ʻIke ʻia ka lio Mustang ma nā kenekulia 16. ʻO kona inoa i ka unuhi ʻana mai ka Paniolo a me kāna mau ʻōlelo e pili ana, "ʻaʻohe kanaka, hakakā, kaua i hope", e hōʻike pono ana i ke kumu o kēia heluna. He mau lio halewi manu kēia, e noho nui ana ma ka ʻāina o ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻAmelika.
ʻO ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻano
ʻO ka wahi hānau o kēia ʻano he Hema a me ʻAmelika Hema. Eia, nā holoholona nui o nā holoholona haʻaheo e holo nui ana ma luna o ka pampas nui. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā kānakaʻepekema ʻo ka loiloi o kēia mau lio i ka wā kahiko, akā, no nā kumu ʻike ʻole, ua hala ka hua ma kahi o nā kenekulia he ma mua.
Ma hope o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻāina, ua kūkā hou ʻia nā holoholona. Nā hakakā a me nā hakakā i alakaʻi ʻia ai nā lio hihiu ma nā awawa - ua holo a keu nā lio makaʻu, ʻae ke haʻalele i ka poʻe. Ua hōʻiliʻili nā mea hele a kau i nā kahaka, hoʻoikaika nui, kahi i piʻi ai ka nui o ka heluna o nā kānaka.
I ka lōʻihi o ka manawa, ua lilo nā lio hihiu i mea waiwai i ka hopu ʻia, hoʻomaka ka nui o nā lio i emi wikiwiki. Wahi a nā helu hōʻike ma kahi o 30,000 mau ʻalā e noho ana ma ka laulā o ʻAmelika, ʻo ka hopu ʻia e pāpā hewa ʻia a hoʻopaʻi ʻia e ke kānāwai.
Mustangs ma ka moʻomeheu
I ka moʻomeheu o ka poʻe e noho ana i nā ʻāina ʻAmelika, ua waiho ka Mustangs i kahi mālamalama mālamalama. Hoʻohālike nā hōʻano he ʻuhane a he make ʻole maikaʻi loa no ke kūʻokoʻa. Nui nā moʻolelo o nā holoholona i haʻaheo i makemake e hoʻolei iā lākou iho mai nā pōhaku i kekahi make i ka hāʻule ʻana i loko o nā lima o ke kanaka.
Loaʻa pinepine nā lio hoʻohanohano i nā mea pena kiʻi a me nā kiʻi. Ma nā wahi āpau e hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā mania he manuahi manuahi, me kahi hoʻomohala hoʻomohala, me kahi kūlana ʻokoʻa. ʻO kēia kahi mea hou kēia no ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o kēia mau lio i nā kāne kipi, haʻaheo a me ke aloha ʻole.
Loaʻa ʻae
ʻAʻole nunui ka nui o nā lio pākeke. ʻO ka kiʻekiʻe ma ka mauʻu e nānā pinepine ʻole i hoʻokahi a me ka hapa mika. ʻO ka paona maʻamau he 350-380 kg. Mahalo i kaʻaila māmā, hiki i nā lio ke hoʻomohala i ka wikiwiki wikiwiki a lanakila ma luna o 50 km i hoʻokahi hola.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o ka huakaʻi he ʻano ikaika nui ʻo ia. Hoʻohālikelike pinepine nā iwi Mustang i ka granite.
Nā Mustangs keʻokeʻo
Ua kapa ʻia nā lio keʻokeʻo iā lākou he mau lehelehe maoli, no laila mea paʻakikī a invulnerable lākou. Ma nā legends, ua hāʻawi ʻia nā lio keʻokeʻo hau-keʻokeʻo me nā mana kūlohelohe a he ʻaneʻane like ko ke kanaka. Ua paʻa ʻia nā lio keʻokeʻo e ka poʻe Comanche India, ma muli o ko lākou ʻano leʻaleʻa, ua manaʻo ʻia he mau alakaʻi nui.
Nā ʻōpio Spanish
Ma mua o ʻike ʻo Columbus iā ʻAmelika, ʻaʻole i nui ka nui o kēia heluna - a hiki i ka 1 mau pahuhopu. I kēia mau lā, kaulana nui nā lio Sepania, aneane ʻaʻole koe kekahi. Hoʻohālikelike hiʻona:
- poʻo pololei
- pōkole hope
- ke kiʻekiʻe - a hiki i ka 1,2 m,
- nā palapala hoʻohālikelike
- mau pepeiao liʻiliʻi
- nā wāwae ikaika.
Hōʻike ʻia nā hale e ka hoʻonui i ka hoʻomanawanui a hiki iā lākou ke lanakila ma mua o 200 km i hoʻokahi neʻe.
Noho a Likiko a me kahiʻoihana
He mea maikaʻi loa ke ola ʻo Mustang - ke ʻano nei i nā "savages" hoʻokiʻekiʻe a ka nanea, ka ʻaoʻao paʻakikī a me ka ʻike kino kino. No nā makahiki he nui, ua mālama ʻia nā lio, akā i kēia manawa ua wehe ʻia nā mea hou.
Paule a me ke ʻōpū
Ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā lio hihiu i nā kūlana paʻakikī. Mahalo i kēia, hoʻohanohano ʻia nā lio e ka nui o ka ikehu a me kekahi hoʻoikaika. ʻAʻole hiki i nā poʻe holo mākaukau ke kau aku i ka nani - ʻike ʻia ʻo Mustangs i ke alakaʻi no ka mea ākea loa.
Hōʻike pinepine nā lio i ka huhū kanaka. Koho ʻia ka mea nona ma ke kūʻokoʻa, hoʻokahi a no nā mea a pau. Ke hoʻohuli nei, e lilo ka lio i ka hoa aloha maoli. Eia kekahi ma ka mea nona ka holoholona, ʻaʻole e haʻi ka holoholona i kahi kanaka maʻa.
