Ma kahi o 318 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i ka manawa o Permian, ua noho ʻia ko mākou honua e nā synapsids maikaʻi loa. Ua ʻokoʻa kēia mau mea kahiko i nā reptile hou ʻaʻole i ka nui wale nō, akā i ke ʻano o nā mea hana niho. I ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea kanu mea, ua loaʻa nō hoʻi iā lākou nā manu, e hōʻike ana i ko lākou ʻano predatory. Ua hiki i nā kānaka ʻepekema ke loaʻa i kēia mau manaʻo e like me ke kumu o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā koena he nui i mālama pono ʻia i nā koina Permian. Ma hope mai, ua kapa ʻia kēia mau mea prehistoric i mau dimethrodonts.
He poʻe holoholona nunui lākou, e hōʻea ana i ka lōʻihi o kahi 3 mau mika. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona hoʻohanohano ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo dorsal. He pāwili lolipili nui ia e holo ana ma ka pōʻai a puni. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā puka o nā ʻano like ʻole i kekahi mau ʻano o nā amphibians kahiko a me nā holoholona, i loaʻa nā dinosaurs a me nā pelicosaurs. I ka minamina, ua loaʻa i ka neʻe i ke ʻano he mea ikaika i ka hana o ka thermoregulation o ke kino o kēia mau holoholona. Inā e noʻonoʻo mākou i ke anuanu o ke anuanu, i kēlā mau lā, ua kiʻekiʻe loa ia, a laila hiki ke make me kahi dimetrodon maloʻo maloʻo mai ka wela loa, inā ʻaʻohe ona holo. Eia kekahi, hiki i ke ʻano kino like ʻole ke hana i ka ʻano o kahi ʻano moe kino i hoʻohana ʻia e ka dimethrodone i ka wā hana o ka moena, a hoʻohana ʻia e ia no kahi hilahila i ka wā mākīkī palalū. Wahi a nā hypotheses ʻē aʻe, hiki i ko mākou kauka ke hoʻohana i ka paila ili ma ka holo ʻana i ka wā ʻauʻau.
ʻO ke ola, noho ka dimethrodones i nā poʻe liʻiliʻi. Makemake nā ʻōpio i nā savannas, a me nā wahi ʻōpio i makemake nui ʻia me nā ua anu. Akā ma ka wao nahele, hiki ʻole i dimetrodon ke ola. ʻAʻole kūpono ia ke ʻano wela i ka wai iā ia.
He mea weliweli a weliweli nāna i hoʻopā i nā ʻelele āpau o ka honua holoholona e hiki ai iā ia ke lawelawe. Me kāna mau niho huluhulu a me kāna mau ʻōpio ikaika, hikiwawe loa ʻo ia i nā ʻāpana o ka mea hānai.
I kona kaona a me ka nohona, ua like ʻoi aku ka like me nā momi ma mua o nā reptile. Lawe akula nā ʻepekema mai iā ia i ka neʻe ʻana o nā pelicosaurs, kahi hoʻi ʻo ia he ʻelele nui loa.
No ke kumu ke lilo ʻole o nā dimedrodons, ʻaʻole ʻike nā ʻepekema i kekahi. Pēlā paha e moe ana i nā loli kime wikiwiki e hiki ʻole ke ola make i nā holoholona maloʻo. Wahi a kekahi hypothesis hou, ua hāʻawi aku nā mea holomua i ʻoi iā lākou.
Hoʻomaka aʻo
ʻO nā koena o Dimetrodon i hōʻike mua ʻia e Edward Drinker Cope i ka 1870s. Loaʻa iā ia me ke kolamu o nā palapala tetrapods ʻē aʻe i loaʻa mai ka Red Grads hoʻokumu ma Texas. ʻO Collector Jacobs Ball, ka mea ʻepekema o W. F. Cummins a me paleontologist Charles Sternberg i hāʻawi iā lākou i Cope. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau ʻōlelo i kēia manawa i ka American Museum of Natural History a i ʻole i ka Walker Museum of University of Chicago.
Ua hoʻouna ʻo Sternberg i kekahi o kāna mau kiʻi i ka palemona paleontologist Keleman Ferdinand Broglie o ke Kulanui o Munich, akā ʻaʻole ʻo ia i aʻo iā ia me Cope. ʻO ka mea hoʻokūkū o Edward, ʻo Charles Marsh, ua hōʻiliʻili pū i kekahi mau iwi o ka dimetrodon, akā ua hāʻawi iā ia i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Walker.
Inoa mua Dimetrodon Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Cope i ka makahiki 1878, e hōʻike ana i ʻekolu mau ʻano - D. incisivus, D. lulaia a D. gigas.
