ke manaʻo nei hiki iaʻu ke hiki i ke kahakaha ʻana i ka mīkini. ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke hana hewa hou, akā ʻo ka māmala a me nā mea hōʻino ma koʻu poʻohiwi. ʻOi aku ka palaualelo ma ke poʻo i ʻoi aku ma mua o kēia makaʻu unmotivated makaʻu.Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, pono e inu i ka hoʻonaninani no ke holo ʻole ʻana mai ka pahu-kuʻi ma o ka ulu ʻana o nā lālā lāʻau, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka makemake i kahi e hōʻili ʻia.

Aia paha ke kiʻi: kaʻa a me ke alanui

Kaluga Region, Apana Borovsky, Kaʻāina Petrovo

ʻO mākou i ETHNOMIR ka maopopo he kūpono ka holoholona hihiu i ka hiʻohiʻona nui a me ka mālama pono. ʻO ia ke kumu i hoʻoholo ai mākou e hoʻokumu i loko o ka māla "EthnoFarm", kahi e hiki ai i nā keiki a me nā pākeke ke kamaʻilio i nā manu - nā holoholona a me ka home. Hoʻolālā ʻia nā pā wai hoʻāliʻi kūikawā e hana i kahi nohona kūlohelohe no nā holoholona, ​​no laila hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā i nā manu i loko o kā lākou hana maʻamau.

ʻO nā mea kipa o kā mākou "EthnoFarm": pheasants - kālā, gula, diamond, royal and pheasant Svayno, Himalayan monal, India peacock, turkeys, Chinese silky chicken, bullfinches, siskins and carduelis.

Hoʻolālā nā papa hana o EthnoFarm i ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana mai nā ʻāina a pau i nā ʻelele huluhulu koʻikoʻi e hiki ai ke hiki ke hoʻopili i ka makelia Lūkia. No ka mea, hana nā limahana i ka "canteens manu" (hānai no nā manu like ʻole) i ka nahele a kau aku i nā nīnū manuahi i mea e maʻalahi ai ka ola ʻana o nā manu i ka hoʻoilo anuanu.

Hiki i nā poʻe malihini o ETNOMIR ke nānā i ke ola o nā ululāʻau a me nā manu domesticated mai ka lōʻihi o kahi lima.

1.1. ʻAno kikowaena

Ua loaʻa ka dodo ma nā mokupuni ʻo hikina o Hawaiʻi, i kapa ʻia i kēia lā ʻo Mascaren Archipelago. ʻEkolu mau wahi mokupuni nui e kūkulu ʻia nei kēia pae ʻāina ma ka ʻaoʻao 20 o ka hema o ka eku ana. Ua kapa ʻia lākou iā Reunion, Mauritius a me Rodriguez.

ʻAʻole maopopo ka inoa o nā mea i ʻike i kēia mau ʻāina. Ua ike lea ua holo aku la na moku kalaiwa Arabia maanei, aka aole nae i aro nui i ko lakou ike, no ka mea, aole i nohoia na mokupuni, a he mea paakiki loa e kuai ana ma na mokupuni i noho ole ole.
ʻO nā ʻ Portugueselani Portugis ka mea i loaʻa i ka poʻe Pokole, ʻoiai naʻe ka mea i koe.

ʻO Diogo Fernandish Pereira kēia kanaka, ua holo i loko o kēia mau wai i ka makahiki 1507. Ma ka lā 9 o Pepeluali, ua ʻike ʻo ia i kahi mokupuni e loaʻa ana he 400 mile ma ka hikina o Hawaiʻi, a kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo Santa Apollonia. Pono kahi kipi hou o kēia wā. ʻAʻole i liuliu iho, ua ʻauʻa ka moku ʻo Pereira "Serne" i luna o Mauritius. Ua pae nā luʻu mai a kapa ʻia lākou i ka mokupuni o ka moku o ko lākou moku - Ilya do Serne.

Ua neʻe akula ʻo Pereira i India, a ma ia makahiki hoʻokahi, ma hope iki, ua wehe ʻo Rodriguez. I ka wā mua, ua kapa ʻia ka mokupuni ʻo Domingo Frieze, akā ʻo Diego Rodriguez hoʻi. ʻIke ʻia ka poʻe Holani, ʻaʻole maopopo kēia inoa inoa i ʻōlelo ʻole ʻia, a ʻōlelo ʻo ia i kekahi mokupuni i kapa ʻia ʻo DiegoRay, a laila ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ʻo ia a ua lilo ʻo ia i Dygarroys, akā ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka poʻe Farani i ka mokupuni ʻo Il Marianne.

Eono mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hōʻea ka lua ʻo ʻimi i ʻike ʻia, ʻo Pedro Mascarenias, ua kipa wale aku ʻo ia i Mauleia a me Reunion. No kēia kumu, ʻaʻohe inoa o Mauritius e kapa ʻia ʻo ia, akā ʻo Sant Apollonia (Reunion) ua kapa ʻia ʻo Mascarenhas a i ʻole ʻo Mascaragne, a hiki i kēia lā ua kapa ʻia nā mokupuni ʻo Mascaren (http://www.zooeco.com/strany/str-africa-10.html).

ʻIke akula ka poʻe Pokole iā Mauritius, ʻaʻole naʻe i kau ma luna o ia. Akā, i ka makahiki 1598 ua pae ka Netherlands i laila a ua haʻi i ka mokupuni a lākou (Leopold, 2000). Nā Moʻolelo ʻo Mascarene i hōʻike ʻia kahi wahi hoʻokele e hoʻoneʻe ana ma ke ala i India, a ua hoʻolilo koke ʻia nā lehulehu o nā malihini e hele pū ana iā lākou (Akimushkin, 1969).

1.2. ʻO ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻike a me ka luku ʻana o ka dodo

I ka makahiki 1598, ma hope o ka hōʻea ʻana o kahi moku o 8 moku ma Mauritius, ua hoʻomaka ka luna aliʻi Dutch no Jacob van Nek i ka papa inoa i kahi papa inoa a me ka wehewehe ʻana i nā mea ola a pau e hui ʻia ana ma ka mokupuni. Ma hope o ka unahi ʻana o ka hana a ka hakuʻohana i ka ʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ua aʻo ka honua ʻepekema e pili ana i nā manu kahe like ʻole, kakaikahi a me nā manu lele lele ʻole, ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa he dodo (Fig. 2.), ʻoiai ua kapa ʻia nā mea ʻepekema ʻo dodo (Bobrovsky, 2003 )

Kuhi. Hoʻololi hou o ka ʻike ʻana o ka dodo (http://www.google.com/imghp?hl=en)

ʻLelo lākou ua hana nā dodoes i ka manaʻo e aneane lākou, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke mālama ʻia i loko o ka noho pio ʻana."... Ke hilinaʻi nei lākou i kahi kanaka, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomālamalama i kekahi ʻano: ʻo ka wā e pio ai lākou, hoʻomaka lākou e hōʻole i kekahi meaʻai a make lākou."

Ua pau ka ola kūlohelohe no nā dodos i ka manawa i hoʻomaka ai kahi kanaka e hoʻoikaika ikaika i ke ola o ka mokupuni.

