Koho o nā Biological ʻepekema Nikolai Vekhov. Kiʻi mea kākau

Ma ka mokupuni ʻo Bering, ʻo ia kahi o ka mokupuna o nā Kaʻāina Commander, aʻu i hele mua loa ai i ke kauwela o 1971, ma ke ʻano haumāna-haumāna ma ke kumu aʻoaʻo biology o Moscow State University, ua hōʻiliʻili au i nā mea kumu no ka thesis. Mai ia manawa ua makemake wau i nā mea āpau e pili ana i nā Luna, ʻaʻole haʻalele i koʻu moe e noho hou i kēia mau wahi. I ʻekolu mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ma ke kono o ke alakaʻi no ka Komandorsky Reserve, ua kipa aku au i ka mokupuni nui loa o ka mokupuni - Medny, kahi aʻu e noi ai i nā mea kūlohelohe kūlohelohe.

ʻO ke ʻano o nā mokupuni e paʻa i nā mea pohihihi. Pili kekahi o lākou me ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻike a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana o kēia mau ʻāina. Ua ʻike ʻia ka mea ʻike i nā mokupuni ʻo Commander i loko o ko lākou mau wai i kahi holoholona moana nui, kahi ma o nā kānāwai āpau o ke ola ʻana, ʻaʻole hiki ke noho i ka wai anuanu o ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka Moana Pakipika.

He aha kēia holoholona a he aha ka hopena i kala ʻia no ia?

ʻO nā hoʻolālā no ke kahua hope o ka Pōʻalua Kamchatka Expedition o 1733-1743 ma lalo o ke kauoha a ka mea hoʻokele kaulana a me ka mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa polar Kāpena-Commander Vitus Bering (see Science and Life No. 5, 1981) he hanohano: e makaʻala i ke kahakai ʻo Arctic o Siberia a me ka Hikina Hema, e ʻike ai ʻike ʻole ʻia. holo nā moana holohele i nā kahakai komohana ʻākau o ʻAmelika, a hiki ma ka papa o Iapana. ʻO kekahi hoʻokalakupua nui o kēia huakaʻi hala ʻole i ka huakaʻi ʻo ia nō ka ʻike ʻana i ka ʻoihana Kāpena.

I Iune 4, 1741, ua holo i ʻelua mau ʻāpana pākeke, ʻo "ʻ Apostlelelo Hemolele Petero" ma lalo o ke kauoha a Vitus Bering a me ka "ʻ Apostlelelo Hemolele Paul", nona ke kāpena i koho ʻia ʻo Alexey Ilyich Chirikov, e holo ana mai kahakai o Kamchatka i ka wahi o Petropavlovsk Ostrog, kahi i ulu nui ai ke kūlanakauhale o Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. ʻAʻole liuliu ʻia kahi nalowale ma kahi o ka palupalu. "Saint Peter", ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi mau lā ʻekolu mau lā i ka lua o ka moku, ua holo wale i ka holo. ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻino a me ka makani sima, ua hōʻea ka moku pahu pahu i ka mokupuni o Kodiak ma waho o ke kapakai o ʻAmelika. Ma ke ala hoʻi, ua hoʻāla ʻia ka moku koa o ka poʻe holo moku, ua ʻimi ʻia e ke ʻano ikaika, ua ʻalo ʻia ka mana a loaʻa nā hōʻino nui. ʻAʻole hiki ʻole ke make, akā ua ʻike ka poʻe holo moana i ka silhouette o kahi mokupuni i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma ka lewa a pae ʻia ma laila ma Nowemapa 4, 1741. ʻO ka hoʻoilo i ka mokupuni he hōʻike paʻakikī. ʻAʻole kū lākou a pau. Ua hala ʻo Kāpena-Commander Vitus Bering. Eia ua kau ʻia ʻo ia. Ua kapa ʻia kona inoa ma hope ona, a ʻo ka mokupuni holoʻokoʻa, me nā moku ʻehā (Bering, Medny, Ariy Kamen a me Toporkov) i kapa ʻia ʻo Komandorski Islands.

Ua hōʻea ke kahakai mokuahi "Saint Apostele Paul" ma lalo o ke kauoha a ke kāpena kāpena Alexei Chirikov ma nā kahakai o ʻAmelika a ma ka lā 11 ʻOkakopa o ia makahiki hoʻokahi ka hoʻi ʻana i Kamchatka.

