Aia nā wahi uila nui o nā kaila kai nui ma Amazon River Basin (Amazon Rainforest), ma Nicaragua, ma nā ʻaoʻao hema o ka Yucatan Peninsula (Guatemala, Belize), ma ka hapa nui o ʻAmelika Central (kahi i kapa ʻia ai ʻo "selva"), a ma ka eulepule Africa mai Cameroon a i ʻO ka Repubalika Demokala o nā Kongo, ma nā wahi he nui o Asia Hikina mai Myanmar a Indonesia a me Papua New Guinea, ma ka mokuʻāina o Queensland.
ʻO keʻano maʻamau
No ka ulana ʻōlū ʻano:
- e hoʻomau nei ka ulu ʻana i nā mea kanu i ka makahiki,
- nā pā pua flora, prevalence o dicotyledons,
- ka hiki ʻana o 4-5 mau māka lāʻau, ka haʻalele ʻana o nā hua lāʻau, ka nui o nā epiphytes, epiphalls a me nā pā waina,
- ka nui o nā lāʻau evergreen me nā lau nui ʻōlika, pōkole maikaʻi i ulu ʻia, nā ʻōpala e pale ʻole ʻia e nā unahi ili, nā lāʻau palaʻai i nā ululāʻau mākeke.
- ka hana ʻana o nā pua a laila hua pololei na hua lāʻau a me nā lālā maloʻo (caulifloria).
Nā lāʻau
ʻO nā kumulāʻau i ke kumu kahalulu lāʻau nui nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau i ʻike ʻole ʻia i nā mea kanu i nā māla haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
ʻO ke kumu o ke kāʻei i nā ʻano nui he ākea, nā protrusions Woody. Ma mua, ua manaʻo ʻia kēia palana e kōkua i ka lāʻau e mālama i ka kūlike, akā i kēia manawa ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei lākou aia ma kēia mau protrusions, ka wai me nā meaʻala i hāmū i ka aʻa o ka lāʻau. ʻO nā lau ākea ka mea maʻamau i waena o nā kumulāʻau, nā mea kanu, a me nā mauʻu i lalo o ka nahele o ka nahele. ʻO nā kumulāʻau ʻōpio ʻaʻole i loaʻa ma luna o ka māka ʻenehana he nui loa nā lau, a laila e hoʻemi ʻia me ke kiʻekiʻe. Mālama nā lau ākea i nā mea kanu e hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi aku i ka lā ma lalo o nā kumulāʻau o ke kumu lāʻau, a mālama iā lākou mai ka makani mai luna mai. ʻO nā lau o ka papa luna o lalo ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi canopy he liʻiliʻi a paʻakikī hoʻi e hoʻemi i ka pehu hau. Ma nā papahele lalo, ua loli pinepine ʻia ka lau i nā kihi e hāʻawi ʻia i ka wikiwiki o ka holo ʻana o ka wai a pale i ka ulu ʻana o nā mikrob a me nā moss ma luna o lākou, e luku ana i nā lau.
Hoʻohui maikaʻi loa nā poʻo o nā lāʻau me kekahi me ke kōkua o nā kumu lāʻau a i ʻole nā mea kanu - epiphytes parasitizing on lākou.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe o ka nahele ʻōmaʻomaʻo e hiki ke lilo i kahi lāʻau ʻāʻilihue (1-2 mm) lāʻau lāʻau, i kekahi manawa i uhi ʻia i nā mea kīkī a i ʻole nā mea kanu, nā mua o nā pua a me nā hua e ulu pololei ana ma nā lāʻau, nā ʻano hua like ʻole e hoʻohuli ana i nā manu, nā mammals a me nā ʻai iʻa. aea nā ʻikina.
Fauna
Ma nā wahi ulu lāʻau nui, ua loaʻa nā ʻano hānai hoʻokahi (ʻohana o nā sloths, anteaters, a me armadillos), nā mauka ākea ākea, he nui o nā ʻohana rodent, nā pāliki, nā lula, nā marsupial, kekahi mau kauoha o nā manu, a me kekahi mau reptile, amphibians, nā iʻa, a me nā invertebrates, ua loaʻa. Nui nā holoholona me nā ʻihi kūpaʻa e noho ana ma luna o nā kumulāʻau - mau monkey tenves, dwarf a me nā manamana anteater manamana lima, mau mea waiwai, nā puiʻu porcupine paʻa, sloths. He nui nā pepeke, ʻoi aku nā ʻano kīpī, (ʻo kekahi o nā mea momona loa i ka honua) a me nā pōpoki (ʻoi aku ma mua o 100 mau mea like), ka nui o nā iʻa (ʻo ka nui o nā mea he 2000 ua ʻike ʻia kekahi hapakolu o ka fauna wai honua).
