ʻO kekahi nui nui o nā wahie a me ka ikehu ka ʻenehana ka ʻoihana kōniha.
ʻOiai i ka wā o US US, ua lilo ʻo Rūsia i alakaʻi i ke kumu o ke kōla ʻana a me ka hoʻoili ʻana. Eia, mālama nā lāʻau kōnaka no ka 1/3 o nā waiwai o ka honua, e komo pū ana me ka brown, a me ka ulana, a me nā anthracites.
Aia ka Lūkini Lūkini i ka ʻeono i ka honua i nā hua o ka ulana, 2/3 i hoʻohana ʻia i mea e hana ai i ka ikehu a me ka wela, 1/3 - i ka ʻoihana kemikila, lawe ʻia kahi liʻiliʻi i Iapana a me South Korea. Ma ka awelika, ʻoi aku ma kahi o 300 miliona mau makahiki no ka manawaleʻa i loko o nā waihona koina i ka Lūkini.
Nā ʻano hana
Inā ʻoe e nānā i ka palapala honua o Rūsia, a laila ma luna o 90% o nā waiho kālā ma ka māhele hikina o ka ʻāina, ka mea nui ma Siberia.
Inā e hoʻohālikelike mākou i ka nui o nā mined o nā lanina, ʻo ka huina o ka ʻenekona, a me nā kūlana hana, ʻo ka mea nui loa o lākou e hiki ke kapa ʻia nā loko Kuznetsk, Kansk-Achinsk, Tunguska, Pechora a me Irkutsk-Cheremkhov.
Kuzbass
ʻO ka waihona Kuznetsk, inā ʻaʻole ʻo Kuzbass, ʻo ia ka lua nui o nā ʻauka nui ma Russia, a ʻo ka nui i ka honua.
Aia ia ma Siberia Komohana ma kahi pā papa wai. ʻO kekahi ʻāpana nui o ka ʻāpana ʻāpana no nā ʻāina ʻo Kemerovo.
ʻO kahi minus nui kahi mamao mamao loa mai ka mea nui o nā wahie - Kamchatka, Sakhalin, nā kihi waena o ka'āina. Hoʻopuka ia ʻo 56% o nā lāala a ma kahi o 80% o nā coking coking, ma kahi o 200 miliona tons i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Ua wehe ke ʻano o ka pauka.
Nā koina honua
ʻO ka nui o nā hale lole i kālai ʻia ma USA ma nā waihona i Kentucky a me Pennsylvania, ma Illinois a me Alabama, ma Colorado, Wyoming a me Texas. Hoʻākoakoa ia i nā lāina a me ke lignite, a me ka anthracite. ʻO ka lua o ka wahi i ka lawe ʻia ʻana o kēia mau minela i noho ʻia e Rusia.
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ʻO ke kolu o nā mea nui i ulana ʻia ʻo Kina. Aia ka nui o nā waihona China i loko o ka ʻākoʻa moku o Shanxin, ma The Great Plain of China, Datong, Yangtze a me nā mea ʻē aʻe kekahi i lawe ʻia i Australia kahi i loko o ka mokuʻāina ʻo Queensland a me New South Wales, kokoke i ke kūlanakauhale o Newcastle. ʻO India kahi mea hana hoʻomalu nunui a aia i ka waiho ʻana ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana-hikina o ka ʻāina.
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The coal and brown coed has mined in the deposit of Saar and Saxony, Rhine-Westphalia and Brandenburg in Germany for more than 150 years. Ma Ukraine he ʻekolu mau kīneka ʻauʻau: Dnieper, Donetsk, Lviv-Volynsky. ʻO Anthracite, nā wahi hao a me kahi kihi coking lā e hoʻolilo ʻia ma ʻaneʻi. Aia ka nui o nā waihona ʻoi ma ka nui ma Kanada a me Uzbekistan, Kolombia a me Turkey, North Korea a ma Thailand, Kazakhstan a me Polani, ʻo Czech Republic a me South Africa.
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Wākana mokuahi ʻo Kansk-Achinsk
Holo aku ia ma ka Alanui ʻo Trans-Siberian ma ke ala o ke Teritori o Krasnoyarsk, Kemerovo a me Irkutsk Roʻa. ʻO 12% o nā kōleka Lūkini āpau e pili i kēia papa, i ka makahiki 2012 ua loaʻa iā ia he 42 miliona mau tons.
Wahi a ka ʻike i hāʻawi ʻia e ka ʻimi hoʻokolohua ma 1979, ʻo ka huina o ko kēna huina he 638 bilona.
Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia he wahi ʻoi aku ka nui o nā koina e pili ana i ke kīleʻa a wehe ʻia, kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻolako i ka ikehu i nā kūloko kūloko.
Nā pani kālena ma Rusia
Aia kahi hapakolu o nā wahi mālama o ka honua i ka Russian Federation. Aia ka nui o ka waihona ma ka māhele hikina o ka ʻāina, i Siberia. ʻO nā pahu mokuahi Russian nui loa penei:
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- Kuznetsk - kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka basana e noho ana ma ka ʻāina Kemerovo, kahi ma kahi o 80% o nā coking aʻa a me 56% o nā kumu kōna e mined,
- ʻO ka wai punahele ʻo Kansk-Achinsk - 12% o nā kōla lae he mined.
- Kūʻai ʻo Tunguska - aia ma kahi o Siberia Hikina, anthracites, brown a me nā ulala i ka mined,
- Pōhaʻi Pechora - waiwai i ka ʻākoʻā pahū,
- ʻO Paleka ʻo Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky - kahi kumu o ka ulala no nā mea ʻona Irkutsk.
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He ʻoihana hoʻokalakupua nā kumu kōlea i kēia lā. Ua ʻōlelo nā loea, ke kūʻai nui nei ke kanaka i nā koina, no laila he pilikia aia ka manawa e hoʻohana koke ʻia ai nā mea mālama honua, akā ma kekahi mau ʻāina he nui nā wahi waiwai o kēia minuke. Aia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka palapala noi, a inā ʻoe e hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke koena, e mau ana ia no kekahi manawa lōʻihi.
ʻAuʻau ʻo Tunguska
ʻO kekahi kīʻaha nui a me ka hoʻolaha nui ma Rūsia, e noho ma ka mokuna o Yakutia, Krasnoyarsk Territory a me Irkutsk Region.
Inā ʻoe e nānā i ka palapala, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike he ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hapa o ka Siberia Eastern.
Hoʻolilo ʻia nā kumu mālama moku kūloko ma kahi o 2345 bilona tona. Eia ʻae nā māka a me ka ulana ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻo ka mea liʻiliʻi o ka anthracite.
I kēia manawa, maikaʻi ʻole ka hana ma ke kīʻaha (ma muli o ka ʻike maikaʻi ʻole o ka mahina a me ke ʻano ʻino. Ma kahi o 35.3 miliona mau mile kaila i lalo o ka lepo i loko o ka pahu koena ʻo Tunguska ma kahi o ka makahiki.
Pūnaewele Pechora
Aia ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana o ka Lāpapa Pai-Khoi, he wahi ia o ka Nenets Autonomous Okrug a me ke Komi Republic. ʻO ka Vantsutinskoye nui, Vorgashorskoye, Intinskoye.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā waihona kālā e nā koina coking kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ma muli o ke kaomi ʻana i ka hoʻokele wale ʻana e ka ʻaoʻao mine.
ʻO 12,6 miliona mau kākena kila i lilo i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻo ia ka 4% o ka nui. ʻO nā mea hoʻohana o kā Pechora wahie ulu ka ʻenehana o ka ʻĀina-ʻĀina o Rūsia, ma ka oihe o ka Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant.
Laulele Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky
Hoʻea ʻia ia ma ke alanui Sayan mai Nizhneudinsk a hiki i Lake Baikal. Ua mahele ʻia nā lālā Pribaikalskaya a me Prisayanskaya. ʻO 3. ka nui o ka hoʻokumu, ua wehe ke ʻano hana. He mamao loa ka mālama kālā mai nā mea kūʻai aku nui, no laila, paʻakikī ka hoʻopuka, no laila, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā kōnakū kūloko ma nā ʻoihana a Irkutsk. ʻO ka kumukūʻai ke pili aku i 7,5 bilela o nā lanona.
Nā pilikia kumuhana
I kēia mau lā, lawe ʻia nā hana kōlea ikaika i ke koena ʻo Kuznetsk, Kansk-Achinsk, Pechora a me Irkutsk-Cheremkhov, i hoʻolālā ʻia ka hoʻomohala o ka ʻōpala Tunguska. Wehe ʻia ke ʻano kumu no ka lawehala, kēia ma muli o ke kumu kūʻai ʻoluʻolu a me ka palekana no nā limahana. ʻO ka hemahema o kēia ʻano aʻo ke ʻano o ka maikaʻi o ka ulala.
ʻO ka pilikia nui e kuhi ʻia i nā kīʻaha luna i hōʻike ʻia ma ka paʻakikī o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka wahie i nā wahi mamao; i kēia pili, pono ke ʻano o ke kaila o Siberian. ʻOiai, ʻo kēia ʻoihana uluhala kekahi o nā mea i hoʻohiki ʻia o ka ʻenemi Lūkia (e like me nā koho mua ʻana, ʻo nā Lūkini maʻa he nui a ʻoi aku ma mua o 500 mau makahiki).
