Aia ʻo Sakhalin Oblast (87.1 tausani km2) aia ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina o Rūsia a e hui pū ai i nā mokupuni o Sakhalin, Moneron a me Tyuleniy me nā lua heʻe o ka mokupuni ʻo Kuril.
Hāʻawi ʻia ka lōʻihi o nā mokupuni mai ke kūkulu ʻākau a i hema ke ʻano o Sakhalin a ʻāwili i kahi hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi. Ma ke kūkulu ʻākau o Sakhalin, ua loaʻa ke ʻano mund tundra a me ka cedar elfin, a ma ke kūkulu hema, e ulu ana ke ʻano kai.

Aia ʻo Sakhalin a me nā Mokupuni ʻo Kuril ma ka palena kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻāina nunui a me ke kai nui a ke ʻike nei lākou i nā ʻōhua kūkulu mauna ikaika. ʻEkolu mau kekona o ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa e noho ʻia e nā mauna, e hoʻomau ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana, i hui pū ʻia e nā lua pele a me nā ʻōlaʻi kai.

ʻO ke ʻano Sakhalin

ʻO Sakhalin ka moku nui loa o Rūsia, e ākea ana ma luna o 900 km. mai Hema a i Hema. ʻAʻole ākea ka laulā o ka mokupuni ma 160 km. ʻO ke kapakai o ka mokupuni i kekahi manawa a me ke alo o ke alo, a laila piʻi a holomua. ʻO Sakhalin kahi pihi mauna kiʻekiʻe, kahi kihi kiʻekiʻe loa o ka mokupuni ʻo Mount Lopatin (1609 m). Nā ʻāpana ʻāina a me nā wahi haʻahaʻa he hapaha wale nō ka mokupuni.

Hōʻano ʻano k? naka o Sakhalin - Nā makani pinepine a me ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ke kauwela, ua lanakila ka ua a me nā pua; ʻO ka mahana waena o ʻAukake ma ka hema o ka mokupuni e 16 ° С-18 ° С.

Nui nā muliwai a me nā ʻōpū ma Sakhalin. ʻO nā muliwai nui loa ka Tym a me Poronai, a ʻo ka nui loa Lake Sakhalin–Busse, Wawai, Hoʻololi, Tunaycha Ke Alaula o Sakhalin noho iā 2/3 o kona wahi. Aia ma ka ʻākau o ka mokupuni, he māmā coniferous taiga nui loa mai Daurian larch, nā kekaʻa kanu konipela ma loko o Ayan spruce, nā Sakhalin ahi a me nā lā o Mayr. Maʻa nā wao nahele ma ke komohana hema o ka mokupuni, kahi like nā conifers i pili me Mongolian a me ka curly oak, Sakhalin velvet, yew tree, dimorphant, a me nā ʻano ʻano lianas. Ma ke ana o ka piʻi i loko o nā kuahiwi, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā ululāʻau spruce-ahi e nā kumu lāʻau pohō. Ua uhi ʻia nā wahi ākea o ka mokupuni i nā nahele, a me nā wai pāpū ma lalo o nā wahi hehi algae.

Flora Sakhalin keu aku i ka 1100 mau mea kanu, komo hoʻoneʻe loa iā Sakhalin. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā mea kikoʻī maʻamau nā mea kanu nui e ulu ana i nā nui nui.

ʻAno a me naauna o Sakhalin. ^ E Ha yM. Maanei ka noho ʻana: bear, sable, lele squirrel, otter, hare keʻokeʻo, musk deer, reindeer, lynx, wolverine, fox, ermine, weasel. Nui nā ʻano o nā manu. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā manu moana Sakhalin e kekahi ʻano ʻokoʻa kūikawā. ʻO ke kūlohelohe wale nō ʻO ka Pūnaewele ʻO Sakhalin ʻo ka Poronaysky waihona mālama.

ʻO ke kūlohelohe maʻamau Nā ʻāhu Sakhalin:

• ka luaʻi ʻala ma kahi o Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk,
• nā wai ʻauʻau a me ke kō wai kai i ke Kaiwaʻi o Dagi a me Sinegorye,
• mauka, nā ʻōpala a me nā wahi no ka Schmidt Peninsula (ma ke kūkulu ʻākau o ka mokupuni),
• ke poʻo ʻelua ʻo Mount Vajda lāua ʻo Vaydinskaya kahe (ma ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o nā muliwai Melkaya a me Vitnitsa),
• ʻO Cape Giant ma ke kahakai o ke kai o Okhotk,
• ʻO Cape Crillon ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka mokupuni,
• ʻO Tyuleny Island - nā kau ʻana o nā ʻaina hulu.
• He māla kūlohelohe kūʻokoʻa ʻo Moneron Island.

ʻO ke ʻano o ka mokupuni o Kuril

ʻOiai ka helu liʻiliʻi mea kanu o nā Mokupuni o Kuril manaʻo no nā ʻano like ʻole. Aia ma mua o 1000 mau mea kanu o nā mea kanu e ulu maanei. Ua uhi ʻia nā uka ʻākau i nā kumu lāʻau kedona a me nā kumu palaka, a ua ʻike ʻia nā awāwa kahawai i nā lau nahele lōʻihi, a loaʻa nā ʻehā i kekahi mau wahi o ke kai kai.

Ma ka mokupuni ʻo Kuril e loaʻa mua i nā ʻulāʻau ʻōpala, a i nā mokulāʻau hema he mau puʻu laupala nui a i lalo hoʻi nā kumuwaiwai. Maalo iho ia i nā ʻāpana o ke kahakai e holoi ʻia e nā ʻala maloʻo. Uhi ʻia nā kapuwai wai paʻa ʻole nā ​​waika ʻole āpau a me nā ʻōpala wai.

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi hui ʻana o nā mea kanu ma ke kūkulu ʻākau a ma ka hema ma ka mokupuni o Kunashir - kū kekahi i nā manawaleʻa subtropical a me nā ʻāpana kerandua e kau ana i ka wā like. Ua uhi ʻia nā ʻōpala i lalo a me nā haʻahaʻa o lalo i ka ʻōpala ʻo lalo loa ʻo Kuril.

ʻAunalelo o nā Mokupuni o Kuril i hōʻike: Kamchatka a me nā beaka brown, sables, nā alopeke a me nā holoholona he nui. Mālama nui ka honua o nā loko manu: nā ʻīlio, nā kohola, nā leona moana, nā ʻōpū moana, nā kai kuʻi, a me nā hua moana: nā pōkoki, nā gull, nā cormorants, nā guillemots. ʻO ka waiwai nui o nā mokupuni o Kuril, ʻo ia ka iʻa o ke kai a me ka wai kai: saury, chum salmon, pink salmon, herring, flounder, cod, sea bass, etc.

Ke keʻena nui: Vladivostok, Svetlanskaya, 147

ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana a me kahi o ka mokupuni

Holo nā wai o ke Kai o Okhotsk i ka palena o Sakhalin, ua lawe ʻia nā wai mahana mai nā kaona Iapana a me ka Pākīpika. ʻO ka Kunashirsky, Izmena, Laperuza a me Sovetsky Straits ʻo ia wale nō ka palena me ka mokuʻāina ʻo Iapana. ʻO ka mamao loa mai Sakhalin a hiki i ka ʻāina kai nui ka hoʻopiha piha ʻia e ka wai.

ʻO kahi o Sakhalin he 87 tausani mau kilomita mau. E pili ana kēia helu i nā mokupuni o Tyuleny, Ush, Moneron, ka ʻoki ʻia ʻo Kuril me ka Kuripelago Kuril.

Mai ke kihi hema o ka mokupuni a i ka ʻākau, aia he 950 km. ʻO ka ʻāpana holoʻokoʻa o Sakhalin ka like me nā iʻa scaly (mai ka mokulele a ʻo ISS ka palena), kahi he nui nā muliwai a me nā loko i hoʻopuehu ʻia ma ka mokupuni.

Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka Laki Tatar iā Sakhalin a me ka ʻāina nui. ʻElua mau kapa ma ke kuʻo, ʻo ka laulā ma waena o ʻehiku mau mile. ʻO ka hapa nui, he pālahalaha ke kahakai me nā waha wai he nui e kahe ana o loko o ke kai.

Maʻolelo

Hoʻomaka ka mōʻaukala mōʻaukala o ka mokupuni me ka manawa o ka Paleolith Early, aia ma kahi o ʻekolu haneri mau makahiki i hala.

I kēia lā, ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 tausani mau wahi kaʻana like ʻO Sakhalin Square me ke kapena Lūkia. Puni ka mokulele a ʻehiku mau ʻāina ma mua o kona kahua i ke kahua mokulele o ke kūlanakauhale nui - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.

Ua lilo pinepine nā mea huakaʻi o Lūkia i ka kenekulia 17 i poʻe pionie, e ʻike ana i nā ʻāina hou o ko lākou ʻāina ākea. I nā makahiki 50 o ke kenekulia 19, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi holomua i alakaʻi ʻia e Nevelsky i ka ʻenepana Iapana o Sakhalin he kahua mokupuni. Ma ka manawa like, ua noho ʻia ka mokupuni e ka poʻe mahiʻai, a lilo i ka palena palena o Lūkia a me Iapana, no laila ua waiho ʻia nā pou o ka pūʻali koa holoʻokoʻa. Ma ka hope o 30 mau makahiki i lilo ai kēia wahi i kolone kahi e hoʻouna ʻia ai nā lawelele.

ʻO ka hopena nui ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻana o ka ʻāina Sakhalin i hana ʻia e nā ʻikena ma waena o Russia a me Iapana. No nā makahiki he kanaiwa, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka palena Lūkia-Kepani i ʻehā mau manawa. Ma muli o ke komo pale ʻana o ka poʻe Kepani i ka makahiki 1920, ua noho ʻia ka ʻaoʻao āpau o Sakhalin. Ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka pūʻali koa i ka makahiki 1925, a ʻehiku mau makahiki ma hope aku ua lilo ka mokupuni ma kahi o ka Hikina mamao, e like me ka pae o Sakhalin.

ʻO Nomad mai kekahi ʻāina i kekahi ʻāina, nā Kuril Islands ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II, ua hoʻi hope ka Soviet Union. Ua kūkulu ʻia ka palena o kēia ʻāina i ka makahiki 1947.

ʻO ke kūlanakauhale nui o Sakhalin ke kūlanakauhale o Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, i hana ʻia e ka poʻe imeʻe i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19.

Kamahope ma Sakhalin

ʻO kahi kikoʻī o Sakhalin a me nā ʻāpana o Kuril kahi hale kūʻai o ka Hikina mamao. Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻomohala ʻia o nā wahi mokupuni. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka huakaʻi, e like me nā luna, e lawe mai i nā kaona o ka ʻāina i ka pae hou o ka hoʻolālā. Ma kahi o 60 mau huakaʻi hele e mahi ana ma ka mokupuni, a ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea mākaʻikaʻi e hele mai mai Iapana kokoke. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia lākou e ka ʻokoʻa o ka hana kūlohelohe wale nō, akā na kaola monikole hoʻi. Hana pū nā luna o ka mokupuni i nā hoʻoilina Iapana i waiho ʻia ma ka noho ʻana.

I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomaka ka ʻokuʻuma i ka neʻe ʻana i Sakhalin. Akā e noʻonoʻo i ka mea ʻoi aku ka pili ʻana o ka poʻe Kepani i nā kūlana kūpono o ka noho ʻana, ua kaupalena ʻia nā keʻena huakaʻi i nā huakaʻi kula, a ʻoi aku ka holomua o nā hōkele me kā lākou lawelawe. Ma aneʻa nā hōkele a pau i ke papa ʻaina me nā kuhi oriental (me Japanese).

Hoʻohana ʻia kahi papahana o ka hikes to Chekhov peak. Ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia nei nā wahi āpau, a me ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi hale mākaʻikaʻi mokuahi ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Goryachie Klyuchi a me ka pā kahua hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Aquamarine. Hoʻomaka ʻia kahi pāhana no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā mea paʻakikī kokoke i nā puna wai wela.

Ma kahi o nā mea hoʻokūkū, hiki i kahi hoʻokahi ke: ʻo ka mea hoʻonaninani maikaʻi loa a Lake Lake, ke ʻaluna o ka Diabolō i pau ʻānai ʻia, ka wai nui loa ma ka mokupuni ʻo Kunashir - Bird, ka puʻu ʻola ʻo Kuril - Golovnina, Tyatya, kahi hale ʻaina ma Cape Aniva, ke kahakai o ke kai o Okhotsk i uhi ʻia me nā pika keʻokeʻo, nā wai piha ʻo Tunaycha, ka umauma waiwai o nā Kuril Nā Mokupuni - Heʻāina ʻo Iturup, nā ʻāina wela ʻākau o ka mokupuni, ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā pali o. Kunashir - Cape Stolbchaty, ke kihi hema o ka mokupuni - ʻo Cape Krillon, ʻo ka wai ʻike maikaʻi loa loa ma ka ʻāina ʻo Lūkū - Ilya Muromets.

ʻO Sakhalin ka nui

Loaʻa ʻo Sakhalin Oblast ma kahi o 500 tausani kānaka. He multinational ka Sakhalin, ʻo ka lehulehu ka poʻe Lūkia, Ukrainia, Belarusians, Koreans, Mordovians, Tatars, a me ka poʻe maoli.