Ma waena o nā hoa o Bering, ka mea i lilo i ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo, he kauka Kelemania a me nā mea kūlohelohe, ka launa ʻepekema kūlohelohe ma ke Kulanui o St. Petersburg Georg Wilhelm Steller (e ʻike i ka Science and Life No. 11, 2002). I ka manawa mua loa ua hele ʻo ia i ka ʻāina hoʻoneʻe o ka huakaʻi no ka huakaʻi, akā ua moemoe ʻia ʻo ia e hele i ka holo moana e hiki mai ana. I ka makahiki 1741, ua hoʻokomo pū ʻia ʻo George Steller i ka hui o ka moku pēpē "Saint Aposetolo Peter". Ua ʻike ke kanaka ʻepekema a komo i ka ʻike ʻana i ka poʻe Commander Islands a me ka ʻiliʻili mua o ka ʻike ʻepekema e pili ana i nā mea kanu, nā holoholona moana - nā ʻāpana hulu (nā ʻuʻina), nā leona kai a me nā ʻamo moana (kai lele), ka ʻāina a me ka ʻāina, nā mauna a me nā awhi moana, nā kahakai a me nā mea kūlohelohe o kēia mau ʻāina . ^ E Ha yM.

ʻIke ʻia ʻo Stell ma luna o nā Command he ʻano lawehala manu kūwaho - he pipi kai (Hydrodamalis gigas), i kapa ʻia ma hope o kāna mea ʻike mea Stell. ʻO ka inoa ʻelua - kāpili (Rhytina borealis) - i haku ʻia e ke ʻepekema kūlohelohe. Ua ʻākoakoa nā ʻōpala i nā ʻōpala i kapa ʻia ʻo ia i waena o nā ʻano puaʻa he nui, ʻoi loa ka kelp brown a me nā alaria, ka mea i kapa ʻia he mea maʻa. I ka manawa mua, ua manaʻo ʻo Steller e pili ana ʻo ia me ka hana manatees, ma ʻAmelika Komohana ua kapa ʻia he manats a manatis paha (ma hope mai ua hoʻomaka ʻia kēia inoa i nā manu manu like like ʻole, e komo pū ana me ka pipi kai). Akā ʻike koke nō ua hewa ʻo ia.

ʻO Steller wale nō ka mea kūlohelohe nāna i ʻike i kēia mea nui, nānā i kāna ʻano a wehewehe iā ia. Wahi a nā papa huahelu i paʻi ʻia e L. S. Berg i ka puke ʻo “Discovering Kamchatka a me Kamchatka's Bering expeditions. 1725-1742 "(L. Hoʻopuka hale o ka Glavsevmorputi, 1935), hiki iā ʻoe ke noʻonoʻo i ke ʻano o ka holoholona.

“I ka lua o ke kilokilo, he wili ihe, a mai ka pū i ka huʻu, ua like ka iʻa. Hoʻohālike ʻia kona ʻano ʻōlaka me kahi lio, akā ua uhi ʻia kona poʻo i ka ʻiʻo a me ka hulu hipa, like me kona lehelehe, ke poʻo o ke mele. I ka waha, ʻaʻole ma mua o nā niho, ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao ʻelua he lō ʻihi, oblong, pāpaʻi a me nā iwi ʻihi. Hoʻopili kekahi o lākou i ka pala, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa i ka iwi ā lalo. I nā iwi o kēia mau ʻano lono e hoʻopili hewa pinepine ʻia i ke kihi a me nā ʻono kulou e ulu ai ka holoholona i kāna meaʻai maʻamau - nā mea kanu kai ...

Pili ke poʻo i ke kino me ke ʻāʻī pokole. ʻO ka mea kaulana loa nā wāwae mua a me nā umauma. ʻO nā wāwae he ʻelua o nā loulou, ʻo ka hope o kēia mea e like me ka wāwae o ka lio. Aia ma lalo o kēia mau wāwae mua i kahi mea ʻimi a lehulehu a e noho nei i nā bristles noho nui. Ma o kēia mau manamana lima a me nā manamana i hoʻohemo ai i kā lākou mau lehelehe, ʻauʻau ka holoholona, ​​e hōʻoki i nā mea kanu kai mai nā pōhaku a [...] huki i kāna pālua [...].

He mea paʻakikī ke kua o ke kua o ka moana ka mea i ke kua o kahi bipi, kaulana ka pōwele, ma nā ʻaoʻao he mau ʻōpū o ka luhi i ka lōʻihi holoʻokoʻa o ke kino.

ʻAi ʻia ka ʻōpū, kikoo a piha hoʻi i ka ʻōpū, me ka puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi, uʻe ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū. Ma nā hoʻohālikelike, ua like ke ʻano o ka ʻōpū o ka frog [...]. ʻO ka huelo, ke hoʻokokoke ana iā ia a me ke kūpeʻe hope, e hoʻololi ana i nā wāwae hind, e lilo i nā ʻinopili, akā ʻo kona laulā ākea i mua o ka pou o ka lōʻihi o ke kū i ka hapalua mita. I ka mahele o ka hope ma ka hope o ka huelo, ʻaʻohe holoholona o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe o kēia holoholona, ​​a he ʻokoʻa kēia ka paʻakai o kēia. ʻO ke kaulike, ua like me ka nui o nā kohola a me nā meaʻala.