Ua hoʻopiha i nā poʻe kahu moku nā lako kai i nā mokupuni, no ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā mea ola a pau e ulu ana i nā ululāʻau o ka ʻāina. Ua ʻai nā mea holo moana i nā honu nui, a laila hoʻonohonoho i nā manu clumsy.
Ma nā mokupuni liʻiliʻi o nā ʻāina moana kahi ʻaʻohe e kau ai nā ka ʻāina, nā dodos i hoʻohemo, mai kēlā hanauna a kēia hanauna, ua nalowale ka hiki ke lele. ʻAʻole maopopo ka Koki o nā ʻaha Holani i kēia mea hiki ke ʻai ʻia ka manu me ka ʻiʻo hiki ke ʻai ʻia. Akā ʻike koke nā mea lawaiʻa pōloli ua maikaʻi ka dodo a he mea maikaʻi loa ia iaʻu. ʻO nā manu hoʻomalu ʻole, ke piʻi nui ʻana mai ke ʻaoʻao a ʻaoʻao a me ka hōʻailona ʻana i nā "ʻōpala" poʻohiwi o nā ʻēheu, hoʻāʻo ʻia ʻaʻole hiki ke pakele mai nā kānaka. ʻEkolu wale nō manu e lawa ka mea hānai i ka poʻe lawe moku. ʻO nā dodoes paʻakai he nui i lawa no ka holo holoʻokoʻa. Ua hoʻohana lākou ia mea ua hoʻopiha ʻia nā paʻa o ka moku i ka luna me nā makana ola a me nā make, a me nā poʻe holo moku ke holo i nā moku a me nā alapi i mea hoʻokūkū wale nō no ka makemake o nā haʻuki e make i kēia mau manu ʻōpala. Mai ia manawa, ola ka dodo mau Mauriti i loko o ke ʻano ma kahi o 50 mau makahiki (Green, 2000, Akimushkin, 1969, Bobrovsky, 2003, http://erudity.ru/t215_20.html).

ʻAʻohe mau lima holo lima holo lele i ke alo o nā ʻenemi hou, a hoʻomaka koke kā lākou mau helu. ʻAʻole liuliu ua nalo aku lākou. E hui pū, nā kānaka a me nā holoholona, ​​ma ka hopena o ka kenekulia 18 a lākou i hoʻopau ai i nā dodos (Akimushkin, 1969, Leopold, 2000).

Ka mea i ʻike ʻia, ʻekolu ʻano ʻano like o ka dodo i noho ma nā mokupuni ʻekolu o ka ʻalopelau Mascarene - ma Mauritius, Reunion a me Rodriguez.

I ka 1693, no ka manawa mua, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka dodo ma ka papa inoa o nā holoholona ma Mauritius, no laila, i kēia manawa, hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo ua nalo loa nei.

The Rodriguez dodo, or hermit, was last was in 1761. E like me ma nā hihia ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻohe o kekahi o kāna mau effigies i hala, a no ka manawa lōʻihi ʻaʻole i loaʻa i hoʻokahi ʻepekema ka iwi hoʻokahi. ʻO ka manawa e nīnau ai: he dodo? Eia kekahi, ʻo Francois Lega, ka mea nāna i hōʻike i ka wehewehe kikoʻī loa o ka dodo Rodriguez, i kekahi manawa i kapa ʻia ʻo ia he haneri haneli pākēmē, a ua manaʻo ʻia kekahi mau mea aʻoaʻo i kāna puke ʻo The Traveley and Adventures of Francois Lege and hisunses ... (Akimushkin, 1995, http: // www. bestreferat.ru/referat-6576.html).

ʻO ka hui kōpī ua hoʻopau ʻia ma hope. No ka manawa mua, ua ʻōlelo ʻia i ka makahiki 1613 e ke kāpena Pelekane ʻo Castleton, nāna i pae ma Reunion me kāna mau holoholona. A laila ua haʻi aku ʻo Dutchman Bontekoevan Horn i noho i 21 mau moku ma kēia mokupuni i 1618, ua kapa ʻia i kēia manu, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he "ʻoi a crested". ʻO ka mea huakaʻi hope loa i ʻike a wehewehe i kēia mau ʻano, ʻo ia ka Palani Wahine Borde de Saint-Vincent, ua kipa aku iā Reunion ma 1801. ʻO nā mōʻī a me nā kānaka ke kumu i pau ai i kēia ʻano. ʻAʻohe kahi paleahi hoʻokahi a ʻaʻole kahi mea dod ke keʻokeʻo (Bobrovsky, 2003).

Hōʻike ka papa i ka wikiwiki o ka anthropogenic o ka luku ʻana i nā dodoes (Papa 1).

No laila, ʻo ka mea i haʻi mua ʻia ai kēia ʻano mea i hana i ka makahiki 1598, a me ka mea hou loa - 1801. No laila, hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo i nalo nā ʻano ma kahi o 200 mau makahiki.

I ka hopena o nā kenekulia 18, ua holo nā poʻe kūlohelohe i nā kuʻekuʻe wāwae o ka dodo, a ua ʻimi ka huli ʻana iā lākou i ka mokupuni o Mauritius, huli aʻela nā kānaka a pau i ka ʻōlelo aʻoi aʻe i ko lākou mau poʻo me ke kanalua. "ʻAʻole loa, e kuʻu haku, ʻaʻohe manu like kāua," wahi a nā kahu hipa a me nā mea mahiʻai.

1.3. Dodo ma ʻEulopa

Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Mariners i nā manawa he nui e lawe i nā dodos i ʻEulopa i mea e kahaha ai ka poʻe Europa me kahi manu ʻē. Akā, inā hiki i ka dodo maule hina Maurice ke hele i ke ola i nā polopa ʻākau, a laila me kāna hui keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ʻaʻole i holo. Kokoke nā manu a pau i ka huakaʻi. E like me kāna kākau ʻana ma 1668"He kahuna Pelekane kaulana ʻole nāna i kipa i ka mokupuni o Mauritius:" Ua makemake mākou pākiki e lawe i nā manu ʻelua me mākou e hoʻouna iā lākou i Farani a e hoʻouna iā lākou i kāna Aupuni, akā ma ka moku ua make paha nā manu no ka makemake, ʻa ʻole e ʻai a inu ʻole paha () i ʻōlelo ʻia e V.A. Krasilnikov, 2001).

ʻO ka moʻoolelo ʻo ia ka ʻelua o ka dodo mai Reunion Island, i lawe ʻia e ka moku i ʻEulopa, ua hāʻule nā ​​waimaka i ka wā i ka wehe ʻana me ko lākou mokupuni (Bobrovsky, 2003).
ʻOiai ʻo ka manawa i kū pinepine ai kēia hana a, e like me ka kaonaʻo Iapana Kauka ʻo Dr. Masaui Khachisuk, ka mea nāna e aʻo i ka kikoʻī o ka mōʻaukala o ka manu lele kupaianaha, he 12 wale nō kanaka o kēia manu manuahi ʻole i lawe ʻia mai i Europa mai Mauritius. 9 mau kope o ka dodo i lawe ʻia mai i Holland, 2 i ʻEnelani a ʻo 1 i Italia (Bobrovsky, 2003).

Aia nō hoʻi kekahi ʻōlelo i ke kahakaha ʻana ua lawe ʻia kekahi o nā manu ma Iapana, akā naʻe, me ka nui o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻo Iapana, ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i kēia ma nā moʻolelo o Iapana a me nā puke (http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks /Science/lei/01.php).