(1 hooholomua, haahaa: 3,00 noloko mai o 5)
ʻO nā kalona nui loa ma Rusia a me ka honua
ʻOiai ke kūpono o kēia mau lā nā kumuwaiwai hou loa o ka ikehu, ka lawe ʻana i ke koena he wahi maoli nō ia o ka ʻoihana. ʻO kahi o nā mea nui o ka noi ʻana o kēia ʻanoʻano o ka wahie ka hana o nā mea kanu mana. Aia nō nā loina i nā ʻāina ʻē o ka honua, a ʻo ka 50 o lākou he mea hana.
ʻO ka nui o nā hale lole i kālai ʻia ma USA ma nā waihona i Kentucky a me Pennsylvania, ma Illinois a me Alabama, ma Colorado, Wyoming a me Texas. Hoʻākoakoa ia i nā lāina a me ke lignite, a me ka anthracite. ʻO ka lua o ka wahi i ka lawe ʻia ʻana o kēia mau minela i noho ʻia e Rusia.
ʻO ke kolu o nā mea nui i ulana ʻia ʻo Kina. Aia ka nui o nā waihona China i loko o ka ʻākoʻa moku o Shanxin, ma The Great Plain of China, Datong, Yangtze a me nā mea ʻē aʻe kekahi i lawe ʻia i Australia kahi i loko o ka mokuʻāina ʻo Queensland a me New South Wales, kokoke i ke kūlanakauhale o Newcastle. ʻO India kahi mea hana hoʻomalu nunui a aia i ka waiho ʻana ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana-hikina o ka ʻāina.
The coal and brown coed has mined in the deposit of Saar and Saxony, Rhine-Westphalia and Brandenburg in Germany for more than 150 years. Ma Ukraine he ʻekolu mau kīneka ʻauʻau: Dnieper, Donetsk, Lviv-Volynsky.
ʻO Anthracite, nā wahi hao a me kahi kihi coking lā e hoʻolilo ʻia ma ʻaneʻi. Aia ka nui o nā waihona ʻoi ma ka Kanada ma Uzbekistan, Kolombia a me Turkey, North Korea a me Thailand, Kazakhstan a me Polani, ʻo Czech Republic a me South Africa.
Aia kahi hapakolu o nā wahi mālama o ka honua i ka Russian Federation. Aia ka nui o ka waihona ma ka māhele hikina o ka ʻāina, i Siberia. ʻO nā pahu mokuahi Russian nui loa penei:
- Kuznetsk - kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka basana e noho ana ma ka ʻāina Kemerovo, kahi ma kahi o 80% o nā coking aʻa a me 56% o nā kumu kōna e mined,
- ʻO ka wai punahele ʻo Kansk-Achinsk - 12% o nā kōla lae he mined.
- Kūʻai ʻo Tunguska - aia ma kahi o Siberia Hikina, anthracites, brown a me nā ulala i ka mined,
- Pōhaʻi Pechora - waiwai i ka ʻākoʻā pahū,
- ʻO Paleka ʻo Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky - kahi kumu o ka ulala no nā mea ʻona Irkutsk.
He ʻoihana hoʻokalakupua nā kumu kōlea i kēia lā.
Ua ʻōlelo nā loea, ke kūʻai nui nei ke kanaka i nā koina, no laila he pilikia aia ka manawa e hoʻohana koke ʻia ai nā mea mālama honua, akā ma kekahi mau ʻāina he nui nā wahi waiwai o kēia minuke. Aia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka palapala noi, a inā ʻoe e hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke koena, e mau ana ia no kekahi manawa lōʻihi.
Loaʻa i nā waihona koina he 10 nui loa ma ka honua
Ka mea ka Lūkini me ka hoʻonāukiuki a me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ko lākou hoʻomohala ʻana.
Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole loaʻa nā waihona āpau no nā kumu geological.
Lawe mākou i kāu nānā i ka helu o nā puna kīhai o ka honua, e noho ana i loko o lākou iho i kahi waiwai kūlohelohe nui, ka hapanui e noho mau loa i nā ʻōpū o ka honua, ʻaʻole i lawe ʻia i ka maka.
Kūʻai ʻo Tunguska, Lūkia (mālama keʻaila - 2.299 trillion tons)
No ka lula ʻana i ka honua me ka ʻōlelo ʻana i ka nui o nā waihona koina e pili ana i ka Lūkini Tunguska Lūkini, e uhi ana i kahi o nā miliona mau mile kue ka uhi ʻana i ka ʻāina o ka ʻāina Irkutsk, ʻo Yakutia a me Krasnoyarsk Teritori.
ʻO ka papa hona o ka papa o ka ʻenemi he 2,99 trillion a ʻo ke kumu o ke kō a me ke kō. Aia ma mua o ka ʻōlelo ʻana e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala piha ʻana o ka waihona kālā o ka ʻōpala, ʻoiai ʻo ka hapa nui o nā wahi o ka hoʻokō ʻana hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻokoʻa ma muli o ko lākou wahi ma nā wahi mamao.
I loko o ia mau wahi i ʻimi nui ʻia, ua lawe ʻia ka mining ma o nā kaʻina wehe a lalo i lalo.
ʻO nā keka lāʻau ʻo Kayerkan, Teritori Krasnoyarsk
Lensky basin, Lūkia (1.647 trillion tons)
Ma Yakutia a ma kahi ʻāpana i ka Teritore Krasnoyarsk, kahi o kā lua o nā ipu ʻoihana nui ma ka honua - Lensky - me nā waiwai o 1,647 trillion aila o ke kaila a me ka uluhā. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka poloka ma ke kahawai ʻo Lena ma ke kula o ka Central Yakut Lowland.
Aia kahi pae o ke kōā e hōʻea ana ma kahi o 750 tausani mau kilomita mau kilomita. E like me ke kīkoʻo Tunguska, ʻaʻole i aʻo pono ʻia ka poloka Lensky ma muli o ka hiki ʻole ʻana o kahi ʻāina. Hoʻolaha ʻia ka minuke i nā mines a me nā lua.
Ma ka waihona pahu Sangarsky, i pani ʻia ma 1998, ʻelua mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻopau ʻia kahi ahi, ʻaʻole i hoʻopau ʻia.
Ua haʻalele i kaʻu "Sangarskaya", Yakutia
ʻO ke kolū ʻo Kansk-Achinsk, Rū (638 bilona tona)
Ua kū ke kolu o ke kūlana i ka helu ʻana o nā poloka ma nā wahi nui loa i ka honua ma ka waihona ʻoihana ʻo Kansk-Achinsk, nona nā kālā he 638 bilona o ke kumu hoʻohina, ʻoi ka palahā. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kauā e pili ana i 800 mau mile ma ke Alanui Trans-Siberian.
Aia ka poloka i ka Chasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk a me Kemerovo Regions. Ma kahi o ʻekolu mau kālā ua loaʻa ua loaʻa ma kāna wahi. Hōʻike ʻia ke kiaana i nā kūlana geological maʻamau no ka hoʻomohala ʻana.
Ma muli o ka hopena papalaha o nā papa, e ulu ana ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mākeke ma ke ala.
Coal mine Borodinsky, Territory Krasnoyarsk
ʻO Illinois Basin, USA (365 billion tona)
ʻO ka papa kiaʻe ʻelima nui ma ke ao nei ʻo ia ka paonaʻo Illinois me kahi wahi o 122 tausani mau kilomita square, aia ma ka moku o ia inoa like, a me nā wahi i nā wahi e pili ana i nā wahi e pili ana - Kentucky a me Indiana.
Loaʻa nā waihona hona geological a 365 bililona mau, nona ka 18 bilela tona mau mākaʻi no ka lawena puka puka. Aia ka hohonu o ka minuke ma waena o 150 mau mika. ʻO 90% o nā huina laʻa e hana ʻia e nā mea ʻelua wale nō i loaʻa ai - Harrisburg a me Herrin.
E pili ana i ka nui o ke koina e hele i nā pono o ka wela a me ka mana hana, ke kāhea ʻia ke koena.
Keena Kahuna Oala Pipi, Ilinoi, USA
Ruhr basin, Kelemania (287 bilona tona)
Aia ka polu Ruhr kaulana kaulana i ka basn o ka muliwai o ka inoa like, ʻo ia ka mea i pono i ka ʻo Rhine. ʻO kēia kekahi o nā kahua pākahi lōkahi kahiko loa, ʻike ʻia ʻo ka makahiki ʻumikūmākolu. Aia nā waiwai o nā maka i ka wahi ma luna o kahi 6.2 tausani.
mau kilomika square, ma kahi hohonu a hiki iʻelua mau kilomita, akā, i ka laulā, ka strological geological, ka nui o ke kaupaonaʻana ma waena o 287 bililona tonika, hiki i ʻeono mau mile. Ma kahi o 65% o nā waiho kālā he cairā. Hoʻolilo ʻia ka minuke ma ka hoʻoili ʻana ma lalo.