ʻO ka ʻili o kēia holoholona ka ʻāpana ʻelua. ʻEleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha ka ʻili i waho, he ʻeleʻele a mānoanoa ka umauma, aneane like me ka cork, he nui nā pāpale, nā ʻiliʻī a me nā manaʻo nā puni a me ke ʻano o ka poʻo [...]. ʻOi aku ka mānoanoa o loko o mua o ka bovine, lōʻihi a paʻa i ke keʻokeʻo. Ma lalo o kahi papa o ka momona e puni ai i ke kino holoʻokoʻa o ka holoholona. ʻEhā nā manamana momona e ʻehā i nā mānoanoa. A laila e ʻai i ka mea ʻai.

"Kuhi wau i ka paona o kahi holoholona me ka ʻili, nā ʻiʻo, nā ʻiʻo, nā iwi a me ka viscera ma nā paona 200."

Ua ʻike ʻo Stell i nā haneli he nui o nā kaʻa humpback nui i ka wā o ke kahe wai nui, ʻo ia hoʻi, i kāna hoʻohālikelike 'ana, e like me nā waʻa O Dutch i huli i lalo. Ma hope o ka nānā ʻana iā lākou no kekahi manawa, ʻike ka ʻike ʻepekema maoli nō kēia poʻe holoholona i kekahi ʻano ʻano ola o nā ʻano manu mommine ʻole mai loko mai o ka pūʻulu o nā haku. Ma kāna papa inoa kākau ʻo ia: "Inā ua nīnau lākou iaʻu i ka nui o koʻu ʻike ʻana iā lākou ma ka mokupuni ʻo Bering, ʻaʻole wau e kānalua e pane - ʻaʻole hiki ke helu ʻia, ʻaʻole helu ʻia lākou. Ma ka ulia, ua loaʻa iaʻu ka manawa he ʻumi mau mahina e nānā i ke ala o ke ola a me nā hana. o kēia mau holoholona… I kēlā me kēia lā ʻike lākou kokoke i ke alo o ka puka o koʻu hale. "

ʻO ka nui o ka pōpō i like me nā elepani ma mua o nā bipi. No ka laʻana, ka lōʻihi o ka huila o nā skeleton i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo St. Petersburg Zoological, nāna, e like me nā ʻepekema, he 250 mau makahiki, ʻo 7.5 m. ʻO nā ʻano ʻehā o nā mammals moana mai ka ʻohana kahiko o sirens he mau aʻa maoli: ʻo ka hiki o ka umauma o kahi kolossus iʻoi aku i ʻeono mau mika!

Wahi a nā mea e ola nei o nā poʻe hele i ka wā ʻo Vitus Bering a ma hope o ke kipa ʻana i nā lawaiʻa ʻo Commander, ua palena wale nō ka noho ʻana o ka bipi Steller ma ʻelua mau moku nui o ka mokupuni - ʻo Bering lāua ʻo Medny, ʻoiai ke ʻōlelo nei nā paleontologists hou ʻoi aku ka nui o kona kaʻaha i ka wā prehistoric. ʻOiai hiki ke loaʻa ka holoholona i nā wai anuanu, he wahi lōʻihi wale ia o ka palena o ka hau hoʻoilo, ʻoiai ko lākou mau pili pili - heʻeleka a me manatees - noho i loko o ke kai wela. ʻO ka pena, kahi ʻili ākea e like me ka ʻano o ka lāʻau a me kahi hoʻoneʻe hoihoi i kōkua i ka bipi Steller e hoʻomau i ka mahana i nā aniani subarctic.

Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole i holo ʻē aku nā manu kāpiki i kahi mamao loa mai ke kahakai, no ka mea, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke iho hohonu i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, ʻoi aku ka mea i lilo i ka poʻe iʻa make. Huli ka holoholona i waena o nā pāpaku me ke kōkua o ʻelua ʻoki i ke alo o ke kino, like like me nā wāwae, a i loko o ka wai hohonu lākou i kahe ʻana iā lākou iho i mua, e hana ana i nā kī kuʻekuʻe nui me kahi kaikuʻu nui i kūkulu ʻia. ʻAʻole maʻalolo ka ʻili o ka mea kāpala, e like me manatee a i ʻole dugong. Hōʻike nui ʻia nā kahe a me nā wrinkles - no laila ʻo ka inoa ʻehā o ka holoholona - Rhytina Stellerii, ʻo ia hoʻi i ka manawa "Stell Stellii".