ʻO ka poʻe makaʻāina ʻo Sakhalin ka nui o nā lāhui: Nivkh, Tonchi, Evenki, Ainu, Nanai, Uilta. ʻO ia ka poʻe noho ma kēia mau ʻāina i noho ma luna o lākou a hiki i hoʻokau ʻia nā palena o kēia wā. He poʻe liʻiliʻi loa nā kānaka maoli. Akā, ke hana nei lākou i ka hoʻolālāʻana i kā lākou moʻomeheu aupuni a alakaʻi i kahi nohona lahui.

Flora

Hoʻolālā ʻole ʻia ma waena o nā flora a me nā manuahi o Sakhalin. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā mokupuni ʻo Iapana, he ʻilihune ka palena o ka Sakhalin Oblast i ka nui o nā ʻelele o ka mea kanu a me ka honua holoholona.

Hoʻomaka ʻo F. Schmidt e aʻo i nā flora o ka mokupuni i ka waena o ke kenekulia 19. I kēia manawa, aia ma kahi o 1,500 mau mea kanu ma Sakhalin kahi i loaʻa nā kīʻaha no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka paʻakai mineral a me nā mea hoʻonaninani (vascular).

Ma kahi o kanahiku pakeneka o Sakhalin e noho ʻia e ka ululāʻau, ʻoiai ʻo ka pilikia o ke kaila o ka pale ʻana a me nā ahi ahi i kēlā me kēia makahiki, noho mau ka ʻūhā o ka mokupuni e nā conifers. ʻO kēia wahi e manaʻo ʻia he coniferous taiga. Ke ulu ikaika nei nā lāʻau hou no ka nele o ka lā. I ka loaʻa i ka lāʻau ʻōpio ke loaʻa kahi pane maikaʻi o ka lā, e kali ʻo ia a hiki i kekahi o nā ʻelele kahiko o ka nahele ke hāʻule a lawe mai i kahi kahe i loko o ka pale pale taiga.

Aia nō, he pono nō ka nui o nā ululāʻau coniferous, akā he mau koho nui ko lākou mau ʻelele, ʻaʻole pālahalaha ʻia ma ka moku. No ke aha kēia e hana nei? ʻO ka lepo kūikawā, ma lalo o kahi o nā palapala pālolo, kahi e hoʻopōʻino ai i nā mea āpau. ʻAʻole lākou e ʻae i ka wai e hele ma waena a no laila ke pale nei i nā lāʻau mai ka ulu ʻana a ulu maikaʻi. A ʻo kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka nahele i lawelawe e nā ulu lāʻau deciduous.

Nui nā waiwai a nā nahele ʻo Sakhalin i ka rosemary, kahi e hoʻopihapiha ai i nā makika. ʻO nā huaʻai, nā blueberries a me nā hua kanu he mea maʻamau ma ʻaneʻi, a ulu nā ao i nā ʻalā. ʻO nā mau lau a me nā mea kanu lāʻau e hōʻike ʻia ana i kahi nui.

Flora of Sakhalin

Kahi ʻia ka hapa nui o ka mokupuni i taiga. Kūpono nā kūleʻa kūloko, ʻoiai he ʻokoʻa nā ʻano ʻōiwi o Sakhalin taiga i Russia. E hoʻokolokolo iā ʻoe - ma kahi o 200 mau ʻano lāʻau o nā mea kanu a ulu nā mea kanu ma ka mokupuni.

ʻO ka lāʻau nui o Sakhalin ʻo Gmelin larch. ʻO nā ʻano kumulāʻau ʻē aʻe he mea maʻamau iki: ʻo ka larch kavene-thinn, Ayan spruce, Sakhalin fir. I waena o nā ʻano lehelehe, keʻokeʻo a me ka Birch, keʻokeʻo, aspen, poplars iʻa, nā pua wai, nā elms Iapana, nā papa melemele, a me ka alder e lanakila.

Akā hiki ke kapa i ka mea nui o Sakhalin he wahi kupaianaha kupaianaha o nā kanu hema a me nā ʻelele ʻākau o ke aupuni o flora. No laila, ma ke kūkulu hema hiki ke ʻike i nā kahawai o nā ʻōpala, ke ʻano maikaʻi nei ka larch i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā polar polū, nā lemongrasses a me nā rhododendrons pinepine e pili kokoke i nā lāʻau spruce. Pākuʻi nani nā Cedars ma kahi kokoke i nā kumulāʻau hulina, a paʻa nā mea ahi i nā hydrangeas pua. Hoʻomaʻa pinepine ʻo Rosehip, ka meli a me nā aralia i nā pā maka he nui. A ua kanu ʻia nā ʻōpala o nā kani, ʻehā, nā elderberries a me ka lehu ahi ma nā puʻu kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO Sakhalin kekahi mea momona ma nā hua a me nā hua. ʻO Cherry, currant, blueberry, raspberry, blueberry, redberry a me ka cranberry e ulu ana ma aneʻi. A ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka mokupuni hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā i ke ʻano ʻano like ʻole like ʻole: ka lāʻau ulu konipelo e hoʻopuni ʻia ana e ka pala māhu ʻo Sakhalin. ʻO ia kahi hui e ʻike ʻole ai ʻoe ma kahi o nā wahi āpau o ka honua. ʻAʻole kūhū ʻo ka umu, ʻoiai, ʻaʻole i kiʻekiʻe ʻo ia ka mea pohihihi, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka mea loloa loa ʻia, ʻoiai ʻo ka eli trunks e hele nei i loko o ka ala kupaianaha loa, a me nā lau nāu, e like me nā ʻūhā, hiki ke hōʻoki ʻia ma ka ʻili.

ʻO ka pūnāwai a me ke kauwela, e hele pū ana nā Sakhalin me nā kala a pau o ke anuenue: pua ka pua. No ka laʻana, hana nā aniani i nā kukui ʻulaʻula nani. Nui nā poppies, irises, peonies, lilia, ivan-tea island pua i loko o nā kala lilac maloʻo, nā māla hau-keʻokeʻo o nā daisies e leʻaleʻa i ka maka.

Akā ma ka ʻākau ua hoʻomʻo ke anuanu, e palupalu ke kōkua, a no laila ua palupalu loa ka ʻāina. Akā he nui nui o nā mosses, lichens a me reindeer moss. ʻO kēia mau wahi i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā ʻōpala, kahi e hoʻohua ai nā ʻano lāʻau like ʻole. A ma kahi ʻākau loa o ka mokupuni, hoʻomaka hou ka nahele - taiga, coniferous, me nā kumu mālama waiwai o nā lāʻau kedera, nā blueberries a me ka rosemary.

Fauna

Hiki i ke aniani o Sakhalin ke noho ma ka mokupuni he kanahākumamāhā mau mea mamala. O nā bear, reindeers, otters, wolverines, raccoon dogs a me ka nui o nā rodents, nona paha 370 mau ʻano manu like manu, he 10 nā mea predator, he mau maʻamau ma aneʻi.

I ka wā o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mokupuni, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka nui o nā pua a me nā manu e nā kānaka, no laila, aia kahi papa inoa lōʻihi o nā holoholona lang hemo a me nā mea kanu o Sakhalin i loko o ka Red Book.

Kauna o Sakhalin

ʻO ka mea pōʻino, i nā makahiki 250 i hala iho nei, ua lilo nui ka fauna o Sakhalin. Ia manawa, lele aku ka luna i ka mokupuni a hoʻōho ʻo ia i nā ʻūhā hihiu i nā nahele a puni me kā lākou uwē. ʻAʻole i hele aku kekahi a ʻo kekahi. ʻO ka Moose a me Manchurian kiʻi kahi mea i hoʻopau hou ʻia. Ma ka waena o ke kenekulia hope, no ka nui o ka deforestation, nalowale a me nā ʻīlio raccoon i nalowale. Haalele mau nā ʻeke hipa a me nā ʻāpana kahawai i ka mokupuni.

ʻO nā ʻelele maʻamau o nā nahele ʻo Sakhalin nā holoholona he ʻano i ka waiū a ka waiū o ka ʻāina nui: ʻo lākou ka nui, nā manu, nā ermines. Ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka mokupuni aia nā koloka. Ua lawe ʻia kēia mau holoholona mai Iapana mai, akā no ka liʻiliʻi o kā lākou helu.

ʻO ka mea kaulana nui a formidable o Sakhalin he bear brown. Ua hiki i ka ulu o kēia mau kauaka i ʻelua mau mika, a ʻo ke kaupaona a hiki i 500 kg. Nui nā ʻalopeke i nā ululāʻau - ʻulaʻula, hina a ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele. Aia ka hare, i ke kahawai o nā kahawai āu e ʻike ai i nā ʻōpū o ka muliwai.

Akā ʻo ka ʻāpana ma Sakhalin ka hapanui o nā ʻaina. ʻIke ʻia nā holoholona hihiu ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka mokupuni. Holo aku ʻo Serene a puni ka mokupuni a me ka mele musk. Loaʻa ia ma ka Buke Red.

Akā ʻoi ke aupuni o ka manu ma Sakhalin. A hiki i ka 700 manu o nā manu e noho nei ma laila, ʻike ʻia nā mea he nui, nui ka "hoʻouka" i ka wā hoʻoilo. Aia ka hapa nui o nā manu ma ka moku ʻo Tyuleniy, a ma kahi o 600 tausani mau pūmua, nā hipa puʻu, nā māla, a me nā mea ʻuluʻulu e ola. Nui nui nā wai wai: kime, mallards, dives, gogol, pōhaku, pintails, sea-ewes. Akā loaʻa wale ʻia nā swans ma nā kihi ākea loa o ka mokupuni.

Kekahi o ka hapa o ka fauna ʻāina o Sakhalin e hoʻopiha piha ʻia e ka waiwai o ka ichthyofauna. ʻO ka mokupuni aia kekahi o nā heihei manu nui i ka honua. Aia nā liona kai, nā ʻalopau kai, he nui o nā ʻano kohu. Nā kohola Sperm, nā kohola makeʻe, nā kohola beluga e holo pinepine i kahakai, kokoke i ka mokupuni ʻike ʻoe iā Sivalov, kapu, he mau kohola ʻeleʻele.

He mea kupaianaha nō ia ma ka mokupuni ʻo ko Sakhalin husky i bred - he ʻano ʻīlio ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka naʻauao kiʻekiʻe a me ke ʻano ʻole o ka mea nona ka haku.

ʻAhana

E ulu wikiwiki ana ka ʻoihana Sakhalin, ua komo ia i ka aila a me ka ʻenehana, ʻoihana, nā lawaiʻa a me nā ʻoihana ikaika. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka uku e hoʻomau nei i ka hana a me ka mīkini e hana no nā makahiki he nui. Mahalo i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻenekema Sakhalin, ua komo ʻo Rūsia ma ka papa inoa o nā alakaʻi alakaʻi no ka hoʻoiho ʻana i ka wai kūlohelohe.Hāʻawi ʻo Sakhalin i ka hau i Iapana, Thailand, Korea, Mekiko a me Kina.

ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā waihona papa i hoʻokau ʻia ma nā kālā kālā e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano o nā alanui, nā hale noho, a pēlā aku. Ke hoʻomau nei ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai o kēia wahi, ke hana nei ka hana no ka huki ʻana i ka hoʻomohala hoʻomau i nā hana o kēia manawa.

Pogoda o Sakhalin

ʻO ke kumu hoʻohālikelike o ka mokupuni he mau monsoons haʻahaʻa, ma muli o ke kokoke pololei i ka wai. He hoʻoilo nā hoʻoilo a he lōʻihi loa, a ua maloʻo ke ua. ʻO ka hoʻohālike, ʻo Ianuali he ikaika ikaika ka ʻākau a me nā hau. Hiki pinepine iā ʻoe ke kiʻi i kahi hau. Hoʻopau pinepine nā Avalanches i kēia manawa, i kekahi manawa ke hōʻea ka makani hoʻoilo i kahi wikiwiki o ka wikiwiki. I ka hoʻoilo, ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka mahana i -40 tikelika, a hoʻoponopono ʻia no ka makani, he haʻahaʻa loa ia.

ʻO ka kauwela ma Sakhalin he pōkole - mai ka waena o Iune a hiki i ka hoʻomaka o Kepakemapa me nā wela ma waena o 10 a 19 mau kiʻekiʻe ma luna o zero. Ua nui ka ua, aia ka moana Pakipika i ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe.

Ma ka hema-hema, e kahe ana ka wai wela o ke Kai a Iapana, a holoi ʻia ke kai Okhotsk e ke kahakai hikina me ka lā anuanu. Ma ke ala, ʻo ke Kai o Okhotsk e hana mau ana iā Sakhalin i ka ua anu. ʻAʻole maʻamau ka hoʻoilo a hiki i Mei. Akā aia he record-high temperatura maxima o +35 degere. I ka laulā, i kēlā me kēia manawa ke hele mai me kahi ʻekolu manawa. No laila, i ʻAukake o nā lā wela loa, a ma Pepeluali ka lā anu loa.