I ka 1599, lawe mai ʻo Admiral Jacob van Nek i ka dodo ola mua i ʻEulopa. Ma ka ʻāina ʻo Admiral ma Holland, ua hoʻohaunaele kahi manu ʻē me ka haunaele nui. ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokaumaha iā lākou.

Hoʻokomo nui ʻia nā kiʻi kiʻi i nā hiʻohiʻona pilikino iā ia. A ʻo Peter-Holstein, a me Hufnagel, a me Franz Franken, a me nā mea pena kaulana ʻē aʻe i lawe ʻia e ka "dronograph painting." I kēlā manawa, ʻōlelo lākou, ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hōʻailona he ʻumikumamāhā mai ka dodo i hopu ʻia. ʻO ka mea mahalo, ʻo ke kiʻi kala o ka dodo (kekahi o kēia mau kiʻi) i loaʻa i ka makahiki 1955 wale nō e ka luna ʻolelo o Ivanov ma Leningrad (ʻo St. Petersburg) Institute o Oriental Studies!

ʻO kekahi dodo ola e hele mai i ʻElopa hapa hapa mau makahiki ma hope mai, i ka 1638. Aia kekahi moʻolelo lono me kēia manu, a i ʻole, me kāna holoholona i ukana ʻia. Ua lawe ʻia ʻo Dront i Ladana a ma laila lākou i hōʻike ai i nā poʻe a pau e makemake e nānā iā ia i ke kālā. A make ka manu, paʻu i ka ʻili a hoʻoulu iā ia me ka mauʻu. Mai kahi ʻāpana pilikino, hāʻule ka scarecrow i kekahi o nā hale hōʻike ʻo Oxford. No ke kenekulia āpau ua ulu ia ma laila ma kahi kue lepo. A i ka hoʻoilo o 1755, ua hoʻoholo ka curator o ka hale waihona i kahi kikoʻī maʻamau o nā hōʻike. Nū kekahi manawa lōʻihi, nānā ʻo ia i ka ʻenekelua o ka manu o ka manu e ʻike ʻia ana me ka palapala ʻae ʻole ma ka huina: "Ark" (pahu?). A laila kēnā ʻo ia e hoʻolei iā ia i loko o ka ipu.

ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ua hele mua ʻia kahi mea i aʻo ʻia ma kēlā ahu. Pihoihoi i kona ʻono ʻole kuhihewa, huki maila ʻo ia i ke poʻo paʻa o ka dodo a me ka wāwae pīpī - nā mea āpau i koe ma ia - a me kāna mau haʻahaʻa kuhi ʻia, ua wikiwiki ʻo ia i ke kanaka kūʻai o ka maka. Pahu a me ka wāwae, a me ke poʻo hou i hope, akā i kēia manawa me ka hanohano nui, ua lawe ʻia i ka hale moʻomeheu. ʻO kēia wale nō nā mea i koe o ka honua i waiho ʻia mai nā manu nunu i like me ka "manu nunu," wahi a Willy Ley, kekahi o nā loea i ka moʻolelo kahiko o dodos. Akā ʻo Dr. James Greenway no Kūkākūkā, ma ka lālau manuahi nani loa i nā manu manuahi, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ka ʻĀpana Pelekane he hoʻokahi wāwae o ia, a ʻo ke poʻo ma Copenhagen, nona ka dododro e noho nei mai Mauritius (Akimushkin, 1969).

Kuhi. Nā kaha kiʻi kiʻi o ka Dodo (hema), hoʻopaʻa hou ʻana o ke dodo (ʻākau) (http://www.google.ru/imghp?hl=en)

ʻO ke kiʻi kuʻuna o ka dodo he manu nunu nāʻo a clumsy, akā naʻe ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia kēia manaʻo. Ua hōʻoia nā ʻepekemaʻepekema e hōʻike ana nā kiʻi kiʻi kahiko i ka manu ma loko o ka noho pio ʻana. ʻO ka mea kiʻi Maestro Mansour dodo i paʻi ʻia i nā mokupuni o ka Moana ʻAlepa (Fig. 4.) A hoʻohālike i nā manu manuʻala. Ua aʻo ʻo Kauka ʻIloʻokekona i kāna mau kiʻi a hōʻike ʻia ua pololei loa kēia mau kiʻi. Ua hoʻolauna ʻia ʻelua mau kuhi "ola" i nā mokupuni o ke Kaiʻāina ʻoihana i ka makahiki 1600, a ua hui pū ʻia nā mea i paʻi ʻia me ka wehewehe. E like me ka ʻike ma Mauritius, ʻai ka dodo i nā huaʻaiʻai ma ka hopena o ka ua i mea e ola ai i ka ua maloʻo inā loaʻa ʻole nā ​​meaʻai. ʻAʻohe pilikia i hoʻopilikia ʻia me ka meaʻai a lilo ka manu i mea nui ʻole (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo).

ʻO Dodo ma kahi Astronomy

Ua lilo ʻo Dronts i kaulana loa a puni ka honua. No ka hoʻohanohano ʻana i ka dodo mai Rodriguez, ua kapa ʻia kekahi konstelie ma ka lewa.I Iune 1761, ua noho kekahi manawa o ka palu honua Farani he mau lā ma Rodriguez, e nānā ana iā Venus e kipa aku ana i ka ʻike o ka pūpū o ka lā. Elima mau makahiki ma hope mai, ʻo kāna hoahele ʻo Le Monnier, i mālama no nā kenekulia i ka hoʻomanaʻo o kāna hoa noho ma Rodriguez a i ka hoʻohanohano ʻana i ka manu kupaianaha e noho nei ma kēia mokupuni, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka hui hou o nā hōkū i loaʻa iā ia ma waena o ka tarakona a me Scorpio ka pālapa o The Hermit. Makemake e hōʻailona iā ia ma ka palapala map, e like me nā ʻano o nā ʻano o ia mau manawa, me kahi kiʻi hoʻohālike, ua huli ʻo Le Monnier no ke kōkua iā Brisson i mua loa Ornithology i Palani. ʻAʻole ia i ʻike iā Brisson i hoʻokomo i ka dodo i kāna puke, a, ka ʻike ʻana i ka inoa solitaria, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo "hermit," i loko o ka papa inoa o nā manu, me kaʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻohiʻo i ka holoholona i kapa ʻia. A hui maila ʻo ia i nā mea āpau, ʻoiai: ma kahi o ka dodo hoihoi, ke kūleʻa hou ʻana o ka palapala honua i hoʻohanohano ʻia me ka mea ʻole i hōʻike ʻia he ʻano ʻōmaʻomaʻo maka ala hoʻi - ʻo Monticolasolitaria (e noho ana ʻo ia ma ʻEleopa ma ʻEulopa, a ma ʻaneʻi ʻo Transcaucasia, Central Asia a me ka Primorye hema) (Akimushkin, 1969 .).