ʻO kekahi mea pena kaulana loa me ka dimetrodon
Eia nō naʻe, ka wehewehe mua o nā koena o dimethrodone ma 1875, i ka manawa i wehewehe ai ʻo Cope i nā clepsydrops C. limbatus. ^ E Ha yM. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia holoholona ma nā wahi like me ka dimetrodon, a ma ka hope o ka 19 a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kenekulia 20, ʻo ka hapanui o nā koena o ka pelicosaurs i hoʻākāka ʻia i ka dimetrodone a i ʻole clepsidops. I 1940, ua paʻi ʻia kahi paʻi i haʻi ʻia i kēlā C. limbatus he ʻano maoli ʻo ka dimethrodone.
ʻO ka synaps mua e wehewehe ʻia me ka holo ʻana he clepsydrops. C. natalis, i hōʻike ʻia e Cope. Ua manaʻo ʻo ia ka moku holo i lilo he kālā a hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka nui o kahi kīlā basilisk. Sailau D. incisivus a D. gigas ʻaʻole naʻe i mālama, akā, ʻo ka ʻālana D. lulaia mālama ʻia elongated spines. Akā, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Cope i ka makahiki 1886 he paʻakikī ke kumu o ka holo moku. Wahi a ia, inā ʻaʻole alakaʻi ka holoholona i kahi ʻano aquatic, a laila pili ka moku a i ka fin paha i ka neʻe, a ʻaʻole nui nā limahana a me nā ʻili e alakaʻi i kahi ola arboreal, e like me ka basilisk.
Iwakāluakūmākahi
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kenekulia iwakālua, ua hana ʻo E. Case i kahi loiloi koʻikoʻi o dimetrodon, e hōʻike ana i kekahi mauʻano hou. Ua kōkua ʻia ʻo ia e ka Carnegie Institution me ke kālā, me ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā mea waiwai mai nā hale musia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Nui nā mea i hoʻohālikelike ʻia e Cope, ka mea i lilo i kaulana loa no ka wehewehe ʻana i ka moʻomeheu āpau wale nō i nā palaki, ʻaʻole naʻe i nānā nui i kēia mau koena.
Hoʻomaka i nā makahiki 1920, ua nānā hou ʻo Alfred Romer i nā loiloi demithrodon he nui, e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano he nui. I ka makahiki 1940, ua alakaʻi ʻo Romer a me Llewellyn Price i ka Pelicosaurus Review, ka mea i nānā i ka hapa nui o nā synapsids i wehewehe ʻia e Cope. Aia e pili pono ana ka hapanui o nā hualoaʻa.
Ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana kahiko o nā ʻano ʻano Dimetrodon incisivus
Ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o Romer a me Price, loaʻa ka ʻike nui o nā ʻāpana he nui o ka dimethrodone ma waho o Oklahoma a me Texas. No laila, i ka makahiki 1966, ua loaʻa nā pōpoki liʻiliʻi ma Utah, a i ka makahiki 1969, loaʻa nā koena ma Arizona. I ka makahiki 1975, ua hōʻike ʻo Olson i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka dimetrodon ma Ohio. Ma 1977, ua wehewehe ʻo Berman i kahi ʻano e pili ana i ka waiwai mai New Mexico. D. occidentalis ("komohana"), kahi i hui pū ai me nā koena o Utah a me Arizona.
Ma mua o kēia mau mea ʻike i ʻike ʻia, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Texas lāua ʻo Oklahoma mai ke koena o nā wahi ma o ke ala ʻo Mid-Continental Sea Route, no ka mea i noho ai ka sphenacodon liʻiliʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻĀkau o ʻAmelika. ʻO nā ʻike hou, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou e hōʻole i ka hele ʻana o ke kai o ka mokupuni, akā e hōʻike ana i kona ʻano kūʻokoʻa a me ka loaʻa ʻole he mea ʻole i ke alapau ʻana o ka dimetrodon.
ʻO keʻano
He poʻo nui ʻo Dimetrodon me nā ʻōpio ikaika e uhi ʻia me nā niho koʻikoʻi. He kanaka hopu paha ia iā ia: ʻimi ʻo ia i nā amphibians, nā mea nani a me nā iʻa. Me kona mau niho mua, ua mālama ʻo dimethrodon i ka mea i ʻoki a haki. Hōʻalo ʻia nā niho hoʻi i hope, me kā lākou kōkua i ka holoholona i ʻokiʻoki i nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a ʻuwī i nā ʻāpana nui. ʻO ke kino o dimethrodone i ka pahu polū. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nui o ka dimetrodon ʻo ka holo ʻana mai ka ʻili i kau ʻia ma luna o nā pohihihi o ka spebra vertebrae. Nā neʻe like ʻole i kūkulu ʻia i nā holoholona prehistoric ʻano (amphibians platigistrix, edaphosaurus a me secodontosaurus pelicosaurs, spinosaurus dinosaurs) a lawelawe i nā helu regulators. Wahi a nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka moku i nā pāʻani pāʻani, lawelawe ʻia i ka camouflage ma waena o nā kumu lāʻau o nā mea kanu a mea holo maoli paha i ka holo ʻana. "Saili" hoʻomohala holomua i ke ola holoʻokoʻa, ʻike ʻia nā ʻike o nā ʻōpio o dimetrodon me nā haʻahaʻa hoʻēmi liʻiliʻi. ʻO nā ʻōpiopio, ua ʻike ʻia e noho ana ma nā lāʻau pohō ma nā kapa o nā wai wai, ʻoi loa ka makua. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole like ʻole ke kiʻi o dimetrodon i loko o nā puke kaulana e ka wao nahele - me ka ʻole o ka reptile, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke ola ma kahi ʻāina wela.