Kauʻai
ʻAi ʻia ka lio ʻōiwi no ka ʻai. Hoʻokomo ʻo Mustangs i nā lau o nā kumulāʻau, nā lāʻau, nā ʻōpala, nā lālā manamana o nā kumu lāʻau. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā lio Tamed i kahi meaʻai kūikawā - kahi hui o ka mauʻu, kaʻu, ka palaoa. E ʻai kekahi holoholona a 3 kg o ka ʻai i kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO ka pono punahele ʻo Mustang he kāloti crispy a me ke kō. Makemake nō hoʻi nā hale i ka ʻai ʻana i ka pōpoki palaoa a i ʻole ʻalemea.
ʻAno hānau
Hoʻomaka ka hana hānai ʻana o nā lio ʻoi loa i ka hopena puna a hoʻomau a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kauwela. Ua lanakila aku ke kāne i ka wahine ma kahi kikoo paʻakikī. Hoʻomaʻa ka mea lanakila me ka nani i makemake ʻia, a ma hope o 11 mau mahina e kū ʻia ai ka foal. He ʻokoʻa loa ka pālua ʻelua o nā Mustangs. Ma kahi o ʻeono mahina, e ʻai ana ka pēpē i ka waiū makuahine, a laila hoʻololi i ka ʻai.
Hiki paha ke pāhaʻu i ka mustang?
He paʻakikī paʻakikī ka lawe ʻana i kahi lio hihiu. Ma muli o kahi lilo haʻalulu, ke ʻano paʻakikī, pono ʻoe e lilo i ka nui o ka ikaika e hoʻohuli ai i ka lio ma kahi hoa. Māka ʻia ka holoholona i hali ʻia i ka pio a hiki ke maʻalahi me ka māloʻi, a ma kēia ʻano ʻaʻohe kumu no ke kanaka haʻaheo e hāʻawi mai i kahi kanaka.
E like me ka hōʻike ʻana o ka hana, ʻike nā pūʻali e loaʻa ka hilinaʻi o ka lio ʻoiʻo ka maikaʻi. Inā ʻoe e hoʻokaʻawale i ka pōʻai a hāʻawi iā ia i loko o kahi halihali kūikawā i ka pā hale, maʻalahi maʻalahi ia, a laila pono ʻoe e alo i nā pilikia paʻakikī. ʻAʻole ka ʻike i kahi lio ka mea kūʻokoʻa i ke kīʻaha, ʻo ke ʻano o ka hana taming e hana nui ai a koi i ka nui o ke ahonui.
ʻOiai inā ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka huakaʻi e puni ana i ka mustang, ʻoiai ke hiki ke loaʻa i kahi lio holookoa me nā hiʻohiʻona maʻalahi. No ka pono o ka kaulike, he mea e hoʻomaopopo ai he pono ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lio, stamina a me unpretentiousness i ka haʻalele ʻana. ʻO nā hemahema o ka lio ʻāʻī kahi ʻano ʻano maikaʻi ʻole ia e loli, a ʻo ka hana hoʻokūkū awelika.
ʻO nā kiʻi e pili ana i nā lio lio
Nui nā ʻike e pili ana i kēia mau holoholona. ʻO ka aʻo ʻana o nā kaʻao, nā ʻano a me nā moʻolelo, i hōʻoia ʻia e ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea ʻepekema, e lawe ai i nā minuke he nui. ʻAʻeke kekahi mea hoʻohua i kahi holoholona i kahi beang e pili ana i ka nohona a me ka makemake i ke kūʻokoʻa.
ʻO nā meaʻoiaʻiʻo maikaʻi loa:
- ʻO ke kaua weliweli loa a Mustang no ke kāne. Hoʻokomo mau haneli mau makahiki i luna o nā holoholona, ua alualu ʻia nā lio e nā ʻano holo ʻana, a me nā helikopter. Ua luku ʻia nā hale e nā haneli - he ʻili i loaʻa ka ikaika, a ʻo ka nui o ka ʻiʻo i hana i nā kāne ʻokiʻoki maoli kahi waiwai nui. ʻO ka luku mau ʻia o ka Mustangs ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻana o ka pāpā a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka mana hewa.
- Pono nā ʻāpana o Mustangs i nā pā kau nui, kahi e noho ai ka alakaʻi a ʻo ka wahine nui. ʻO ka hana o ke kāne ka pale o ke kau a me ka pale mai nā ʻenemi. ʻO ka wahine ke kumu "kūmole" nui, nāna e alakaʻi i nā holoholona maʻi, nā holoholona ʻōpio a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe mai ke kaua.
- Me ka piʻi nui o ka pōpilikia, hoʻokumu ka pipi i kahi "pōpoki o ka make." ʻO nā ʻalopelo, nā maʻi maʻi a me nā lio kahiko e lilo i kikowaena, holo nā lio makua i kā lākou puʻupuʻu i ka ʻenemi i mea e hoʻohana ai i ka mea make weliweli loa - nā ume hope.
- Noho nā lio ʻōpio me nā pipi a hiki i nā makahiki ʻekolu. Ma hope o ka hiki ʻana i ka makahiki o ka hapanui, ua kipaku ʻia ka foal i hiki iā ia ke hoʻopili ʻia i kahi ʻohana liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka maʻamau he kahuhoe i nā ʻōhua 15-25 mau pahuhopu.
- He mea paʻakikī loa ka pakele i nā kūlana kūlohelohe no ka wīwī - ʻaʻole ia he maʻalahi ke loaʻa i ka ʻai i nā ʻāina kahi i noho ai nā lio hihiu. He huakaʻi hele ka hale mahele i ka huli ʻana no ka ʻai a me ka wai, ʻoiai lākou ke hoʻokuʻi i nā wahi ʻai i nā wahi paʻakikī i nā ʻano holoholona ʻē aʻe.
- E ulu i kahi mustang i ka pio ʻana, pono ʻoe i kahi ʻāina nui - ma ka liʻiliʻi he ʻelua ʻeka ʻāina o ka pā puaa hoʻokahi pua. Inā he liʻiliʻi ka pā, e haʻalele koke ka ʻāina, e nalowale nā mea opala.