ʻO nā pipi ʻana o ke kai, e like me kā mākou i ʻōlelo ai, he mau mea kanu. Hōʻiliʻili iā lākou i nā holoholona nui, a ʻohi lākou i nā māla lauʻa he nui o nā māla "kiʻekiʻe al-ke kiʻekiʻe" nui alā. Wahi a Steller, "kēia mau mea ʻokoʻa ʻole ka launa ʻole, me ka pau ʻole o ka ʻai, ka mea a me ko lākou puʻu ʻia ʻole mau ka lula i ko lākou mau poʻo i lalo o ka wai. I kēlā manawa, i ka wā e uhai ai lākou i kēia, ʻaʻohe lākou hopohopo ʻē aʻe, aia hoʻi i kēlā me kēia ʻehā a i ʻelima mau minuke e kau nei lākou i ka ihu i waho a me ka pūnāwai wai e hoʻoheheʻe ai i ka ea mai waho o ka pūhaka. ʻO ke kani a lākou e hana ai i ka manawa like like me ka manawa e kani ana ka lio, ka ʻalā ʻana a me ka hilahila [...]. ʻAʻole lākou iki iki i ka mea e puni nei, ʻaʻole mālama i ka mālama i ko lākou ola a me ke palekana. "

ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻokolokolo pono i ka nui o nā lehulehu o kahi bipi Steller i ka wā o Vitus Bering. Ua ʻike ʻia na Stell i nānā i ka nui o nā kāpeti me ka nui o ka poʻe he 1,500–2,000 kanaka. Ua hōʻike ʻia e nā Mariners ua ʻike lākou i kēia holoholona ma luna o nā Luna "ma nā helu he nui." Kēia mau kiaʻi i nānā ʻia ma ke kihi hema o ka mokupuni ʻo Bering, ma ka luaʻi, i kapa ʻia ʻo Cape Manati.

I ka hoʻoilo, ua hōʻila nā bipi ʻōpala a, e like me ko Steller, ʻili nui ʻia ka helu i hiki iā lākou ke helu i ka vertebrae. I loko o kēia manawa, hiki i nā holoholona ke ʻeha i lalo o ka hau o ka hau, ʻaʻohe o ka ikaika e pana iā lākou a ka hanu i ka lewa. I ka hoʻoilo, ʻike pinepine ka ʻōmole i haki ʻia e ka hau a holoi ʻia ma ka ʻāina. ʻO kahi hōʻike nui no lākou ʻo ka ʻino maoli ma o nā Kaʻāina Commander. ʻAʻole lawa ka manawa a nā ʻauwa moana holo i kahi mamao loa mai ke kahakai, a ua hoʻolei ʻia lākou i nā nalu i luna o nā pōhaku, kahi i make ai lākou i ka hūnā i nā pōhaku koʻikoʻi. Wahi a nā makaʻakaʻi e hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine nā ʻohana i nā holoholona i hōʻeha ʻia, akā, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻaʻole i loaʻa. E like me ka "kākoʻo kūʻokoʻa" ʻike hou ʻia e nā kānakaʻepekema ma ke ʻano o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe - nā moa a me nā kohola.

Ua ʻike ʻia kahi liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ke ola ʻana o nā pipi wai. No laila, ua hoʻohanohano ʻo Steller ma ka ʻanoʻike pilikino o ka ʻōpala. Kuʻi lākou i nā kānaka iā lākou a kokoke i hiki iā lākou ke pā ʻia e ka lima mai uka. A ʻaʻole pā wale. Ua pepehi nā kānaka i nā holoholona no ka ʻai ʻono. ʻO ka lohi o ka luku ʻana i nā bipi i hiki mai i ka makahiki 1754, a nalo nā poʻe hope loa ma kahi o 1768. I kahi huaʻōlelo, ʻo nā pipi kai - nā ʻāpana loa i ka ʻohana o nā haku ʻuhane kupaianaha - i luku ʻia i nā makahiki he 27 wale nō ma hope o kona loaʻa.