Hoʻopuka ʻo Kumukala i nā kahe i ka mokupuni. I nā makahiki 80, ua loaʻa ʻo Sakhalin i ka lā ikaika. Ua haʻalele ʻo ia i ka home ʻole ma mua o ʻehā tausani kānaka. A i ka makahiki 1970, ua ninini ʻia ka lā nui ma nā hola he nui ma mua o ka ua o ka mahina. Ua lawe mai ke ahulau he ʻumikumamālima mau makahiki ma ka ʻōpala a me nā ʻāpana ʻāina. ʻO ka maʻamau, hele mai kēia mau ʻāina i ka Pākīpika.

Hoikehonua a me ka'āina

Hoʻoholo ʻia ka kuʻuna honua o Sakhalin ma o nā mauna o ke kiʻekiʻe a me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a me nā wahi papa. Aia ka ʻaoʻao o nā mauna mauna ʻo Sakhalin a me East Sakhalin ma ka ʻaoʻao hema a ma waena o ka mokupuni. Kei ka ʻākau i hōʻike ʻia e kahi pāpū puʻu. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ke kahakai nā ʻehā mau peninsular a me ʻelua mau pā nui.

ʻO ka hōʻoluʻolu o ka mokupuni he ʻumikūmākahi mau wahi: ʻo ka Schmidt Peninsula he ʻāina me ka pali iʻa pali a me nā ʻāina mauna, nā pāpū ʻo Akhalin ma ka pae ʻāina me nā puʻu a me nā kahawai wai nui, eia kahi kahi mālama hinu a me nā hau, nā mauna o ke komohana ʻo Sakhalin, ka Tym lowland ʻO Poronayskaya - aia i waenakonu o ka mokupuni, he puʻu kona ʻaoʻao, ka ʻāina ʻo Susunayskaya - aia ma ka ʻaoʻao hema a nui loa nā kānaka e noho ana, ka ʻōpala o ia inoa nō ʻo Susunaysky, aia nā Peaks o Chekho kaulana loa a ʻo Pushkin, nā mauna o ka hikina o Sakhalin me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe - ʻo Mount Lopatina, ʻo Penpeniya Penina me kona ʻāina haʻahaʻa, ka papa ʻāina Korsakovsky, nā Muravyovskaya ka ʻāina, i piha ai i nā loko he nui i kaulana i waena o nā kamaʻāina kūloko, nā kālima Tonino-Anivsky, i kaulana no ka mauna Kruzenshtern me nā palapala hoʻohiwahiwa Jurassic. . ^ E Ha yM.

Nā minuke

ʻO kahi mua ma waena o nā kumu kūlohelohe o ka mokupuni ʻo Sakhalin e noho ʻia e ka poʻe o nā mea ola; a ʻo ia hoʻi, ua lawe ka niche i kēia wahi i ka ʻāina mua ma ka Russian Federation. He waiwai nui ka mokupuni i nā mālama hydrocarbon a me nā waihona hauā. Eia kekahi, he nui o ka lāʻau, ke gula, ka mercury, platinum, chromium, germanium a me talc i mined ma Sakhalin.

Pehea e hiki ai i ka ʻāina ma ka ʻāina?

Aia ka mamao ma Sakhalin a i ka ʻāina nunui ʻo Rūsia e lanakila ma nā ʻano he nui: e ka mokulele (me ka laʻana, mai ke kūlanakauhale kokoke ʻo Khabarovsk), kahi halela mai Vanino, a no nā hāmeʻa nui hoʻi i ka hoʻoilo hoʻoilo ʻoe e hiki ai ke kō i ka hapa o ka wai ma ka wāwae ma ka hau ʻōelo.

ʻO ka Nevelsky Strait e manaʻo ʻia ʻo kahi ʻaoʻao liʻiliʻi loa ma waena o ka ʻāina nui a me ka mokupuni, ʻo kona laulā he ʻehiku mau mile.

Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa i ka mokupuni kahi mōʻaukala hoihoi o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke ala o ka mokuahi, i hoʻomaka ʻia ma lalo o Stalin. Eia kekahi, hele nā ​​kaʻa i nā ʻaleʻoni kūikawā ma o Cape Nevelsky a me Cape Lazarev. ʻO ke kākā hana o ka halepapa i lawe ʻia e nā mea hoʻopaʻapaʻa o nā hale ʻo Gulag. Ke holomua nei ka hana, akā ua pau ka make ʻana o ke alakaʻi i ka hana. Nui nā paʻahao i ʻike ʻia.

ʻOiʻoi loa, ʻaʻohe hale pākahi hoʻokahi i kūkulu ʻia i loko o nā makahiki i hala. No laila, hoʻomaka maikaʻi nā hoʻomohala hou me nā manaʻo o ka kūkulu ʻana i ke kahakaha ʻoihana. Eia kekahi, manao ʻo Russia e pili iā Sakhalin me ka mokupuni o Hokkaido ʻo Iapana, no ka hoʻopili mau ʻana i waena o nā wahi.

Kauʻaina ma Sakhalin

Hoʻomākau ʻia ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka ʻōpala o ka mokupuni. Akā i ka anuanu i kēlā me kēia manawa o ka makahiki e loli nui i ka ʻākau a me ka hema.

ʻAno ka kauwela, mahana, me nā ua nui. I ke kauwela, ʻike nui ʻia ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka hikina a me nā komohana o Sakhalin. ʻO ka mea ʻoluʻolu i ke komohana, ʻoiai e holoi ʻia ke kahakai e nā tsū mahana iā Tsushima.

ʻO ka hoʻoilo ma luna o Sakhalin, he hauʻulu kaila. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka mokupuni ua pā ʻia e ka Siberian anticyclone, kahi e lawe ai i ka hau a me ka hau. Akā ma ka hema o ka mokupuni, ua ʻike ʻia ka hopena o ka pona Hema, e hoʻopau ana i ka mokupuni me nā hau ʻino a me nā makani nui i ʻike ʻia.

ʻO ke Kai o Okhotsk, e holoi ana i ka mokupuni mai ke kūkulu ʻākau, e hana ana e like me ka mea hōʻiliʻili nui. Mālama ia me ka wela a ʻaʻole e hoʻokuʻu i ka maloʻo no ka manawa lōʻihi. No laila, ke kau nei ʻo ka puna ma ke Sakhalin, ʻoluʻolu, akā he ʻoluʻolu loa a ka wā lūlū. No ka laʻana, nui nā pua ma Sakhalin a hiki i ke kau waena o Nowemapa.

ʻO ka laulā, hoʻomaka nā wā āpau ma ka mokupuni me ke kali ʻana o 3-4 mau pule. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ʻAukake ka mahina wela loa loa, a ʻo Fepuari ke anuanu loa.

Aloha i nā kūlohelohe kūlohelohe

ʻO kēia ʻāina, kahi mamao loa mai nā kuʻuna maʻamau o nā megacities, ua ʻike ʻia iā mākou mai ka wā kamaliʻi mai nā kiʻi a me nā puke. Nui ka poʻe huakaʻi e hele nei ma hope, ua hoʻohuli mau lākou i kona puʻuwai hoihoi, a i ka hoʻokūkū ma waena o nā wahi i hoʻomaha ai ma Rūsia, e lilo ka mokupuni mua o nā kauā i mea lanakila no ka makana aloha aloha a me nā makana a pau i nā koho "Rare kūlohelohe kūlohelohe" a me "Creative".

Ma kahi pākahi liʻiliʻi e hālāwai ʻia ʻoe e ke ao holoʻokoʻa! ʻO kaʻau wai hoʻāʻo me ka ea maʻemaʻe maoli. ʻO kahi papa kūlike o nā cataclysms o ka Honua. ʻO Noa Nānā no ka relic a me ke ʻano maʻamau. ʻO nā kākāʻōlelo i nā wahi a pau a me ke kiʻekiʻe o kēia ʻāina, ʻaʻole ʻoe e huhū.

A he mea pono paha ia e hele i ka Azores a i ʻole Islandia inā kēia Jurassic mākaʻāina a me nā mokupuni kupaianaha mai nā puke a Jules Verne e kokoke mai nei i kā mākou Leka Maikaʻi?

ʻO kahi ʻano o ka wā kahiko a me ka ʻike

Ma lalo o ka lani o ka uka he mokupuni ʻōpio

Me nā puka volcanic a me kahi hōkū mālamalama.

ʻIke hou nā akua i ka Honua a ʻike i kahi ʻāina nani, ʻaʻohe mea i loko o ka moeʻuhane. Hoʻoholo lākou e noho mau loa i kēia iʻa i ka lawaiʻa, hopu a hānau keiki. A lilo nā akua i nā kānaka o Ainu.

ʻO ke kumu o ka poʻe noho o Sakhalin Ainu he mea pohihihi. ʻO kā lākou ʻōlelo a me ko lākou helehelena ka pīhoihoi i ka poʻe ʻike o Lūkini. ʻO ka mōʻaukala ʻōpio ma mua o ʻAigupita kahiko a me Roma. A manaʻo ʻo ʻAinu iā lākou iho he mau akua e lele ana mai Sirius. E alakaʻi aku kā lākou mau kuʻuna kahiko iā ʻoe ma ka ʻāina ʻo Sakhalin.

Kāhea lāua i kēia ʻāina, ʻo Saharen Nasiri, he ʻāina e like me nā neʻe. A ʻo nā Nivkhs ʻo Ygh-moʻomanaʻo i kapa ʻia ma ka ʻuhane kahiko, ka haku o ka honua a me ka moana. Inā hauʻoli ʻole ka Ig-nīnū, ua ʻoki ʻo ia i nā mea a pau e hoʻopili.

Hoʻomaka ka honua i ka 4 biliona mau makahiki, ʻo Sakhalin a me nā Kuril Islands he 65 miliona mau makahiki. E like me kēia mau mokupuni, he maluhia i ka wā mua. Ke hoʻomau nei ko lākou ʻōlohelohe: ka ʻiʻo ahi nui o ka lua pele, he ikaika ikaika o nā ʻōlaʻi, a me nā heluna tsunami. Wahi a ka ʻepekema, ʻo kēia kekahi 20-30 miliona mau makahiki.

Ua manaʻo ʻo Ainu, ua noho nā mea a pau o ka honua i nā akua o Kamui - nā ʻuhane o nā mauna, ka ʻāina, ka wai a me ka makani. A ke pule wale lākou i ka honua. ʻO ka puana kiʻekiʻe loa ʻo Fuji - ke akua o ke ahi o lalo.

ʻO ka ʻōpū o nā mauna. Haku o ke kani ahi

ʻO nā ʻīā ahi o Sakhalin a me nā ʻākil o Kuril, he mau hao kaulua nui me nā mea kikowaʻa e hoʻopuni ai i kēlā me kēia manawa a hoʻomaka e hoʻolei i nā "pā". He 39 o lākou, ʻaʻole helu helu 14 a piha a lalo paha. He mau lua pele nā ​​Kuril Nā wai i holo mai ka ʻōpū o ke kai. ʻO nā mokupuni ʻōkahi o Alaid, Ekarma, Rasshua i hānau ʻia ma kēia ala.

ʻO ka nui o kēia mau "paukena paukū" i hoʻopā i nā makahiki antediluvian, 17 - i ka makahiki hope. ʻO ka huki ʻana o ka mauna ʻo Kunashir ʻo Vesuvius o Tyat i 1973 kahi hanana o ka wā. Huhū ʻo Makua Mountain i hoʻokahi tausani makahiki. A laila ua hoʻolilo ka akua ahi i ka lehu a hiki i 80 km ma kahi a luku i ke kauā o Tyatino, kahi waiho ʻana i kahi ulu make.

ʻO nā ʻuhane o nā puʻu ʻIkoho ʻo Ivan the Terrible, Golovnina, Atsonopuri, Kudryavy i hōʻike i ko lākou mauʻuhane a me nā lua pele, ʻeiwa o lākou i luku i ko mākou mau kenekulia. Hoʻāwau wale a me nā ʻōleʻa ʻē aʻe i nā hine ʻona, e hōʻalo ana i ka daredevils i ka hoʻoili.

Piʻi ka lua pele

Eia ka mea a nā huakaʻi e ʻōlelo ai:

E mākaukau e kiʻi i nā manaʻo koʻikoʻi i ka piʻi ʻana o ka lua pele. He hana ia o kahi mea ola e hanu a e neʻe ma lalo o ka ʻāina wela. Ua lilo nā wāwae i ʻaina ono o nā manaʻo. Ma ka hauʻoli nui o ka uka nui e hoʻonāukiuki hou ai iā ʻoe i kēia mau ʻaoʻao.

Ma kahi kahua fumarole āu e makemake ai e hāʻule i loko o ka pīpī mai nā kiʻi maoli ʻole o ka ʻāina āu e hele ai. E noi i kou hoalauna e kuʻi, aia paha kēia moeʻuhane e pili ana i ka lele ʻana i Mars a i ka Moon? A laila e hoʻomanaʻo ʻoe i nā Kiʻi o Kuril, me he mea lā āu i kipa ʻole ai i ka honua ʻike ʻole.

ʻOi ke kuahiwi o Sakhalin ma muli o nā kaʻina ikaika. ʻO ka ʻōpiopio o ka honua ka wā i hoʻomāhaʻi ʻia, nahaki ʻo i kēia honua i nā ʻalā a ʻike like ʻole i nā ʻōpala.