- I ka manu hihiu, aʻo nā ʻehā i hiki ke huli i ke ʻano o ka hoʻopakele i ka ikehu a me ka ikaika, e kū pinepine ana i ka hoʻoilo. ʻOi ka liʻiliʻi o ka hānai, nā lio e loaʻa i nā aʻa a hāʻule i lalo nā lau, nā mea kanu ma lalo o ka hoʻoilo, i ʻole e nalowale ana i ka paona i loaʻa wale nō ma o ka hoʻēmi ʻana ʻana i ka ikehu o ka ikehu a me ka hiki ke hōʻili i nā mea kanu.
ʻO kekahi mea ʻoi aku ka pīpī ma hope o ke hiki ʻana o ʻekolu makahiki, ʻaʻole nā he nui a pau e haʻalele i ka pipi. Palani a wiwo ʻole ka'ōiwi me ke alakaʻi. Inā lanakila lākou i ka lanakila, lawe i kāna wahi a lilo i alakaʻi hou.
ʻO nā Mustangs nā holoholona maikaʻi loa e leʻaleʻa i ke ʻano, helehelena, posture. Hiki i kēia mau ʻōuli kipi ke kapa palekana i ke ʻano o ka hanohano a me ka lokomaikaʻi, kahi hōʻailona o ke kūʻokoʻa. E like me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, hiki i kahi lio ke lilo i hoa aloha, ʻoiai ʻaʻole kēlā me nā mea holo āpau e loaʻa ke ahonui a me ka ikaika e loaʻa ai ka mahalo a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kahi lio hihiu.
Mua Koa Mustang
I ka wā i hiki ai i ka poʻe Sepania ko ʻAmelika poʻe i ka makahiki 16, ua lawe mai lākou i mau lio me lākou. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā holoholona nāwaliwali, a hakakā kūʻokoʻa kekahi o nā holoholona, no laila ua hana ʻia ka nui o nā lio manuahi.
Ua hana mua nā holoholona hihiu e lilo i meaʻai na nā Indians, ʻaʻole naʻe maʻa lākou i aʻo e hoʻohana i nā lio i ke ʻano o ka hele ʻana, e hahai ana i ka ʻaoʻao o ka poʻe Europa. Ua noʻonoʻo lāua i ka holoholona me kahi wahi ma ka lae he paia. Ua aʻo aku nā ʻianslelo i ko lākou mau lio i ka ʻimi me ka leʻaleʻa, ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻohana i ke kumulāʻau, a ma kahi o ka hōʻea, hoʻohana lākou i kahi kāʻei paʻa, ʻaʻole lākou i huki i ka wā holo Ua ʻōpiopio nā lio i kēlā me kēia neʻe o ka mea holo lio a me kāna mau hawanui.
Ua hoʻonui koke ʻia ka heluna kanaka me nā hoʻomaka o ka kenekulia 19. Hoʻokomo ʻia kekahi wahi nui o ʻAmelika Hema - ma ʻAmelika a me Paraguay. ʻAʻohe aneane holoholona o nā holoholona i kau ʻia e ka ʻāina ʻo ʻAmelika, no laila, ʻaʻohe mea hoʻoweliweli i nā lio. I kēlā manawa, ua hoʻonui ka nui o nā lio feral ma kahi o 2 miliona mau kānaka, akā ua loli koke ke ʻano.
Nā Mīkini Uʻi Uhaʻi
I nā kenekulia 19-20, lilo nā holoholona hihiu i mea hopu. Ua luku lākou no ka ʻai a me ka ʻili. I ka wā o ke Kaua Honua Mua, ua make kekahi wahi nui o nā holoholona. ʻO ke kumu ʻelua no ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka o ka nele o ka ʻai. Wahi a nā helu nūhou, i kēia lā ʻo ka helu o nā mustangs he 10-20 tausani kanaka hoʻokahi.
Hoʻolohe I ka makahiki 1971, ua hana nā mana ʻAmelika e hana e mālama i nā lio hihiu ma o ka hoʻolana ʻana i kahi kānāwai e pāpā ana i kā lākou pepehi ʻana.
Nā hiʻohiʻona Mustang ʻokoʻa
ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa nā Mustangs i nā ʻāpana nui. ʻO ko lākou kiʻekiʻe he 1.5 m, a me ke paona - 400 kg. Loaʻa nā holoholona hihiu o nā lio Andalusia:
- ke kino make
- ke poʻo nui ma waena me ka lae a me kahi kikoʻī pololei,
- nā umauma ākea a me nā limu luuluu me nā pale ikaika;
- pōkole hope
- ʻOval ka ʻohi hoʻohiolo me nā ʻāʻī i wehewehe pono ʻia.
Hāʻawi ʻia nā Mustangs e ka bay, piebald a ʻulaʻula paha. Aia kekahi mau kanaka me kahi kapa uliuli, ua manaʻo ʻia lākou he nani loa.
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā lio feral a me nā lio ʻoko
ʻO waho, ʻokoʻa nā Mustangs mai nā lio ʻokoʻa i loko o ka nui - e like me ka nui o ko lākou mau kūpuna. Akā i ke ʻano a me ka hana, he nui nā hiʻohiʻona:
- Kou ola pono,
- hoʻomanawanui
- mana hiki ʻole
- kiʻekiʻe holo wikiwiki
- aloha ole
- helehelena
- kaumaha.
Hoʻolohe ʻAʻole maʻamau ka lio o ka ʻohana Mustang e hoʻolohe i ke kanaka, ʻo ka paʻakikī ke hoʻopili ʻana. He paʻakikī kēia mau lio a hoʻoinu, akā kūleʻa kekahi poʻe. Pono ke lio hoʻowahāwahā e mahalo ai lākou iā lākou iho ae ʻae i ka palaualelo.