ʻO nā ʻike kiʻi

• Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Dodo ma ke ʻano lahilahi o ke aupuni ʻo Mauritius
  
  Kuhi. Lahi o nā lima o Mauritius (http://www.google.com/imghp?hl=en)
• Ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekane he manaʻo nui: asdeadas he dodo, ʻo ia hoʻi, "make as dodo", e hōʻike ana i ka wikiwiki o ka make ʻana o kēia mau manu e ke kanaka.
• ʻO Dodo kekahi o nā huaʻōlelo ma ka puke kaulana ʻo Lewis Carroll "Alice in Wonderland" (Fig.) Mahalo nui ʻia i kēia puke ua ʻike nui ʻia ka dodo i ʻEulopa, a i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka kenekulia 19, ua manaʻo nui he nane ʻo kēia manu. ʻO ka manu Dodo i ka hana, ʻo ia ʻo Dodgson ka hoʻohālikelike iā ia iho. Ma ka moʻolelo, me ka manu Dodo, ʻike ʻia nā manu ʻē aʻe a me nā holoholona i loaʻa nā prototypes maoli. ʻIke ʻia ka inoa inoa ma muli o ka wī ʻana o ka mea kākau.
  
  Kuhi. He kiʻi kiʻi no ka puke "Alice in Wonderland"
• ʻAʻole maopopo nō ke kumu o kēia huaʻōlelo "dodo". He hiki paha ke kau mai i ka ʻōlelo duodu, ka manaʻo ʻo "idiot" - nā mea holo moku Kepani i kapa ʻia ʻo kēia manu. Ua manaʻo paha lākou ʻaʻole hiki i kēia manu ke ʻike pehea e lele ai, a ua lapuwale ia. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke holo wikiwiki, no ka mea ua ʻoka nui kona ʻōpū ma luna o ka lepo. A i ʻole paha kēia inoa no ka uwē ʻana o kēia manu. Aia kekahi kumu e manaʻoʻiʻo ai ka pili ʻana o ka ʻōlelo "dodo" me ke ʻano o ko lākou leo. (Bobrovsky, 2003, http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphidae).

2,1. Nā manaʻo o nā ʻōnaehana Dodo a me kā lākou ulu ʻana

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kenekulia 19, ua ʻokoʻa kue ka ʻike i ka kūlana ʻōnaehana ʻo dodos. I ka wā mua, e like me nā lono a me nā ʻaka mua, ua hewa ka dodo no nā manu ʻōleke dwarf, mai ka hala ʻana o ka lele a me ka hōʻemi ikaika ʻana i ka ʻūhā o ka ʻēheu he hanana pinepine i loko o kēia hui o nā manu. No laila, manaʻo mua ʻo Karl Linnaeus, e pili ana i ka dodo ma kāna 10th edition o ke System of Nature i ka makahiki 1758 i ka ʻatikala o ostriches. Nui nā manaʻo ʻē aʻe. Ua manaʻo kekahi ʻano o nā mea kūlohelohe he ʻano ʻano puaʻa like ʻole ka dodo; a hoʻopuka kekahi i nā dodo no ka albatrosses, a me nā mea keʻokeʻo a me nā mea pohi. I nā makahiki 30 o ko XIX mau kenekulia, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka dodo ma muli o kahi ʻōpio mai kahi poʻo o ke poʻo poʻo a me kahi puʻe ʻokiʻoki. ʻO kēia ʻano kupanaha nui i kākoʻo ʻia e Richard Owen iā ia iho - ka mana kūpono o kēlā manawa, ʻo ka ʻōlelo Pelekane Pelekane a me ka paleontologist, nona mākou ke kuleana i ka huaʻōlelo "dinosaur". Eia nō naʻe, ma ka manawa, ua makemake ka manaʻo o nā ʻepekema i ka manaʻo ʻo dodo - ʻo kekahi mau manu i nalowale i ka hiki ke lele, e like me ka ʻike pinepine ʻia ma nā mokupuni, he manu moa manu.

ʻO ka manaʻo o nā ʻepekema i kēia manawa e noʻonoʻo i ka kokoke o ka dodo i ka pigeons ua hōʻike mua ʻia e ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ʻōpala o ke dodo, ka mea kūlohelohe o Danish Re J. Reinhard. Akā ʻo ia, ʻaʻole naʻe, make koke ka mea, ua kākoʻo ʻia ka mea ʻepekema Pelekane ʻo H. Strickland, ka mea i noiʻi ikaika i nā kumuwaiwai āpau i loaʻa, me nā kaha kiʻi. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Strickland i ka dodo "he colopal bipedal, hua momona." Ua ʻae ʻia kēia ʻano ʻike i ke ʻepekema i ka wā i komo mua ai nā manu i ka ʻalā (Didunculusstrigirostris) i ʻāhiu o ʻEulopa mai nā mokupuni o West Samoa.ʻO ka pigeon hāmeʻa i liʻiliʻi ka nui, ʻo ka nui o ka cesar maʻamau, akā he nani hii maikaʻi hoʻi i hoʻopau ʻia me kahi kī mua a me kahi puʻupuʻu piko ʻihiʻipi, ma ka ʻaoʻao o laila he mau battlement. ʻO ka nalo o kēia kipi mai ka mokupuni o Hawaiʻi e ʻae iā ʻoe e "loaʻa" i loko o kahi ʻano ʻano ʻano ʻano ʻoiaiʻo ka Dodo. A ʻo ka mea e nānā ʻia, ka lāʻau ʻokiʻoki, e like me ka poʻe holo mua, ua ʻōwili i ka ʻāina a waiho i hoʻokahi hua hoʻokahi. Ma nā mokupuni he nui, kahi i hui pū ʻia ai nā puaʻa, nā pōpoki a me nā ʻiole me ke kanaka, ua hoʻomaka koke nā manu uʻi no ka lūlū. ʻO ka mea kaumaha, ʻaʻole hiki i ka dodo ke lele i loko o nā kumulāʻau (Bobrovsky, 2003).

Ke ʻike ʻia nei nā ʻano manu manuahi hou, a me 285 o lākou, lele maikaʻi. I loko o ka ʻōpū like-kaʻi (Golumbiformes), ma kahi o ka ʻohana Pigeon a me Drontov, aia nō kekahi ʻohana Ryabkov (Pteroelidae). Akāʻo lākou (16 mau ʻano ma ka honua) lele nani. Ma kahi o nā dodo a me kāna mau hoahānau, ua loaʻa ka ʻike o Mauritius a me nā mokupuni ʻē aʻe Mascarene i nā ʻano nui o nā mea maoli ma laila, i.e. nā manu piʻi. No ke aha ʻaʻole lākou i nalowale i nā ʻēheu? Ka mea, ʻaʻohe ʻano o ka manu manu, i ka wā i noho ʻole ai (a ʻaʻohe predator) mokupuni, e lele holo ʻole.

I ka makahiki 1959, ma ka International Zoological Congress ma Lākana, ua hāʻawi mua ka mea kūlohelohe Kelemānia ʻo Luttschwager i kahi hōʻailona hou o ke kumu a me ka hanauna aloha o nā dodoes. Loaʻa ʻo ia i nā ʻokoʻa he nui o ke ʻano o ke poʻo o ka dodo a me ka manu. A laila hui pū kekahi me nā mea kākau ʻē aʻe, ma hope o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā iwi a me nā ʻiwi me Mauritius a me Rodriguez. Ma kāna puke Drones (1961), ua hōʻhewa ʻo Luttschwager i ka hōʻailona o ka "pigeon" i kahi o ke ʻano o kēia mau manu nui. Ma ke hoʻonohonoho o nā ʻili hip, nā iwi hope a me nā wāwae o nā dodoids, ʻike nui ʻo ia i nā maʻamau ʻaʻole i nā pige, akā me nā puʻupuʻu no ka ʻohana manu o ka kahu hipa. Pale maikaʻi ʻo Korosteli a i ka pōpilikia me ka hoʻāʻo ʻole e haʻalele, akā e holo aku. Eia kekahi, lilo nā coriostles e noho ana ma nā mokupuni hoʻokaʻawale i ka hiki ke lele, a he nui nā hue manu like ʻole (ʻo Mauritius kahu hipa, ʻo Mascaren coot, kekahi mau karnivores a me moorhen - 15 wale nō nā mea) i pau, e like me nā dodges (http://www.mybirds.ru/forums /lofiversion/index.php/t58317.html).