O ka lepo
ʻOiai i ka wā ʻino, aia ka lepo i ka mau lāʻau i mea nui e makemake ai. ʻO ka popohiki wikiwiki e hoʻoulu ʻia e ka huina e hoʻopili ai i ka ʻōpū o ka layer o humus. ʻO ka paʻa ʻana o ka hao a me ke koneki o ka alumini ma ka hopena hope ma hope ka lepo (ke kaʻina o ka hōʻemi ʻikepili silica i ka lepo me ka hoʻonui like ʻana i ka hao a me ke konio hāpana) hūnā i ka lepo i kahi waiho ʻulaʻula ʻōmaʻomaʻo a i kekahi manawa hana i ka waihona mineral (no ka laʻana, bauxite). I nā ʻōpiopio'ōpiopio, ʻoi aku ka ulu ʻana o ka lua pele.
Kiʻeke luna
Aia kēia ʻāpana he liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe loa a hiki i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 45-55 mika (loaʻa i nā ʻano lāʻau liʻiliʻi 60-70 mika). ʻO ka hapa pinepine, he mau lālā nā lāʻau, akā waiho wale kekahi i nā lau i ka wā maloʻo. Pono ke ʻano o kēlā mau lāʻau i ka mahana ikaika a me nā makani ikaika. ʻO nā ʻōlio, nā ʻōpū, kekahi mau ʻano o nā mea nui a me nā palu e ola nei i kēia pae.
Kanopi pae
ʻIke kakaka ʻano i ka nui o nā kumulāʻau kiʻekiʻe, maʻamau 30 ke 45 kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kēia ka palena kiʻekiʻe loa i ʻike ʻia ma ka honua o ka honua o nā kahe e hoʻopili ai i nā kumulāʻau i kūkulu ʻia e nā lāʻau kokoke.
Wahi e like me kekahi mau kuhi, ua ulu nā mea kanu o kēia waihona ma kahi o 40 mau pakeneka o nā ʻano o nā mea kanu ma ka honua - paha he hapalua o ka flora o ka Honua. Hoʻohālike ka fauna i ka pae ma luna, akā ʻoi aku kahiʻokoʻa. Ke manao ia nei he hapa hapa o kela mau pepeke hoho.
Ua manaʻo lōʻihi nā poʻe ʻepekema i ka like ʻole o ka nohona o kēia ola ma kēia pae, akā no ka mea hou wale nō i hoʻomohala i nā ʻano noiʻi noiʻi. ʻO ka makahiki 1917 wale nō ke kanaka maoliʻAmelika William Bead (eng. William beede ) ʻ statedlelo aku "ʻaʻole i noho kekahi papa inoa o ke ola me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia, ʻaʻole ma ka Honua, akā he 200 mau wāwae ma luna o kona alo.
Hoʻomaka ka ʻike maoli o kēia papa i nā makahiki 1980, i ka manawa i hoʻomohala ʻia e nā kānaka ʻepekema kahi e hiki ai i ke kuʻi, e like me nā kaula kīwī ma nā kihi o nā kumulāʻau. Ke hoʻomaka nei ka noiʻi Canopy i ka wā mua. ʻO nā ʻano noiʻi ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka palonika a i ʻole lele. ʻO ka ʻepekema e pili ana i ke komo ʻana i nā kihi o nā lāʻau i kapa ʻia ʻo dendronautics. Dendronautics ).
ʻO ka lōlo lāʻau
Loaʻa kēia wahi i nā hapa o 2 o nā lā a pau, aia kahi kau. No laila, hiki i nā mea kanu loea wale nō ke ulu i ʻaneʻi. Ma kahi mamao aku o nā kahe o nā kahawai, nā māla a me nā wahi ākea kahi e ulu nui ai nā mea kanu lāʻau, ulu ʻole ka ʻulu lāʻau. Ma kēia pae, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā mea kanu manuahi a me nā holoholona e waiho koke me ka nalo no ka mahana, ke aniani ʻōmaʻomaʻo e hoʻolaha nei i ka decompos wikiwiki.