ʻO ka hohonu o ka mole ma ka wahi lawaiʻa he 940 mika (ʻo Hugo mole).
The Coal mine Workers Auguste Victoria, Marl, Kelemānia
ʻAmelika Appalachian, USA (284 billion tons)
Ma ʻAmelika hikina, i nā ʻāina ʻo Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky a me Alabama, ke kōnana ʻoihana a Appalachian me nā wahi o 284 biliona tona ʻo fossil e piʻi ana. Hiki aku ka ʻāina kīʻaha ma 180 tausani.
mau kilomika square. He kanakolu haneli mau māla i mākeke ma ka poloka. I nā Kīwila, ua kūkoʻo nā 95% o nā mines o ka ʻāina i ka puni ʻana, ma ka 85% o nā hanana kuʻuna. I nā hui ʻoihana mining, 78% o nā limahana limahana e hana ʻia nei.
Kuhi ʻia ka 45% o ke kaulahao ma kahi ala.
Hōʻalo i nā mauna Peaks no Coal Mining, West Virginia, USA
Taimyr basin, Lūkia (217 bilona tona)
Ua komo kekahi pūʻulu koa kahi Rūkia ma luna o ka honua he ʻumi ma ka ʻaoʻao - ʻo ke kāmei o Taimyr, aia hoʻi ma ke kākana o ka peni o ka inoa like a e uhi ana i kahi wahi o 80 tausani mau kilomita.
Maʻalahi ke ʻano o nā Seams, ʻo kahi hapa o nā waihona koina i kūpono no ka coking, a ʻo ka hapanui o nā hānō he mau pakano ikaika. ʻOiai ka loaʻa nui o nā mālama wahie - 217 bilela tons - i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole i kūkulu ʻia nā waihona kālā o ke kō.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea e kūkulu ai i ka palaka ma muli o kona mamao mai nā mea kūʻai aku paha.
Nā wahi papa o ke lanahu ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ke kahawai ʻo Shrenk, Penikala Taimyr
Donbass - Ukraine, Russian Federation, DPR a me LPR (141 biliona tona)
Hoʻopili i ka helu o nā kīʻaha kālā nui loa o Donbass me ka nui o nā waihona kālā o 141 bilela, e uhi ana i ka palena o ke kahe a me ka Lūkini Rostov a me kekahi o nā wahi o Ukraine.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao o Ukrainian, ua uhi ʻia ka hapa o ke kūloko i ke kula kīʻaha e ka hakakā kū kaua, ʻaʻole i kaipa ʻia e nā luna o Kiev, aʻo ia ka mea i lalo o ka mana o nā republika ʻaʻole i hoʻomaopopo ʻia - ʻo DPR a me LPR ma nā wahi ʻo Donetsk a me Lugansk, kēlā me kēia. ʻO ka pākuʻu kīkī he 60 tausani mau kilomita square.
ʻO ka poloka i nā māka nui o nā lānahu. Ua ʻike makaʻā ʻia ʻo Donbass i ka manawa lōʻihi - mai ka hopena o ka kenekulia 19.
Kuʻu "Obukhovskaya", g.
Zverevo, Kaona Rostov
ʻAʻole i hōʻike ʻia ke kau ʻana ma luna o ke kūlana maoli me nā ʻōkuhi hoʻomohala o nā pila, akā e hōʻike wale nei i ka nui o nā papa ʻāina nui loa i ka honua me ka ʻole o ka ʻike maoli ʻana i nā pae o ka ʻimi a me ka lawe ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai mineral ma kekahi ʻāina. ʻO ka nui o nā kau i hōʻoia ʻia ma nā wahi āpau i nā mokuʻāina e alakaʻi ʻia ana ma ka ʻoihana kōlea ʻoi ʻana ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka nui o nā waihona geological a ma loko o kahi pākaukau nui.
Mai ka lāmike aʻe ma luna iho, he maopopo ʻole ʻole o ka hoʻoponopono ʻia ʻaʻole wale ma waena o nā nui o ka hōʻike a me nā kumu waiwai āpau.
ʻAʻohe ʻano pilina ma waena o ka keena o ka pāna nui a me ka nui i hōʻoia ʻia i nā koina i loko o nā ʻāina a lākou i waiho ai.
No ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻoiai ke loaʻa nei ʻo Lūkini i nā ʻāpana ʻehā nui loa ma ka honua, ua haʻahaʻa loa ka ʻāina i ke alakaʻi ʻana o ka US ma nā ʻano o nā palapala hōʻoia i hōʻoia ʻia.
Hōʻike nā hōʻike i ke waiwai o ka subsoil Lūkini, akā ʻaʻole naʻe i hiki ke kūpono i kā lākou hoʻomohala ʻana. I ka huli, ua hilinaʻi ka helu hana i nā mea ʻē aʻe. No ka laʻana, hoʻomanaʻo mākou ua kākau mua ka "Phedra" i ka makahiki Rusia ma ka makahiki 2017 e hoʻonui i nā kaha ukana.
Hoʻoholo ʻia nā hoʻoholo o kēia ʻano i ka nui o nā kūlana i kūʻokoʻa ʻole o ka nui o nā waihona. Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka paʻakikī o ka hana i nā mahi, nā ʻenehana i hoʻohana ʻia, hiki i ka hoʻokele waiwai, ke kuleana o nā mana a me nā kūlana o nā luna hana.
ʻO nā hōʻaiā nui o nā lanala ma loko o Rūsia, ʻaʻole nui no ko mākou ʻāina wale nō, akā no ka honua holoʻokoʻa
ʻO kekahi nui nui o nā wahie a me ka ikehu ka ʻenehana ka ʻoihana kōniha.
ʻOiai i ka wā o US US, ua lilo ʻo Rūsia i alakaʻi i ke kumu o ke kōla ʻana a me ka hoʻoili ʻana. Eia, mālama nā lāʻau kōnaka no ka 1/3 o nā waiwai o ka honua, e komo pū ana me ka brown, a me ka ulana, a me nā anthracites.
Aia ka Lūkini Lūkini i ka ʻeono i ka honua i nā hua o ka ulana, 2/3 i hoʻohana ʻia i mea e hana ai i ka ikehu a me ka wela, 1/3 - i ka ʻoihana kemikila, lawe ʻia kahi liʻiliʻi i Iapana a me South Korea. Ma ka awelika, ʻoi aku ma kahi o 300 miliona mau makahiki no ka manawaleʻa i loko o nā waihona koina i ka Lūkini.
Koala
Koala ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka sedimentary rock, i ka wā o ka decompposation o nā mea kanu (ferns tree, horsetails and grouse, and the first gymnosperms).
Ua kūkulu ʻia nā wahi kumu o nā ʻoihana i kēia manawa i ka Paleozoic, ma kahi o 300-350 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Hāʻawi ʻia nā coal i nā haneli he mau makahiki a ʻo ia kekahi o nā minuke e pono ai.
Hoʻohana ʻia ia e like me ke ʻano kila.
Kūkulu ʻia ka hui i kahi hui o nā mea hoʻonaninani pāpaʻi nui o ka molika (ka hapanui o ka carbon), a me ka wai a me nā mea hoʻonāukiuki me ka nui o nā haumia. Aia i ka hoʻokumuʻana o ka lanana, ʻo ka nui o ka wela i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ka wā o kona lūlū, a me ka nui o ka lehu i hoʻokumu ʻia, e loli pū kekahi. Kuhi ia ke kumukūʻai a me nā ukana i kēia pae.
No ka hana ʻana i kahi minuke, pono no hoʻi e nānā i kēia ʻano kūlana: pono ke hōʻiliʻili i nā mea kanu ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o kona pala.
ʻO ia ke kumu i hana kūleʻa ai nā lānahu ma nā ʻōpala lepo kahiko, kahi i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ai nā mea hoʻohui carbon, a ua komo ʻole ka oxygen. ʻO ke kumuwaiwai kumu no ka puka ʻana mai o ke kō, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka pitula ponoi hoʻi, i hoʻohana ʻia no kekahi manawa e like me ka wahie.
Kūkulu ʻia nā lālepau inā loaʻa nā papala peat ma lalo o nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ua hoʻowalewale ʻia ʻo Peat, nā nalowale a me ka wai, ma muli o kahi hana i hana ʻia ai ke kō.
Hele mai nā lāhina i ka wā e hele mai ana nā moena o ka peat i ka hohonu hohonu, maʻamau ma mua o 3 km. I kahi hohonu hohonu, neʻe kahi anthracite - ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ke koʻi.
Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole kēia manaʻo ke loaʻa i nā koina āpau ma nā hohonu nui.
I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ma lalo o ke ʻano o nā kaʻina o ka tectonic o nā kuhikuhi like ʻole, ua ʻike kekahi mau palupalu i ke ala, a ʻo ke kokoke loa i ka maka.
Aia ke ʻano o ke kōla hana ʻana i ka hohonu ma kahi i kau ʻia ai nā pōhaku kalaiwa. Inā kau ka lāʻau i kahi hohonu a hiki i ka 100 mika, a laila e lawe ʻia ka mining ma kahi ākea.