Ma aneane 250 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, a hiki i kēia lā, i waena o nā ʻepekema a me nā poʻe wale nō ka makemake, nui nā mea kākoʻo e kākoʻo ana i ka ʻōnaehana "ola ʻāinana" he mea maʻalahi loa ia, no ka mea ʻuʻuku, he paʻakikī loa ia. I kekahi manawa ʻike ʻia kēia ʻike "ua ʻike ʻia" kēia "mōʻī". Hāʻawi ka moʻolelo o Rare i ka manaolana e hiki i nā poʻe liʻiliʻi o nā bipi Stell ke ola i loko o nā malu kūlohelohe ʻole. No ka laʻana, ma ʻAukake 1976, ma ka wahi i Cape Lopatka (ke kihi kūkulu hema loa o ke Kamchatka Peninsula), ʻike ʻia he ʻelua meteorologists he bipi Steller. Ua haʻi lākou ua ʻike lākou i nā kohola, nā kohola pepehi kanaka, nā kaiʻe, nā liona moana, nā kaiāula, nā ʻōpū moana a me nā walruses mahele ʻole a hiki ʻole ke hoʻokau hewa ʻole i kahi holoholona ʻike ʻole me lākou. ʻIke lākou i ka holoholona e holo mālie ana i loko o ka wai pāpaku ma kahi oʻelima mau mika i ka lōʻihi. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike nā mea nānā ua neʻe ʻo ia i loko o ka wai e like me ka nalu: pihi mua kahi poʻo, a laila he kino nui me kahi kaʻe. ʻAʻole like me nā hē a me nā walrus, nona nā wāwae ʻalā i kūʻē i kekahi i kekahi a hoʻohālike me nā kīnaki, i ka holoholona ua ʻike lākou i ka huelo e like me ka kohola. ʻO kekahi mau makahiki ma mua, i ka makahiki 1962, ua ʻike ka ʻike e pili ana i kahi hālāwai me ka noho ʻana mai nā mea ʻepekema mai kahi moku noiʻi Soviet. Ua ʻike nā mea holo moana ʻeono i nā holoholona ʻeleʻele nui e hōʻuluʻulu ana i ka wai pāpū ma ka moku ʻo Cape Navarin, holoi ʻia e ke Kai Bering. I ka makahiki 1966, ua hōʻike ʻo kahi nūpepa Kamchatka ua ʻike hou nā lawaiʻa i nā bipi moana ma ke kūkulu hema o Cape Navarin. Eia kekahi, hāʻawi lākou i nā wehewehe kikoʻī a pololei loa i nā holoholona.

Hiki paha ke manaʻoʻiʻo i kēlā ʻike? Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻaʻohe mau kiʻi a me nā hōʻike wikiō paha. Ke ʻōlelo nei kekahi poʻe loea a me nā kai lawehala ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole maopopo kahi hōʻoia e hiki mai ana i kahi pipi ʻo Stell i nā wahi ʻē aʻe ma waho o ke Kaʻāina ʻo Commander. I ka manawa like, aia kekahi mau mea i hiki i ke kānalua i ka pololei o kēia manaʻo.

Ua kākau ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo G.F. Miller, kahi mea i ka lua o ka holo ʻana o Kamchatka: "Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ʻo lākou (Aleuts. - Approx. Mpanoratra.) Ka mea nui loa i nā holoholona kai, e loaʻa ai iā lākou ma ke kai, ʻo ia hoʻi: whale, manats (Kāhea Stell." - ʻ Commentlelo a ka mea kākau), nā leona kai, nā pōpoki moana, nā manu (ʻĀpae moana, a i ʻole kai moana. - Ka ʻōlelo a ka mea kākau) a me nā sila honi ... "Hiki ke ʻike ka ʻike ma lalo nei i ke ʻano kūlike o nā ʻōlelo a ka mea ʻepekema: i ka makahiki 20 o nā makahiki, nā iwi o ka bipi Steller mai ka wā mua. ma kahi o 3.700 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, loaʻa ʻelua a i ʻelua manawa - ʻo ia ma Aleutsky x mokupuni. I kahi huaʻōlelo, ʻo ka manaʻo o Steller a me nā lawaiʻa e ʻike wale i ka ʻōpala ma nā mokupuni ʻo Bering a me Medny, ʻo ka ʻūhā kūlohelohe o ka pipi moana, ka mea i ʻike ʻia, nā wai o nā kahakai o nā mokupuni o Aleutian-Commander Ridge.

Mālama

Wahi a kekahi mau noiʻi, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka laulā o ka pua o Steller i ka wā o ke kaʻe o ka glaciation hope (ma kahi o 20 mau makahiki i hala aku nei), i ka wā i kaʻawale ʻia ai ka moana Artct mai ka ʻāina ʻo ka Pakipika, aia ma ka pūnaewele o ka Bering Strait hou, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Beringia. ʻO ke aniani i ke kai ʻākau komohana o ka Moana Pakipika i ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi ma mua o ka mea hou, kahi i hiki ai i ka pipi Stell ke noho mamao i kahakai ma ke kapakai o ʻAsia.

Ua ʻike ʻo Late Pleistocene, hōʻoia i ka mea ʻoi i ka laulā ākea o nā sirens ma kēia wahi kikoʻī. ʻO kahi kahi o ka bipi Stell i kahi palena liʻiliʻi kokoke i ke Kaʻāina ʻo Commander e pili pono ana i ka hewa Hololene. ʻAʻohe o nā mea noiʻi ma nā wahi ʻē aku i nalowale ai ka pipi i nā manawa prehistoric ma muli o ka hōʻino e nā ʻohana hopu kolohe.

Ua manaʻo kekahi ʻo nā mea noiʻi ʻAmelika e hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o ka bipi me ka ʻole o ke komo ʻana o ka poʻe mālama mua.I ko lākou manaʻo, aia ka manu o ka Ster ua make i ka manawa i loaʻa ai nā kumu kūlohelohe.