ʻĀpana
He kiʻekiʻe ke aloʻe o ke ʻano o dimetrodon, ma hope. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Premaxilla mai ka iwi ā i ka diastema hohonu. Kuhi nui ka ʻāpana kūloko. Aia ka ʻāʻī o nā pūlū liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka muzzle. ʻAʻole i hōʻea ka iwi waimaka i nā ʻili. Aia ke pookumu nā maka ma hope o ke kaʻe. ʻEkolu mau niho ma ka premaxilla, ʻo ka lua o ka niho o ka iwi luna o luna he ʻano kaulua, hoʻonui, ʻulaʻula, me nā kihi serrated. He mea lahilahi loa nā niho, e like me albertosaurus. Ma nā papa kuʻuna he mau liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, e hōʻemi ana i ka ukana ma nā niho, akā, ʻaʻole e hoʻopakele iā lākou mai ka hoʻopōʻino ʻana i nā niho. I D. teutonis ʻaʻohe hāhua, eia naʻe nā neʻe o nā aniani .. ke komo nei ka waʻa ma lalo o ka diastema ma waena o ka premaxilla a me ka iwi. Hoʻemi ʻia nā niho o nā ʻāpana ʻelua i mua o nā ʻāpana, ma hope o lākou e emi iki ana i ka nui. I ke ʻano, hoʻohālikelike nā niho o dimethrodone a me kona mau hoahānau e kōkua i ka wehe ʻana i ka sphenacotamus mai nā synapsids mua aʻe.
Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi 2014 i hana ʻia nā dimetrodons i kahi ʻano o ka holo lima. Liʻiliʻi D. milleri ʻAʻohe o lākou mau gulu, e ʻimi ana lākou i ka mea ʻuʻuku liʻiliʻi. I ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa a me ka nui, ua loli nā niho i ko lākou ʻano. I D. limbatus he lei ʻokiʻoki nā niho, e like me kahi secodontosaurus. Ma ka nui D. grandis ua like nā niho me nā ʻōpala a me nāropropod. No laila, ʻaʻole e hoʻonui wale ʻia nā dimetrodons i ka nui ma ko lākou ulu ʻana, akā ua hoʻololi pū i nā mea hana maʻamau no ke kiʻi holoholona.
He ʻokoʻa ka Dimethrodone mai ka zavropside i mua o kahi fenestra infratemporal. Loaʻa i nā reptile ʻelua fenestra, a i ʻole ka aneane i ʻole, ʻoiai hoʻokahi mau hole wale nō nā synapsids. He mau ʻōmaʻomaʻo maʻamau o Dimetrodon o ka neʻe ʻana mai ka pahuhopu mua i nā mammals, e like me nā pana lāʻau ma ka kua o ka iwi haʻahaʻa a ma loko o ka ana o ka ihu.
Aia i loko o ka pūlima o ka ihu he mau alaloa kūikawā, nā ʻulaʻula. Hiki iā lākou ke kākoʻo i ka cartilage, me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wahi o ka epithelium olfactory. ʻO kēia mau haʻalulu he liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā mammals a ma hope nā synapsid, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ai i nā nasoturbines kahi hōʻailona o ke aloha mahana. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokeo i kahi melipele mucous a hoʻomāhuʻu i ka ea i komo mai ai. No laila, dimetrodon ʻo ia kahi holoholona i hoʻoluʻu koko.
ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona o ka dimethrodone ka lōkeke i ka hope o ka'ā'ī, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka pāpaʻi i hōʻike ʻia. Aia ia ma ka iwi articular i pili i ka iwi ʻehā, i hui pū ʻia me ka iwi kuʻi. I nā synapsids ma hope, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kaʻina o ka iwi articular a me nā pahu mai ke kihi ʻili, hana i ka iwi o ka pepeiao waena - ka malleus. i ka paia i hōʻike ʻia ma hope i lilo i ke apo tympanic e kākoʻo ana i ka eardrum i nā mammals hou.