Mustang (lio): wehewehe
ʻO nā holoholona ikaika nā Mustangs, ke koko o nā ponies India, Sepania, Palani, Kelemania mau kahe i ko lākou mau uaua. Ma muli o kēia hopena, ʻokoʻa like kā lākou lole. ʻO ka hapa maʻamau i loaʻa i nā ʻulaʻula, nā piebald a me nā kala bay. Aia pū kekahi mahina, palomino, appaloosa mustang (ka lio), ke kiʻi nei ke kiʻi i kēia ʻano mea kupanaha.
ʻO ke kaumaha o ka mustang ua hiki aku i ka 500 kg, maloʻo - 130-150 cm kiʻekiʻe.ʻO ke ʻano o ke kino ma muli o nā kūpuna ʻē aʻe i ʻokoʻa like, ʻāʻī ka ʻāʻī a me ke kua hope, pōkole ka lūlū.
Hoʻaiho
ʻO ka moʻomeheu nani o nā lio nani, nā lio mustang puaʻa. Eia naʻe, ma kekahi mau ʻōlelo ua nalowale kēia mau holoholona. I kēia manawa he hapa wale nō o kanakolu tausani mau pahuhopu. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau nani e noho ma Nevada. Ke manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia nei ko lākou mōʻaukala mōʻaukala o ke Komohana o ʻAmelika.
ʻOiai ke poʻo hanohano, ʻaʻole makemake kekahi mau mea mahiʻai i ka lio Mustang e kokoke ana i ko lākou ʻāina, me ka manaʻo e kanu lākou i ka mauʻu i manaʻo ʻia no nā holoholona. ʻ give nā kānaka ʻepekema i kā lākou pane i kēlā ʻano maikaʻi ʻole e kūʻē ai i nā lio ʻōlio: "Noho ʻo Mustangs i nā wahi me nā climates maloʻo loa, ʻaʻole pono kahi ʻano holoholona. Mai ia hana aku, ʻaʻole e pili pono nā lio manuahi i ka poʻe mahiʻai.
ʻO ka ola ola ma ke ʻano kūlohelohe
He lio ʻo Mustang ka ʻike nui loa o nā poʻe mai nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi, nā kiʻi a me nā puke. Akā, mai kēia e hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i ka ʻano o ka hihiu, ka haʻaheo a hoʻoweliweli i kēia ʻano! Ma ke kūlohelohe kūlohelohe, hiki i nā canangs ke noho i 20-25 mau makahiki. Noho lākou i nā pahuhopu o 15-20 mau pahuhopu, kēlā me kēia ʻohana lio i alakaʻi ʻia e kahi alakaʻi stallion hoʻokahi, ʻoi paha kona mau makahiki he ʻeono makahiki. Hoʻokomo wale kekahi bipi wahine i ke kāne ʻike.
Hoʻolaha ʻia ke alakaʻi i nā wī wahine me nā ʻōpio a me nā kāne ʻōpio. Hāpai ka bipi i kona ʻāina, ma luna iho o ia mea, ke hoʻomalu nei a pale ʻia mai nā malihini kipa ʻole. Inā hele mai ka pōʻino, lawe ka alakaʻi-alakaʻi i ka ʻohana holoʻokoʻa i kahi wahi mālie, a noho mau ka alakaʻi alakaʻi i ka ʻenemi. Inā ma ka ʻāina o nā pua he lehulehu ka nui o ka ʻenemi, e hui pū ʻia nā nuku o nā ʻohana a pau no ko lākou mau ʻāina.
Mustang (lio): hoʻoulu
Mai ʻApelila a Iulai, loaʻa ka Mustangs i kahi wā ulu. Hoʻokā hakakā nā kāne ʻōpio i waena o lākou iho no ka pono o ka male me kahi mea i koho ʻia, e like me ka mea maʻamau ma ka hihiu - nā ikaika ikaika loa!
Lawe nā wahine i nā wīwī no 11 mau mahina, ke manaʻo nei ka wahine hānai e manawa ke manawa e hānau ai, a laila haʻalele nā bipi i kahi wahi palekana. Ma ke ʻano "haukapila" maoli kahi hānau keiki hanohano. Kuhi loa loa, hānau ʻia nā pēpē ʻelua i hoʻokahi manawa, ʻo ka ʻahaʻaina he wahine ʻae a lilo i makuahine no ka ʻōlani.
Ua palupalu a ke kīwī hou, ʻaʻole nui me kahi paʻakikī nui e ala i nā wāwae haʻalulu a hiki i ka waiū o kona makuahine. Hiki i ka pēpē hiki ke lilo i wahi no ka mea e ʻike ʻia inā ʻaʻole i waiho ʻia, akā i ka manawa mua e nānā pono ka makuahine i ka palekana o kāna keiki, kōkua ke kala i ka pēpē hou i ka nahele nui. No kekahi mau lā, ʻākoakoa ka makuahine a me ke keiki ma loko o ka "hau mākele", akā naʻe hiki ʻole ke hoʻomakeʻa i ka bipi no kahi manawa lōʻihi, no laila, hiki i ka mare ke ʻano wikiwiki i ka hoʻi ʻana i ka ʻohana me ka lio liʻiliʻi.
He wahine ʻo Mustang e hānai ana i kāna mau keiki me ka waiū no ʻehiku a ʻewalu mau malama. Ma hope o kēia manawa, ulu a nā keiki i nā ʻōlima, ikaika i ko lākou mau wāwae a ikaika. A hiki i ke ʻekolu makahiki, noho nā ʻōpio i ka pipi me ko lākou mau makuahine, a ma hope o ʻekolu mau makahiki, hoʻokuke ʻo ke alakaʻi kāne i nā ʻōpio ikaika mai ka ʻohana, a no laila ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻokūkū. I kekahi manawa he haʻalele ka makuahine i ka ʻīlio makua, akā i ka hapanui ke kū ka wahine me kāna ʻohana.