ʻO kēia ka inoa o ka wehe ʻana o ka papakū o luna o ka honua ma luna o ke kahua, a me kahi o ka minela ma ka papa.
No ka hoʻoili ʻana mai nā hohonu nui, e hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano hana o ka maina, i kahi e hoʻopili ai i nā minerala ma o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā pōpoki ma lalo o nā wahi - mines. Aia nā minela o nā kahe hohonu loa ma Rusia ma kahi mamao o 1200 mika mai ka maka.
ʻO nā kumukūʻai nui loa ma Rūsia
Elginskoye kahua (Sakha)
ʻO kēia heihei i mālama ʻia, aia ma ka hikina o ka Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) 415 km hikina i ke kaona o Neryungri, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻohala nui ʻia nei no ka hana ʻana i ka lua. ʻO 246 km2 ka ʻāina waena. ʻO ka pālule ke ʻano palupalu asymmetric.
Ke lawe nei ʻo Carboniferous i nā palena o ka Jurassic o luna a me lalo o ka Cretaceous. Aia nā kime punahele i nā koʻala o ka Neryungri (6 mau kālena me ka mānoanoa o 0.7-17 m) a me Undyktan (18 mau seams me ka mānoanoa o 0.7-17 m) suite.
ʻO nā lāla ma aneane he semi-shiny me kahi ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe loa o ka waiwai nui - vitrinite (78-98%), medium-and high-ash, low-sulfur, low-phosphorous, well-sintered, me ka waiwai calorific kiʻekiʻe.
Ke hoʻohana nei i ka ʻenehana kūikawā, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka ulana a Elgin, i mea e hiki ai ke loaʻa i kahi huahana kiʻekiʻe e kū pono ai i nā kūlana o ka honua.
Hoʻopili nā kahe maemae maloʻo ma o ka lawe ʻana i ka mana haʻahaʻa, ʻoiai he mea nui loa ia no ka hoʻohuihui lua ʻana.
Kahua ākea (Tuva)
Aia ma ka Repubalika o Tuva. Ua mālama ʻia kēia ʻāina ma kahi o 20 mili kālā. Aia ka hapa nui o nā kumu mālama (ma kahi o 80%) i loko o kahi ʻāpana me ka mānoanoa o 6.4 m. Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kēia kīhāpai, no laila e piʻi pono ka mining mining ma kahi o kona nui o ka makahiki 2012.
ʻO nā kīhā nui o nā lānahu (ʻo ka ʻāina he mau tausani he km2) ua kapa ʻia he mau ʻeleʻele. ʻO ka maʻamau, aia nā waihona mālama i kekahi mahele tectonic nui (no ka laʻana, deflection).
Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole maʻamau ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā waiho āpau i loko o kēlā me kēia nui i loko o ka loko wai, a aia kekahi manawa i manaʻo ʻia he mau mea kaawale.
Hoʻohālikelike kēia e like me nā hilinaʻi mōʻaukala (ua loaʻa nā waiho ma nā manawa like).
ʻAkele luna kuhina aia ma ka Pona Minusinsk i ka Repubalika o Khakassia. Ua hoʻomaka ʻia ka kōkana kōʻai ʻana i ka makahiki 1904. ʻO nā waihona nui loa e kau iā Chernogorskoye a me Izykhskoye. Wahi a nā mea ʻepekema, ʻo nā mālama kaiāulu ma ka wahi he 2,7 biliona tons.
I loko o ka ipu, ua maloʻo ka lōʻihi o ka lapalapa me ka wela nui o ka pūhui. ʻO nā lānahu he waena-lehu. ʻO ka hōʻano lehu nui loa he ʻano pono no nā lālaki o ka kū kākala ʻo Iakh, ka palena liʻiliʻi - no nā lānahu o ka waihona Beisk.
Hoʻololi ʻia nā kōni palaoa i loko o nā ʻauʻau i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe: ʻelua mau lua lua a me nā minima.
Kahu auʻu Kuznetsk (Kuzbass) - hoʻokahi o nā waihona koina i ka honua. Aia ʻo Kuzbass ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Western Siberia ma kahi pāpū pāpū ma waena o nā mauna ʻo Kuznetsk Alatau, Mountain Shoria a me Salair Ridge.
ʻO ia ka ʻāina o ka māhele Kemerovo. ʻO ka pōkole ʻo "Kuzbass" ʻo ia ka inoa o ka wahi. ʻO ka waihona mua ma Kemerovo ka mea i loaʻa i ka makahiki 1721, a i ka makahiki 1842 ka inoa ʻo "Kuznetsk coal basin" i hoʻopuka ʻia e ka mea ʻepekema ʻo Chikhachev.
Lawe ʻia ka minuke i nā ʻano like ʻole. He 58 mau mines a he 30 mau ʻāpana i ka ʻauʻau. Ma nā ʻōlelo o ke ʻano kūlana, ʻokoʻa nā kākoaka Kuzbass a i waena o nā koʻi maikaʻi loa.
ʻO ke kumu o ka hona i ka waʻa o ke kolamu o Kuznetsk, nona ka 260 mau moku iʻa no nā ʻano mānoanoa like ʻole, ka hūnā ʻole ʻia ma luna o ka ʻāpana. ʻO ka mānoanoa o nā kekona o ke koena a ʻoi paha mai ka 1,3 a 4,0 m, akā aia kekahi mau kaha ikaika o 9-15 a hiki i 20 m, a ma kekahi mau wahi a hiki i 30 m.
ʻO ka hohonu nui o nā mina kaulua ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 500 m (hohonu hohonu o kahi 200 m). ʻO ka mānoanoa o nā lau ʻenehana i kūkulu ʻia he 2.1 m, akā he mau ʻekena ma luna o ka moena ʻo 6.5 m a hiki i 25% o ka mining mine.
ʻO nā wahi nui o ka mining mining ma Russia
No nā makahiki he hoʻokahi, ʻo nā kahe huela a ua noho a hiki i kēia lā kekahi o nā mea e hoʻokūʻē ʻia nei.
Aia ka ʻumi o nā ʻāina o Lūkini i nā piliona miliona o nā ʻona o nā ʻano o ka nui o nā kaohi - lānahu, nā ʻona, ke anthracite, no ka mea i ʻike ʻia ʻo Lūkia ma ke ʻano he nui o nā alakaʻi honua i nā mālama wahie.
ʻO ka nui o nā koina huina i loko o kā mākou'āina e hiki ana ma kahi o 200 miliona mau tonona, aia ma loko o nā kenekulia he 5.5% o nā waihona honua.
ʻO nā kīʻaha nunui o ka ʻāina
ʻO ka hana o ke kīʻaha kōlepa i ka wahie o ka ʻona a me ka ikaika ʻōpiopio e hoʻoholo ʻia e ka maikaʻi o ke koʻi, ka nui o nā malu, nā hōʻailona nui o nā minerala, nā hiʻohiʻona o ka wahi kikoʻī o ka waihona a me nā kūlana ʻē aʻe. Ma ka huina o nā kumu āpau, ke alakaʻi ʻia nei nā wahi alakaʻi o ke kōkena moana i Lūkina:
- ʻO Krasnoyarsk Teritori me ka hoʻopili komo ʻana o ka moku a Kemerovo a me Irkutsk (nā waihona kākkekka a me ʻOkekksk) i hoʻokumu ʻia ai he 70% o ka ulu ʻana o ka wahie ma ka ʻāina,
- Polar Urals (Pechora basin),
- ʻO Rostov, Lugansk a me nā wahi o Donetsk (Donbass),
- Hema o ka ʻāina Irkutsk (Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky basin)
- ʻO ka apana ʻo Neryungrinsky o Yakutia (ʻĀpana Yakutsk Hema).
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻopaʻaʻana o ke kō i nā moku ākea ma Lūkini
Ka Kuznetsk Basin (Kuzbass) ʻike maoli ʻia ʻo ia ka mea e ʻoi ai ka lula ma ke ʻano he nui a puni ka Russia - he ʻoi ia a 50% o ka ulu ʻana o wahie a Lūkini. ʻO ka nui o nā waihona kālā o nā lālaki kiʻekiʻe, kahi laʻa coking, paʻa i ʻaneʻi.
ʻO nā noho o ka ʻāpana ʻo Kansk-Achinsky e hāʻawi i kahi ʻala hoʻoneʻe i ʻona loa i ka ʻāina, ʻoiai ka lawe ʻia ʻana o ka mining ma ka mining pitaka e wehe ʻia.
Inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā wahi o ʻEulopa ke kō o kaʻai ʻana ma Russia, ʻo ka mea nui ka nui o kēia mau ʻāina i ka ʻānai Pechora, e hāʻawi ana i ka 4% o ka ulu ʻana o ka wahie ma Rusia.
Aia nā kīkī Kuznetsk a me Donetsk i nā kaila nui o ka anthracite - ʻo ke kumu ʻoi ʻoi nā kaona momona maikaʻi loa: ma muli o kāna kiʻiona carbon, ua hiki ka anthracite i ke ahi ʻole me ka lapalapa, e hoʻopuka pono ana i ka wela.