Ma ka ʻike ʻole i ka huakaʻi hele ʻole i ka puʻu lua pele a i nā skyscrapers mauna (Chekhov peak, ʻo Mount Lopatin), nā makana pōhaku o Sakhalin e hāʻawi i nā pāʻani o nā keiki no nā pākeke e piʻi ana, kōkā, a me nā speleology.

E hoʻowalewale ʻia ka mauna Wajda i kahi kiʻi haʻahaʻa ma lalo mai kahi kiʻiʻōkū weliweli. ʻO kēia kahi i hoʻokae ʻia o nā ana he 30 mau-lahilahi, kahi e ʻike ai i nā ala e loaʻa ai i kēlā me kēia me kēia: ʻo ka stalactites, ka corallite, nā koena o nā kānaka a me nā holoholona mai ka puhaka mammoth. ʻO ka manaʻo e ʻeha nei ʻoe i ka ʻāʻī nui o kahi octopus a neʻe ʻana i kona mau ʻeka lōʻihi.

Ua ʻōlelo ka poʻe loea o Sakhalin, ua loaʻa nā lua nui hou loa i ke ana a me ka muliwai lalo o lalo i ka moʻolelo Sakhalin ma ka hohonu o Wajda. Nui nā puʻupuʻu. E hui i ka mea ʻike i hoʻowalewale ʻia!

Nā Pōhaku a me Lava

No nā makahiki he mau makahiki, ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka ʻāina, i ka mea i kumu me ka nui o ka lava, a ma ka huakaʻi hele ka makani a me ke kai, ua hōʻike ʻia iho nei i mea he kiʻi ʻano me kahi noʻonoʻo like ʻole. He aha ʻo Cape Giant! Pahu ʻia kona kahakai i nā kūloko moana, nā ʻokiʻoki nani. Ma nā pōhaku he nui o nā mokupuni, ua haʻalele ka moana i nā mahele o kāna mau moena kahiko he mau makahiki.

Akā ʻo ke kūʻokoʻa nui a Kunashir, ʻo Cape Stolbchatyi, e kūʻokoʻa loa ia. He 50 m kiʻekiʻe, nā pou o ka waimaka o ka hiamoe ʻana o ka puʻu hiamoe ʻo Mendeleev (e kahe ana o Mendeleev) e kahe ana i lalo o ke kai me nā kahawai keʻokeʻo, e pīhoihoi i kā lākou kūlohelohe pololei.

I ke White Cliffs ma Iturup, he malihini ʻoe ma ka honua kūlohelohe. Kahi hewa no ka kūlohelohe, ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo o ka pumice ma hope o ka pā ʻana mai o kahi ʻōpala hau, ke ʻano nui o nā pōhaku, ke kahakai ke keʻokeʻo ana i kahi mamao.

Ka hana pohihihi ka mea maoli i kapa ʻia ʻo Frog he kahua maoli kūlohelohe. Ua kapa ʻia nā mauna o ke kuahiwi kūloko i nā papa honua o ka ʻōnaehana panenene a hoʻonohonoho ʻia e like me kā lākou kauoha ma ka lewa. ʻAʻole kuhihewa kēia hōʻailona.

Mai nā wahi kiʻekiʻe, ʻo Sakhalin e like me ka iʻa. Kāhea ka poʻe Nivkh i kapa ʻia "nā iʻa ola ʻo Sakhalin" a ua ʻike e ʻauʻau ana ʻo ia. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo Ainu ma ko lākou mokupuni i nā wahi a pau o ka honua.

Wahi a ka moʻolelo, pili ʻo nā Frog a me Altar Mountains i mau hōkū ʻelua o Sirius, ʻaʻohe kamaʻāina e neʻe nei ka mokupuni. Ua hōʻoia ke ʻepekema ʻepekema o kāna mau mea wai. Ke holo nei ʻo Sakhalin i nā Mokupuni o Kuril, a laila hele kokoke i ka ʻāina.

Loaʻa ka wai. Wai wai ola

Pehea e pili kokoke ai i nā ʻōpala wela e like me ka lua pele me nā wai ʻole? ʻO kā lākou mea momona, i kekahi manawa ma ke ʻano o nā loko holoʻokoʻa. Ma kahi kokoke i ka lua pele Golovnin, ʻo ka wai pihi ʻo Kipyayuschee e hū ana me ka wai pōʻino, a me ka uahi turquoise Hot, e hoʻi hou ana i ke ola ma hope o ka haki paʻakikī.

E like me ka wai ola a me ka make mai nā moʻo kala, nā wai Sinegorsk me arsenic, ʻo nā pū wai Dagin me ka silika, nā ʻū ʻūhū o ka lua pele Mendeleev e hakakā maikaʻi loa i ka wā kahiko, mālama i nā hui ʻana, nā kīʻaha koko, nā ʻili, nā puʻuwai e like me nā helu he nui. Aia nā pūnāwai hihiu a hoʻonohonoho ʻia e like me "nā kiau wela".

ʻO Kunashir kaulana loa i kona kaulana "Hot Beach". Ke kuʻi nei i ka one kahakai i 100 ° C, ʻike ʻia ka lau nahele ʻo Mendeleev i nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma luna o ke kaulike, kāhi ʻo i ka meaʻai a me nā pōpō palaoa i nā keiki kūloko. Ua kapa ʻia kēia wahi i kahi pālala ʻai. A nā wai ʻauʻau nui i ka lua pele Baransky ʻaʻole i moe maikaʻi ʻia o Kamchatka!

Hāʻawi ka lepo o ka sulfide hoʻōla i ka Lake Variable i ke ola hou. Ma muli o ka pākēnehe ʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke haʻi aku i ka puʻu pele Yuzhno-Sakhalin. ʻAʻole ia e lilo i monument kūlohelohe maoli, akā he ʻona ʻana o ka cataclysms honua, e ʻae ʻia e ka hana o nā puʻuwai.

Nānā wau i loko o ka polū polu ...

Heʻoi aku ma mua o 17,000 mau māla ma Sakhalin a me nā Mokupuni o Kuril. ʻO kā lākou mau inoa e kani nei e like me kahi mele: nani, hemolele, ʻauʻau, Swan, Turquoise. No ka mea nui o lākou, ʻo Lake Nevskoye a me Tunaycha, ʻoiai nā kaua i hoʻouka ʻia ma ka wā kahiko. A waena o nā ulu kuahiwi ʻo Mount Spamberg i hūnā i kahi kaona hydraulic holoʻokoʻa o 18 mau loko me nā kī a me nā wai hoʻi.

ʻAʻohe mokupuni he mākaukau piha ʻole me nā puʻuwai a me nā mana wai ikaika. ʻO Ilya Muromets o Rūsia, ke kiʻekiʻe o kahi hale kūʻai he 42-kūhono, e hoʻokūkū ana me ka pua ʻo Niagara i kahi wai wai nui. ʻAʻole ʻoe e lawe ia, e hoʻokipa ʻoe iā ʻoe mai ke kai wale nō.

ʻO ka iʻa ma ka papaʻaina - maluhia i ka ʻohana

ʻO ka Nivkhs a me Ainu, no ka noi ʻana i nā ʻuhane o ka ʻāina a me ke kai no ko lākou waiwai no ke ola. Ma hope wale iho o ka pāʻina o ka hānai, "hōʻoluʻolu" i ka wai, hoʻomaka ka lawaiʻa. ʻO nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i hana i kēlā me kēia lā.

Nā akua a me nā holoholona iʻa a me nā lālā o ka ʻohana. ʻAʻole ia he mea hūnā i hana ka wahine o Ainu i kahi tattoo nui a puni o ko lākou waha, e like me lākou he meʻa. He mea kapu paia ka iʻa. Ua kāhea ʻia ʻo Sakhalin i nā moʻolelo.

Ua ʻike nā kūpuna iā mākou pehea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai: ʻo ia ka ʻāina o kahi kaukani ahe i piha ka nui a me nā iʻa nui. I ka wā o ka spawning, ʻike ʻoe i ka iʻa e holo holo ana e hiki ke hele i ka kahawai ma nā kua o ke kua a hopu i nā waiwai lahilahi i kou mau lima hānai.

Salmon Pink, sockeye salmon, chum salmon, sturgeon, sim, malma, taimen ua loaʻa. Loaʻa nā hui iʻa. ʻO kāu hopu maikaʻi loa i kau ʻia i ka ulu ʻana o ke kanaka e hopu ʻia "ʻole me ke noʻonoʻo ʻelua" a me ke ʻano maʻalahi. ʻO ka lawaiʻa ʻana o Sakhalin kahi makahiki o ka lawehala. Me kahi pepeiao ʻohu i ka hope o kahi lā paʻakikī, holo pū ma ke kahawai ʻo Dagi, Nayba, Langeri ka maikaʻi.

Makuahine o ke kai

E ka lāʻau, maikaʻi kou a ikaika hoʻi, ua hele aku au iā ʻoe, e aloha mai ʻoe iaʻu. Aloha wau iā ʻoe, e kuʻu hoahānau, ke noi aku nei au iā ʻoe e lilo i moku. E ʻike ʻoe i ke kai me aʻu. (Nā kiʻi kiʻi e pili ana i nā hana maʻamau o nā Nivkh kahiko, i pana ʻia iā Sakhalin na K. Gevorgyan e like me ka puke e C. Aitmatogo "ʻO ka Pinto Dog E holo aku nei i waho o ke kai").

E hiki nō iā ʻoe ke ʻike i kou moemoeā i ke kiʻi o ke kai i ko mākou ʻāina ma Kamchatka a me nā Mokupuni ʻo Kuril. E hele ʻoe ma ke kahakai o ka Pākīpika me kona mau moana e nā ala o nā kāpena o Kruzenshtern, Nevelsky, de Vries, e loaʻa i kahi hapa kūpono o ka aloha aloha aʻa, ʻaʻole ʻoe e hālāwai me kekahi!

Ke holo nei i ka mokupuni ʻo Tyuleniy, mai kahi mamao aku i ka mahalo ʻana i ka nui o nā kulu hulu manu, nā kohu a me nā manu ma kēia pā o ka ʻāina ma 636 m, ʻo kēia hoʻi ka ʻāina makaʻu i nā holoholona weliweli! Ke pale nei i ka maluhia o nā holoholona, ​​ua papa ʻia ma ʻaneʻi e holo i nā moku nui a lele i nā mokulele.

ʻO nā kohola luku a me nā kohola sperm, nā manuʻa a me nā kohola e leʻaleʻa iā ʻoe ma nā wahi āpau me ko lākou helehelena. E hoʻomaopopo ʻoe i kahi mea kūʻai e ke kani kūwaha ikaika a hoʻoweliweli i kūkulu ʻana i hoʻokahi ton. ʻAe, hiki wale nō ke lilo i mea kālepa o kēia ʻāina mokupuni! Akā ʻo ka ʻaha moana me kona hulu ʻulaʻula he "ʻano haʻalele" me nā kūlana heʻumi mau makahiki a me ke kākau inoa ʻia ma ka Red Book.

No nā haneli, ua hoʻopau lākou no ka huki ʻana a me ke koholā hina, ʻo ia ka nui a me ka pāloana o nā kohua baleen, 30 miliona mau makahiki. I kēia manawa ke kūleʻa nei ka lehulehu, akā he 120 wale nō ia. Ke ʻike iā lākou ma ke kai he hapa pōkole!

Ma ka mokupuni kupaianaha o Moneron, e iho ʻoe i loko o kahi ʻona i lalo o ke kai, kahi e noho aliʻi ai nā manu o ke kahakai, kahi i hala ai nā mea ola a pau. ʻO nā pepeiao i nā aniani, nā puʻu o ke kai, sparse-hedgehogs, nā ʻā'ī nui, mau hōkū o nā pua he 25, nā pua pua. Hoʻolaha kūlohelohe ʻole i ka honua o ka nani kahiko o ke kai Pakipika!

Ma ka hale kai ʻana iā Nevelsk me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā silahe hulu e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia i ko lākou noho. Me ka dolphinarium o ke kūlanakauhale i ka nui o nā manaʻo, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia.

E hauʻoli ana nā mea mākaʻikaʻi i ka lawaiʻa kai, ka heʻe a me ka lawaiʻa no ka waiwai o ka moana. E mākaukau i 3 manawa i kēlā lā āu i loaʻa ai i ka sandwiches nui me ka caviar, scallops, crayfish, squid, sea urchins a kāpeti ma kāu pālani me kahi palena ʻulaʻula.Hiki iā ia ke kuke i kahi kīʻaha i kūʻai ʻia ma ka hale ʻaina o Moscow a kālua kuke ʻia i loko o kahi pā hale ma ke ahi.

E ka Haku o nā makani a pau. Nā mokupuni i ʻehiku mau makani

ʻAʻole he hana maʻalahi ka wehe ʻana i kēia mau maikaʻi mai ke kai. Aia wale iā Sakhalin e ʻike ʻoe i ka makani maoli e pehu ana mai nā ʻaoʻao a pau, ke huhū nei i nā kaʻina o ke kaʻa no nā lā a me nā pule. Eia, nā ʻano lāʻau e like me nā manu me nā lālā ʻēheu, paʻa ʻia i ka kahawai o ka lewa.