ʻO ka mōʻaukala kumu
Pono nā lio Mustang no ka ʻano nui a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o kā lākou hope. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hiki mai lākou ma ka ʻāina o ʻAmelika Hema, ʻoiai he mau millennia i hala ua mau lio a pau i nalo aku me he ʻano lā, ʻo ia ua make lākou. I ka makahiki XVIII, ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ʻAmelika e ka poʻe lanakila Spanish, ua kau hou ka lio i laila. ʻAʻole makemake ka poʻe lahui i hoʻohana i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe no ka meaʻai, i hana pū ʻia me nā waikaʻu i hiki mai ai iā lākou. Hoʻokahi kumu hoʻohālike wale nō o ka poʻe Spaniards e ʻae ai i ka lehulehu o India e mālama i ka pono o nā lio maikaʻi ʻia - ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka hele ʻana, nā kaua a me nā holoholona hihiu.
ʻAkahi ʻē aʻe i holo aku ʻo ko Inikia mai ka poʻe Spaniards, ʻaʻole pono lākou i kahi ʻoka, hana lākou i kahi pōpoki ma mua o nā lāʻau lawaiʻa, ʻaʻole lāua i huki, makemake iki lākou e kāohi i ka lio me ko lākou leo. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ua holo wikiwiki nā lio ma hope o ka ʻāina nui. Ua waiho ʻia ʻo Mustangs i kā lākou mau mea hana ma hope o ka hōʻeha ʻana, ka luhiluhi, luhi, ke hoʻohana ʻana e lilo i mea hoʻopau ʻia, a hope loa lākou i ka hakakā ʻana i ka poʻe.
ʻAʻole i lōʻihi ka manawa i ka nui o nā lau e hoʻopiha i nā pua o nā mania feral. Kūleʻa nui lākou, ʻoi aku ka nui o kā lākou helu ʻana, me ka mea ʻole o nā mea wānana ma laila.
ʻO ka hopena, ma ka waena o ka kenekulia 19, ua kokoke a ʻelua miliona mau poʻe i holo lio i nā kahe. Loaʻa i ko lākou mau kūpuna i Andalusia, mau kumu lāʻau Arab, eia naʻe, ke hoʻomau ʻia ka hoʻomau, a me nā hui ʻole purebred i hoʻololi i ka Mustangs ma luna o ka manawa. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole i koi ka ola ola ʻo ka palaki ma mua o ka maikaʻi, akā, ʻo ka hoʻomanawanui, wikiwiki, ikaika, a me ka olakino maikaʻi, he mea nui ia.
He mea hoʻoweliweli ka ʻenemi i ke ola o nā lio hihiu
ʻO Mustang (ka lio) kahi ʻuhane o ka laumaʻa! No ke aha, i kēia mau manawa, ua lilo kā lākou helu i ko lākou helu e ka ʻohi i nā helu? He mea hilahila i ka ʻike he kanaka a ʻoi loa ka ʻenemi a nā Mustangs i kanaka. Ua make no ka poʻe i nā lio kūlohelohe no ka lōʻihi lōʻihi. Ua helu ʻia lākou no ka ʻai, ka mea pinepine ia e hānai i nā holoholona. Ua manaʻo ʻia nā mea hoʻonani manuahi he kumu waiwai ʻole ʻole, no ka mea i ka makahiki 1900 ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika he aneane he ʻelua miliona, ua emi iki ka nui o nā lio. Ua hōʻea ka poʻe i loko o ko lākou mau manaʻo a i 1959 ua kau ʻo ia i kānāwai no ka pale ʻana i nā hano noi, a hiki i kēia lā ke mālama ʻia nei.
A ʻo nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe, no kahi lio pākeke, ʻo ka mea ʻowewāwī nui loa i waena o nā mea wīwī, ʻo ia ke hoa koa. ʻO nā ʻolua a me nā coyotes kekahi i hoʻoweliweli, akā he mau ʻōpiopio lākou he mau ʻōpio a he mau mea noʻonoʻo ʻole a he maʻi na maʻi.
Nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻoluʻolu
ʻO ka ʻaoʻao o waho, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hiʻohiʻona o nā waapa, e hōʻike ʻia e ka mea e hiki mai ana ala:
- ʻaʻole lōʻihi loa - hiki i kahi lōʻihi o 1 m 53 cm, nā lālā haʻahaʻa he 1 m 34 cm ma nā maloʻo,
- ʻo ka nui o kahi lio pākahi ke kūlike mai 400 a aneane 600 kg,
- nani nā makaʻi no ka hiehie ʻia a me ka mane.
- ua hoʻonui ʻia ko lākou kino,
- momona nā wāwae, ʻaʻole hoʻi maʻa mau loa.
ʻO ka wikiwiki i hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻomohala maoli loa. ʻO ko lākou ahonui ka mea i hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia e hiki iā lākou ke hana me ka wai ʻole o ka wai a me ka meaʻai, ka holo ʻana ʻole a paʻa i ka 140 km. Noho lākou i kahi lōʻihi o 30 mau makahiki.
Loaʻa ma mua o ka hua:
- kahi kūlike keu
- kino ikaika
- maikaʻi wikiwiki
- aole koi ana no hoi e lilo ana ka malama uuku,
- hiʻona maikai loa.
ʻO nā pilikia i ka hoʻoulu:
- ke kuʻikahi o ka neʻe a me ka hiki ke manaʻo pōpilikia ʻaʻole lākou e hilinaʻi nui,
- he hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi
- Pono ka ikaika o Mustang i kahi ala kūikawā, ʻo ka mea holo loea a hoʻomanawanui e hiki ke mālama i kēlā lio.
- hiki ke luhi i kahi kanaka, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole lākou maopopo i ka mea nona.
ʻO ka paʻakikī o Mustang kahi pilikia paʻakikī, akā inā koho ia i kahi kanaka e like me ka mea nona ka inoa, e hāʻawi ʻo ia iā ia a lilo i mea hoʻihoʻi. ʻAʻohe ala ʻē aʻe e lanakila ai i ke ʻano o kahi lio. Ma kahi o kāna haku, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopili i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe a ʻaʻole e ʻae iā lākou e hele mai i ona lā.