Hōʻike kanaka
Kūlike ʻole i ka manaʻo maʻamau, ʻaʻole nui nā mākeke pulu moana i ka nui o nā kalapona a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i hoʻokuʻi ʻia, he kūleʻa ka carbon dioxide. Hōʻike nā haʻawina hou i ka hapanui o nā ululāʻau, ma kahi ʻē aʻe, e hoʻopuka ai ka ʻaona. Eia nō naʻe, he ʻano nui ka nui o kēia nā lāʻau i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ke kalapona, ʻoiai he mau loko wai maikaʻi, a me ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o nā ululāʻau e alakaʻi i kahi lewa o ka kalapona i ka lewa o ka Honua. He hoʻoikaika nui nā ʻōwai loiloi ma ke ʻano o ka ea e kahe ana iā lākou. No laila, ʻokoʻa ulana - kekahi o nā mea nui i ka pōʻaiapuni o ka honua, ʻo ka luku ʻana i ka nahele ke alakaʻi i ka hiʻona ʻana o ka lepo, hōʻemi ʻana i nā flora a me nā manuʻai, ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o ke kaulike o ka ékolo ma nā wahi nui a ma ka honua honua holoʻokoʻa.
He ʻulana kūlia hoʻemi pinepine ʻia i nā mea kanu o ka kōina a me nā lāʻau kīmiʻu, ka niu, nā mea kanu. Na Amerika Komohana no ulana ʻōlū lūlū ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana me ka hoʻoweliweli koʻikoʻi.
ʻO ka ola ma nā ululāʻau kūkeke
ʻOi ka maikaʻi o nā nohona ma nā ululāʻau kaiāulu no ka mea ola a pau. ʻO ka nui o nā mea kanu momona e hoʻolilo i kēia mau ʻāina i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka biologically capacious ma muli o ka nui o ka hoʻolālā spatial paʻakikī. I loko o ka gilea, e like me ka mea i kāhea ʻia nā mākoi ʻenekia, he ʻewalu i ke koena lāʻau ākea ʻehiku. ʻAe kēia i nā holoholona i "hoʻopuehu" i ka lewa, me ka loaʻa o nā loli he nui i ke ola ma nā puʻu o luna o ka nahele. No laila, ʻo nā fauna o ka nohona ka mea like a me ka nui o ka nui.
Nā ululāʻau kai
La pua nā ʻona, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, nā puʻu lāʻau loloa, nā lāʻau lāʻau lāʻau i paʻa ʻia e nā kumu waina, a paʻa nā lei.
Kūleʻa pinepine ʻia ka ʻāina no ka mea ʻole he mauʻu ma muli o ka nele o ka māmā, a hāʻule koke nā lau i hāʻule.
Nā holoholona ʻo ka mea hoʻohalike
ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha ka noho ʻana o nā holoholona a me nā manu ma ka honua ma nā ululāʻau eʻe. Ma Africa, mai nā mommals, kēia mau kaʻa a me nā puaʻa puaʻa nui, ka dwarf hippo, ka ʻApela ʻAmelika, nā dukers, a me kekahi mau ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe o nā antelope dwarf. Noho ʻo Okapi ma nā kihi o ka nahele, aia ka mea i ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mauʻu a me ka nui o ka mauʻu a ʻoi aku ka makemake o Gorillas i kēia mau wahi. Ma loko oʻAmelika Hema, ua hoʻohuli ʻia nā puaʻa e nā mea mea pena like me lākou, ʻo nā antelope he mau puka liʻiliʻi o ka mazama, a hiki ke manaʻo i nā tapir ma ke ʻano he hippos. Noho ka poʻe hope ma Asia Hema, kahi i ʻike ʻia ai nā kao liʻiliʻi a me nā puaʻa.