I ka makahiki 2002, ua lawe ʻia kahi kao ʻana o nā nūhou cytochrome b a me 12S rRNA mau ʻano, ma ke kumu ke hoʻoholo ʻia nei ʻo ka manu pigedon ola (Fig.) Ka pili pili pili o dodo (http: //ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronty).

Wahi a ka loli maʻalahi o kēia mau lā, ʻo ka ʻohana dodo he hapa o ka detement like pigeon.

• Aupuni: Nā holoholona
• Kuhi: Nā Chordates
• Kūkulu: Vertebrates
• ʻAi: nā manu
• Kaukaha: Newborn
• Kauoha: Nā ʻōmaʻa-like - nā manu me ke kino ākea ākea, nā wāwae a me ka ʻāʻī ke pōkole, lōʻihi nā wīwī a lōʻihi a koi, hoʻoponopono ʻia no ka holo wikiwiki. ʻO ka mānoanoa ka mānoanoa, makilā, nā hulu me ka ʻaoʻao maikaʻi i kūkulu ʻia. Pōkole i ka beak, ua uhi ʻia nā ʻōpū i nā pale ʻili ma luna. ʻAno kokoke nā meaʻai i nā meaʻai a me nā mea kanu maoli, ʻaʻole e hua pinepine nā hua a me nā hua. Loaʻa nā manu hoʻomau i kahi goiter i hoʻomohala maikaʻi, nāna e mālama pono i ka ʻohi o ka meaʻai a no ka hoʻomaʻalulu ʻia, ʻo ka ʻoi aku, e hānai ana i nā manu i nā moa me "waiū" i hana ʻia i ka goiter.
• Kāna ʻohana: Dodoids (Raphidae) pili 3 mau ʻano:
  - Dodo Mauritian. ʻO ka Dodo, a ʻo ka Dutan Mauriti, he dodo hina. Noho ʻo kēia mau ʻano ma ka mokupuni o Mauritius - ʻo ka mokupuni nui loa o ka mokupuni ʻo Mascarene ma ka Moanaʻo Initia. ʻO kēia hiʻohiʻona i wehewehe mua iā Karl Linney iā ia iho.
  - Loaʻa ʻo Reunion dodo. Ma ka mokupuni o Reunion mokupuni, noho kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe - ke keʻokeʻo, a i ʻole bourbon, dodo (Raphusborbonicus), aneane keʻokeʻo, ʻuku iki hoʻi i ke dodo. Ke kānalua nei kekahi poʻe loiloi i ke ola o kēia ʻano, ʻoiai ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma ka wehewehe wale a me nā kiʻi kiʻi.
  - Rodriguez dodo. Ma ka mokupuni o Rodriguez i noho ke kolu o ka ʻohana - ka hermit dodo (Pezophapssolitarius). I ka makahiki 1730, ua maʻamau maoli ka hermit dodo, akā ma ka hopena o ka kenekulia 18 a ua pau nō kēia hana.ʻAʻohe mea i koe o ia - i loko o nā hale moʻomeheu, ʻaʻohe ʻāpana a ʻaʻole hoʻi he hua manu o kēia manu (http://www.ecosystema.ru/07referats/01/dodo.htm).

2.2. ʻO keʻano o ka helehelena

No kēlā me kēia poʻe i ʻike i ke dodo, hana nui kona helehelena i kahi manaʻo ʻike ʻole. ʻO kēia nā mea hoʻomanaʻo a nā mea ʻike maka i hiki aku i ko mākou mau lā: ʻAʻohe ʻēheu kēia manu (ʻo lākou, akā liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole hiki ke lele). ʻO ka hiʻu he mau hulu manu me nā pulu hoʻohuihue i kū i loko. ”, (C ʻo VA Krasilnikov, 2001).

“He manu ʻano manu ʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka hiku nui. Ua like kona mau wāwae me nā wāwae o ka turki, akā ʻoi aku ka ikaika a me ka mānoanoa. Hoʻoweliweli ʻia kona umauma e like me ka pīpī ʻōpio, ua ʻōpala ke kua o kona kua. " (cited by E. Fuller, 2000). "Ma kēia wahi aku wau i kahi manu i ʻike ʻole ai au i mua. He like paha ia me ke poʻo poʻo, inā ʻaʻole no kona mau wāwae lōʻihi. ʻO kāna leʻaleʻa nani ke leʻaleʻa i ka maka. Ke hoʻololi mau nei kona kala, e hoʻolilo ana i ke gula.

“... Kūleʻa nui ka wā e neʻe lākou i ka ʻōpū. Hoʻopakele pinepine ko lākou ʻano nani i ko lākou ola. "

“... Hoʻokūkū wale lāua i ko lākou mau ʻēheu a puʻu, ke kāhea nei kekahi. Kahi wikiwiki kēia mau ʻōlapa a hahai i kekahi ma hope o iwakāluakūmākahi paha mau manawa no 4-5 mau minuke, ʻekena ka neʻe o nā ʻēheu i kahi kani e like me ke kani ʻana e kahi kakō. Hiki ke lohe ʻia i ka lōʻihi o kahi o ka m 200 ka hapa o ke kahe o ka ʻēheʻe i ikaika ma ka ʻaoʻao o waho a hana i kahi ulu liʻiliʻi i lalo o ka hulu o kahi manu, ka like pū me ka pū manu, kahi pū me ka beak. Ma ka ulu lāʻau ʻaʻole paʻakikī lākou e hopu, akā ma ka puka, ʻaʻole ia he paʻakikī, no ka mea ʻoi ka holo o ka wikiwiki. Maʻaleʻa i ka hoʻokokoke iā lākou. " (cited by V.A. Krasilnikov, 2001) (Bobrovsky, 2003).

ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua nui a dupa nā dodo. Manaʻo nā ʻepekema ʻo ke kaupaʻa ʻana o nā manu makua he 20-25 kg. ʻO Turkey, ma o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, paona 12-16 kg. Ua ʻoi aku lākou ʻoi loa i ka ʻōpī, kahi a 1 m ke kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ko lākou kino ākea, hui pū ʻia me nā ʻēheu liʻiliʻi loa, e hōʻike ana i ka hiki ʻana o ka lele. ʻO ka wāwae wāwae ke ikaika a ikaika. A ʻo kona mau wāwae ʻehā ʻole ke like me nā wāwae turiki. ʻO ka ʻōʻī pōkole o kēia mau manu i komo wale i nā hulu manu e kālai ʻia ana i kahi paio.
Ua neʻe nā leo ma ka ʻāina a ua lohi loa. E like me nā wehewehe, i ko lākou holo ʻana mai ka pilikia, kuʻi ko lākou kino i ka wā e holo ana, a ʻo ka ʻōpū nui e pili ana i nā pōhaku. ʻO ka wāwae wāwae dodo ʻehā ua like ke ʻano o nā wāwae pīpī. Akā ma ke poʻo o kā mākou kauā, ʻaʻohe ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻaʻole hoʻi kahi koloa, a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka ʻāʻī. ʻO ka umauma, e like me nā wehewehe a nā mea ʻike maka, ua pena maoli ʻia i pena maikaʻi - e like me nā pheasants.