ʻO nā mea ʻike e pili ana i nā ʻalā hihiu
I nā makahiki 1800, ua hiolo nui ke kai ma Kaleponi, kahi i manaʻo ʻia ai he mea ʻole ke kīhāpai i ʻike ʻia i nā beangs. I ka hopena, ua pepehi lākou i nā lio holoʻokoʻa he 40,000.
I nā makahiki 1920, hoʻohui ʻia ka ʻiole me ka ʻai a nā moa. ʻO ka hopena, ua mālama ʻia he kanakolu miliona mau paona o ka holo lio.
I ka makahiki 1971, hāʻawi ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i Mustang ke poʻokela o kahi hōʻailona ola o ka moʻaukala mōʻaukala a me nā pionie o ke Komohana.
I ka makahiki 1971, ua kue ʻia kahi kānāwai e pāpā ai i ka hana ʻana, a ka hopu ʻana, a i ʻole he pepehi ʻana i nā kalima ke hele wale nei i nā ʻāina nona ka lehulehu.
Kuhi ʻia ʻo Mustangs e hoʻomau a paʻakikī hoʻi, hiki iā lākou ke lanakila ma ke lā hoʻokahi a ʻewalu mau mile.
Maalea ʻo Mustangs a me ke kūʻokoʻa, me ko lākou manaʻo ponoʻī a me ko lākou mau makemake.
Nā Manuia
Nui nā ʻano like ʻole o nā tohi manu. ʻO kekahi o nā mea pohihihi a me nā maʻamau ʻole ka ʻona ʻia ʻo ka mustang keʻokeʻo. Ua hōʻuluʻulu nā lio keʻokeʻo i nā moʻolelo moʻolelo he nui a me nā kaʻao e kūpono ana ke kākau pono i nā puke e pili ana iā lākou. Ua kapa ʻia lākou he mau lewa a me nā ʻuhane o nā kūpuna. No ka manawa lōʻihi i manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia he lio ʻē o kēia kala, ʻano akamai, ulu i ka wikiwiki hiki loa ae hoʻi i ka make mau.
ʻAʻole i hoʻopā nā poʻe India iā lākou, e noʻonoʻo ana he mau ʻelele nā mana kiʻekiʻe, a ua mālama pono iā lākou.
Kepania
Ma mua o ko ka hoʻopio ʻana iā ʻAmelike ʻo Columbus, he nui loa kēia mau lio, ʻoiai ua nalowale ko lākou heluna, ua hōʻemi ʻia i kekahi mau pūʻulu kanaka. He lio maikaʻi kēia me ka nani, lokomaikaʻi a lokomaikaʻi, me ke poʻo kūpono o ke poʻo nani, nā pepeiao pepeiao, nā wāwae ikaika, nā pae hoʻohālikelike o ke kino. Kūpono ko lākou stamina a hiki iā lākou ke ola i nā kūlana paʻakikī. He haʻahaʻa lākou - a hiki i ka 120 cm, ʻokoʻa paha ke kapa.
Donskaya
Noho wale ka ʻāpana Rūsia ma Rostov ma kahi mokupuni i kapa ʻia ʻo Vodny. I hoʻokahi mau makahiki kahi holoholona i noho ʻia ma laila. ʻO ka moʻolelo o kona helehelena he mau ʻāpana:
- ma hope o ka paʻi ʻana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni me ke komo ʻana o nā lio, he nui paha kekahi i noho ma laila, i hakakā ʻo ka lehulehu lehulehu a laila hoʻomaka e hāmau.
- pakele nā lio mai ka māla mahiʻai i noho mua ma laila, kahi i lawe ʻia i kekahi wahi, a hoʻomaka i kā lākou heluna
- ua hoʻomaka ka genus mai Don mau lio ponoʻī, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻoulu.
He mea hoihoi loa kēia i nā poʻe loea, no ka mea ʻaʻohe ona mea me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe a lawe wale i loko o kāna ʻohana. Eia nō kekahi, ʻaʻole i nānā ʻia ka degeneracy e hoʻokolokolo ana ma ko lākou ʻaoʻao o waho.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o waho:
- ka nui, nui
- nani, kūpono a nani hoʻi
- nā mea 'ai o nā' ano like 'ole: ʻulaʻula, ʻeleʻele, kele.
ʻAʻohe wahi loiloi no ka lio ma laila, aia nō he hoʻokūkū ikaika ma waena o nā kahua, e wāwahi i ka pipi i nā ʻano like ʻole a alakaʻi i nā wahine.
Ke Anikinane Lāwai
Ke ʻano maoli nō ke ala o ke ola o nā holoholona hihiu i nā wahi a pau: he mea kupanaha kā lākou ʻano hana. I loko o kēlā he kaiāulu kahi alakaʻi - ʻo ka mea nui loa, ka lio ʻeono makahiki, ka mea ikaika a akamai hoʻi. Ma mua o kēia hiki ʻana i kēia wā, ʻaʻole hiki ke lilo i alakaʻi, no ka mea he mea nui nā mākaukau e alakaʻi a alakaʻi i ka pipi. ʻO ia ke alakaʻi i kuleana no ka foals, nā ʻōpio a me nā helu mares. Eia kekahi, pono i ke alakaʻi ke kuleana e pale i ka ʻohana mai nā holoholona predatory, ke koho ʻana i kahi wahi kūpono no ka noho ʻana.
Inā he kaua me kahi mea nāna e hoʻihoʻi, lawe ka wahine nui i ka bipi i kahi wahi palekana, a hoʻoholo ka luna i ka pilikia me ka ʻenemi.