ʻO ka pipi ʻo Steller i ka kenekulia 18, me ka nui haʻo, noho nō hoʻi ʻo ia ma kahi kokoke i nā mokupuni o Aleutian komohana, ʻoiai ke kumu ʻo Soviet kahi mau makahiki i hala iho nei e hōʻike ana i ka ʻike ma ka noho ʻana o nā bipi ma nā wahi i waho o ko lākou ʻike maʻa wale nō e pili ana i nā ʻike o ko lākou mau kupapaʻu i kiola ʻia e ke kai.

I nā makahiki 1960 a me 70, ua ʻike ʻia nā iwi kīwaha o kahi bipi Stell ma Iapana a me Kaleponi. ʻO ka mea i ʻike ʻia no nā huakaʻi huakaʻi kaulua hope loa i ʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 1969 ma ka mokupuni o Amchitka (Aleutian ridge), i nā makahiki he ʻekolu o nā ʻōpala i loaʻa i laila ua manaʻo ʻia ma ka 125-130 tausani mau makahiki.

ʻAʻohe! ʻO ka mana o ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma ka mokupuni o Amchitka, ʻoiai kona wā ʻōpio, ʻaʻole i emi loa ia i ka nui o nā ʻōpiopio makua mai ka Commander Islands.

I ka makahiki 1971, ʻike ʻia ka ʻike e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻaoʻao hema o kahi bipi kai i ka wā o ka ʻuʻuku ʻana o ka puʻukaua ʻo ʻEkimo 17th mau wahi ma Alaska i ke kahawai ʻo Noatak. Ua paa ia ma ka hapa o Pleistocene i hala, ua hōhā ka pōkole o Steller ma ka mokupuni o Aleutian a me ke kahakai o Alaska, ʻoiai ke ʻoluʻolu loa nā kuli o kēia wahi.

ʻO keʻano

ʻO ke ʻano o ke kāpili he ʻano maʻamau o nā lilac a pau, me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia ʻana o nā pipi ʻo Steller ma mua o kona mau hoahānau.

• Nā holoholona holoholona pohō a loloa hoʻi. Hoʻopau loa ia me kahi laulā caudal lapalapa me kahi pehu ma waena.
• Ulu ke hoʻohālikelike nei me ka nui o ke kino ua liʻiliʻi iki, a hiki i ka pipi ke neʻe i kona poʻo i nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua a i luna a i lalo.
• Nā Limbs ua paʻa nā wili pōkole i hoʻopulipula pū ʻia me ka pūloko ma waenakonu, e hoʻopau ana me kahi ulu puʻe, kahi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mākeke lio.
• ʻIli ʻO ka bipi wahine o Steller, ʻōpiu, mākaʻawaʻo a me ka nui, a me ka mea i kau aku ai ʻo Steller, ua like me ka ʻā o ka lāʻau kahiko. ʻO kona kapa mai ka hina a hiki i ka uliuli keʻokeʻo, i kekahi manawa me nā wahi keʻokeʻo a me nā kaula.

ʻO kekahi o nā mea noiʻi Kelemania, nāna i aʻo i ka ʻāpana i mālama ʻia i ka ʻili o ka pipi a Stell, i ʻike ʻo ia i ka ʻōlelo a ka ikaika a me ka elasticity ua kokoke ia i ka huila o nā kaila o nā kaʻa ʻānō.

Malia paha paha kēia waiwai o ka ʻili i pale i mālama i ka holoholona mai nā ʻeha ma nā pōhaku ma ke kahakai.

• Puʻuwai pepeiao ua ʻuʻuku hoʻi ko lākou aneane loa i ʻole o nā ʻāpana o ka ʻili.
• Na maka ua liʻiliʻi loa ʻia, e like me ka moʻolelo i ʻike ʻia - ʻaʻole ma mua o nā hipa.
• Kūpono a me nā polokalamu kelepona lehelehe ua uhi ʻia me ka vibrissae me ka huluhulu moa. ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lehelehe luna.
• ʻEthlelo ʻAʻole nō paha i loaʻa ka pipi kālena. Kahi ʻia ka ʻōpala me nā papa ʻelua o ka puʻu ʻelua (hoʻokahi ma kēlā me kēia ʻāʻī.
• Ua hōʻike ʻia ka heihei seksual dimorphism mau nō e maopopo. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine.

ʻAʻole hana maikaʻi ke kahu o ka Pūkeloa. Hoʻokipa wale ʻia ʻo ia, ʻoluʻolu ke ea, a hiki wale ke hōʻeha ʻia ke kani leo nui. He mea maikaʻi ke hoʻolohe ʻana i kēia holoholona, ​​me ka ʻike ʻia e ka ulu nui ʻana o ka pepeiao o loko. ʻAʻole naʻe i kū maikaʻi nā bipi i ka walaʻau o nā waʻa e holo ana iā lākou.