Paele
No ka lōʻihi lōʻihi, ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo dimetrodone me he holoholona me ka lālani pōkole, ʻoiai, ua ʻike ʻia ka huina o 11 mau vertebrae e pili loa ana i ke kino, a kaili loa i ka neʻe ʻana i ka pelvis, a ʻo ka huelo o ka mea i wehewehe mua ʻia ʻaʻohe hala ʻole ma kahi o kēlā a ʻaʻole paha ia i loko o ka kūlana maikaʻi loa. Ma ka makahiki 1927 wale nō, ua ʻike ʻia ka huelo piha o dimetrodon, nona ka 50 vertebrae. Ua helu ʻo ia no ka hapa nui o ke kino a lawelawe ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he kilokilo i ka neʻe ʻana.
Sailau
Pauwe D. loomisi
ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona kaulana a kaulana o ka dimethrodone ʻo ke kaʻina nui o nā kaʻina spousal o nā dorsal a me ka cervical vertebrae. Mai ka wā i loaʻa ai ka ʻōiwi, ua hoʻākāka ʻia lākou ma nā ʻano like ʻole: me ke pani ʻana i ke kī hōʻē, a me kahi "holo" ʻē kā i uhi ʻia i ka ʻili, a i ʻole a hump. Ua hiki i ka holo aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kiʻekiʻe hoʻokahi. Ua uhi ʻia nā wēlau o nā neural i nā uhi ʻili. Hoʻokahi ʻano kūlike ʻo kēlā me kēia neural hāmeʻa, kapa ʻia kēia ʻano "dimetrodontovaya". He ʻano ʻehā ʻokoʻa ka neʻe ʻana o ka palahalaha kahi kokoke i ke kino vertebral, e lawe ana i ke ʻano o ka ʻewalu a ke neʻe aku nei lākou. Manaʻo ia ua hoʻoikaika kēia ʻano i nā hana a hoʻopili ʻia me nā fractures. ʻIke ʻia kekahi kanaka D. giganhomogenes me ke kuʻi kikoʻī pololei neural, akā, ma ke kikowaena, aia nō ke kiʻi nei i nā "eight". Loaʻa paha, pili paha kēia mau hoʻololi i ka makahiki o kēlā. ʻO ka microanatomy o kēlā me kēia mokana e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka wahi e hoʻopili ai i nā ʻiʻo a me kahi o ke neʻe ʻana i ka holo. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Aia paha, ua hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻiʻo epaxial a me ka hypaxial, me ka pūnaewele pūnaʻi o ka umauma hoʻohui, nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ia mau māka. ʻO ka lōlihi o nā ʻuʻuku he lahilahi, akā komo ka periosteum e nā ʻōpū he nui, aia paha i ka wā o ko lākou ola ʻana he mau koko koko. ʻO ka iwi multilayer laminated, ka mea i ka hapa nui o ka mahele o ka neural spines, he nui nā laina ulu e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke koho i ka makahiki o kēlā me kēia kanaka i ka manawa e make ai.
Ke hele ʻia kahi luaheʻe ma waena o ka vertebrae āpau. Ma mua, ua manaʻo ʻia aia ka loaʻa o nā moku koko ma loko, akā ʻo ka hiki ʻole o nā ʻāpana o lākou i loko o nā iwi, hiki paha ke kiʻi ʻia ke kuhi no kahi mea ʻē aʻe, a ʻoi hoʻi ka nui o nā moku o ka moku i ka mea i manaʻo ʻia.
ʻO ke kūkulu hou ʻana o ke ʻano o ka ʻūhā o dimetrodon. Na Scott Hartman i hoʻopio
Hōʻike noiʻi ʻo nā ala āpau ua wāwahi kekahi mau spines neural a laila hoʻōla. Hōʻike kēia i ka liʻiliʻi loa o kahi o nā kaʻina i uhi ʻia me kahi holo (a i ʻole kahi kikoʻī like like), kahi i mālama iā lākou i ka wahi ma hope o ka hōʻino, ma muli o ka mea hiki iā lākou ke hoʻōla. Akā ʻike pū kekahi ua piʻi pinepine nā poʻo o nā pupu, i kekahi manawa ikaika nui, i manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole i komo ka piko o nā pana. Hoʻoikaika hou ʻia kēia hoʻonohonoho hoʻokele "holo exit" mai ka peʻaleʻa o ka ʻōnaehana o nā kaʻina hana. Ua paʻakikī lākou i kahi a lākou i hoʻopili ʻia ai i nā ʻiʻo o ke kua, ʻoi aku ka ulu ʻana o ka makika, kahi wale nō a lākou paha i hoʻokuʻi mai ka mokulele. ʻO ka iwi cortical i ulu ma ka pūnaewele o nā mea i wāwahi ʻia ka vascularized, kahi e hōʻike ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi o nā palapu palupalu a me nā kīʻaha koko ma ke holo moku.