Hoʻohui pinepine ʻia nā holoholona i hoʻokahi, ʻoiai ʻo ka huhū i noho i waena o lākou. ʻO ka hui pūʻana i nā holoholona hiki ke lilo i mea pōʻino, ka hana o ka holoholona hihiu. ʻO kēia hui, e like me kēia lula, ua pōkole loa, ma hope o ka hala ʻana o ka pōpilikia, e hoʻi nā mea a pau. Ke alakaʻi nei nā lio ʻōiwi i kahi noho nomadic, he pua maikaʻi lākou, a he ʻōmaʻomaʻo ka māhu o ke ʻano kai. PWahi a nā poʻe loea, nā ʻano lāʻau maikaʻi nā mea kanu manu. Maikaʻi nā hōʻano, akā ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka inu a me ka meaʻai e lilo ia i pilikia no lākou. E kamaʻilio maikaʻi aku ʻo Mustangs me kekahi i kekahi, e hoʻopuka ana i kahi hoalauna.
Aia no ka hoʻoulu ʻana, e hāʻule ana kahi hā hoʻolele ma ke kauwela-kauwela, ʻoiai ʻo kēia ka manawa kūpono loa e ʻike ʻia na nā ʻīlio. Aia nā hihia pinepine i nā kaua no ka mare ma waena o nā pale, ʻaʻole i kū ʻia i nā holoholona. Hānau ʻia nā pēpē i nā pēpē aneane hoʻokahi makahiki - 11 mau mahina, a hiki mai ka wā e hānau ai, haʻalele ka wahine i ka pipi a hana i kahi ʻalā ma loko o ka wahi palekana. I ka manawa hele a ʻelua paha mau ʻalopihi i hoʻokahi manawa. ^ E Ha yM. Ma hope o kekahi mau lā ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, hāpai ka wahine i kahi ʻupena, kōkua iā ia e hoʻomaka i ka hele ʻana, ikaika. A hiki i ka ʻimi ʻana ma ke ʻano puaʻa, hele pū maila lāua iā ia.
ʻAi ka mare i kahi vale i 8 mau makahiki o ka makahiki, a hiki i ka ikaika loa a ulu aʻe. I ka hiki koke ʻana i kona makahiki he 3, e kipaku ʻia ʻo ia mai ka hipa e ka luna e pale i ka hoʻokūkū, a hiki i ka makuahine ke koho inā e haʻalele me kāna keiki a noho paha. I kēia mau lā, he hui maʻamau o nā poʻe Mustangs, a mālama ʻia lākou i ke kānāwai.
Pehea ka mea e like ai me nā lio ʻokoʻa?
ʻO ko lākou kumu nui - ka nui o ka lio a me ke kaumaha - ʻoi aku ka nui o ka Mustang a ʻoi aku ka kaumaha ma mua o nā lio home. No ka hihiu ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā ʻano ʻano ʻokoʻa, ʻokoʻa ka waihoʻoluʻu o lākou a hiki i ʻoluʻolu a i ʻole ke kala ʻeleʻele. ʻO ka pinepine ke loaʻa he poʻe me nā pōpoki, nā palupalu, nā kīwī maʻamau. Noho nō ʻo Wild Mustang i kahi mau hiʻona o nā loea o ka home. Eia naʻe, ma muli o ka neʻe, ka hana a me ka mutation, hoʻomaka lākou e loaʻa i nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona. Loaʻa iā lākou nā pua o nā kaʻa nui, ponies, friezes, Spanish, Arab species. ʻO ka holo ikaika ʻana i nā lio ikaika, i ola ʻole i ka hihiu, no laila hana ka koho kūlohelohe.
Pihi ʻia lākou e holo mai nā holoholona hihiu, ka hana hōʻino kanaka.
ʻAʻole hiki i kēia mau mea ke hoʻopilikia i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka mustang: ʻoi aku ka hoʻomanawanui, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o nā hoahānau o kona home. Eia kekahi, pono lākou i ka mālama liʻiliʻi, mea ʻoi aku lākou me ka ʻai ʻole a me ka inu. Ua ʻoi aku ka ikaika o nā lio ʻoi loa ma mua o nā lio paʻa, he ikaika nui lākou, he pale iā lākou mai nā maʻi a me nā maʻi. Ma ka manawa like, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi lio hale ʻokoʻa e kahi ʻano leʻaleʻa ʻē aʻe, kahi ʻano kānaka, a me ka haʻahaʻa. ^ E Ha yM. ʻIa maikaʻi ʻia lākou, ʻokoʻa ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā lio holoholona ʻole i kaiwahiwa, ʻo ia hoʻi ke aloha a me ka kipi.
ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka haʻi ʻana i ka mustang. E hāʻawi wale ka lio i kāna makemake wale ia, a me kāna mea āna e makemake ai. ʻO nā kānaka me nā canangs, mahalo nui ʻia i waenakonu o lākou, ua manaʻo ʻia kēia "aerobatics."
Nā hiʻohiʻona Mustang a me ka Habitat
Nā ʻōpio lio ʻōiwi puka ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika ma kahi o 4 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei a pālahalaha aku iā Eurasia (ʻoi aku paha i kā Bering Isthmus) mai 2 a 3 miliona mau makahiki i hala.
Ma hope o ka lawe hou ʻana i ka poʻe Spaniards i mau lio i ʻAmelika, hoʻomaka ka poʻe ʻAmelika i kēia mau holoholona no ka hele ʻana. Loaʻa iā lākou ka stamina maikaʻi a me ka wikiwiki. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ko lākou mau wāwae stocky i ka hōʻeha ʻana, e hoʻoneʻe iā lākou no nā huakaʻi lōʻihi.
Pono nā Mustangs he huaheʻe i holo aku ai, haʻalele ʻia, a hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ka wao nahele. ʻO ka moʻomeheu o nā mea ulu mua maoli ʻo Tarpan a ʻo ka lio ʻo Przhevalsky. Noho ʻo Mustangs ma nā wahi kūloko o ke Komohana Komohana.
ʻO ka hapanui o ka lehulehu o Mustang ma nā wahi komohana o Montana, Idaho, Nevada, Wyoming, Utah, Oregon, Kalepona, Arizona, North Dakota a me New Mexico. Noho kekahi kekahi ma ke kahakai Atlantika a me nā mokupuni e like me Sable a me Cumberland.