Aia kekahi liʻiliʻi o ka rodents terestrial: he mau māka ʻāina kēia o nā ʻohana murine (me nā ʻano o nā kiʻi, nā kiʻi like ʻole, nā ʻAmelika Hema he nui ka nui loa ma ka honua, capybaras, nā holoholona liʻiliʻi - pac a me agouti, a me kekahi mau ʻano o ka echimides e like me nā kiʻina a me nā hoki.
I waena o nā mea wīlū teritrial o nā Gile World kahiko, hiki i kekahi ke inoa he leopona, ma ʻAmelika Huipū ʻia, ua loli ke jaguar. Loaʻa ʻia nā pōpoki liʻiliʻi ma ka guilea ʻAmelika - ocelot, jaguarundi.
Nā Mīkini - colobus
ʻO ka fauna ma nā lei o nā kumulāʻau ka ʻokoʻa like i nā ululāʻau kai. Noho aliʻi ʻo Mīkini - nā ʻōpala, nā makika, chimpanzees a me nā mandrol (ma ʻAmelika), marmosets, tsebids, turnips, arachnids a me capuchins (ma ʻAmelika Hema), lory, gibbons a me ka orangutans (ma Asia). Ua ʻike ka poʻe a pau i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mony i ke ola lāʻau - ma aneʻa he mau ʻihi a me nā manamana lima, a me nā pūhaka maikaʻi o nā pū a me nā wāwae, a me ka hoʻohui i nā hua, nā pua, nā lau, nā iniseti - i nā mea āpau i loaʻa ka nui ma nā lāʻau. Ua hoʻohui ʻia hoʻi nā polima o Gilea i ke ola ma waena o ka lani a me ka honua, ka hapanui o lākou e lele mai kahi lāʻau a lāʻau, e hoʻolālā ana i kahi memba panity i neʻe ʻia ma waena o nā manamana a me ka huelo (Africa spins tail) i Africa. ʻO nā rodents maʻamau ka nui o nā ʻano squirrel. A ua ʻike maikaʻi loa i nā ʻōnaehana like ʻole i ka ʻāpana o ka lewa.
Palapala lau lau
Aia ma ʻAmelika Hema, aia nā pua ulu-moa a me nā pōpoki desmodus maoli. Mawaena o nā mamalia a makemake i ka meaʻai holoholona, ma ka lāʻau lāʻau ma ʻApika a me ʻAsia, ka nui loa o nā civets - ka genet a me nā tangalungs. Ma ʻAmelika Hema, ola ʻo Tamandois anteater a me kahi mea kūʻai liʻiliʻi mai ka ʻohana Kunih Tayr.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā manu makemake nui i nā huaʻai, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā hua lāʻau i waena o lākou. ʻO ka ʻalāʻau ʻAmelika, ʻo ka turuko, nā mea heihei, nā mea ʻai i ka maiʻa, ua ʻai nō hoʻi ka American Kraxes i nā hua, a ʻo ka ʻākī hoʻi e noho nei ma ka Amazon, e ʻai i nā lau. ʻO nā mea liʻiliʻi o kēia mau gourmets he mau nectaries ma ka Honua Mua a me nā hummingbirds i ka New.
Kahi like loa kēia mau manu no ka mea e alakaʻi like ana lākou i ke ʻano like like, e hānai ana i ka wai momona (a i ka manawa like i nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi) mai nā corollas o nā pua. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe mau manu manuahi insectivorous.
Inā loaʻa ʻoe i kahi hala, e koho i kahi ʻāpana a me ka paʻi Ctrl + Kākau.
Nā kūlana kumu
ʻO ka hapanui o nā ʻano ʻāpana o kēia ʻano ma ke ʻano kūlike. He pālahalaha nui ia a mahana i nā manawa āpau. Ua kapa ʻia kēia mau lāʻau anuʻu, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ma mua o 2,000 kūmole o ka ua ma lalo o kēlā me kēia makahiki, a hiki i ka 10,000 kenekulia. Hoʻomaka ka makehe nui i ka makahiki āpau. Eia kekahi, loaʻa nā ululāʻau kaiāulu kokoke i nā kahakai o nā moana, kahi e ʻike ʻia ai nā ʻoluʻolu mahana. I kēlā me kēia makahiki holoʻokoʻa, ʻokoʻa ka lewa mai ke +24 a +28 degere Celsius, no kēlā me kēia, ʻaʻohe ʻano o nā ʻano i ke kau.