ʻAʻole maopopo ka mana o ka ʻili o ka dimethrodone, no laila he mea paʻakikī ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i kekahi kikoʻōlelo maʻamau. Ma hope mai o nā synapsids, e like me estemmenozuh, ʻili iki me ka nui o nā pūnaka. Eia nō naʻe, i nā varanopeid hoʻomaka mua loa, e like me Ascendonan, ua hiki ke ʻike i nā paʻi ʻana. He mea hiki i ka dimetrodon ka pāpaʻomaʻo scaly ma ka ʻaoʻao o lalo o ke kino, a ma nā ʻaoʻao a aia hoʻi ma luna o kona kino ke ʻano, e like me ka mea i loko o ka therapeutic agent.
Gait
Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia ʻo Dimetrodon me kahi kaila "lizard" sprawling me ka ʻōpū e huki ana i ka ʻāina, eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike ʻia nā ala e pili ana i ka dimetrodone a i kahi synapsid kokoke ia ia, e hōʻike ana i kahi holoholona e neʻe ana me nā wāwae ʻae pololei, e mālama ana i kona ʻōpū a me ka ʻihi i kaʻawale ʻole mai ka honua.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, hiki i ka dimetrodon ke hauʻoli i ka wā e makemake ai ʻo ia. Akā, i ka hele ʻana a me ka holo ʻana, ʻo kona mau wāwae ua paʻa i ka hana i ka hapalua kūpono, ma muli o ka dimetrodon hiki i ka wikiwiki ke ʻoi aku ka poʻe o nā mea i make (amphibians a me nā synapsids liʻiliʻi)
Nā lāʻau ʻike maikaʻi
- D. teutonis Reisz & Berman, 2001. ʻO nā papaha ma lalo o kahi moena ʻula o luna (wolfcamp), Kelemānia, Bromaker a me Russia. ʻO ka dimetrodon liʻiliʻi ka nui, 24 kg. ʻO nā mea ʻike maopopo wale ʻia ma waho o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika. Kahu ʻia kahi holo kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻopili ʻia ia i ka biota ʻāina.
ʻO ka pahu wili Dimetrodon
- D. milleri Romer 1937. Hana ʻana ʻo Sakmara, lōʻihi a 174 cm, Putnam Formation, Texas. Kaulana no nā huila he ʻelua: ʻo ka mea piha piha o ka MCZ 1365 a me ka nui, akā ʻaʻole naʻe i mālama pono ʻia i ka MCZ 1367. ʻO ke ʻano mua o dimetrodon mai Texas. ʻOkoʻa nā mea ʻē aʻe i ke ʻano o nā pili neural. D. milleri he ʻano kaʻe like lākou, a i kekahi mau ʻano like like lākou me ka ʻewalu ma kēlā ʻaoʻao. ʻOi aku ka pōkole o kēia vertebra ma mua o ke koena. He kiʻekiʻe ka ʻeke, pōkole nā muzzle. Eia kekahi ʻano like pū D. booneorum, D. limbatus a D. grandispaha paha D. milleri ko lākou kupuna. Hoʻopili D. occidentalis. ^ E Ha yM. Syn.Hāpaleʻepono natalis Cope, 1887.
- D. natalis Cope 1877. Sakmara tier, nā mea liʻiliʻi ʻehā o ʻAmelika. Ke kiʻi nei me kahi lawaiʻa trapezoidal haʻahaʻa, akā, ʻaʻole i ʻike ka puka o kēia manawa. He ʻonika ka lōʻihi o ke koʻalāʻau ma kahi he 14 cm lōʻihi a hiki ke 37 kg. Texas. Hōʻalo ka ʻūhā, me nā niho kuku fang ma luna o ka iwi kiʻekiʻe. ʻIke ʻia ma kahi kokoke o ke kino nui D. limbatus.
Pauwe D. incisivus
- D. limbatus Cope 1877. ʻO nā tiers Sakmara a me Artinsky - ka lōʻihi o ke ʻūhā e 40 cm, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi a hiki i ka 2.6 m, mai nā hoʻokumu Admiral a me Bell Plains ma Texas. ʻO ka synapsid kaulana kaulana loa. Hōʻike pinepine i ka palapala. Ua wehewehe ʻia i ka Hoʻololi limahana, ua lawe ʻia ʻo ia e dimetrodon e Romer a me Price i ka makahiki 1940. Syn.Hoʻololi limahana Cope, 1877,? Dimetrodon incisivus Cope, 1878, Dimetrodon rectiformis Cope, 1878, Dimetrodon semiradicatus Cope, 1881.
- D. incisivus Cope, 1878 - kekahi o nā ʻano mua, i kekahi manawa i manaʻo ʻia he maʻamau. Hiki paha keʻae ʻia D. limbatus.