Kāhea wale nā ​​kamaʻāina iā La wind. A no laila, aia kēlā me kēia inoa ponoʻī: ʻAi, ʻo Tungur, e puhi ʻo Congor mai ka palena haʻahaʻa, aia nō ʻo Alvari, Langi. Hoouna ana oia e ka wahine. Ke hoʻomaka ʻoli ʻo ia, nāwaliwali ka makani. Inā e hula ana no ka manawa lōʻihi a leʻaleʻa, a laila ikaika ka makani. Ka like ʻana o ka lewa mai ke kikowaena, e like me kēia kaʻe ʻana o nā huila i loko o kahi hulahula nui.

E like me ke kūlana ma ka pakuhi, ʻo ka hema o Sakhalin a me nā ʻāpana o Kuril hiki iā Anapa a i Sochi-2, akā, ʻaʻole e ʻae ka makani ikaika i ka ea i ka ea. ʻO kahi mea maʻamau ka hoʻoilo lōʻihi me nā hau hoʻoheheʻe a hiki i 50 m / s a ​​me ka hau kaumaha ma ka 6-8 m kiʻekiʻe. Akā e hoʻolōʻihi i ka hoʻoilo hoʻoilo. Pahu ka piʻi ʻana o ka hau, ke kai hoʻoilo, kitesurfing, ke kele kai ma ke kahua mokulele o Mountain Air me kāna kaʻa ʻae e hele aku me kahi pihi.

Ua hoʻāla ʻia nā mokupuni mai kekahi ʻaoʻao e ka ʻaha wela e ke Kai o Iapana a me Soi, a mai nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe i ʻoluʻolu lākou i ka wai o Icy Okhotsk. No laila, ʻaʻole wela ka kauwela, he mau mahina, noʻeono mau mahina he mami waiū mānoanoa. Hoʻololi wale ka ʻikena i nā lā a me nā hola. Ke hoʻololi nei ka Dramatically i ke kū me nā wai a me ke kahakai mai -2 a i +15.

ʻO kahi a ka makani i kū ai ka makani, ke kāhea nei ka lehulehu i ka "lele hau". I ka wā o ka ngahulu, lele nā ​​ʻāwī i kēia lua, a ma ka pūnāwai ka lele lākou i hope.

Eia ke lele mai nā manu mai ka pā o kou lima ...

ʻO nā mokupuni, ʻo ke aupuni hoʻomaha no nā manu ʻalā. ʻO nā Cormorants, seagulls, scabs me nā whine weliweli maoli i luna aʻe o ko lākou mau poʻo, e hana ana i nā mākeke manu no nā haneli kaukani manu, e koi ana i nā poʻe mai ko lākou wahi i lalo o ka lā. Ina he 400 tausani ka nui o ka mokupuni, a laila miliona miliona nā manu. Swans, ducks, waders, petrels, albatrosses, ʻanuʻu, guillemots, groom, hatchets, silly ...

... Me lākou nō ka ʻaila gula o ka lani, kahi aniani ke nānā ʻole mai ...

ʻO ka nui o nā heluna o kekahi mau ʻano a me ka ʻokoʻa i ka poʻe ʻē aʻe ka ʻokoʻa o Sakhalin. ʻO nā ʻōkuhi moana o Steller kahi ʻohana o ka ʻAla Hikina. Hoʻonui pinepine lākou, pinepine mau i ka make ma mua o ka lilo ʻana o nā mākua.

Aia wale ma Kunashir kahi ulana manuahi ʻapo loa o ka manu o ka iʻa manu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a he 20 mau pōkole wale nō e noho ana ma ko mākou ʻāina o ka hānai aliʻi nui. ʻOiʻoluʻolu ʻoe i ka ʻike ʻana i kēia nani nani o ka manu endema, like me nā mea mai nā paradaiso i nalowale i ke kai. Eia i hoʻokahi manawa hiki iā ʻoe ke lilo i kiaʻi manuahi manuahi.

ʻO Gulliver i ka ʻāina o nā kailea a me nā mea manuahi

... Ka poʻe ʻo Ainu i puhi ʻia. Nā wahine, nā ʻōpio, nā mākaʻi i ka ua i ka ua. A hiki koke maila ka nui o ka mauʻu. Hoʻokahi ʻo Ain i lalo o kēlā me kēia pālani, a ʻehā mau keiki ....

Ma Sakhalin, he leʻaleʻa a hoihoi hoʻi i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā ʻano kūloko o ka loli o Alice i Wonderland. ʻO nā mea kanu a me nā kumulāʻau e like me ka hoʻololi o nā ulu ulu. I ka nahelehele o ka bilberry, butterbur (burdock), angelica bear, buckwheat - e lilo ʻoe i mau midives.

A i waena o nā kumulāʻau: sedera, alder, willow, birch (nā mea liʻiliʻi a me nā mea keralika) a i ʻole i nā mākaʻi kekahi o nā kumu lāʻau, aia nā ʻāina mahana a ʻoi loa ka lahui ma mua o ke kanaka a manaʻo ʻia he lāʻau, ulu ʻoe a lilo i poʻe gulliers.

He aha ke kumu o ka kanu gigantism

No ka mea ua hānai ʻia lākou e ka meli kai wai, like ʻole ma aneʻi i ka wai ʻai, ka wai mua o ka Honua? A i ʻole ma muli o ka hopena home a me ka lepo gley ma nā wahi o nā ʻāpana tectonic? He mea maopopo ke kūʻai ma kahi ʻāina ʻōpiopio wela, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o nā kaʻina a me ka nui o ka hana. No laila, hoʻohui ka lāʻau Sakhalin i 17 cm i kēlā me kēia lā, hiki i ka 2 mika ma ke kiʻekiʻe.

Aia a ma ka pua nui ke ulu

ʻO Dwarfism kahi hōʻailona o nā ʻāpana ʻākau a me nā kiʻekiʻe. Pilikia mai ka wā ʻino a ʻole ka nele i ka nui, nā ikebans mai ka saxifrage, peonies, carnations e loaʻa i nā aʻa ma nā pali piʻi, nā pōhaku paʻa, ka lava. ʻO ka pua kanu ʻo Sakhalin kahi pua liʻiliʻi akā ʻo ka haʻaheo a me ka "pohō" edelweiss pua. He hōʻailona ʻo ia o ka nani a me ka wiwo ʻole o kēia ʻāina.

ʻO kekahi kiʻi hou o ke ʻano paʻakikī - kahi hale mālama pōhaku me nā lālā i haki ʻia no ka mea e nānā nui ai, makemake wau i kahi palā. No ke aha ke kahe a puni o nā lāʻau kanikani lokomaikaʻi?

ʻO nā Robinsons hou

Inā ʻike ʻoe i ka ʻākau, e hoʻāla ana ka paila, nā ʻapa a me nā ahi. Loaʻa nā ʻano ʻōlapa pua ʻōlapa maʻa ma aneʻi, e like me Glen's Lily 3 m kiʻekiʻe. Ma ka hema wale o Kunashir e ulu i ka maikaʻi uluola ulu magnolia, kahi lāʻau kiʻekiʻe me nā pua ʻalaʻala nui. Mālama ka ʻaha Sakhalin Noa i ka pale a me nā pua kahiko o nā subtropics.

Lily Glen a me Magnolia

E hoʻohuli aku nā mea kanu i ka wahi i loko o nā ʻōpala loloa ulu. Kūleʻa, Visandra chinensis, actinidia, mustard, kuni, hydrangea - kēia mau waina ʻehā e piʻi nei (kiʻi i ka ʻatikala), me nā huaʻai nui, hoʻomohala i ka aura hoʻokipa ma kahi mokupuni wao.

A i hea, inā ʻaʻole ma nā mokupuni ʻo Kuril, e hālāwai ai ʻo Robinson Crusoe? I ke kiʻi kiʻi iā Shikotan me kāna cape ʻo Krai Sveta, ka mea hoʻokele ʻo S. Govorukhin i pana i ka hoʻokalakupua "imperishable" me ka mea hana ʻo L. Kuravlev. ʻO nā manaʻo o Bezymyannaya Bay ka mea i lilo ma intros no ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni, a ua kōkua ka ʻuhane o nā mokupuni e hana i kahi ʻano maoli o ka noho pio ʻana o ka mōʻī kaulana kaulana.

No ka pāʻani ʻana i ka robinsonade, a i ʻole mākaʻikaʻi “wild”, ʻaʻole like ʻole nā ​​Kuril Islands. ʻO kekahi o nā mokupuni he 100% ka noho ʻole ʻia, kahi ʻaʻohe kanaka like ʻole. Ma kahi āu e hanu ai i ka ea maʻemaʻe o nā wahi a me ka mua e hele mai me nā inoa o nā kihi kūlohelohe. ʻO kēia kahi alo kahiko no ka loina a me ka romance pros!

E hele maʻa holoholona o ka lono o ka nani

Hoʻokahi ka ʻākau a ma ke kūkulu hema i nā mokupuni a me nā manu. Noho ʻia ke kula e ka holoholona o ka Arctic a me nā waena waena: reindeer, fox, hare, wolverine, fur. A hoʻohui ʻia nā lianas kūleʻa a me nā māla e nā lizards, nāhe, nā ʻuʻī, nā pōpoki, nā ʻūlū manu, a me nā lawaiʻa ʻōiwi. ʻO ka huakaʻi hele me nā ala pale i mālama ʻia i nā papahana ecotourism, e aʻo ʻoe i nā ʻāpana kūloko o ka honua holomua o ka honua.

Ola e ʻoi aku nā holoholona ola ʻē aʻe

Aʻo ka kamaʻilio me nā bea ka mea maʻamau o kahi kāleka kipa o nā mokupuni. ʻAʻole makaʻu i nā kānaka, hopu lākou i ko lākou maka ma nā wahi āpau. Aʻoi ʻia ke kamaʻāina kūloko o ke kanaka makaʻaka e pili i nā ʻakaʻaka "wāwae-wāwae" mai nā moʻolelo kūkā o nā keiki. A he hana ia o ʻAinu i kahi manaʻo koʻikoʻi i ka bear - "Manaki mauna, akua akua, kekahi holoholona hoʻāno naʻauao."

Ke ʻohi nei kahi wahine i ka huaʻai ma kahi ulu lāʻau a hālāwai ʻo ia i kahi bea. Ma kēia ʻano, ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Ayarisuba, ke akua kiʻekiʻe o ka honua ʻo Sirius. Ua hānau ʻo ia i keiki na ia, ʻo ia ka mea ʻo ia ka ʻAinu.

ʻAʻole like me nā loea, ka kumu a Ainu i maopopo ai ʻole i loli ʻole iā lākou iho. Ua like nā inoa o nā kānaka me ka Nivkh "ayyu" ("bearish"). A ma nā palapala Lūkini ua kāhea ʻia lākou "shaggy" no ka lauoho lauoho o ka maka a me ke kino.

Hoʻohanohano ka ʻūhā, manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo Ainu ma o kēia holoholona mālama lākou i ka pilina me nā akua o ko lākou honua. Ma ka pāʻina Bear, hāʻawi ʻo Ainu i kā lākou noi i nā akua me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i nā ʻuhane.

I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole ka mākaukau ʻo ka bea no kahi misionari kapu, akā pili ia me ia. Mai ka wā kamaliʻi, ua noho ka ʻohana teddy ma ke kauhale, ua hānai ʻia ʻo ia me ka waiū wahine, ua ʻūle a me ka ʻōpū e like me nā kānaka. No ka Ainu kahiko, pili ka bear i ke koko a me ka DNA.

Ke kipa nei i ke ana o ka Bear Tragedies, e aʻo nō ʻoe e pili ana i ka wā hoʻomaha kahiko kosmogonic. A me ka hālāwai ʻana i ka mea nona ka mauna ma kahi ala ʻiki, e mākaukau e ʻike i ka manawa o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana iā ʻoe iho. Eia kekahi, he kāne kekahi, he mauna. He ʻuhane ʻole ʻo nā ʻuhane ke hele ʻoe i Sakhalin!

ʻO nā hālāwai me ka ʻohana bear e lehulehu a ʻokoʻa! A he ʻoni ʻoni, ʻo ka mea nui me mākou.

ʻO ka pena ʻana a Sakhalin o ka paʻi ʻana o Repin "ʻAʻole lākou i kali".

A pehea hoʻi ʻoe e makemake ai i kēlā ʻano haʻahaʻa a i ʻole he kuhi hewa maikaʻi o ke ʻano Sakhalin - kahi exotic grey-ash bear?

ʻO kaʻuhane o ka mōʻaukala

He mea nui loa ka moʻomeheu kamaʻilio koʻikoʻi no Sakhalin a aia nō he Hale Hōʻikeʻike. Kahi ʻia ka ʻāina ʻaʻole wale me ka mōʻaukala o nā paeʻāina kūloko. Eia kekahi mau hale moʻomeheu kahi e hōʻiliʻili nui ʻia ai nā haneli he mau haneli o nā mele bygone. Aia kēlā me kēia mokupuni i kāna ʻoihana mōʻaukala kūloko

He manuahi nā māka hoʻonaʻauao i Sakhalin, e aʻo nui ʻoe a ʻike i ʻaneʻi wale nō. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻaoʻao Chekhov mai ka mōʻaukala o ka mokupuni, no ka hoʻopulapula ʻana o ka nohona o kāna puke, nāna i hoʻoholo ai ka hopena o ka lawelawe penal imperial.