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Hōʻailona kūlike o ka Humid
Nā kuʻuna o ka flora
Ma lalo o nā kūlana kime o ka kākika hika, nā hua lāʻau evergreen, e ulu ana i nā ululāʻau i kekahi mau kāula. He ʻiʻo nā lāʻau a nā lau nui, ulu a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe o 40 mika, hakakā i kēlā me kēia, i hoʻokumu ʻia i kahi nahele ulu ʻole. ʻO ka lei o ka luna kiʻekiʻe o nā mea kanu e pale i ka pua o lalo mai nā hihi ultraviolet o ka lā a me ka hoʻoku ʻana o ka umu. ʻO nā lāʻau i loaʻa i ka paʻu lalo he mau ʻala lau. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o nā kumulāʻau o nā mea kūlike ʻo ia ka mea ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻokaʻawale i nā lau, waiho wale i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a puni ka makahiki.
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Penei ke ʻano o nā mea kanu mea like:
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- nā punela kiʻekiʻe loa - nā lāʻau pāma, nā mea nani, ceiba, Hevea Brazilian,
- nā'āpana haʻahaʻa - nā kumuhele lāʻau, nā maiʻa.
Ma nā ulu lāʻau aia nā orchids a me nā mea manu like ʻole, kahi lāʻau quinine a me kahi kumulāʻau, kahi puaʻa Brazil, lichens a me nā mosses. E ulu ana nā lāʻau Eucalyptus ma Australia, a hiki i kahi kiʻekiʻe o nā haneli mau mika. Ma ʻAkelika Hema, ka hapa nui loa o nā ululāʻau kai i ka honua, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i kēia kūlohelohe o nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe.
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Ceiba
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He lāʻau Hin
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Lāʻau lāʻau
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ʻŌpala Brazil
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ʻEukalipo
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He wahi kikoʻī ma nā ululāʻau kaiāulu
Aia ka ʻina kūlohelohe i ka palena o ka eku ʻihi ma ka Honua ma waena o 8 ° ʻākau a me 11 ° hema hema.
Noho ia ma nā wahi haʻalulu: ʻo ke kolamu o Kongo ma ʻAmelika, ʻo ke kolamu ʻo Amazon i ʻAmelika Hema, a me ka hapa o ka mokupuni ʻo Eurasia.
Ke ʻano o nā ululāʻau kai
ʻO ke kūlana kūleʻa a kokoke i ka equator he wela a wela ka makahiki a puni. ʻAʻole i loli ka mau manawa.ʻO ke ea 25 - 28 ° C.
Ma muli o ke kaomi mau o ka ea i loko o ke kaila kūlohelohe, ua like ka ua ma loko o ka makahiki. ʻAʻole emi mai ka ua o ka makahiki ma mua o 1500 mm. Akā ma ka ulu lāʻau e nānā nui ana i nā kahawai i holoi ʻia e nā wai mahana, hiki i ka nui o ka ua ke hiki aku i 10,000 mm / makahiki.
Nā wahi kūlohelohe
ʻO kekahi ʻano like ʻole o ke ʻano maikaʻi i mālama ʻia e ka ʻatikala o ko mākou honua. ʻO kēlā kūlana ka mea nui i ka wahi o nā wahi kūlohelohe.
Ma ka hana honua, he mea maʻamau no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ʻepoe mau ʻūhā nui.
- ʻO nā Arctic a me nā ʻāina Antartika. ʻO nā wahi anu loa o ka honua, i hoʻoiho ʻia e ka hau a me ka hau. ʻO kā lākou wahi e kūlike me nā pou ʻelua - North a me South.
- Tundra. Ka lau nahele i uhi ʻia e ka mosses a me nā lichens. Aia ma ke kahakai o ka moana Arctic.
- Taiga. He nahele ulu coniferous me ka ʻā o ke aniani. E puni ana i nā ʻāpana ʻākau o Eurasia a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika.
- Nā lāʻau i hoʻohui ʻia a hoʻopono. Ka helu ʻia e nā kumulāʻau conifous a i nā kumulāʻau me nā ʻula lau ākea. Aia ke ʻano o ka hema o ke taiga, ʻoluʻolu ke anuanu a ua ʻokoʻa nā flora a me nā manu.