Ia lākou i loaʻa i kahi beʻīhoʻokeʻo, grotesque, awkward, striking beak beak beed and flegling skin around the be and and eyes. ʻO ke ʻano o kā lākou nuku ka mea e hoʻomanaʻo mau ai i ka beak albatross, no ke kumu i ʻōlelo mua ai kekahi mau zoologists he pilina ma waena o nā manu dissimilar. Ua alakaʻi kēia mau hōʻailona i kekahi mau ʻepekema e noʻonoʻo e pili ana nā dodos i nā manu o ka iʻa. No ka laʻana, i nā aʻe manu e hānai nei i ke kalukona a he mau ʻula, ʻaʻole hoʻi i maʻemaʻe ka ʻili i ko lākou mau poʻo. Ma kahi ʻē aʻe, nā manu e ʻai ana i nā snails a me nā lā kekahi i kekahi beak curved (http://www.mybirds.ru/forums/lofiversion/index.php/t58317.html, http://rcio.pnzgu.ru/personal/ 39/2 / 7 / dodo.htm).

ʻO Mauritius Dodo (Fig.).

ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano o ka dodo Mauritian ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e hoʻomaka me ka beak, me ka mea kupaianaha loa. ʻO kona lōʻihi e pili ana i 20 cm a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi! Kū ka hope o ka beak i lalo, me nā manu o ka iʻa, ʻeleʻele ka ʻala o ka beak. ʻO James Greenway, kahi hui nui o nā manu i pau a me ka hopohopo, e wehewehe ana i ka helehelena o ke dodo: "ʻO ke alo o ke poʻo, ka wahi a puni ka maka a me nā papālina nā ʻoka a he māmā nā ʻulaʻula. He lehu a ʻeleʻele paha ka hulu o ke kino, aneane keokeo ma lalo o ka umauma a ʻeleʻele hoʻi i nā honu. He melemele o nā ʻēheu a uhi ʻia i ka keʻokeʻo me nā hulu ʻeleʻele ma nā kihi, ma ka huelo ua maloʻo lākou a me ka keri. "

Pono e hoʻohui ʻia me ka dodo ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā ʻēheu e like me ia, akā aia kekahi mea i kuhi ʻia, e like pū me kā lākou mau mele. ʻAʻole nō i lele nā ​​ʻēheu dodo i ka hana kūpono, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole lākou i lele, ʻaʻole lākou i mālamakou i māla maikaʻi i nā ʻēheu e neʻe ai, a ʻo ke kuʻekuʻe e pili ana i ka umu a lākou e hoʻopili ai, a ʻo kēia iwi ka iwi i pā ʻālunu like. Haʻalele ʻo ka dodo mai Mauritius i ka "hoʻoilina" maikaʻi loa no nā zoologists: he nui nā iwi, kahi ʻōpala a me kahi puʻupuʻu (a i ʻole, e like me nā kumuwaiwai ʻelua, ʻelua mau wāwae a ʻelua ʻāhi) i mālama ʻia i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Pelekania. Eia kekahi, ua nui nā kiʻi kiʻi a me nā kiʻi pena kiʻi e hōʻike ana i ka dodo pouli (http://erudity.ru/t215_21.html, Bobrovsky, 2003).

ʻO Reunion Dodo (Fig.). Kahi ʻano dodo kahi i noho ai ma ka moku ʻo Reunion, aia wale nō ka ʻike ʻia mai nā moʻo maka poʻokela a ʻoi aku paha nā kiʻi kūpono ʻole pololei. Mai nā hoahānau mai Mauritius, ʻokoʻa lākou i ka ʻalani māmā o kā lākou plumage. ʻO ka keʻokeʻo, aiʻole ka bourbon, dodo (Raphusborbonicus), aneane keʻokeʻo loa ia, ʻuku iki hoʻi ma mua o ka dodo. Ke kānalua nei kekahi poʻe loiloi i ke ola o kēia ʻano (Bobrovsky, 2003, http://erudity.ru/t215_21.html, http://www.megabook.ru/Article.asp?AID=630785).

Rodriguez dodo (Fig.). Ma ka mokupuni ʻo Rodriguez i noho ai ke kolu o ka ʻohana o ka ʻohana - ka hermit dodo (Pezophapssolitarius) me ka nani o ke kino. ʻO nā ʻēheu, a i ʻole nā ​​mea i koe o lākou, ua lōʻihi aku ia ma mua o nā dodo ʻē aʻe, a ma ko lākou mau wēlau i piʻakiʻi i kekahi mau puʻupuʻu ʻē aʻe, hoʻokahi ma luna o kēlā me kēia ʻēheu. ʻOkoʻa hoʻi kona ʻokoʻa me kona ʻāʻī lōʻihi, ke poʻo liʻiliʻi me kahi nī ʻokiʻoki a ʻo nā ʻēheu i hoʻomohala ʻia. Me kēia mau ʻūʻī, na ke dodo i ka hakakā kekahi a kaua i nā ʻenemi. Kui ka waihoʻoluʻu o ko lākou plumage mai ka brownish a hina ʻole a i ʻole hoʻi i keokeo (Bobrovsky, 2003, Ilyichev, 1986, (http://www.megabook.ru/Article.asp?AID=630785).

2.3. Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka wā hoʻoulu a me nā ʻano hana

ʻO ka maʻamau, loaʻa kēia manu iā ia i nā mea āpau, no ka laʻana, kā lākou kaʻao. E like me nā wehewehe o nā wā o nā mea i kēia wā, ua hana ʻo dodo i kahi pūnana i loko o ke ʻano o kahi ʻuhane o ka honua, nā lau lau a me nā lālā a waiho ʻia ma laila kahi hua keʻokeʻo nui. Ua hoʻolima ʻia ʻo ia no nā wiki he 7 e ka wahine a me ke kāne, ma ka manawa. I kēia manawa koʻikoʻi (ʻo ka hatching a me ka hānai ʻana i mau mahina i hala), ʻaʻole i ʻae nā mākua i ka hoʻokokoke iki aku a kokoke i ka 100 mika. Inā hoʻāʻo ʻo ka "alien" e hoʻokokoke aku i ka nalo, ʻo ia kekahi kanaka o ka wahine like ʻole e alualu iā ia. Eia kekahi, ke noho ana ke kāne ma luna o ka pūnana a ʻike akula i kahi wahine a kekahi ʻē aʻe e hoʻokokoke ana iā ia, ʻaʻole ia i holo koke i ke kaua.

Hoʻomaka koke ʻo ka "haku" o ka pūnana i kona mau eheu, hana pūliki i nā wahine. A lawe ʻo ia i kahi "dodict" kahi ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā māme makuahine i ʻike i ke kāne ʻē, ua hana like ia. Ua kipaku ʻia ʻo ia e ke kāne a ka makuahine. Ma hope o ka hoʻokuke ʻia ʻana o ka malihini, lele ka lele ʻana i ka manu, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i haʻalele koke ke kanaka malihini i kahi āna e makemake ai (Bobrovsky, 2003, http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/birds/printouts/Dodo.shtml).