ʻOiai ke kīnā o nā mokupuni, ua loaʻa mai hoʻi nā kaua ma aneʻi. ʻO nā makahiki paʻakikī o ka wā mua a me ka lua o nā honua e noho i nā mōʻī i nā mea i pale aku i nā mokupuni a me nā koena o nā mea kaua i hele mai a puni iā ​​ʻoe ma nā wahi āpau.

Eia ka ʻuhane Iapana, ua ʻohu kēia a lapana ma Iapana mai ʻaneʻi

ʻO ka noho ʻana iā Sakhalin e hāpau ʻoe iā Iapana. ʻO ke kokoke o Rūsia i kāna hoalauna ʻAmelika e pili pū i ke ola, ka moʻomeheu a me nā manaʻo o nā lāhui ʻelua.

ʻO ka hale waihona nui o ka mōʻaukala kūloko o Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk aia i loko o kahi hale aliʻi Iapana. A ua hoʻokaʻawale hoʻi nā puka o nā Tales i ka honua o nā mea ola a me nā ʻuhane. ʻO ka lahui i kūkulu ʻia mai ka honua nei i hoʻāla ʻia mai ka Ainu e hilinaʻi nei me nā akua o Kamui. Manaʻo ʻia ka ʻuhane o Iapana i ka hana a me ka hoʻolālā o nā mokupuni i kūkulu ʻia i ka wā o 40 mau makahiki o ka poʻe Kepani.

Kahi i nā moʻolelo o nā mōʻaukala kahiko o ka wā Iapana o Karafuto i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma Sakhalin. He mau mea kumu kēia he 117: mau hale pule ʻo Ziona, nā alahaka, nā hale lole lale, nā hale kaua. E ʻae ia i nā poʻe mākaʻikaʻi e hele ʻole i hoʻokahi.

ʻO ka makahiki hou a me ka pilina o nā manawa

I ka wā e hoʻokumu ana iā Saharen Nasiri, kau ke Akua i hoʻokahi pōhaku ma luna o kekahi. Ua loaʻa nā mea āpau. Ke neʻe nei nā pōhaku, kahe aku ka aila. Ke noho nei kahi ʻuhane ikaika ma lalo. Hele mai kona hanu ma loko o ka lua o ka lepo.

Ua hōʻike lōʻihi ʻo ʻAinu lāua ʻo Nivkhs i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka malala a me ka ʻaila a me nā aʻa, kāhea ʻia ke kuahiwi “ʻeleʻele” mauna, nā muliwai, a me nā mokupuni āpau. ʻO ka "kenekulia" hou kēia e hoʻomohala ai i ke kūkulu ʻana iā Sakhalin, ka lawe ʻana i kāna waiwai waiwai, ʻaʻole lākou e hōʻino i ke ʻano kūʻokoʻa.

Kahi ʻia nā paona o ka papahana Sakhalin-2 e like me ke ʻano o ka hinge, a hiki ke hoʻomāiʻi ʻia nā paipu o ka paina kino i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana o ka honua a hele i nā waipuna wai. ʻO kēia ʻano hana holomua o ka holomua e like me kahi hana mana o ka wahi i mālama ʻia.

A lele mokulele nui Grand Mereya e holo wāwae ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka inoa ʻo ke kaikuahine ʻo Ainka Merea, ʻo ia ka manawa e kali ai i ka moku holanda Holani Georg, e mau ana i ka wā ʻōpiopio a nani. ʻEkolu mau makahiki ma hope aku, ua hala kēia hālāwai: ʻo ka mea hana hale i ka mīkini paikā ʻo ka hui ʻo Dutch ʻo Shell. Wahi a Nivkhs i ka manawa ʻaʻohe mana o ke aloha ikaika.

ʻO nā manuʻuhane a me ka noʻonoʻo - nā huaʻōlelo o ke kumu like

Hele ke aloha no ka ʻāina maoli i kēlā me kēia manawa. ʻO ka poʻe kahiko me ko lākou ʻano leʻaleʻa, ʻano noʻonoʻo i ka kūlohelohe, kūlohelohe kūlohelohe kekahi i ke koko. Ma ke ʻāpana o kēia aloha.

Ua aʻo aku ka mea hana o nā mea ola i nā Nivkhs e hōʻino ʻole, ʻaʻole lawe e lawe hou ia i ka mea pono. I ka hōʻino loa ʻana o Nivkhs maikaʻi i kahi kapu, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo Kurn i ka Mea Nui i kona huhū iā Yg-myth. Hele mai ke kai i ka honua a pepehi i nā ola a pau.

Ua kō ʻo ke Aupuni o nā kānaka a me nā holoholona i ola i ke kahe o nā kaona ʻo Nabil o Sakhalin, a hoʻomohala i kahi Code o ke ola i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā makana a nā akua. ʻO ia ke lilo i kānāwai no ko kākou mau kūpuna. E mālama i ka waiwai o kēia ʻoihana mālama nui ma ka lihi o ke kai no nā manawa hou. No laila, e like me ka wā ma mua, hele aku nā lāʻulu hina i nā kahakai o Sakhalin. A no nā poʻe kamaʻāina ʻaʻohe nīnau: ma hea e hoʻomaka ai ka makuahine? Mai ka ʻāina nani mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka manawa, kahi, ma lalo o nā hihi o ke ao ʻōpio, ua hoʻi hou nā kānaka maoli i ko lākou wā kamaliʻi.

ka mea nona ka kahakai kahi i lele ai lākou

mai ka la i hana ʻia ai

kahi hana o koʻu ola - ka mea - like me ka manu - lawe aku ... (Roman Hye)

Ke laʻāina o Sakhalin, e ulu nui ana ka hāmeʻe o waho a me nā wahi mākaʻikaʻi kūloko. I kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā haole e kipa iā Sakhalin a me 2 mau manawa hou aku i nā Lūkini. Ke hoʻomau nei nā pena.

ʻReelelo, kahi hōʻailona maikaʻi. Akā moʻu, he moemoeā wale nō kēia. He mea kaumaha ʻole kēia, ʻo ke kumukūʻai o ia huakaʻi ke "hele nei i ka nahele." Maikaʻi ka lōʻihi lōʻihi e kūʻai ai i nā tiketi. ʻAʻole maʻalahi hoʻi nā ala huakaʻi hele e nā hui huakaʻi kūloko, akā ʻaʻole wau e ʻōlelo i nā mea e pili ana i nā huakaʻi kope. ʻO ia ke kumu i pau ai ka huakaʻi ma ke hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ʻāina kupaianaha, i koe nei no kahi moeʻuhane wale nō. Akā hiki mai nā moeʻuhane i kekahi manawa, ʻo wau ke manaʻoʻiʻo ia. E huli maila nā hōkū i mua iaʻu a me kahi huakaʻi e hele ai i kēia kihi kupanaha o ko mākou ʻāina.

Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe i hoʻoholo i ke kuhikuhi o kāu hoʻomaha, e heluhelu i ka ʻatikala "Hāloa i waho a i ʻole hoʻi ma Rusia: he aha ka mea e maikaʻi ai ka maikaʻi a me ka uku?"

E waiho i nā ʻōlelo, e hāʻawi aku i nā ʻatikala ma nā pūnaewele pūnaewele, ʻoluʻolu mau i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana ʻaʻole makehewa kaʻu hana.

Ke poʻo inoa

ʻO ka inoa "Sakhalin" mai Manchu ka inoa o ka muliwai ʻo Amur - "Sakhalyan-Ulla", ʻo ia ke ʻano o "Rocks of the Black River" - ka inoa i paʻi ʻia ma ka pakuhi ua kuhihewa hewa ʻia iā Sakhalin, a ma nā hope o nā palapala ua paʻi ʻia e like me ka inoa o ka mokupuni. . ^ E Ha yM.

Ka inoa Kepani o ka mokupuni - Karafuto - hoʻi hou i ka huaʻōlelo Ainu "Kamuikara putoi-mosir"" O ka mea, e "aina o ke akua o ka waha." Akā, i loko o Iapana hou, ua hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka inoa. Kahuna (サ ハ リ ン), kahi mea i unuhiʻia ma ka inoa Lūkini.

Hoʻoikaika

ʻO ka hōʻoluʻolu o ka mokupuni he awhi waena o nā mauna kiʻekiʻe, nā mauna haʻahaʻa a me nā papa ʻāina haʻahaʻa. Hōʻailona ka ʻaoʻao hema a me ke kikowaena o ka mokupuni e ka ʻāina mauna a i nā ʻano mauna ʻelua meridionally orientally - ka ʻĀina Sakhalin (a hiki i 1327 m kiʻekiʻe - ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Onor) a me nā mauna ʻĀkau Sakhalin (a hiki i ka 1609 m kiʻekiʻe - ke kūlanakauhale Lopatin), kahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka T long-long - Poronayskaya lowland. Ka ʻākau o ka mokupuni (me ke kaawale o ka Schmidt Peninsula) he papa puʻu akahū.

Aia ke kai o ka mokupuni, nā ʻāpana nui - ʻo Aniva a me Terpeniya (ākea a hiki i ke kūkulu hema) aia ma nā ʻaoʻao hema a waena o ka mokupuni, kēlā me kēia. ʻElua mau kālā nui a ʻehā mau penikala i kū i ke kahakai.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana he 11 ma kēia i ke koʻo Sakhalin:

1. ʻO ke kūmole ʻo Schmidt (ma kahi o 1,4000 km²) he penikala mauna ia ma ka ʻaoʻao mamao o ka mokupuni me nā kaohi, a ma kekahi mau wahi kīhono a me nā hakahaka meridian ʻelua - Komohana a me East, ʻo ke kihi kiʻekiʻe loa ʻo ke kaona o Three Brothers (623 m), i pili i nā North Sakhalin ʻo ka pāpū o ka Isthmus o Isthmus, ka laulā ma kona wahi ākea ʻoi aku ma mua o 6 km,
2. ʻO ka papu o North Sakhalin (ma kahi o 28 tausani km²) he wahi haʻalulu haʻahaʻa hema ma ka ʻaoʻao o Schmidt Peninsula me kahi kahe nui o nā kahawai, nāwaliwali ka nui o nā kahe a me nā puʻu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, e kahe ana mai ka pili o Baikal ma ka ʻākau a hiki i ke kahawai o nā kahawai ʻo Nysh a Tym ma ke kūkulu hema. ʻo ke kuhi ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Daahuria (601 m), ʻo ke kahakai komohana ʻākau o ka mokupuni e kū nei i kahi subarea, kahi i nānā ʻia e nā lagoons nui (ka nui - Piltun, Chayvo, Nyisky, Nabilsky, Lunsky bays), kaawale mai ke kai e nā ʻāpana ʻāwili o alluvial , Nā Dunes, ke kai kūloko haʻahaʻa - ma kēia subarea a me nā wahi e pili ana i ke kai ʻo Okhotk ka nui nui o ka ʻaila Sakhalin a me nā mahiʻai,
3. ʻO ke kuahiwi ʻo Sakhalin Komohana a kokoke i 630 km mai ka palena ʻo s. Hohe (51 ° 19 'N) i ka ʻākau i ka Penikala ʻo Krillon i ka hope loa o ka mokupuni, ʻo ka laulā ākea o nā mauna he 40-50 km, ka nui loa (ma ka palena o Cape Lamanon) he 70 km, kahi ʻāpana axial i hoʻokumu ʻia e Kamyshovy (ʻākau o ka Isthmus o Belt ) a me nā kaheʻe o ke kūkulu hema.
4. Aia ka ʻāina kai Tym-Poronayskaya ma waenakonu o ka mokupuni a he wahi puʻupuʻu puʻu uʻi ʻia, e piʻi ana ma kahi o 250 km ma ke ala meridional - mai Terpeniya Bay ma ka hema a hiki i ka lohi ʻana o nā kahe Tym a me Nysh ma ke kūkulu ʻākau, a hiki i kahi ākea ākea (a hiki i 90 km) ma ka waha ka muliwai ʻo Poronay, ka liʻiliʻi (6-8 km) - ma ke awāwa ʻo Tym, ma ke kūkulu ʻākau e kū aku ana i ka ʻāina Nabil Lowland, i uhi ʻia me ka uhi uhi kā Cenozoic sediment, i haku ʻia me nā ʻāpana o ka Quaternary: nā wana, nā gravels, nā puʻu ākea ʻO ka lua kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo Lowlands Poronai "tundra"
5. Aia ka ʻāina kahaka o Susunai ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka mokupuni a kau aku no ka 100 km mai ka ʻĀina Aniva i ke kūkulu hema a hiki i ka muliwai Naiba ma ka ʻākau, ua palena ʻia ka palena i ka mauna ʻo Sakhalin ma ke komohana, ka ʻaoʻao Susunai a me ka papa ʻo Korsakov ma ka hikina, a ʻo ka laulā ka ʻāina i hōʻea ma ka 20 km ma ka ʻaoʻao hema. , ma ke kikowaena - 6 km, i ʻākau - 10 km, ʻo nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe loa i ke kūkulu ʻākau a me ka hema ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 20 m ma luna o ke kai, ma ka ʻaoʻao waena, ma luna o ka wai o nā muliwai Susuya a me Big Nui, hiki i 60 m, nona nā ʻano o nā haʻahaʻa o loko akahele ʻO ke kaumaha o ke ʻekekona i ka mānoanoa nui o nā ʻāpana Quaternary i loko o nā wahi i Susunai i nā kūlanakauhale ʻo Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Aniva, Dolinsk a me ka home i ka hapalua o ka lehulehu o ka mokupuni.