- D. booneorum ʻO Romer 1937 - Tier Artinsky - lōʻihi a hiki i ka 2.2 mika, Texas. I wehewehe ʻo Romer ma 1937.
- D. gigashomogenes Kōkē 1907. Kiheiky layer. Holo i ke kiʻekiʻe o 3.3 mika. Heʻuʻuku a lōʻihi hoʻi ka lōʻihi o ke alo ʻana. ʻO kekahi o nā kūpuna D. angelensis. ^ E Ha yM. Ua loaʻa i ka Arroyo Formation.Kāhea ʻia e Case Case i ka makahiki 1907, ua kū mau ia.
Kahiakau D. Keehi nui, 1907
- D. grandis ʻAkahi, 1907. Manaʻi maikaʻi ʻo Kungursky. Ua hiki aku i ka lōʻihi a hiki i 3.2 m. He haʻahaʻa loa ka ʻūhā, 50 cm lōʻihi, ʻehā wale nō mau niho precancerous. Loaʻa ma ke hoʻokumu ʻana o ka Arroyo Formation, Texas. Syn. Theropleura grandis Nahi, 1907, ʻO ka ʻaoʻao Bathyglyptus theodori Hihia, 1911,? ʻO Gigetrodon gigas Cope, 1878, Dimetrodon maximus Romer, 1936,? Dimetrodon cf. grandes grandis Sternberg, 1942
- D. loomisi Romer 1937. Kungur tier. Kāleka i luna o 2,5 mau mika. ʻIke ʻia i ka Arroyo Formation, Texas. Loaʻa ia i kahi ʻano haʻahaʻa a me ke ʻano holo moana serrated.
- D. angelensis Olson 1962. Iā Ufa ʻā (mā o Kungur). ʻO nā mea hope loa a kaulana loa. I loko o ke ola, ua ulu a hiki i 4-4.5 mau mika. Loaʻa ma ka Hālāwai San Angelo ma Texas. He lōʻihi ka ʻana a ke ana ʻana a hiki i 50 cm, a haʻahaʻa, lōʻihi nā lihi loa. Loaʻa nā pale āpau i mālama maikaʻi ʻia. ʻO ka hewa:? Eʻoododona hudsoni Olson, 1962 (nomen dubium),? ʻO Steppesaurus gurleyi Olson & Beerbower, 1953.
- D. borealis Leidy, 1854.270 miliona mau makahiki i hala, ʻo Prince Edward Island. He ʻano manuʻai, i ʻike ʻia ma ka batignate. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka makahiki o nā koena ma kēia wahi ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā hua lāʻau. Ma hope mai, ua loaʻa ka poʻo nui o ka bigat. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka ʻūhā he 40-45 cm wale nō.
ʻO nā wāwae wāwae Dimetrodon
- D. occidentalis ʻO Berman 1977 wale nō ka dimethrodone mai ka Abo / Cutler Formation ma New Mexico. Ua manaʻo ia e hiki i ka lōʻihi o 1.5 mika. ʻO ka inoa ka inoa ʻo "Western Dimethrodon." Kauhi ʻia no kahi huila liʻiliʻi. Pili paha i pili D. milleri.
- D. gigas Cope, 1878. Artinsky lāua ʻo Kungursky tiers o Perm. Ua wehewehe ʻia i ka ʻO nā kelena Clepsydropsakā naʻe, ua hana hou ʻia ma ka dimethrodone. No nā ʻano he nui i mālama ʻia i nā ʻōhua. Hoʻolālā ʻia i ka like like D. grandis.
- D. macrospondylus ʻAkahi, 1907 - i wehewehe ʻia e Cope ʻo ʻO nā clepsydrops macrospondylus, e hoʻoholo ʻia e dimetrodon e Case.
Nā mea hānai
ʻOiai ke kī ʻole ʻana a nā iwi o ka iwi o ke ʻōpala o dimethrodone, me kā lākou mau iwi ikaika i weliweli me nā niho ʻili, pili ʻo ia i ka mea i make. Heʻokoʻa nā ʻāpana like ʻole o nā niho, ua huli ke kua o nā molars. Me kona mau niho lōʻihi, hānai ʻo ia i ka mea ʻai, e like me ka liona o kēia mau lā. Lawe akula ʻo Dimetrodon i ka hopu pio. Manaʻo ʻepekema nei e ʻimi kēia mea kūʻai i nā amphibians, nā reptile a me nā iʻa. Me kona mau niho mua, ua kāʻili ʻo dimethrodon i ka mea i ʻoki a ʻokiʻoki. Hōʻalo ʻia nā niho hoʻi i hope, me ko lākou kōkua i ka holoholona i ʻokiʻoki i ka marsupial liʻiliʻi a ʻalī i nā ʻāpana nui.