I ka hoʻoilo, ua hōʻila nā bipi ʻōpala a, e like me ko Steller, ʻili nui ʻia ka helu i hiki iā lākou ke helu i ka vertebrae. I loko o kēia manawa, hiki i nā holoholona ke ʻeha i lalo o ka hau o ka hau, ʻaʻohe o ka ikaika e pana iā lākou a ka hanu i ka lewa.

Kinship me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe

ʻO ka wili o Steller kahi ʻano kuʻuna maʻamau o ka sirine. ʻO kāna kamaʻāina kahiko ʻike ʻia ʻO ka ʻōleʻa moana a Miocene ʻano Dihon, ka mea i wehewehe ʻia ma loko o Kaleponi.

Hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ke kupuna kāne o ka kāpeti pipi kai, i noho ma Late Miocene, ma kahi o 5 miliona mau makahiki i hala.

ʻO ka pili kokoke loa i kēia hāleʻa i nā pipi Stell. Hāʻawi ʻia ka pipi ʻo Steller i ka ʻohana dugong, akā kū ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he genod Hydrodamalis kaawale.

Ke noho maʻamau

Ua ʻike ʻia kahi liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ke ola ʻana o nā pipi wai. No laila, ua hoʻohanohano ʻo Steller ma ka ʻanoʻike pilikino o ka ʻōpala. Kuʻi lākou i nā kānaka iā lākou a kokoke i hiki iā lākou ke pā ʻia e ka lima mai uka. A ʻaʻole hoʻopā wale aku Ua make nā poʻe i nā holoholona no ka ʻai ʻono.

ʻO ka hapanui o ka manawa, hānai ʻo nā kahu ʻo Steller, lōlō me ka wai i loko o ka wai pāpaku, e hoʻohana pinepine nei i nā forelimb e kākoʻo i ka ʻāina. ʻAʻole lākou i hū, a hoʻomāoʻi mau ʻia ko lākou kua mai ka wai.

Noho ʻo nā Seabirds ma hope o nā bipi, pecking crustaceans (keʻa kīlani) mai nā ʻāpana o ka ʻili.

ʻO ka maʻamau, mālama mau ka wahine a me ke kāne i ka wā ʻōpio o ka makahiki a me ka ʻōpio o ka makahiki i hala, akā i ka laulā, maʻamau i mālama pinepine ʻia nā bipi ma nā holoholona he nui. I ka pipi, aia nā keiki i ka waena. ʻO ka hono ʻana o nā holoholona a kēlā me kēia mea kekahi ikaika loa.

Hōʻike ʻia ka holo ʻana o kahi kāne no ʻekolu mau lā i kahi wahine make i kahakai. ʻO nā pahu o kahi wahine ʻē aʻe, i hoʻomake ʻia e ka poʻe ʻoihana ʻoihana, hana like me ia.

Oh puaʻi kāpili liʻiliʻi i ʻike ʻia. Ua kākau ʻo Stell, ua hewa nā pipi ʻuhane a ke kamaʻa, ke ʻano, i kū ʻia ma ka pūnāwai.

I ka hoʻoilo, ʻike pinepine ka ʻōmole i haki ʻia e ka hau a holoi ʻia ma ka ʻāina. ʻO kahi hōʻike nui no lākou ʻo ka ʻino maoli ma o nā Kaʻāina Commander. ʻAʻole lawa ka manawa a nā ʻauwa moana holo i kahi mamao loa mai ke kahakai, a ua hoʻolei ʻia lākou i nā nalu i luna o nā pōhaku, kahi i make ai lākou i ka hūnā i nā pōhaku koʻikoʻi.

Wahi a nā makaʻakaʻi e hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine nā ʻohana i nā holoholona i hōʻeha ʻia, akā, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻaʻole i loaʻa. E like me ka "kākoʻo kūʻokoʻa" ʻike hou ʻia e nā kānakaʻepekema ma ke ʻano o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe - nā moa a me nā kohola.

ʻĀnō ke ola ʻO ka pipi o Steller, e like me kona kaikuaʻana pili pili nui, hiki ke 90 mau makahiki. ʻAʻole wehewehe ʻia nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o kēia holoholona holoholona.

Makee

ʻO nā poʻe hana ʻahana i hiki mai i nā Mokupuni ʻo Commander, nāna i ʻohi i nā ʻōpena moana i laila, a ʻimi nā kānaka noiʻi i nā bipi Stell no kā lākou ʻai. ʻO ka luku ʻana i nā kalaka ʻōlū he mea maʻalahi ʻole ia - he luhi a hoʻomehana ʻole kēia, hiki ʻole ke kolo ʻia i nā holoholona i hiki ʻole ke pakele iā nā kānaka e alualu iā lākou ma nā waʻa. Ua hōʻike pinepine ʻia ka bipi huluhulu i kēlā huhū a me nā ikaika a nā ʻimi ʻimi e ʻimi ai e holo aku mai ia wahi.