Koi Hoʻolālā
Kūkulu ʻo Southern Coal Company LLC i ka hana ʻana o ka anthracite i ka wahi i lawe ʻia i loko o ke kumu no ka lawe ʻana i nā lāʻai ma Russia - East Donbass.
ʻO ke kumu kiʻekiʻe o nā ulana a me nā waiwai nui o ka anthracite kiʻekiʻe i nā ʻoihana SUE i hoʻokumu i ke kumu no ka holomua kū ʻana o ka ʻoihana a me nā hana kiʻekiʻe.
No ka huiʻana, e kelepona i ka tel. +7 (495) 721 37 40, e-mail: [email protected].
Nā waihona kālā - ke ʻano o Russia
Hāʻawi ʻia ʻo ka ʻalala i ka pōhaku sedimentary, i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā koena o nā mea kahiko o nā mea kanu (nā lāʻau like-kumulāʻau, holetile a me ka huki, a me nā hale hana mua). ʻO ke kaʻina o ka hana a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ke kōlehu ʻalike he like me ka pōhaku, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka brown.
Eia nō naʻe, he nui aku ka waihona koena ma ka honua, aia nō i kahi hohonu. ʻO ka ulana ʻona e loaʻa i kahi hui o nā mea hoʻonaninani momona momona koʻikoʻi (ʻoi aku ka carbon - a hiki i ka 78%), me ka wai a me nā mea hoʻonāukiuki me ka nui o nā haumia.
Aia i ka hoʻokumuʻana o ka lanana, ʻo ka nui o ka wela i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ka wā o kona lūlū, a me ka nui o ka lehu i hoʻokumu ʻia, e loli pū kekahi.
ʻO ke dālā wale nō e waiho ai ma Altai. Kuhi ʻia nā waihona kūloko i ka 250 miliona tons. Hāʻawi ʻia ka ʻaina i ka wā e wehe ʻia ai ka lua.
I kēia manawa, ʻo nā palapala hōʻoia i hōʻoia ʻia ma nā kōniha lua ʻelua i ʻike ʻia he 34 miliona tons. I ka makahiki 2006, 100,000 mauʻu o nā malala i lawe ʻia ma ʻaneʻi. I ka makahiki 2007, pono ka piʻi ʻana o ka huina hana 300 i ke aniani haneli, ma 2008 - ua 500 tausani tons.
Aia ka ʻāpana kaʻa kauka i mau haneli mau mile ma ka hikina o ke kuʻu Kuznetsk ma ka'āpana o ka Teritori Krasnoyarsk a ma kahi ʻāpana i ke Kina Kemerovo a me Irkutsk.
ʻO kēia ʻāpanaʻo Siberian Central he mau mālama waiwai nui o ka ʻala kōniha.
Ke hoʻokō ʻia nei ka minuke ma ke ala ākea (ʻo ka ʻāpana ākea o ka aukika he 45 tausani km² - 143 bilona tona mau kākaisa i ka nui o 15 - 70 m.). Loaʻa nō hoʻi nā hoʻopaʻa koena.
Loaʻa nā kumukūʻai huina e pili ana i ka 638 billion tons. ʻO ka mānoanoa o nā papa hana e nā 2 a 15 m, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe ka 85 m. ʻO nā koina i hoʻokumu ʻia i loko o ka manawa Jurassic.
Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kula basana i 10 mau wahi a me ka ʻāina i loko o kēlā me kēia pākahi.
Aia ma ka Repubalika o Sakha (Yakutia) a me ka Teritori Krasnoyarsk. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao nui ma ka Central Yakut Lowland i ke kahawai o ka muliwai Lena a me nā kahawai (Aldan a me Vilyuya). Ka ʻāina a he 750,000 km².
ʻO ka mālama waiwai geological i kahi hohonu o 600 m - ʻoi aku ma mua o 2 trillion tons.
Wahi a ke ʻano huluhulu, māhele ʻia ke ʻano o ka palaki o ke kaulua i nā ʻāpana ʻelua: ʻo ke komohana, ka mea i noho i ka Villaui syneclise o ke kahua ʻo Siberia, a me ka ʻaoʻao hikina, ka mea i komo i loko o ka māhele kaulina o ka māhele Verkhoyan-Chukotka.
ʻO nā kaulima koina i kau pū ʻia nā pali sedimentary mai ka Jurassic Holo a i ka Paleogene. ʻO ka ulu ʻia o nā wahi hāpai ʻana i ke kaʻili he paʻakikī e nā haʻalulu haʻahaʻa a me nā kaumaha.
I ka ʻaha ʻana o Priverkhoyansk, e hōʻiliʻili ʻia ana ke kuʻala o nā lākahu i nā laha i paʻakikī e nā palau; a ʻo kona mānoanoa ka 1000-25-25 m.
ʻO ka nui a me ka mānoanoa o nā ʻāpana o Mesozoic i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka ʻauʻau he ʻokoʻa: ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana mai 1 a 10 mau mea heʻe he 120 m ka laulā, ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina a hiki i 30 mau heʻe he 1-2 m mānoanoa wale nō, ʻaʻole wale ke aniani, akā ua ʻike ʻia nō hoʻi ke kō.
Aia nā lōma i ka launa mai 15 a 30% kūhā, ko ka huʻu lehū huapalapala he 10-25%, waiwai calorific he 27.2 MJ / kg. ʻO nā lau ʻeleʻele o brown he lenticular ma ke kino; ʻokoʻa ka laulā mai ka 1-10 m a 30 m.
Loaʻa nā waiho koena i ka panina ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kō. No laila, kiʻi ʻia i kā ia i nā kīnā i kaulana e like me Minusinsky a i Kuznetskā.
ʻO nā wahi kalima o nā wahi liʻiliʻi ma Rusia
ʻO ka laulā o kona hoʻohanaʻana he ākea loa. Hoʻohana ʻia ka lāalaha e hana i ka uila, me he mea ʻenehana hana ʻenehana (coke), no ka hana ʻana o ka grapite, e hana i ka wai wai me ka hydrogenation.
He waihona mālama nui ʻo Rūsia a me nā waihona hana mokuahi.
ʻO ka pahu pākela ke wahi (ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 mau tausani mau kilomika mau) i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā waihona o nā lanina, i hana ʻia ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana i kekahi manawa. He wahi liʻiliʻi ko ka waihona hoʻopaʻa mokuahi a he ʻano kaila ʻekekona kaawale.
Ma ka ʻāina ʻo Rūsia aia kekahi kahua, hoʻopuni a me nā loko wai halihali.
ʻO ka nui o nā waihona koina i ʻike ʻia ma ke Komohana a me Western Siberia.
ʻO 60% o nā hoʻoilo mokuahi Lūkia he mau lānahu humus, e komo ana i nā lānohi coking (Karaganda, South Yakutstsky, Kuznetsk basin). Loaʻa ʻia nā lānani brown (Ural, Eastern Siberia, Moscow Region).
Holo ʻia nā kumu ahi i loko o nā waihona koina he 25 a me 650 mau koina pākahi.
Hoʻopili ʻia nā kōnana kō i ke ala a pani ʻole ʻia. Ke hana ʻia nei ka minamina a paʻa i loko o nā mines, ke kīʻaha ʻia ka wehe ʻana i nā kuʻuna (ʻokiʻoki).
ʻO ke ola o ka mine mea ma waena o 40-50 mau makahiki. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia kēlā me kēia pā o ke kaulua mai ka pākana no 10 mau makahiki he nui, ukali ʻia e ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi papa hohonu ma o ke kūkulu hou ʻana. ʻO ke kūkulu hou ʻana i nā ʻīlela o ka maina ka mea i mākaukau no ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni a me ka hōʻoia i ka palekana o nā limahana.
I loko o nā puka ākea hūkē ʻia ke kōleo i ke kaula kūleʻa.
No ka manawa o ka makahiki 2010, ua lawe ʻia nā mea lole i loko o Lūkini ma 91 mau mines a me nā keneta opencast 137. ʻO ka huina o ka nui makahiki he 380 miliona mau tona.
Ma hope o ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana o ke kōlea i nā minela a i ʻole nā mea ʻauhau, ke hele pololei ana ia i ka mea kūʻai aku a hele i nā ʻoihana hoʻomohala paha.
I loko o nā hale waiwai kūikawā, ke kāʻei ʻia nā ʻōpala i nā nui a a laila e hoʻokupu ʻia.
ʻO ke kaʻina hana e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ai ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o ka wahie mai ka pōhaku lepo a me nā kīʻaha.
I kēia mau lā, ua lawe ʻia nā kumu kō i loko o Rūsia ma nā wahi āpau a me 10 mau kīʻaha koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka pāʻai nui a me ka cocks kahe a ka wina no Kuznetsk bask (ʻo Kemerovo rohe), ʻālei ʻālea i mints ma ke kōkoaka ʻo Kansk-Achinsk (Teritā Krasnoyarsk, Eastern Siberia), Anthracites - ma ka hui Gorlovsky a ma Donbass.
ʻO ka lāli i kēia mau loko he mea maikaʻi loa ka maikaʻi.