- Nā kapu hele. Uhi ʻia nā pāpū ʻole a puni i ka lau mauʻu. Aia ma ke ʻano mahana, akā, ua wela loa ia no nā mea kanu lāʻau.
- Nā Lāpule. ʻO ka mānoanoa loa a wela loa o nā wahi kūlohelohe. Noho ʻia ka ʻaoʻao hema o Eurasia, kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ʻApelika a me Australia.
- Mau nā lāʻau loloa. Aia ma ke kahakai nui a me ʻApelika Hikina. Hoʻohui ʻia lākou e ke ʻano subtropical. Hoʻokahaʻo Oaks, pines, cypresses, ʻoliva, a me ka juniper.
- ʻO ka hoʻopiha. ʻO nā wahi kamaiki Aferika maikaʻi. He ʻano nui o nā holoholona hihiu: lion, elephants, antelope, zebras, giraffes.
- He ʻulana kūlia. Aia ma ka wahi e neʻeneʻe ʻia a loaʻa kahi nui o ka ua a me ka māmā. ʻO ka nui loa o nā ʻano manu a me nā manu.
Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia he kūlike ka nui o nā paila maoli. ʻO ka laʻana, ʻo ka biome nui loa - taiga - uhi ʻia 15 miliona km 2. ʻOiai ʻo ka wahi o nā ululāʻau ulu lau he 3% wale nō o nā nahele āpau.
Nā huhū i ʻApelika, ʻAmelika Hema, ʻAkelika Hema
Loaʻa ka mau wahi kai nui loa ma ʻApelika a me ʻAmelika Hema. He liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi nā māulani Eurasiane, aia ma ka mokupuni.
- ʻAmelika ʻApelika.
I ʻApelika, noho ʻia nā wahi kūkeke komohana ma nā ululā ʻōlima. Ke uhi nei i ke Kaiwaana o Guinea, e piʻo lākou i ka paʻu o ke kahawai Kongo. Moku ʻo waena o lākou ʻo ka eʻakulika ʻo Atlantika a me ka nahele o ka mokupuni o Hawaiʻi. ʻO ka huina o ka palena ākea o ka pona nahele ʻo 170 miliona mau heka.
- Hoʻopiʻi o ʻAmelika.
Ke ulu nei nā ululāʻau ma kēia ʻāpana o ka honua mai ke awāwa o Mexico (Mexico) a me Florida ʻaoʻao (USA), e ulu ana ma ka Yutacan Peninsula a ma Central America. Hoʻopili pū ʻia kēia mau nahele i ke Komohana Komohana.
He inoa kūikawā nā inoa o ka nahele ma ʻAmelika Hema - gilea / selva. Ke ulu nei lākou ma kahakai o Amazon, ma ke ʻākau o ʻAmelika Hema, a noho nō hoʻi ma ke kahakai Atlantika. Uhi ʻia ma ke kō ʻana o ʻAmelika ma mua o 5 miliona km².
- ʻO nā wahiʻino o Asia Hema.
E ulu ana nā wao i kēia ʻāina mai ke kūkulu hema ʻo India, Myanmar, a me ke kūkulu hema i China a i Queensland hikina. ʻO ke mokupuni o Indonesia a me New Guinea, ua kanu ʻia i loko o nā ululā.
No ke aha i kapa ʻia ai ka ulu lāʻau o ka ʻōpū o ka honua
Loaʻa i nā lāʻau lāʻau ke kūʻokoʻa e hoʻopili ai i ke kalapona a hoʻokuʻu i ka oxygen. ʻO ka meaʻoiaʻiʻo no ke kaʻina hana o ka photosynthesis, pono nā mea kanu i ke kalapona no ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā mea ʻala. Ke hopena, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka oxygen i ka lewa. Ma kēia hihia, ma hope o ka make ʻana o ka lāʻau, hana ke kaʻina hoʻowalewale: lawe ka lāʻau kai pala i ka oxygen mai ka lewa a hoʻokuʻu i ka carbon dioxide.