KUMAIUAI
ʻO Dimetrodon kekahi o nā mea nui a ʻoi loa ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka manawa Perm. Ua nalowale kēia mau holoholona mai ke alo aku o ka honua a hiki i mua o nā hiʻohiʻona o nā dinosaurs mua.
Ua hiki mai nā palekōlolo nāna e hoʻopaʻa i nā koena o ka dimethrodons i loko o ka hopena ka mea i paʻa pono i nā mea kaua a me nā mea hoʻokalakupua. ʻO Dimetrodon ka nui o kahi kaʻa ʻenehana. Loaʻa iā ia nā wāwae puʻupuʻu ikaika, no laila, manaʻoʻiʻo nā ʻepekema e neʻe ana ka dimetrodon ma ka ʻāina e like me nā mea moʻo ʻana i kēia ao.
He holoholona lohi paha paha ʻo ia. ʻAʻohe ʻikepili pololei i ke ʻano o ka dimetrodon i kaupaona ʻia, akā e manaʻoʻiʻo he koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi kāna huā. ʻO ka ulu nui, e like me ka mea nui ma ka kua ke hāʻawi i kahi ʻano weliweli. Ua manaʻo ʻia aia me ke kōkua o kēia "holo" holoholona hiki ke hoʻoponopono i ka mahana o kona kino.
I ke kakahiaka, ua hoʻoiho ʻia ka dimetrodon i ka lā, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka wela ma ka holo i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o kēia kino o kēia dinosaur, no laila, hoʻomehana ʻia ia e nā mea e hiki mai ana. No ka hoʻolele ʻana, ua lawa ka dimetrodon e kāpī ai i kāna holo i ka wai. ʻAʻole ʻike nā ʻepekema i ke kumu no ka nalowale o ka dimethrodones.
HE HOOLAHA HOOLAHA. NA PALAPALA HOOPII
Perm, 280 miliona mau makahiki i hala
ʻAmelika ʻAmelika
Lā 3,5 m
ʻO kēia ka mea kaulana loa o ka pelicosaurs, ka holoholona kahiko-lizards. He ikaika kona kino, pōkole kona mau wāwae, ikaika kona iwi, me nā niho koʻikoʻi. Ma ka kua aia kekahi luʻi momona paʻu kiʻekiʻe, i kākoʻo ʻia e nā ʻōnaehana spinous o ka vertebrae. ʻAʻole maopopo maoli kāna mau hana. Manaʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻepekema ʻo ka "holo" i kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ka mahana o ke kino: i ka lā, ua hoʻomehana ʻia ke koko i loko o nā kīʻaha koko o ka moku, a ma kahi o ka uhi ʻana ua hoʻomoʻo ʻia. ʻOiai, ʻo ia paha, he kapa hoʻonaninani aila hoʻi e hūnā ai i nā mea moeʻuhane.
KA WAIWAI HOOKAHI. E IKE ANA ANA I KA MEA.
- ʻO ka inoa dimethrodone ka mea mai Helene. A ʻelua mau huaʻōlelo "dimitro" - "ka mea i loaʻa i nā ʻelua ʻelua" a me "don", ʻo ia ka "niho".
- Ua hana ʻo Paleontologists nā noiʻumi lōʻihi i nā koena o ka "holo" o dimethrodon, ma ke kumu, ua manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻohana ʻia ka moku holo e hoʻoponopono i ka nui o ke kino o kēia holoholona holoholona.
- ʻO ka ʻili "mālao" ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ka dimetrodon he ʻano wai ia e like me nā reptile hou.
KA ANO KOHO A DIMETRODON
Holo nei aia ka hopena ma kahi holo i kū i ke kua o ka dimetrodon mai ka ʻāʻī a me nā pelvis Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻepekema ʻo ka lawenaʻa he ʻano ʻano hoʻokele o ka mahana. I ke kakahiaka, ke kīloi nei ʻo dimetrodon i ka lā, ua hoʻomoʻe ka ʻā o ka lā i ka moku, a ma o ia la ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka wela i nā ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe o ke kino o nā holoholona. E laʻa, ke pale aku i ka wela ʻana, dimetrodon i ʻōlelo ʻia i ka moku i loko o ka wai. Wahi a kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe, hiki i ka lawena ke ʻokoʻa i kahi hana ʻē aʻe, no ka laʻana, i lawelawe ʻia he ʻano ʻano ʻano hana - hiki i ke kāne ke loaʻa ka nui a ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā wahine.
ʻEthlelo: lōʻihi, ikaika nā maka maka e hoʻohana ai i ka hopu a wāwahi iā ia. Kāna ʻia nā molars pōkole i hope, me ko kā lākou dimetrodon kōkua i paʻa i ka mea i hoʻopulu a ʻalupua i nā ʻāpana.