ʻO nā kīhā i ʻike ʻia ma Rūsia e komo pū me ka puna Pechora (ka Arctic), ke koloʻo Irkutsk-Cheremkhov ma ka ʻāina Irkutsk, a me ka ʻaoʻao o ka Yakut Hema ma ka East East.
Kūkulu ʻia nā waihona kīʻaha ʻo Taimyr, Lensky a me Tunguska ma Eastern Siberia, a me nā hēkē ma ka Trans-Baikal Territory, Primorye, a me ka Novosibirsk Region.
ʻO ka ʻoihana nui (ma ka ʻōlelo o ka helu o nā limahana a me nā kumukūʻai o ka waiwai paʻa) nā lawelawe ʻenehana ke kōlei ʻana i Russia.
ʻO nā kumu hana'ōnaehana e hoʻoneʻe aku ai, kaʻenehana (hoʻoili) aina, ke kōnala a me ka anthracite.
Pehea a pehea ka nui o nā lānika e hana ʻia ma ka Russian Federation
Hoʻopili ʻia kēia minela ma muli o ka hohonu o kahi o ka wahi: wehe (ma nā ʻāpana) a i nā ʻano hana lalo.
Ma waena o 2000 a me 2015, ulu ka hana o lalo papa mai 90.9 a 103.7 miliona mau, a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hana wehe ʻana ma mua o 100 miliona mau mea mai 167.5 a 269.7 miliona mau. ʻO ka nui o ka fossil mined i ka ʻāina i kēia manawa, ma o ka hana hoʻomohala ʻana, ʻike. Ua hoomakau- 1.
Kuhi. 1: Hoʻolālā kūleʻa i ka Lūkini Lūkini mai 2000 a 2015, ʻaʻole i hui ʻia e nā ʻano hana, ma ka miliona
Wahi a ka Fuel and Energy Complex (FEC), he 385 miliona mau miliona o nā minela ʻeleʻele i puni i ka Russian Federation ma 2016, ʻo ia ka 3.2% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka makahiki i hala. ʻAe kēia e hōʻoia iā mākou e pili ana i ka dinamics maikaʻi o ka ʻoihana i nā makahiki i hala a me ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻoiai ka pōpilikia.
ʻO nā ʻano o kēia fossil mined i ko mākou ʻāina, e hoʻokaʻawale i ka ikehu a me ke kōkā no ka pīhoihoi.
I ka huina huina o ka makahiki mai 2010 a 2015, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka puʻuwai o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ikehu mai ka makahiki 197.4 a i ka 284.4 miliona mau tonika. 2.
2: ʻO ke hoʻonohonoho o nā kōleka kōlea i ka Lūkini Lūkini ma ke ʻano no 2010-2015, ma ka miliona miliona mau
Ehia na kohala ahi e waiho la ma ko aina aina a ma hea o ia i ka paina?
Wahi a Rosstat, ka Russian Federation (157 biliona
t.) ka lua o ka wahi ma hope o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (237.3 bilona t.) i ka honua ma nā wahi ulana moku. Ma ka kikowaena Leka Rūkini e pili ana ma kahi o 18% o nā mālama honua āpau. E nana i ke kiʻi 3.
Kuhi. 3: Nā Honua Mokuahi e nā Aupuni alakaʻi
Hōʻike ka ʻike mai ka Federal State Statistics Services no 2010-2015 e lawe ʻia ana ka hana ma loko o ka ʻāina i 25 mau mea kikoʻāina o ka Federation ma nā moku he 7.
He 192 mau hui pū kekahi. I waena o lākouʻo 71 mine, a me 121 oenela opencast. ʻO kā lākou huina hana āpau he 408 miliona tons. ʻOi aku ma mua o 80% o kēia mau mined i Siberia. Hōʻike ʻia ka mining hoʻoili ma Lūkia e ka ʻāina i ka papa 1.
Ka ʻāina ʻo Siberian Federal (Wilayah Kemerovo, Wilayah Krasnoyarsk, Wāhi Trans-Baikal) | 83,60%, | 83,90% | 83,80% | 84,50% | 84,50% | 83,50% |
Kaʻāina Keka (Yakutia) | 9,90% | 9,60% | 9,90% | 9,40% | 9,50% | 10,80% |
ʻAmelika Komohana Hikina (Komi Republic) | 4,20% | 4,00% | 3,80% | 4,00% | 3,70% | 3,90% |
ʻO nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe | 2,30% | 2,50% | 2,50% | 2,10% | 2,30% | 2,80% |
Ma 2016, 227,400 tausani
ua lawe ʻia he mau paʻina ma ka wahi ʻo Kemerovo (ʻo nā kūlanakauhale me kahi ʻāpana hana like ʻole i kapa ʻia ʻo nā kūlanakauhale ʻoiahi ʻekahi hana), kahi o lākou i lawe ʻia ma kahi o 125,000 tausani mau kau.
Manaʻo ʻo Kuzbass ma kahi o 60% o ka ulu ʻana i ke kōʻai ʻana, aia ma kahi o 120 mau mines a me nā opencasts.
I ka lā mua o Pepeluali 2017, hoʻomaka kahi lua hamama hou ma ka moku Kemerovo - Trudarmeysky South me kahi hoʻolālā hana i ka 2,500,000.
Ma ka makahiki 2017, kuhi ʻia ia e hana i ka 1,500 mau haneli o ka fossil i loko o ka lua wehe, a e like me nā wānana, e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka mana e kau ʻia ma 2018. ʻO ke ʻano hoʻi, i ka makahiki 2017 ʻekolu mau hoʻolālā hou e hoʻolālā ʻia e Kuzbass.
Hoʻopili huahana
ʻO ka Lūkini Lūkini kekahi o nā mīkini mokuahi nui ʻekolu ma hope o Australia
tons) a me Indonesia (330 miliona mau pū) i 2015. Ua hoʻoili ʻia ke kahele o Lūkini ma 2015 - 156 miliona mauʻu o nā minela ʻeleʻele. Ua ulu kēia kuhikuhi i ka ʻāina ma kahi o 40 miliona mau miliona ma nā makahiki ʻelima. Ma kahi o Russian Federation, Australia a Indonesia, ʻeono nā ʻāina alakaʻi e pili ana i ke Aupuni United States, Colombia a me South Africa.
Hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano o nā hoʻokele honua ma Fig. 5.
Kuhi. 5: Ke ʻano o ka hoʻokele o ka honua (ʻo ia ka ʻāina e lawe nui ana.
ʻO ka Pūnaewele Dispatch Central o ka ʻoihana a me ka ikehu ka mea ikaika e hōʻike ana i ka makahiki 2016 i hoʻonui nui ʻia ka nui o nā hoʻoiho mai ka ʻāina a ʻo ka hoʻoiho ʻana i nā mea nānā.
Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻikepili ma ke kūʻai aku-lawe ʻia i ka makahiki ma ka papa 2.
Kāpili | 20,46 | -10,6% |
Hoʻomāliʻi | +9% |
ʻO ke poʻo o ka ʻike a me ka keʻena loiloi loiloi o ka hui ʻoihana a me ka hana hoʻonaʻauao ʻo ka Kuhina o ka ʻĀpana o ka ʻāina V.
Ua wānana ʻo Grishin i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā mea kūʻai ke 6% i ka 2017, ʻo kona nui e hiki ke piʻi i 175 miliona mau mile, ʻo ia hoʻi, e ulu ana he 10 miliona tons.
ʻO ia nā ʻoihana nui loa
ʻO nā ʻoihana nui o Russia e ʻike nui ʻia, a ʻo nā ʻoihana nui e hana i ka ʻona ma ka ʻāina i 2016 ʻo: SUEK OJSC (105.47), Kuzbassrazrezugol (44.5), SDS-ulana (28.6 ), Vostsibugol (13.1), South Kuzbass (9), Yuzhkuzbassugol (11.2), Yakutugol (9.9), Raspadskaya OJSC (10.5), i hōʻike ʻia i loko o nā brackets ka nui o ke koena i hana ʻia i nā miliona miliona, ʻike
Kuhi. 6. ʻO nā mea hana nui ma Russian Federation i 2016, i miliona
ʻO nā hui ʻo OJSC SUEK, Kuzbassrazrezugol a me SDS-Ugol i alakaʻi i ka hana hana i nā makahiki i hala.
Hāʻawi ʻia nā mea hana nui ma 2014-2015 i Fig.
7. I waena o lākou, i ka ʻoihana alakaʻi ʻelua i ʻōlelo ʻia i luna, aia nō hoʻi nā ʻōnaehana hōʻeuʻeu: Kuzbass Fuel Company, Holding Sibuglement, Vostsibugol, Russian Coal, EVRAZ (ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻoihana pilikino nui o ka ʻāina), Mechel Mining, SDS-ulana.
7. ʻO nā mea hana nui ma ka Russian Federation no 2014-2015, i miliona miliona
I Nowemapa 2016, ʻo ka hui o Evgeny Kosmin o ka pauku No. 1 o ka mine i kapa ʻia ma hope o V.D.
ʻO Yalevsky JSC "SUEK-Kuzbass" i hoʻonohonoho i kahi kikowaena hana Lūkini hou no ka makahiki mai ka maka hoʻokahi - 4,810 tausani tons.