Kahiki wai

ʻO nā muliwai nui loa o Sakhalin:

Ma Sakhalin, aia he 16,120 mau loko me ka ʻāpana he 1000 km². ʻAʻohe āpau lākou a pau. ʻO nā wahi o ko lākou manaʻo koʻikoʻi ka ʻākau a ma ka hema o ka mokupuni. ʻO nā loko ʻelua nui ma Sakhalin ʻo Nevskoye me kahi ʻāpana ʻāpana 178 km² (ka moku Poronaysky, kokoke kokoke i ka puha o ka muliwai Poronai) a me Tunaycha (174 km²) (ka moku Korsakovsky, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Muravyov Lowland), nā lua o nā ʻāpana pili i ka lagoon. Hana ʻia nā koholā 20% o ke kapakai o Sakhalin Island. ʻO nā puka laguna ākea loa ka noho ʻana ma mua o 200 km o nā kahakai kahakai, i ʻike ʻia i ka palena ma kahika a me ka hema o ka mokupuni.

Nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe

Hōʻike ʻia ka Sakhalin i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ke kumu kūlohelohe. Ma kahi o nā kumuwaiwai olaola, nā mahele kīnā a Sakhalin kekahi o nā wahi mua ma Russia, ʻo ka mokupuni a me kona mau papa he nui nā wahi āpau o nā hydrocarbons a me nā ulana. E like me ka nui o nā waiwai o ka ʻikepili i ʻike ʻia, lawe aku ʻo Sakhalin Oblast i ka wahi 4 ma Lūkini, ka aila - 7th o ke alo o ka aila - 12th (ma ka maʻi. pili pono i Sakhalin a me kona mau papa. I waena o nā kumuwaiwai maoli o ka mokupuni he lāʻau, gula, mercury, platinum, germanium, chromium, talc, zeolites.

"ʻ Redlelo Pukapuka"

ʻO nā manu ola o ka mokupuni, flora, a me ka microbiota ka nui o nā holoholona i mālama ʻia i nā holoholona nui, nā mea kanu, a me nā hua manu. 18 mau mea maʻi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Sakhalin, 97 mau manu o nā manu (ʻo 50 mau pūnana manu), ʻehiku mau ʻano iʻa, 20 mau ʻano o nā invertebrates, 113 mau mea kanu manuʻa, 13 mauʻano o nā bryophyte, ʻehiku mau ʻano algae, 14 mau ʻano o ka ʻōpū a me 20 mau ʻano o nā lichens (i.e. 136 nā holoholona o nā holoholona, ​​133 nā mea kanu a me nā 34 mau ʻano o nā ʻalā (he 3030 mau ʻano heʻumi) i mālama i ke kūlana, ʻo ia hoʻi, e kākau inoa ʻia ma ka Red Book o ke Sakhalin Region, ʻoiai he hapakolu o lākou i hui pū ʻia me ka Red Book o ka Russian Federation.

ʻO nā mea kanu pua "Federal Federal Book", ʻo Sakhalin flora e pili ana i ka aralia-heart heart.Aralia cordata), Ke kōule ʻo Calypso (ʻO ka pāpale Calypso), Glen cardiocrinum (ʻO Glehnii Cardiocrinum)) sedge Iapana (ʻO ka japonica Carex) a alakaʻi i ka hina hina (Hoʻohana livida), ʻO kā Venus slippers maoli (Kaleipedium kalceolus) a pua nui (Kouipedium macranthum), Kāleʻa pāluaDiphylleia grayi), fenugreek pale (Epipogium aphyllum), Iapana kandyk (Erythronium japonicum)) kāhea nui ()Gastrodia elata), xiphoid iris (Iris ensata), kauolanthus (Juglans ailanthifolia), Kalopanax ʻehiku ʻūhā (Kalopanax septemlobum), ʻo Loi keʻi (ʻO Lilium lancifolium), Keikoilike iā Tolmachev (Lonicera tolmatchevii), kaulaʻi-winged (Macropodium pterospermum), holo kauka holoʻokoʻa (ʻO Miyakea integrifolia) (miyakiya ka mea paʻa wale nō ka huaʻai o nā mea kanu ma Sakhalin) ua pua ka puaʻa (Neottianthe cucullata), ka poʻe peonies (Paeonia obovata) ai ka maunaPaeonia oreogeton), bluegrass kasar (Poa radula) a me ka viburnum Wright (ʻO Viburnum wrightii), i.e. 23 mau holoholona. Eia kekahi, aia nō he ʻewalu mau mea kanu "Red Book federal" ma ka mokupuni: ʻelua gymnosperms - juniper Sargent (Juniperus sargentii) a nānā hāwele (Kukui cuspidata), ʻekolu mau 'ano o ka fern-like - Midwort Asian (Isoëtes asiatica), Mikel leptorumor (Leptorumohra miqueliana) a me ka Wrec's mecodium (Mecodium wrightii), ʻelua mau mea a me hoʻokahi ʻano mosses - Japanese brioxifium (Bryoxiphium norvegicum var. japonicum)) Keiko Akau (Neckera borealis), ana hoʻi i ka plagiotherium (Plagiothecium obtusissimum) .

ʻO nā aliʻi o ka mokupuni

Nā kiaʻāina koa

Ka Hoʻololi ʻana o nā Sakhalin ʻĀkau i USSR

Ma hope o nā kūkākūkā ikaika ma waena o USSR a me Iapana, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke kuikahi o Beijing ma Ianuali 20, 1925, ka mea i hoʻihoʻi i ka pilina diplomatic ma waena o nā ʻāina a i kapa ʻia ʻo Rusia Russia. Ua hoʻohiki ʻo Iapana e hoʻokuʻu i ka ʻāina i noho ʻia ma ka ʻākau o Sakhalin a hiki i ka Mei 15.

ʻO ka hoʻokō i kēia ʻaelike ka mea i hāʻawi ʻia i ke kōmike plenipotentiary e alakaʻi ʻia e ka luna o nā Commissariat a Nā Aupuni ʻAiwi V. Ya Aboltin. Ua komo i nā limahana o ka OGPU, People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs and the Military Revolutionary Council of north Sakhalin. Ma ka lā Pepeluali nei, hiki akula lākou i Khabarovsk, mai kahi ʻāpana he iwakālua ʻia, ʻekolu o lākou i lako me ka hoʻohiolo koke i nā kāwele e pale aku iā lākou mai ka makani, a ʻo nā ʻīlio ʻīlio kekahi i hele ai i ka mokupuni. Hoʻohana nā lālā āpau o ke kōmike i nā lumi kuke a i kahi hale kūʻai kūʻai i kūʻai ʻia ma ka wahi. Ma ka lā 28 Pepeluali, ua haʻalele ke komisina iā Khabarovsk, a ma ka lā Malaki 21 ma Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky, i mua o ke kauoha a Iapana, ua hālāwai ka hālāwai mua o ka hui o ka paʻahū o Sakhalin.

I ka ʻike ʻana o ka poʻe Iapana i ka hopena o ke kamaʻilio ʻana o Beijing he mea kūpono ʻole, ke hoʻomākaukau nei ke kōmike no nā mea hiki ke hoʻonāukiuki. E like me kā V. Ya.Mololini i hoʻomanaʻo ai, ʻaʻole i koi ʻia ka ʻelele o Soviet a puni wale nō i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā ʻōlelo o ke aupuni, akā e hoʻokuʻi ʻia hoʻi nā diplomatic. Ua hālāwai me ke poʻo o ka ʻaha kūkā ʻehā mau manawa me ka ʻelele a Iapana a ua hiki iā ia ke hoʻokūkū hou i nā pilina Kepani me ke kauoha a Iapana, ma lalo o nā ʻano haʻahaʻa a me nā ʻano like ʻole i hoʻākoakoa i ka ʻāina i noho ʻia. Ma muli o ka hana hui o ke kōmike Soviet a me nā luna o Iapana, ua hālāwai me 6 mau manawa no ka kūkā ʻana, ma ka Mei 1, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kahi kuʻikahi hope ma ka hopena o ka noho ʻana o ka poʻe Kepani ma Northern Sakhalin.

ʻO ka hele maluhia o ka moku o ka mokupuni i ko Soviet Union, ua lilo i ka mōʻaukala ʻo ia kahi o nā hana nui a ke akamai ʻōpiopio Soviet a me ka Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, i hiki ke hoʻoholo maluhia a me ka hoʻokau i ka manawa kūpono e hoʻoneʻe ʻia e nā pūʻali Kepani.

Ua alakaʻi ʻo Vladimir Aboltin i ka alakaʻi Soviet i ka ʻĀkau Sakinalin, nāna i hoʻokumu i ka nūpepa Sovetsky Sakhalin. Kuhi ʻia ʻo ia e Aboltin.

Ke hoʻouna ʻana i nā hema Sakhalin

Ma muli o ka lanakila o Iapana i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II, ua komo i loko o ka moku holoʻokoʻa o ka mokupuni ʻo Sakhalin (a ʻo nā Kuril a pau hoʻi) me ka Soviet Union (RSFSR).

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk ma ke ʻāpana o ka Lūkini Lūkini i ka makahiki 1882 ma lalo o ka inoa ʻo Vladimirovka. Ma hope o ka lanakila o USSR a me kāna mau hoa kaua i ka Kaua Honua II, a me ko ka moku holoʻokoʻa, ua lilo ia i USSR.

Loaʻa kālā

I Ianuali -ʻukake 2009, ʻo ka uku uku ma ka Sakhalin Oblast he 31,947 rubles. kēlā me kēia mahina, ʻo ka awelika kālā kālā hōʻemi ma kēlā me kēia mau kālā he 24,225 rubles. (he $ 800), ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻike ʻia (44%) iʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka Lūkini Lūkini, ʻo ʻApelila-Iune 2009 ua loaʻa he 16,879 mau rubles / mahina. . ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia i kēia manawa o ka makahiki 2008, ʻo ka uku koho ma ka ʻāina ua hoʻonui ʻia e 13.5%, ʻoiai ua hoʻemi iki ʻia kona mana kūʻai maoli - e 0.5%. Ma ke ʻano o ka kūʻai aku ʻana o ka mea kūʻai (17,449 rubles / malama per kapita ma IV-VI. 2009), e noho mua ana ka ʻāina ʻo Sakhalin ma ka ʻĀpana Lūkini mamao a ma ka ʻehā o Rūsia (ma hope o Moscow, Yamalo-Nenets a me ʻO Khanty-Mansiysk ʻĀpana Kūʻai Kūʻai).

ʻO ka mahele o 10% o nā kānaka waiwai nui loa ma ka mokuna o Sakhalin ma kahi o 33.5% o ka loaʻa kālā. No laila, ʻo ka uku awelika o nā luna āpau o Sakhalin no ka hapalua mua o 2009 ua loaʻa iā 72,887 mau rubles / malama, a ma nā kino o ka ʻaha kānāwai he like me 122,031 mau rubles / mahina. . ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka mahele o 10% o nā kānaka ʻilihune wale nō i helu no ka 1,6% o ka loaʻa kālā o ke kikowaena.

Hōʻike ʻia ka mokupuni i kahi hoʻokaʻina kālā kūlike: ʻo Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk a me nā aila ʻapihī mau ʻāpana ʻākau, ke alakaʻi nei, a me nā wahi i hoʻohuli ʻia me nā hana e pau nei i ka 90s ma hope aku. No ka laʻana, ma Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk he uku uku o ka mahina o 10-15 tausani mau rubles. Ua manaʻo ʻia he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia no nā kūlanakauhale liʻiliʻi a me nā kauhale ma ke kahakai komohana (ʻoiaʻiʻo nō, ma nā Tomarinsky, Uglegorsky, Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalin kumu) he kālā maikaʻi loa kēia. ʻO ka nele o nā kālā kālā kūlā i nā wahi he nui o ka mokupuni e uku pinepine ʻia e ka piʻi ʻana i ka poaching - ʻoiai, ʻo ka hōʻoki ʻole ʻana i ka caviar ulaula.

He uku ola

ʻO ka kumukūʻai o ke ola no ka hapahā o ka makahiki 2009 he 8094 mau rubles ma ka ʻāina. (e pili ana i $ 270), me ka nui o ka poʻe i hiki ke kino - 8551 mau rubles, no nā penikala - 6 610, no nā keiki - 7655 rubles.

ʻO ka heluna kanaka e lilo ana ma lalo o ke koina o ka subsistence he 126.2 tausani mau kānaka, a i ʻole 24.5% o ka heluna kanaka (ma ka 1st 1st o 2008 - 110.4 mau kānaka, a he 21.3% paha).