ʻActerlelo ola a me ke ʻano
Ma muli o kā lākou kūlana a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻohālikelike, mustang pua ʻoi aku ka ikaika o nā wāwae ikaika a ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka iwi ma mua o nā lio.
No ka mea, he hihiu lākou ʻole makemake ʻole i ko lākou mau manu e hiki ke kū i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. Noho nā Mustangs i nā pua nui. Hoʻokahi ka bipi i hoʻokahi stallion, ʻewalu mau wahine a me kā lākou keiki.
Ke kāohi nei ke kiaʻi ʻana i kāna pipi no ka mea ʻole kekahi o nā wahine e hakakā hou, no ka mea, inā hiki, e hele lākou i ka hoa. Inā loaʻa ka ʻala i kahi ʻala o kahi ʻēheu hou ma kona wahi, e ʻūlū ana ʻo ia, e hoʻomaopopo ana i ka ʻona, a laila haʻalele ʻo ia i kāna ʻala ma luna o ka haʻi ʻana aku i kona hele ʻana.
ʻAno makemake loa nā hale ʻaina i ka lawe ʻana i ka ʻauʻau lepo, e ʻike ana i kahi palupalu a moe lākou i loko a huli mai kēlā ʻaoʻao a me kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻo kēia mau ʻauʻau e kōkua i ka hoʻopalulu ʻana i nā pili lāʻau.
Hoʻohana ka nui o nā pipi i ka manawa o ko lākou huki ʻana ma nā lau nahele. ʻO ka wahine nui i ka pipi e hana ana i ke alakaʻi, i ka wā e neʻe ai i ka pipi e hele ai i mua, ke kiʻo, hele ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā kaʻina.
ʻO ka manawa paʻakikī loa no nā lio manuahi ʻo ke ola ʻana i ka hoʻoilo. Hoʻopili ia ma kahi o nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻo ka nele o ka meaʻai kahi pilikia. I mea e ʻole ʻole ai ka manu, e lilo nā lio i ka puʻu a hoʻomoʻa ʻia me ke kōkua o ka wela o nā kino.
I kēlā me kēia lā e ʻeli ai lākou i nā ʻūkele o ka hau, ʻai ʻia e inu a ʻimi no ka lau maloʻo. Ma muli o ka palaka maikaʻi a me ke anuanu, hiki i ka holoholona ke nawaliwali a lilo i mea pio no nā poʻe predator.
He nui nā ʻūlio he mau ʻaluna: nā bea hihiu, nā lynx, nā Cougars, nā ʻīlio hae a me nā kānaka. I ke Komohana Komohana, lawe nā wīwī i nā mea aloha hihiu e kā pono a kūʻai aku. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kenekulia 20, hoʻomaka lākou e hopu iā lākou no ka ʻai ʻana, a hoʻohana ʻia hoʻi ka horsemeat i ka hana ʻana i nā meaʻai holoholona.
Kau Mua ʻaihue
He kuhi hewa o kēlā ʻole nā ʻōpala lio ʻai wale ʻia kaʻu a ʻai wale paha. He ʻokiʻoki nā hale hao, ʻai lākou i nā mea kanu a me ka ʻai. ʻO kā lākou papa kai nui o ka mauʻu.
Hiki iā lākou ke kū i nā manawa lōʻihi ʻole o ka meaʻai. Inā loaʻa koke ka meaʻai, ʻai nā lio pākeke i ka 5 a 6 mau paona o nā mea kanu mea kanu i kēlā me kēia lā. ʻAno ka pau ʻole, ua ʻai maikaʻi lākou i nā mea a pau e ulu ana: nā lau, nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi, nā ʻōpio ʻōpio, a me nā ʻōpala lāʻau. E inu i ka wai mai nā pūnāwai, nā kahawai a i ʻole mau a ʻelua paha i ka lā, a e ʻimi nō hoʻi i nā waihona o ka paʻakai wai.
ʻO ke ola a me ka meaʻai i loko o ke ʻano kūlohelohe
Hoʻokumu nā Mustangs i nā pipi liʻiliʻi, kēlā me kēia mea alakaʻi, kekahi mau wahine a me nā ʻīlio. He poʻo kahakaha ke poʻo o ka ʻohana ma luna o 6 makahiki. ʻO ka ʻohana kekahi wahine. ʻO kāna hana, ma ka hihia, e huli i nā ala e neʻe aku ai i nā ʻenemi.
Kuhi ka hui o nā holoholona i kekahi ʻāina a ʻaʻole i ʻae i nā lio mai nā holoholona ʻē aʻe e hele mai i loko, akā no ka hana a ka puʻupuʻu kikowaena nui, hiki ke hui pū i nā hui. Inā hoʻopilikia ka holoholona hihiu i ka holoholona, pale nā kāne ʻōpio i nā pōlio liʻiliʻi a me ka wahine i ka hoʻopuni ʻana iā lākou, ʻoiai lākou e huli i nā ʻenemi me nā croup a kaua aku i ko lākou mau wāwae hema.
Mea Hoʻomaopopo. Noho nā kāne kāne i loko o ka ʻohana me ko lākou mau mākua a hiki i kahi o 3 mau makahiki hemo, a laila e haʻalele e hana i kā lākou bipi ponoʻī.
E hānai nā lio Mustang i nā mauʻu a me nā nāhelehele. Hiki iā lākou ke hana me ka ʻai ʻole no nā lā. ʻO nā kuleana o ke kāne nui ka loaʻa ʻana o nā loko wai no ka hoʻōla a me nā pā maikaʻi. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻoilo, ua paʻakikī ka lio a lilo i mea paʻakikī loa e loaʻa kahi meaʻai. ʻ uplelo nā holoholona i ka hau me nā ʻāʻī a ʻai i ka mauʻu maloʻo. I mea e paʻa ai ka wela, ua ʻike lāua ia kekahi.
Moku pua Mustang