2.4. Nā hiʻohiʻona hana

ʻO ka dodoes i hānai ʻia i nā hua māla o ka lāʻau pāma latania, ka mea i hāʻule ma ka lepo, me nā ʻōpala a me nā lau, nā mea e ʻai ai ka ʻai wale no ka dodo. Makemake nui nā manu i nā hua nui o kahi lāʻau i kapa ʻia ʻo ka Dodo Tree (Ice Age 2010, http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/birds/printouts/Dodo.shtml).

Hiki ke ʻike i ka ʻōpū i loko o ka ʻōpū e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o ke ʻano o nā huaʻai o kēia mau manu. ʻO ka papa moʻomeheu kahiko Pelekane no 1656, e hali ana i ka palapala "Dodo mai ka mokupuni o Mauritius, no ka nui, ʻaʻole hiki ke lele," ʻōlelo ʻo ia i kahi manu i ʻike ʻia i kēlā manawa. Ma mua o lilo ʻo ia i scarecrow, hōʻike lōʻihi kēia dodo i nā mea a pau i makemake e ʻike i ka hana mana o ke ʻano a kahaha nui nā Londoners me kāna ʻano. ʻO ka hoʻohālike, ma ka makemake he make i nā ʻāpana. Mai kekahi mau papa puke ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻia ua loaʻa nā pōhaku i loko o nā ʻōpū o ka dodo, ua komo maoli i ka hana ʻana o ka ʻohi ʻana i ka meaʻai.

Ua kākau ʻo Francois Lega ua ʻoki ʻia ka pōhaku mai ka ʻōpū o ka dodo, he ʻāʻule, pohō, ka nui o ka moa moa. I waho, he ʻūlū loloa, i ka ʻaoʻao a me ka ʻaoʻao ma ka ʻaoʻao. Ua hele ʻo Lega me kāna mau hoa hana i ka hopena, "... he pōhaku kolapela kēia, no ka mea aia i nā manu i kekahi makahiki. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka kahawai e alakaʻi ana mai ka goiter aʻōlō i ka ʻōpū ua ʻōkiki loa no kahi mea e maʻa wale i ka ʻāpana a he hapa liʻiliʻi hoʻi e like me ka pōhaku. Ua hana ʻē ʻia mākou no ka huli ʻana i nā pahi ”(http://www.mybirds.ru/forums/lofiversion/index.php/t58317.html).

2,5. ʻO nā ʻikepili a me nā mea kaupalena

Ma nā mokupuni i noho ai ka dodo, ʻaʻohe nā mākaʻi nui e holo ai ia. ʻO kēia ʻano mea palupalu, maluhia piha loa ka hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i nā ʻenemi. ʻO ka pale wale o ka dodo he beak. I ka makahiki 1607, kipa ʻo Admiral Verguven iā Mauritius, ʻo ia ka mea mua i ʻike i nā dodoes, hiki ia i ka ʻeha "hōʻeha maoli" (Darrell, 2002, http://www.bestreferat.ru/referat-6576.html).

Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mokupuni, hoʻomaka ka poʻe e luku ikaika i nā manu clumsy. Eia kekahi, ua hānai ʻia ka puaʻa i nā mokupuni, i wāwahi ʻia e ka hua dodo, nā kao, kahi i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia e nā ka nahele, kahi i kūkulu ai ka dodo i kā lākou mau hihiu, ʻo ka ʻīlio a me nā pōpoki i luku ʻia i nā manu ʻōpio a me nā ʻōpio, a ua ʻai ʻia ka puaʻa a me nā mea hihiu i kā kā lākou mau moa (Leopold, 2000).

2.6. ʻO ka hopena ola o ke kāloina o kahi holoholona

Kekahi mea hoihoi e pili ana iā dodos i ʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 1973, i ka manawa a ka poʻe ʻepekema i ʻike ʻia ai he mau lāʻau kahiko ma ka mokupuni o Mauritius - he calvariometer e paʻakikī hou. ʻAʻole hanana nā ʻano o kēia mau ʻano i kēia manawa ma mua o ka mokupuni, a i kēia manawa ʻaʻole eʻoi aku ka hapalua a me ka hapalua hapa e ulu ana ma luna o kona wahi āpau o 2045 mau kilomita square. Ka mea i lilo aku o ko lākou makahiki ma mua o 300 mau makahiki. Hāʻawi nā lāʻau i nā nati, akā ʻaʻole ʻano ʻē aʻe o nā nati, ʻaʻole kū ʻia nā lāʻau hou. Aka, aneane ʻo 300 mau makahiki i ka makahiki 1681 ua luku ʻia ka dodo hope ma ia moku like. Ua hiki i ka ʻemokuʻAmelika ʻAmelika Temil ke hoʻokū i kahi pilina ma waena o ka nalo ʻana o ka dodo a me ka hoʻopau ʻana o kahi kalvary. Ua haʻi ʻo ia aia ka mea nui ma kēia ʻano lāʻau i loko o ka hoʻomohala lāʻau. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ʻaʻole e ulu nā nīnū a hiki i ka ʻōpala ʻia ʻana e ka dodo a kā lana ʻia i loko o kona mau ʻāpana. ʻO nā ʻāpana a ke ahi i kau ai ma ka ʻōpū i loko o kona ʻōpū i hoʻopau i ka ʻāʻī o ka huehue, a puka hou ka calvarias. Hōʻike ʻo Temil ua hoʻomohala ka ulu ʻana i kēlā me kēia kaao no ka mea ua hoʻōla ʻoluʻolu ʻo nā hua a Kalavary i nā pigeons Dodo.

No ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka hypothesis, ua hānai ʻia nā hua i nā turkeys me kahi ʻōpū like, a ua ulu mai nā lāʻau hou mai o lākou ma hope o ka wā e hoʻowalewale i ka nenehana ʻole. Me ka nalo ʻana o ka dodo, ʻaʻohe manu ʻē aʻe ma Mauritius e hiki ke hoʻopau i ka pāʻai ʻāʻī o nā ʻuala, a ua pau kēia mau lāʻau (Bobrovsky, 2003, http://km.ru:8080/magazin/view.asp?id=C12A7036E18E469CAA6022BE1699E434).

2.7. Nā koena waihona o nā ʻano

No ka lōʻihi ke ola ma hope o ka luku ʻana o ka dodo, ʻaʻohe kanaka i ʻike i kahi hōʻike o ke ʻano o kēia manu. ʻO ka poʻe hune Dodo, hilahila a hilahila, hoʻi hou me ka mea ʻole. Eia nō naʻe ʻo J. Clark (Helu 11.), ʻaʻole i manaʻoʻiʻo i nā kuʻuna kūloko, hoʻomau ʻo ia hoʻi i ka huli ʻana i nā pāpale poina. Pii aku ʻo ia i nā mauna a me nā puʻu, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā camisole i ʻeli mai nā lāʻau wili, ʻeli ka honua, i ʻūlū ʻia i nā ʻula lepo ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka muliwai a me nā ʻāpana. Hiki maikaʻi ka pōmaikaʻi i ka poʻe e hoʻomau mau ana. A ʻoluʻolu ʻo Clark: i loko o kahi puʻu ua ʻohi ʻo ia i nā iwi nui o ka manu nui. ʻO Richard Owen (English zoologist a paleontologist) i kēia mau iwi ua nānā pono i kēia mau iwi a ua hōʻoia ʻo ia no ka dodo.