ʻO ke ala maʻamau e hopu i nā bipi Steller ma o ka lawe lima. I kekahi manawa ua pepehi ʻia lākou me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pū.

ʻO ke kumu nui o ka hopu ʻana i kahi bipi na Steller i ka lawe ʻana i ka ʻiʻo. Ua ʻōlelo a kekahi o nā lālā o ka Beringed Huakaʻi mai ka bipi ʻokiʻoki i hiki ke kū a hiki i 3 mau mea ʻai. Ua ʻike ʻia ua lawa ka ʻai o nā pipi hoʻokahi mea e hānai i ka poʻe 33 i hoʻokahi mahina. Ua hoʻopau ʻia nā bipi ʻahaʻaina ʻaʻole e nā hoʻoilo hoʻoilo, ua lawe maoli ʻia me lākou e like me nā lako e holo ana i nā moku. ʻO ka ʻai ʻana o nā pipi wai, e like me nā meaʻono, ʻono loa.

Loaʻa ka ʻike ma 1755 i ke alakaʻi o ka hoʻokele e pili ana i. Ua kauoha ʻo Bering i kahi kauoha e pāpā ana i ka hopu ʻana i nā bipi moana. Eia naʻe, ma ia manawa, ua ʻānai loa ʻia ka heluna kanaka kūloko.

Ke hoʻopio nei

Ua aʻo ʻia nā ʻili o nā ʻōpio ʻo Steller. Huli ʻole ko lāua mau iwi i ka wā i hiki mai ai a ʻike ʻia i ka poʻe ma luna o nā ʻāina ʻo Commander.

Ma nā hale moʻomeheu a puni ka nui o nā iwi a me nā iwi o kēia holoholona - e like me kekahi hōʻike ʻana, he kanalima kumamaiwa nā hale kū honua honua i mau hōʻike like. Eia kekahi o lākou:

• Zoological Museum of Kulanui o Moscow,
• ʻO ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Khabarovsk o Lore,
• ʻO ka Hale Hōʻikeʻikeʻāina o Irkutsk o ka Local Lore,
• Ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Puʻuwai kūlohelohe i Wakinekona,
• ʻO ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Lākana
• Ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o ke Kumuwaiwai maoli ma Palisa

Nui kekahi mau koena o ka ʻili o ka pipi wai. Kūpono ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona o ka bipi Steller, i hana hou ʻia me kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, e loaʻa ana i nā hale waihona puke he nui. I waena o kēia helu o nā hōʻikeʻike, aia pū kekahi nā lei o ka mālama pono.

Ua lawe ʻia nā ʻāpana mai nā iwi i mālama ʻia i loko o nā hale moʻomeheu e aʻo ai i ka moʻomeheu o ka bipi Stell.

ʻAʻole ia i make?

ʻO ka mea mahalo, ma hope o ka luku ʻana i ka pipi o Steller, ua hauʻoli ka honua ʻepekema i nā manawa pinepine e nā hōʻike no ka hālāwai ʻana o nā poʻe me kēia mau mea ʻano kūʻokoʻa. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻohe mea i hōʻoia ʻia. ʻO ka nūhou hou e pili ana iā Iune 2012: e like me kekahi mau paʻi pūnaewele, e ola ana ka pipi ʻo Steller - ka lehulehu o 30 mau kanaka i loaʻa ma kahi mokupuni liʻiliʻi no ke aupuni Arctic Archipelago. Ua hiki i ka meli ke komo i loko o kāna mau kihi loa, kahi i loaʻa ai ka kāpeti. Manaʻo mākou e hōʻoia ʻia ka lono, a hiki i ke kanaka ke hoʻoponopono i kona hemahema.

Ma waena o nā mea pā e pili ana ke kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka hiki ke hoʻopili ʻana i ka kāpeti me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā meaolaola i loaʻa mai nā mea i mālama ʻia o ka ʻili a me nā iwi. Inā ola ka pipi o Steller i kēia wā, a laila, e like me ka nui o nā zoologists kākau, me kona ʻano ʻole maikaʻi ʻole, hiki ke lilo i holoholona holoholona mua

Ma ka moʻomeheu

ʻOiai paha ka hihia kaulana loa e pili ana i ke kauā Steller i nā hana a ka puke puke kuʻunaʻi, ʻo ia kona kiʻi ma ka moʻolelo o "Koko Pahu" Rudyard Kipling.

Ma kēia hana, ʻo ka mea nui, ka hōʻailona hulu wili, ke hālāwai me ka pipi o nā puaʻa a ke ola i loko o ka Puhi o ke Kai Bering, hiki ʻole i ka poʻe hiki ke ʻike.

ʻO ke kīʻaha "I ka manawa ma laila ke kauā me nā kai", e wehewehe ana i ka mōʻaukala o nā kahu ʻo Steller ma ka laulā a me nā pilikia o ke Kamchatka Territory o ka RSFSR, ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia nō hoʻi lākou.