ʻO nā penikala a me nā penikala

No ka mea, ʻo nā ʻāpana ʻelua ʻākau o Sakhalin - Okhinsky a me Nogliksky - ua manaʻo ʻia he mau wahi o ka ʻĀkau ʻĀkau, a ʻo nā koina o nā wahi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā wahi o ka ʻAwā mamao, ua emi loa ka makahiki o ka hoʻomaha ʻana ma ka mokupuni ma mua o ka hapa nui o ka Lūkini Lūkini, a he 50 mau makahiki no ka wahine a ʻo 55 no nā kāne (me 20- ke ʻike kauwela hana ma Sakhalin).

Wahi a ka Pension Fund o ka ʻāina Sakhalin, ʻo ʻApelila 1, 2009, 157,785 ka loaʻa ʻana o nā penikala (ma kahi o 30% o ka nui o nā kānaka) i kākau inoa ʻia, nona ka 73,377 mau kānaka e hana. ʻO ka nui o nā peni, ma ke ʻano he uku uku, e like me ka mea e like me ia, ka nui o 6967.8 rubles. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia i kēia manawa i ka makahiki i hala, ʻo ka nui o nā penikala ma nā hua ʻōlelo i hoʻonui ʻia e 28.6%, ma nā huaʻōlelo maoli - ma ka 12%. Ma kahi o nā penikala kahiko, 1529 nā poʻe hana hana e mālama pono nei i nā kamaʻāina kūloko he uku penikala, ʻo 17 ka nui o kā lākou penikala he 1717.5 rubles.

Kahuaa

Kūkulu ʻia ka wahi i lalo o ka moku ʻo ka hapa nui o ka mokupuni (ʻo ka ʻōlelo mamao loa mai Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk a i ke kauā o Nogliki) aia kekahi ala moana holo moana e holo ana i ka ʻāina. Kahi ʻia ke ala hele o Sakhalin ma ia mea, a hiki i ka makahiki 2019, ua hana ʻia me kahi ana he 1067 mm, ʻaʻole i kahi ʻē aʻe no Russia, ua haʻalele ʻia mai Iapana. Ma USSR, kūikawā no Sakhalin, TG16 a me TG22 mau wahi maka he nui i kūkulu ʻia a kūkulu ʻia i ke kaʻina.

Ua lawe ʻia ka hana ma ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka huina i ka paona 1520 mm no Russia no ka makahiki 2004. ʻO nā māka pā kaʻa ma hope o ka hana hou ʻana o ka papahele ua wehe ʻia i ka lā Kepakemapa 1, 2019. No ka halihali, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo TG16M diesel lokomotives a me nā kaʻa kaʻa RA3.

Ke hele nei nā wahi holo ʻole (halihali ka ʻaoʻao kikowaena) i ka holo ʻana i nā wahi a ʻaʻohe wahi o nā alanui holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka hapanui o lākou ka mea i hūnā ʻia, a ʻo ke ala ʻae i paʻa loa nā ala o ka moku ʻo Uglegorsk.

I nā makahiki 1950, ua hoʻāʻo kahi hana e kūkulu i ka pāākala Sakhalin-mainland, kahi i waiho ʻia ma hope o ka make ʻana o Stalin.

Aia kahi papahana o ka laina o ke ala kaʻa ma waena o ke Khabarovsk Territory a me Sakhalin ma o ka Nevelsky Strait ma ka pūnaewele Lazarev-Pogibi. Pono ʻia ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o kahi alahaka. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke ala nui e 540-580 km. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, kuhi ʻia e pili iā Sakhalin me ka mokupuni o Hokkaido ʻo Iapana, akā e like me ka ʻōlelo a ke poʻo o Lūkini ʻo Railway a me Vladimir Yakunin, e pale ʻia kēia hana e ka pilikia kālaiʻāina ma waena o ka Russian Federation a me Japan. I kēia manawa, ke lawe ʻia nei ka kamaʻilio ma waena o ka ʻāina nui a me Sakhalin ma o ka ferina ʻo Vanino-Kholmsk.

Hoʻopili nā alanui i nā wahi a pau o nā wahi. ʻAno maikaʻi ka maikaʻi o nā alanui, aia wale nō ma ka ʻaoʻao hema ka palena ʻāpana.

Ua hoʻopili ʻia ʻo Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk e ka ea me Moscow, Novosibirsk, Khabarovsk, Blagoveshchensk a me Vladivostok, me nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kūlanakauhale o ke kaona ʻo Sakhalin (Okha, Shakhtyorsk, Nogliki, Yuzhno-Kurilsk, Burevestnik (ma ʻIsurup Island)), a me Japan hoʻi (Tokyo, Sapporo, Hakodate), Korema Hema (Seoul) a me Kina (Harbin, a ʻoi hou, Beijing). He mea kūpono ia mai Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (ke kikowaena kūloko) ʻaʻohe pilina pili me ka kikowaena o nā panalāʻau o Severo-Kurilsk, a pono ʻoe e kiʻi ai i kahi ʻano pōʻai ʻole - ma o Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

Nā Nānā

1. ↑ Lsksksky S.L. Mākā Sakhalin
2. ↑ Chekhov A.P. Ka Mokupuni o Sakhalin
3. ↑Kūʻai B.P.Nā Aupuni a me nā Kanaka o ka Hikina / Ma lalo o ka hoʻoponopono ākea o Olderogge D. A. .. - M: Nauka, 1968. - P. 68-85. - 264 p.
4. ↑E hele - ʻatikala mai ka Soviet Union Encyclopedia.
5. ↑Sakhalin - ʻatikala mai ka Soviet Union Encyclopedia.
6. ↑V. S. Labay, I. A. Atamanova, D. S. Zavarzin, I. V. Motylkova, O. N. Mukhametova, V. D. Nikitin.Nā wai wai o ka moku Sakhalin: mai nā alo wai i nā loko / G.V. Matyushkov. - Kahi kālā kālā o ka moʻomeheu moʻomeheu "Sakhalin Regional Museum of Local Lore". - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Hale Paʻi Kūʻai a Sakhalin, 2014 .-- S. 8, 10, 13. - 208 p. - 500 kope. - ISBN 978-5-900334-71-4. Kuhi ʻia ʻo Kepakemapa 14, 2017 ma ka mīkini Way Wayback
7. ↑Petukhov A.V., Kordyukov A.V., Baranchuk-Chervonny L.N. Atlas o nā lāʻau vascular ma kahi kokoke i Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk // Hoʻomau. - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Akon, 2010. - S. 9. - ISBN 978-5-904209-05-6
8. ↑Barkalov V. Yu., Taran A. A. Kahi papa inoa o nā mea kanu vascular ma ka moku Sakhalin // Flora a me ka Fauna o ka mokupuni ʻo Sakhalin (Mater. International Sakhalin Project). - Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2004. - Māhele 1. - S. 39-66. - ISBN 5-8044-0467-9
9. ↑ Nechaev V.A. Hōʻikeʻike i ka manu ʻoihana manu (Ola) ʻO Sakhalin Oblast // Ma ka puke: Flora a me nā manu o ka mokupuni o Sakhalin (Nā kumuhana o ka International Sakhalin Project). Mahele 2. (ISBN 5-8044-0507-1) - Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2005. - P. 246-327.
10. ↑ Red Book of Sakhalin Oblast: Na mea kanu. - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Sakhalin. Alii Hale Paʻi, 2005 .-- 348 p.
11. ↑ 12ʻO ka poʻe o Sakhalin a me nā ʻāpana o Kuril he 510.9 tausani mau kānaka. 02/03/2010. Kumuhana. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Sakhalin. ʻIkeʻikepili
12. ↑ ʻO ka nui o ka Lūkini Lūkini e nā ʻāina e like me Ianuali 1, 2013. - M.: Hāʻawi Koho Pūnaewele Kūʻai Aupuni Federal ma Rosstat, 2013. - 528 p. (Palapala 33. ʻO ka nui o nā kalana kaiāulu, nā kūlanakauhale, nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale kauhale, nā kūloko kauhale, noho kūloko.(unuhi ʻole ʻia) (kahi pilina paʻa hiki.) ʻO ka lā mālama no December 11, 2019Kuhi ʻia ma ka lā 13 Mei, 2019.
13. ↑ ka poʻe o ka Lūkini Lūkini e nā ʻāina e like me Ianuali 1, 2016
14. ↑M.S. Vysokov.Mokuna 10. Nā Mokupuni ʻo Kuril i ka kenekulia XVII (Rūsia). Moolelo o na Mokupuni o Kuril. ^ E Ha yM. Ke Kulanui ʻOmaka ʻO Sakhalin.
15. ↑ Noho ʻana o nā ʻĀina Northern a me nā ʻenehana Kepani
16. ↑L. Nā ʻāpana ʻāpana.Hoʻoponopono o ka People Commissar Chicherin. E like me ka mea ʻole pā kī hoʻokahi pau ka hana o Northern Sakhalin (Lūkini). Soviet Sakhalin. ^ E Ha yM. Ke alakaʻi ʻana o ka Wā Sakhalin (Iune 8, 2017). ʻO ka lā hoʻopiʻi 16 Kepakemapa, 2019.
17. ↑ 12ʻO ka uku kumukūʻai o kēlā me kēia mahina ma Sakhalin ma kahi o 32 tausani mau rubles - Sakhalinstat. 10/27/2009. Kumuhana. Sakhalin. ʻIkeʻikepili
18. ↑ 12Loaʻa nā kumukūʻai a me nā lilo kālā kūʻai kālā ma kēlā me kēia(unuhi ʻole ʻia) (kahi pilina paʻa hiki.) Kuhi ʻia ma ka lā 20 ʻApelila 2006,
19. ↑ 12Noho ka hapahā o ka lehulehu o Sakhalin ma lalo o ka laina ʻilihune. 04/23/2009. Nupepa. Sakhalin. ʻIkeʻikepili
20. ↑ I ka hapa mua o ka makahiki, ka palena awelika o kēlā me kēia mahina o nā luna āpana o Sakhalin he 72,887 mau rubles. 08/25/2009. Kumuhana. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Sakhalin. ʻIkeʻikepili
21. ↑ ʻO ka uku penikala ma Sakhalin he 6968 mau rubles, a ʻo 2765 mau rubles ka ʻona keiki. 04.23.2009. Kumuhana. Sakhalin. ʻIkeʻikepili
22. Ua hoʻohuli ʻia ʻo Sakhalin i ka ʻūkū Lūkini(unuhi ʻole ʻia) (Kepakemapa 1, 2019).
23. ↑ Nā alanui no ka wahie ʻo Sakhalin - S. Bolashenko(unuhi ʻole ʻia) (pili ʻole ʻike) moʻolelo ) .
24. ↑ 12ʻO Yurchak V.A.KULA MAKAʻU SAKHALIN I KA HALO ANA ʻO TRANSPORT OF RUSSIA // Nā kumuhana o ka VIII International Student Scientific Conference "haumāna ʻepekema Scientific Forum"(unuhi ʻole ʻia) (16.01.201).
25. ↑Alexey Chichkin.Ua hoʻohui hou ʻo Rusia i kahi papahana transportasi Soviet(unuhi ʻole ʻia) (kahi pilina paʻa hiki.) TPP-Hōʻike (ʻAukake 6, 2012). Ka lā lapaʻau o Iulai 8, 2015.Kukui ʻia Iulai 9, 2015.
26. ↑ Yakunin: ke kālai ʻia nei ʻo Politik i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi moku ʻae ma waena o Sakhalin a me Hokkaido(unuhi ʻole ʻia) . TASS (Iulai 8, 2015).

Palapala palapala

• Barkalov V. Yu., Taran A. A. Kahi papa inoa o nā mea kanu vascular ma ka moku Sakhalin // Flora a me nā manu o ka mokupuni ʻo Sakhalin (Nā kumuhana o ka International Sakhalin Project). Māhele 1. - Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2004. - S. 39–66.
• Ka Waihona Red o Sakhalin Oblast: Nā holoholona. - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: hale hoʻopaʻa puke Sakhalin, 2001. - 190 p.
• Ka Buke Kauka o Sakhalin Oblast. - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: hale hoʻopaʻa puke Sakhalin, 2001. - 348 p.
• Nechaev V.A. Mau manu o ka mokupuni ʻo Sakhalin. - Vladivostok: FEB Academy o Science of the USSR, 1991 .-- 748 p.
• Nechaev V.A. Ke hōkeo ʻana mai i nā manu manu manu (Ola) ʻO Sakhalin Oblast // Flora a me nā manu o ka mokupuni o Sakhalin (Nā ʻĀina o ka International Sakhalin Project) Mahele 2 .. - Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2005. - S. 246—327.
• Ka mea paʻa o nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe o Sakhalin a me nā Kuril Islands / D.P. Vorobyov, V.N. Voroshilov, N.N. Gurzenkov, a me nā mea'ē aʻe .. - L.: Science, Leningrad. Dep., 1974.- 372 p.
• Gritsenko O. F.Ke hala ʻana i ka iʻa o ka mokupuni ʻo Sakhalin (taxonomy, ecology, law). - M., 2002.

• Chekhov A.P. ʻO Sakhalin Island.
• Pikul V.S. Katorga.
• Svechin N. Moku Kahiki