Ua manaʻo ʻia aia e hoʻokahi lāʻau i ka nui o ka oxygen e pono ai no ka ʻaha ʻana o ʻekolu mau kānaka. ʻO hoʻokahi hectare o ka nahele i hoʻokahi lā (ma ke alo o ka lā) e hānai aku i kahi o ka haneli mau haneli o ka carbon dioxide a hoʻokuʻu iā 190 kg o oxygen.
Mahalo i ka ʻano o nā lāʻau, ua hāʻawi nā ʻepekema i ke koina lāʻau i nā “pua ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka honua” e hāʻawi i nā mea nui.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ululāʻau kūpeʻe maloʻo
ʻAʻole ʻike kēia ka nahele pele i ka hau a me ka hau. Kahihi ka pua a pua i nā hua a puni ka makahiki.
He aha ka ulu lāʻau equatorial? ʻO kēia kekahi o nā wahi e hiki ʻole i nā mea ākea loa o ka lewa. Loaʻa nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona i nā kūlana kūlike o ka mahana a me ka wela, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopilikia i kā lākou meaʻokoʻa a me nā ʻano.
Hoʻomaka
ʻO ke kahua o ka wao e kūlike ana, e like me ka inoa, aia ma ka ʻatorkoi, e piʻi ana i ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau a hiki i 25 ° C. w lu. a o hema a hiki i 30 ° hema. w lu. ʻIke ʻia lākou ma nā ʻāina āpau koe wale nō ʻo Antarctica.
Ma Eurasia, noho lākou ma ka hema-hema o Asia (e uhi ana i nā ʻāina o India a me ka hema o Kina), a laila ma o Malaysia hoʻi, ʻo Indonesia a me Pilipine e hoʻonui aku ai i Australia.
Ma ʻApelika, mau nā kahawai tropikoa mai ka Tūleo o Guinea a hiki i ke kikinini o Kongo, ʻo ia hoʻi ma Hawaiʻi.
Aia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ʻAmelika Hema, aia ka gilea ma ka Amazon a me ke ʻaha o ka ʻāina nui.
Ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, noho lākou i ke Kaiwa ʻo Mekiko, Florida hema, ka Yucatan Peninsula, ʻĀpana ʻAmelika a me nā mokupuni o West West.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hulū hulina nā anu
I ka mahana a me ka umu (pale) o nā ʻōlima, e mālama ʻia ka mahana o ka mahana i loko o 28 ° C-30 ° C, ma kahi o 35 ° C. Hāpai nā hola o kēlā me kēia lā i ka paepae hoʻohemo o ka ea ma 80%. Loaʻa ka ua makahiki i ka 7000 mm. Hāʻawi kēia hanana kūlohelohe i ka ulu lāʻau me kahi inoa hou - "māla" ("ua".
ʻO nā mea noho o nā nahele e like me nā mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia i ka makani ikaika. Eia kekahi, loaʻa nā ululāʻau kaiāulu kokoke i ke kapakai o ke kai, kahi e ʻike ʻia ai nā wai mahana.
ʻO 2 mau hiʻohiʻona ʻano no ka ulu lāʻau:
- ʻO ka ua "Rough" (ʻOkakopa-Iune),
- ʻO ka "ʻano" maloʻo (Iulai-Kepakemapa).
Ma kēia ʻāina kūlohelohe o ka hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, nā makani nāwaliwali o nā ʻōhua hoʻololi. Hōʻike ka nui o ka lepo o ka lepo i hui pū ʻia me ka lā anuanu e hāʻawi mau i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka ea a me ka ea "kaumaha" nui. Kuhi ʻia nā ulia pōpilikia e ka pua o ka kakahiaka kakahiaka, ka ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻana ma ka hopena o ke ao a me nā puʻu convective.
He ʻano hoʻoili
ʻO ke aniani i loko o kahi aniani kūlala e alakaʻi i ka helehelena o nā lāʻau evergreen lush, kahi e hana ai i ka "tier" mahele o ka pua. I ka awelika, ulu nā lāʻau ma 4 tiers.