ʻO ka hōʻuluʻulu a me nā manaʻo
- Ke ulu ikaika nei ka ulana kila o Rusia.
- Ua emi iki nā import ma nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻoiai e ulu ana nā laulua a me nā hana.
- Ma ke kūʻai aku, ʻo ka Russian Federation kekahi o nā alakaʻi ʻekolu ma hope o Australia a me Indonesia.
- I ka wā e hiki mai ana, ua hoʻolālā ia e wehe i kahi āpau hou a me ka hoʻōla ʻana i ka ʻoihana.
- ʻO nā alakaʻi ʻekolu i hui i nā hui ma ka ʻāina ʻo Siberian, nona ka ʻoi aku o ka 80% o ka nui o ka hana o ka'āina.
Lyudmila Poberezhny, 2017-03-29
ʻO nā kīhini kūloko o Lūkia
ʻO ka hana o ke kīleʻaleʻa ma ke kahe e pili ana i ka ʻāpana o ka hana ma muli o ka maikaʻi o ke kō, ka nui o nā kumu mālama, nā ʻona a me nā ʻōnaehana ʻo ka hoʻokele waiwai, ka pae o ka mākaukau ʻana o nā wahi no ka hana ʻoihana, ka nui o ka hana, a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka halihali a me nā wahi kikoʻī.
Ke kū mālie nei ka laulā o kēia mau kūlana kūpaʻa kikowaena kumu - nā kīʻaha Kuznetsk a me Kansk-Achinsk, kahi i hui pū ai no 70% o nā hana ʻala ma Rusia, a me nā waihona punahe ʻo Pechora, Donetsk, Irkutsk-Cheremkhov a me Yakut.
ʻO ka mea nui o nā ʻenehana ma Lūkini ka Kuznetsk Coal Basin.
ʻAuʻau Kuznetsk
ʻO ke kumu kūʻai o ke kaulike ʻo Kuzbass A + B + C1 e kō ana i ka mile he 57 bilela, ʻo ia ka 58.8% o ka ulana Lūkini.
I ka manawa like, loaʻa ka mālama huikona coking i ka nui o 30.1 bilona, a i ʻole 73% o nā koina waiwai āpau.
I Kuzbass, kokoke pau ke kaʻina āpau o nā māka laena i mined. ʻAno ka subsoil o Kuzbass i nā minima ʻē aʻe, e like me ka manganese, ka hao, ka phosphorite, nepheline ores, ka hinu shale, a me nā minelala ʻē aʻe.
Aia nā koina kuznetsk kiʻekiʻe o ka maikaʻi: ʻo ka mea lehu o ka 8-22%, nā kiko o ka huahele he 0.3-0.6%, ka wela wela o ka hoʻoulu - 6000 - 8500 kcal / kg.
ʻO ka hohonu awelika o ka hoʻoilo ma lalo a hiki i ka 315m. Ma kahi o 40% o nā mina laʻa e hoʻopau ʻia ma ka ʻāina Kemerovo ʻo ia a ʻo 60% ka mea i lawe ʻia ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe o Lūkia a lawe ʻia.
Manaʻo ʻo Kuzbass ma mua o 70% o kona kaila hanohano i ke kumu o nā mokuahi mokulele mai Russia. Eia maanei he mea ulana maikaʻi loa, e komo pū me ka coking.
Ma kahi kokoke i 12% o ka hana ke hoʻokō ʻia nei ma kahi ala ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka moku ʻo Belovsky kekahi o nā kaona minana ma mua o Kuzbass.
Ka Lae Nui Keʻāina Wāwili
Ma kēiaʻatikala e ʻike kākou i ka papa inoa o nā ʻāina i alakaʻi i ka mining mining. Eia kekahi, e noʻonoʻo mākou i nā hiʻohiʻona nui o kēia kaʻina hana a me nā pilikia e noho nei i ka ʻoihana kōʻai aʻai, a ʻike hoʻi ma kahi o minela e hoʻoilo ʻia ai ʻo Lūkia.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka kōlaʻaina
ʻO ka kolala kahi minerale, ʻo ia kekahi o nā kumu waiwai nui ma ka honua. Aia ia i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka lau o ka honua ma muli o ka manawa lōʻihi no ka manawa lōʻihi nā koena o nā mea kanu kahiko a me nā microorganisms i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko me ka ʻole o ka oxygen. Aia i kēia manawa nā koho no ka unuhi ʻana i kēia kalima.
ʻO ke kōlei mua a kau i kū ai i ke kakahiaka o ke kenekulia 18. I hoʻokahi kenekulia ma hope mai, ua hana ʻia ka hoʻomohala hope a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻenehana kōnaehana.
No ka lōʻihi lōʻihi, ua hoʻokaʻawale nā miners i nā koina mai ka ʻōpū o ka honua me ke kōkua o nā ʻōpala maʻamau, ua hoʻohana ikaika lākou i nā pickaxes. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā hammers maʻalahi e nā ham ham.
I kēia manawa, hoʻohana nā mea ʻenehana a pau i loko o ka mau maina, kahi e ʻae ai i ka mining me ka wikiwiki a me ka maʻalahi.
Nā mokulele lā
ʻO nā ala maʻamau no ka lilo ʻana o ka molekala a:
ʻO ka ala maʻalahi loa iaʻu iho e wehe ai i ka lua. ʻO kēia ala ka mea o ka maʻalahi loa, maʻalahi a palekana hoʻi. Hoʻokiʻoki ʻia nā mea hoʻopihapiha nui ma luna o ka ʻaoʻao o ka honua, i mea e hoʻokaʻawale ai ke komo ʻana i nā loina i nā koina. A laila e hoʻopili ʻia nā malala i nā ʻili a hoʻopili ʻia i nā kaa kūikawā.
Kōkela hana
Ma lalo (mine). ʻAʻole like me ka mea mua, ʻo kēia ala ke ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manawa a me ka pilikia. Pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā pākia hana ma lalo iho nei no ka mea he nui ka nui o nā wahi kūloko. No ka mining, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka nui o nā mina mika he nui e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai nā koina mokulele.
Ka maina pākahi i nā minela
Hoʻohana pālahalaha ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana hydraulic, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia he ka wai wai i lalo o ke kumu kiʻekiʻe, e wāwahi ana i kahi kuʻina a hānai ma kahi o ka pipeline kūikawā i nā hale hana.
Ka Lae Nui Keʻāina Wāwili
He alakaʻi e ʻike ʻole ʻo Kina. Ma kahi kokoke i ka hapalua o nā wahi o ke kaulua o ka honua i loko o kēia ʻāina, me ka makahiki makahiki he 3,700 miliona mau tonona. ʻO nā'āina ʻē aʻe he mea nui ma hope o Kina.
Nā kiʻi ma ka honua a loaʻa nā hōʻailona like ʻole:
- Kina - 3,700 miliona tons
- USA - 900 miliona mau tons,
- India - 600 miliona tons,
- Australia - 480 miliona mau pūlima,
- Indonesia - 420 miliona mau tons.
ʻAʻole ʻo Rūkia kekahi o nā alakaʻi ʻelima a aia ʻo ia ma ka wahi 6 me ka hōʻike o 350 miliona mau me hoʻokahi makahiki. Ma hope iho o ka hala ʻana, ma hope o ka nalowale iki, hele mai ʻo ʻApelika Hema, a laila ʻo Kelemānia a me Polani, a me Kazakhstan, ʻo Ukraine pū me Turkey hoʻi, kokoke i ka luna kiʻekiʻe.
Kāleka kōlea i ka honua, miliona mau miliona
Owai na aina Europa he nui na wahie hona?
Ma ʻEulopa, ʻo ka hapanui o nā lākela e hana ʻia i Kelemānia a me Polani. ʻO ka nui o nā koina i lawe ʻia i ka ʻāwai ʻEulopa ma luna o 500 miliona mau a hoʻokahi makahiki. ʻO ka huina o ka honua holoʻokoʻa he 9,000 miliona tons. I ka awelika, ʻo ka mea noho o ka honua ke loaʻa he 1000 kg o ka lāʻai i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
ʻO kēia kumukūʻai, i hāʻawi ʻia e nā alakaʻi he poʻe mākaʻi i ke kōʻai ʻana, ua lawa ia e hoʻolako i ka ikehu a me ka wahie i ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ʻoiai ka launa pū me nā ʻaila, ua lawa ke ʻano o nā kumuwaiwai e hiki ai ke hōʻoluʻolu i nā pono o ka ʻoihana. I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka manaʻo e pili ana i nā ʻoihana kaiāulu a ʻoi aku ka palekana i ka ʻike ʻana i ke kaiapuni.