Kuhi. ʻO nā hana hoʻowalewale a ʻo J. Clark ma kahi pou paʻi (http://www.google.com/imghp?hl=en)

I ka hopena o ke kenekulia hope loa, ua kauoha ke aupuni o ka mokupuni o Mauritius i ka ʻohiʻowale loa. ʻIke mākou i nā iwi dodo he nui a me nā ʻili he nui i hoʻopiha ʻia i nā keʻena me nā hōʻiliʻili waiwai nui o kekahi mau hale mele ma ka honua.

Ma hope o ke ahi ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Oxford i ka makahiki 1755, ua puhi ʻia ka ʻōpala hope loa o nā iwi dodo.

Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi hui o nā paleontologists Dutch i kahi hapa o ke koʻo o ka dodo ma ka mokupuni o Mauritius (Fig.). I waena o nā koena e loaʻa ana he ʻāpana o ka femur, paws, beak, spine a me nā ʻēheu o ka dodo. Ua ʻike ʻia nā iwi o kahi manu i hala i ka puʻu maloʻo ʻo Mauritius. Ke hoʻomau nei ka poʻe noiʻi Holani i ka ʻimi a lana ka manaʻo e ʻike i nā ʻūhā holoʻokoʻa.

ʻAʻole ʻolua ka iwi o Dodo e like me kāna mau hua manu, ʻoiai lākou o nā ʻimi ʻepekema nui loa.

I kēia manawa, ua mālama ʻia kahi hua dodo hoʻokahi. Manaʻo kekahi mau zoologist i kēia hua manu ʻoniʻoni nui ʻo ia ka mea nui i hōʻike ʻia no kāna ʻepekema. Pono ia he mau haneli paona keu ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hua melala o ka loona nui a i ʻole ka fory a lime lau o ka epiornis, nā manu nui loa o ka honua kahiko (Fedorov, 2001).

Hoʻokumu ʻo Dodo i ka makemake nui i ka honua ʻepekema. Hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia kēia e ka manaʻo o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o kēia ʻano holoholona e nā ʻano hana hoʻokūkū genetic ua kūkākūkā nui me nā makahiki i hala (Green World, 2007).

2.8. Ke kuhi nei no ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano ʻano

Ua hiki i kahi pūʻulu o nā poʻomanaʻo ʻAmelika ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka DNA (Fig.) O kahi manu mai ka ʻoka o ka hoʻokahi hua manu.

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua Paleo-DNA (i.e. DNA mai nā pupu kahiko). Akā a hiki i kēia manawa, ua noi ʻia nā mea noiʻi i ka ʻenehana o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā mea hoʻoilina mai nā iwi o nā holoholona fossil, ma nā manu kūikawā.

I ka makahiki 1999, ua hoʻomaka nā kānaka ʻepekema Pelekane i kahi papahana ʻoluʻolu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea moʻomeheu iʻa mai kekahi mau holoholona hihiu. Eia nō hoʻi, ua koho ʻia ka manu dodo kaulana i kapa mua ʻia.

He manaʻo ʻino ia ma Moscow, ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Darwin, ʻo kekahi o nā ʻāpana o nā dodo. ʻIke wale kekahi poʻe ʻepekema i kekahi mau pūʻulu o nānika (Fig.) A me nā iwi o ka dodo, a ʻo ka kope kope i mālama ʻia ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Darwin, ʻo ia wale nō ma Russia.

Ua hōʻike ka poʻe noiʻi ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Darwin i nā kānalua koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka hopena o kahi hoʻokolohua i hoʻohālikelike ʻia e nā kānaka ʻepekema English. ʻO nā paio e like me ia. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻaʻole maopopo ia mālama ʻia i kahi pālahalaha ʻekolu o ke ʻano e like me ka mālama maikaʻi ʻana o DNA. Wahi a nā limahana o ka hale moʻomeheu, ʻoiai mai nā kupapaʻu o nā mammoth, e waiho ana i ka permafrost, ʻaʻole hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale i ke kikowaena DNA - ua pau "āpau" kēia mau mea āpau. ʻO ka lua, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻohuli. No ka hoʻomaka i ke kaʻina o kona māhele, pono ʻoe i ke kaiāulu kūpono - ʻo ka cytoplasm a me nā mea hoʻonaninani ʻē aʻe i loaʻa i loko o kahi hale ola.

ʻO ia ka mea e ʻike ai i kēia manawa nā poʻe biologists ʻAmelika i kūkulu lākou i kahi ʻenehana no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā mea hoʻoilina (DNA) ʻaʻole mai nā iwi, akā mai nā hua manu. Ua ʻike ʻia nā mea kākau o ka hana hou i loko o kēia ʻāpana ʻo ka hapa nui o ka DNA - he ʻike ʻia ia e hōʻailona ʻia i loko o ka matrix o ka calcium carbonate. Ma mua o kēia, i ka wā o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana mai i nā iwi, ua holoi ʻia ka hapa nui o ka calcium mai ka mea e hoʻomaka ai. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, e like me ka wā ma mua, ʻoki lākou i nā koena o ka iwi iwi e hoʻohana ana i nā ala kūikawā, waiho ʻia i loko o ka paʻakai physiological a holoi holoi i ka pau loa. A laila, ua koho ʻia nā mea mālama i mālama ʻia a "kahakaha ʻia" o lākou iā lākou (e hoʻomanaʻo, ʻo ia ke koʻokoʻo e pili ana i ka DNA).
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūleʻa ʻana ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia. Hiki i hiki ke loaʻa i ka DNA nukula wale nō, akā, ka DNA o ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo mitochondria - organelles e hana nei e like me nā keena uila. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka DNA Mitochondrial ma mua o ka nukula, no laila ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i ka poʻe i hoʻohālike a me ka maʻalahi o ka lawe ʻana. Eia naʻe, lawe nō ia i ka ʻike he nui e pili ana i ka mea ola. Eia nō naʻe, ʻike ʻia kēia ʻikepili i nā huao ma o ka laina wahine.

Wahi a nā kānaka ʻepekema, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pōpoki o ka DNA, ʻaʻole wale no ka mea he maʻalahi ia e lawe i ka waikena nucleic mai ona. ʻOi aku kahi maikaʻi hou ka "hoʻonaninani" haʻahaʻa no ka pōpoki o ka DNA e huehue ana ka DNA o nā mea i makemake ʻia a paʻakikī ka hana pū me ia.

Eia nō naʻe, e wehe mau ana ka nīnau loa: he mea hiki ke hoʻohana i ka DNA i kiʻi hou i nā holoholona lōʻihi?

ʻAʻohe mea like ʻole nā ​​palena palena o ke kaʻina hana ʻoi. Mālamalama ka hana kumu: hoʻoliʻi mākou i ka nuclei cell i loaʻa i nā hua o nā bipi, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā ʻōiwi maoli (ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana pū me nā hua o nā bipi: nui ka nui o lākou, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻenehana no kā lākou hana, aia nā kaila o ia mau pūnaʻi), a laila he "surrogate" makuahine o nā mea pili i lawe ʻia i kahi cryo ... mau nō ia. e kali wale. I ka hihia o ka hipa, ʻo ka Dolly i hoʻohālikelike ʻia, ʻo ka helu kūleʻa he 0,02% (Morozov, 2010).

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