Kaawahiwa: ua nui ke poʻo. ʻO ka lua ma hope o nā orbits i hōʻemi i ka nui o ka ʻūhā. Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻiʻo ikaika i ka hope o ke ʻūlū.
Nā wāwae: nā pōkole a me nā forelimb nā holoholona hihiu, he pokole a nui. ʻAe lākou i kākoʻo i ke kino kino o kēia pangolin nui. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā ikaika ikaika o nā wāwae hind i paʻa i ka huelo lōʻihi.
- E loaʻa i nā Fossils o Archeopteryx
MEA ANA MA WAWA
I kēia manawa, ua loaʻa nā mau mele 6 archeopteryx. Aia nā mea a pau ma Bavaria. I nā lā i noho ai ʻo Archeopteryx, ʻo ke kaona o Kelemania he wahi o kahi ākea e kūlike loa ana a ua noho lā ma nā wahi āpau. Wahi a ke koho ʻana o ka wā i loaʻa ai nā fales i nā mea i ʻike ʻia ai nā mokulele, ua ʻike ʻia i noho ʻo Archeopteryx i ka Pualekaka Piko, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma kahi o 150 miliona mau makahiki i hala.
Hoʻaiho
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā koena fossil i ʻike ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, akā hiki nō i ka ʻimi iā lākou i Kelemona (i ka manawa i loaʻa i ka wā Permian i kēia mau ʻāina i hui pū ʻia i loko o ka konite). Noho ʻo Dimethrodons kokoke i nā kino wai, akā ua loli ko lākou wahi noho i ka wā e ulu ana kekahi. Ua alakaʻi paha nā dimetrodons i kahi ola semi-aquatic a me nā swam maikaʻi.
Nā hiʻohiʻonaʻike
ʻO ka inoa "dimetrodon" ʻo ia ka "ʻelua mau niho." Hoʻopili i nā niho liʻiliʻi, nā fangs a me nā mea ulu manu i loaʻa ai ma nā pahu o ka holoholona (ko lākou ʻano like ʻole i loko o ka mammals). Mai nā reptile, dimetrodon hoʻoilina i nā hiʻohiʻona hana o nā manamana lima, kahi i pālahalaha nui ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao, a ʻaʻole i piʻulaʻu i lalo o ke kino, a me ke kulu ʻana. Kau ka wai ʻana o kona kino ma luna o ka ʻenehana. Ma waho aʻe o ka holo, ʻo ka ʻano hiʻohiʻona o ka holoholona he lā lōʻihi loa ia, ka mea e loaʻa ana ma kahi o ka 50 vertebrae. ʻO ka nui o nā dimetrodons, ma muli o ko lākou ʻano, hiki ke loli ʻokoʻa - ka lūlū ʻana ma ka lōʻihi o ke kino mai 0.6 a 4.6 m.
Kahi ʻia ka ʻōpana synapsid no nā wahi kino. Ua loaʻa lākou ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao, ma hope a ma lalo o ka orbits. Na ke kaumaha ua lawelawe i ka malu ʻana i nā ʻāʻā o nā iwi. ʻO ko lākou heleʻana i hana i ka pōpoki o nā synapsids i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā mākaukau ʻo amphibians, kahi o ka ʻano o kēia ʻano e like me ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka iwi ʻōpala.
Nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona
Ua holo ko Dimetrodon kahi luʻu dorsal, nona ka hana o nā iwi lōʻihi o ka vertebrae, i uhi ʻia me ka ʻili. Hiki iā ia ke hana i kahi hana thermoregulatory, wikiwiki koke i ka mahana. Kuhi ka ʻepekemaʻohe ʻole inā nā moku, ke piʻi kino ke kino o ka dimetrodon makua e 6 ° i 3 mau hola 40 mau minuke, a me ia - i 1 hola 20 mau minuke. I ka uhiʻana, hāʻawi koke nā mea kala i ka wela, e mālama i ka holoholona mai ka wela. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka moku i ka wā pāʻani no ka hoʻonaninani ʻana i nā wahine (i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻomau ʻia nā kāne dorsal crest). Ua hana hou ʻia, me ka dimetrodon māhuahua.
Wahi hoʻokūkū
Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Dimetrodon kahi kanaka nui i ka mōʻaukala o kona wā. Hiki iā ia ke ʻimi i nā holoholona i noho pū me ia ma ka pili. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Dimethrodone ua ulu like ka manaʻo o ke ʻala. I kēia mau holoholona, ua hōʻike ʻia ka dimorphism moʻowa, i.e., externally, wahine a me nā kāne kekahi mau ʻokoʻa ʻole e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona mua (ʻoiai, ʻoi aku paha ka liʻiliʻi o nā wahine). ʻAʻole maopopo ʻia ke ʻano o ke ola o dimethrodones: ma nā hui a hīmeni paha. Hiki i ke kāne ke hōʻike i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i kekahi me kekahi.