Kahi kikowaena ma Lūkia
Palapala kala ʻana ma Rusia, miliona miliona
Nui kā mākou ʻāina i nā minela a hoʻihoʻi iā lākou i ʻelua no ko mākou pono ponoʻī a no ke kiʻi i nā ʻāina ʻē. ʻO Rūsia kekahi o nā ʻāina he ʻumi he alakaʻi i ka hana ulu ʻana a ʻo kēlā me kēia makahiki e hana ai ʻo ia ma kahi o 350 miliona mau tona. Ma nā papa o kēia minuke, aia i ko mākou ʻāina i ka lua kahi, ʻelua wale nō i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
He 70% o ke kō ma ka lae e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā minela lua. E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, ʻoi aku ka palekana a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka manawa. Akā hoʻokahi kumu hemahema koʻikoʻi, kahi pōʻino i ka ʻoihana. Me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, hoʻomau nā kumu hana hohonu, uhaki ke kūʻokoʻa o ka honua, a ʻike ʻia nā pōhaku.
ʻO ke kolu o ke koena ʻo ka lilo ʻana i ka mea kanu ma lalo o nā minela. ʻAʻole pono kēia ʻano hana ke kumu kūʻai o ke olakino kiʻekiʻe mai nā miners, akā no ka ʻenehana hoʻi hou. He mea pono ia e like me ka hapa o ka hāmeʻa o nā hāmeʻa a me nā mea hana pono mua.
Nā pani kālena ma Rusia
Nā alakaʻi i lalo nā alakaʻi i nā koina molekala:
- ʻO Krasnoyarsk Territory, ma ʻāpana Irkutsk a me Kemerovo Region,
- Kālai
- Rostov māhele,
- ʻApika Irkutsk
- Yakutia.
ʻO kahi maʻa nui no ka lawelawe ʻana i nā koina i manaʻo ʻia he Kuzbass. Ma kahi o ka hapalua o ka nui o ka ulana ma ka Lūkini, ua minuke ma laila. Hoʻopili ʻia nā waihona nui a me nā waihona hao ma kēia wahi.
Hoʻohālikelike
He miliona mau miliona o ka honi e hoʻoiho ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO nā'āina ma ke poʻo o ka papa inoa a he mau'āina alakaʻi i ka palena o nā koena, ʻaʻole wale nō e hoʻohana i nā mineral no ko lākou pono ponoʻī, akā e hoʻolaha pū ana i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, e hoʻonui ai i ko lākou kūlana waiwai a e hana ana i ka loaʻa kālā multibillion-dollar.
He hana paʻakikī a paʻakikī ke kōmala āpau e pono ai kekahi mau ʻike a me nā mākaukau.
No kēia, pono nō hoʻi nā mea hana kūikawā a me nā lako loea kiʻekiʻe, kahi e hiki ai ke hōʻemi i ka manawa no ka lawe ʻana i nā minerale mai loko mai o ka honua a hoʻonui i nā mālama o nā mea hoʻomalu.
Hoʻohana nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka loina palaoa. E makemake kekahi i kahi ala e ʻoi aku, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki, aʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e hilinaʻi nei i ka nui o ka mauʻu.
Ua loli mau ka ʻāina alakaʻi o nā koina i ka 2017. ʻAʻole i loli iki kēia helu ʻana no nā makahiki he nui. Noho ʻo Kina i kahi kūlana alakaʻi, a i kā mākou aupuni i ka wahi 6, akā aia ko mākou ʻāina ma luna o nā poʻo ʻekolu i kahi o nā kumu mālama. Hāʻawi ʻo Russia i nā lanikina i nā ʻāina he nui, e hāʻawi ana iā lākou i nā loina o ka wahie.
I ka mokupuni Lūkia
ʻO Peter kekahi wau i hui mua me nā lānahu ma 1696, e hoʻi ana mai ke kaua Azov mua i ka wahi o ke kūlanakauhale o Shakhty i kēia manawa (ma mua o ke kipi ʻo Aleksandrovsk-Grushevsk). ʻOiai e hoʻomaha ana ma kahakai o Kalmius, ua hōʻike ʻia ke aliʻi i kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻōpala o ka ʻāmaʻomaʻo keʻokeʻo.
ʻO ka ore-miner, serf ka mea mahiʻai ʻo Grigory Kapustin i 1721 ua ʻike i ke koina kokoke i ka waʻa o ke Seversky Donets - ke kahawai Kundryuchey a hōʻike i kona kūpono no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ka pandamele a me ka hana hao. I Dekemaba 1722, hoʻouna akula ʻo Peter iā Kapustin i kahi kauoha i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no nā ʻāpana o nā koina, a laila ua kuhikuhi ʻia nā mea hana kūikawā no ka ʻimi ʻana i nā malala a me ka lāʻau.
I ka 1722, ua kono aku ke Berg College iā V. I. Gennin, nāna i mālama i nā ʻoihana Ural a me Siberia, "e hoʻāʻo e ʻike i nā lānama e like me nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ʻEulopa e hiki ai i kēia mau lālaka ke kōkua".
Ka hui o S. Kostylev i 1720-1721 hana i nā ʻimi minerale ma nā kūkulu ʻākau o Altai. I Pepeluali 1722, M.Ua noi ʻo Volkov i kahi noi no ka hao hao, kahi mea i loaʻa iā ia ma Tomsk Uyezd, a me nā lanahu āna i ʻike ai i ka "puʻu ahi" ʻehiku mau mile mai ka hale paʻahao o Verkhotomsky ma kahi o ke kūlanakauhale kūloko o Kemerovo.
Hoʻomaka ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ulana i ke kumu komohana i ka makahiki mua o ka kenekulia 19, i ka manawa i wehe ʻia nā kīʻaha nui.
Nā pale ahi i loko o Rūsia
Ma Lūkia, kahi o ka 5.5% o nā mālama huina o ka honua nei i kaʻili ʻia, ʻoi aku ia ma mua o 200 billion mau tonona. ʻO kēia ʻokoʻa me ka pālahalaha o nā mālama huina i hōʻoia ʻia no 2006 no ka mea ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mea ʻaʻole kūpono no ka hoʻomohala ʻana, no ka mea aia i Siberia ma ka rehiyon permafrost. ʻO 70% hāʻule i nā mālama maleka brown.
ʻO nā hoʻopiʻi kālā nui loa
ʻO Elga deposit ma ka hikina hema o ka Repubalika Sakha (Yakutia), 415 km hikina o ke kaona o Neryungri. ʻO nā welo iā Mechel OAO. ʻO ka pahuhopu ʻoi loa no ke kūkulu hoʻomohala ʻana.
ʻO ka wahi o ka waihona he 246 km ², he pahee hinuhinu asymmetric brachysisynclinal. Ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nei nā kohu koina i nā kahe o ka Neryungri (6 mau kālena me ka mānoanoa o 0.7-17 m) a me Undyktan (18 mau kuʻi me ka mānoanoa o 0.7-17 m) suite. Kālai ʻia ka hapanui o nā kumu o nā koina i loko o nā ʻāpana ʻehā y4, y5, h15, h16 maʻamau ka ʻona ʻana. ʻO nā kika ka hapanui o ka lousicular-lenticular-banded me kahi kikoʻī nui loa o ka waiwai nui - vitrinite (78-98%). Ma ke kaona o ka metamorphism, nā loina ka papa i ka III (momona). Kahi papa Ж, hui 2Ж. ʻO nā kalala he medium- a me ka kiʻekiʻe-lehu (15-24%), haʻahaʻa-sulfur (0.2%), haʻahaʻa-phosphorus (0,01%), maikaʻi ka hewa (Y = 28-37 mm), me ka waiwai kiʻekiʻe calorific (28 MJ / kg).
Hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia i ke kaulua ʻo Elgin ke kiʻekiʻe i nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ka honua a hana i nā koina loiloi kiʻekiʻe. Hōʻike ʻia ke kula ākea e ka moana (a hiki i 17 mau mika) hemo moana me ka paʻu ʻana o ka nui o ka mānoanoa liilii (ʻoi ʻia ka nui o ka mākeke ma kahi o 3 m³ pākēneka mākeke), maikaʻi loa ia no ka hoʻohuihui lua ʻana.
Ua mālama ʻia ka waihona kālā ʻo Elegestskoye (Tyva) ma kahi o 1 bilyle haneli o ka ʻona mākaʻi ʻo “C” (ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mālama kālā he 20 mili.) Aia ma kahi o 80% o nā keʻa ma kahi papana hoʻokahi me ka mānoanoa o 6,4 m (nā mines maikaʻi loa o Kuzbass e hana ana i nā ʻāpana o kahi mānoanoa o 2-3 m, ma nā kōlea Vorkuta ua mined mai nā pae ʻokoʻa ma kahi o 1 m). Ma hope o ka hiki ʻana i kona mana hoʻolālā ma ka makahiki 2012, ʻoi ka mea e manaʻo ʻia ai ʻo Ele he huaʻai he 12 miliona mau mea mākaʻi i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
ʻO ka laikini no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā moku ʻo ʻElefield, ʻo ia kā Pāʻani ʻOihana ʻo Yenisei, ʻo ia kahi o ka ʻĀina Hui PūʻIa Makai (OPK). Ma ka lā Malaki 22, 2007, ua ʻae ke Komitina Aupuni no nā ʻĀina Hoʻohui Nui o ka Lūkini Russian i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hana no ka kūkulu ʻana i ke alanui alanui ʻo Kyzyl-Kuragino e hui pū me ka hoʻomohala ʻia o ka waihona kālā kumu o ka Repubalika o Tuva.