Hoʻohanui | Nā hiʻohiʻona |
1 luna (luna) | ʻO nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe (a hiki i 70 m) me ka lei poʻo a me ka ʻoki maʻa |
Kūʻai 2 | Ma luna o nā kumulāʻau maʻamau (a hiki i 45 m) me ka lei ākea a me kahi ʻala maemae |
Maikaʻi 3 | Nā kumulāʻau e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia me nā mea huna |
Holo 4 | ʻRlelo liʻiliʻi |
Kapuni uhi (mosses, ferns, lichens) | ʻO nā mea kanu laila |
O ka lepo
Kūpono nui, akā loaʻa kēia biome i kāna ʻano ulu lāʻau i ka lekiō, ʻaʻole ia ka hoʻokū lepo. Hoʻolaha ʻia nā ʻeleʻele me nā hao a me nā konopiko alumini, e hoʻopiʻi me ka ʻulaʻulaʻula. Eia kekahi, ma muli o ka ua pinepine o ka ua, holoi ʻia kekahi mau mea hoʻohana mai ka lepo. ʻO kēia mau mea a pau i hoʻohemo ai i ka lepo, a me ka nui o nā humus (kahi ʻano e hāʻawi ai i ka hua i ka lepo) ma loko o ia wale nō 5%.
Nā wai wai
Kahe nui nā wai nui ma waena o nā ululā. Aia kekahi o lākou i ʻAmelika Hema a kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo Amazon. Aia iā ia i loko o kāna basina e ulu nui ai ka ululāʻau kai nui e ka ʻulu. ʻO Amazon ka muliwai nui loa ma ka honua, e kahe ana i ka ʻāina ʻo ʻAmelika Hema mai ke komohana a hiki i ka hikina.
ʻO ka muliwai wai lua ma hope o Amazon kahi Kongo, aia i Central Africa. ʻO ia wale nō ka muliwai nui e kahe ʻalua i ka ʻāpana. He poʻe aliʻi ʻo Kongo o Lufira, Kasai, Ubangi.
ʻAva pae
Hoʻokumu ʻia kahi pae "dense" e kahi nui o nā kumulāʻau, no laila ʻo ia ka mea paʻakikī loa o nā mea āpau. Ua manaʻo ʻia aia ma kēia pae he 40% o nā mea kanu a pau o ka honua. ʻOiai nā mea like me nā kumulāʻau o ka papa kiʻekiʻe, eia kahi ʻanoʻokoʻa o nā mea kanu. He nui nā kumu lāʻau i hoʻonani ʻia me ka "caulifloria" - ke hoʻokumu ʻana o nā pua a me nā inflorescences ma luna o nā ʻāpana a me nā lālā ʻaʻole i waiho i nā lau.
Nā Kūlana Kūlana Kūlana
Hoʻokaʻa ka lei lei poʻo o nā kumulāʻau i ka lā, e waiho ana i kahi pale a i nā aniani i nā mea kanu ma lalo iho. Ke hoʻomau nei kahi ʻike haʻahaʻa o ka pae a hiki i kēia lā. ʻO nā haʻawina loiloi mua o kēia pae (canopy) i mālama ʻia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka 1980.
Ua kiʻi mua nā kānaka noiʻi i nā huki mai ke kakaka me nā kaula i hoʻopili ʻia ma nā poʻo o nā lāʻau. E aʻo i nā poʻo o nā kumulāʻau, hoʻohana pono ʻia nā pōkā. ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i nā lawaiʻa he ʻokoʻa mahele o ka ʻepekema o dendronautics.
Flora
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻōpala mānoanoa hohonu e nā ʻōnaehana me ka laulā: ʻo ka luna o luna e kūkulu ʻia e nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe loa, ma lalo o lākou nā lei o nā lāʻau i lalo, a laila aia kahi mākulāʻau a me ka wahie lāʻau.
ʻO ka hapa pinepine loa o nā lāʻau evergreen o nā ʻokoʻa kiʻekiʻe, me kahi ʻoki ʻoki, kahi e ulu ai nā pua a me nā hua. ʻO nā mea maʻamau ka lāʻau koko, ka maiʻa, a me nā kīʻaha ʻaina, kālai aila, Brazilian Hevea, ceiba, balsa tree, cecropia, etc.
Ua uhi ʻia nā kahakai o nā ʻāpana a me nā kapakai o ke kai me nā pika. ʻO ka hōʻike maoli o kēia ʻano ʻōpala palupalu he mau aʻa o nā lāʻau ma lalo o ka wai.
ʻIla waena
Aia kahi “sub-ceiling” a i ʻole ka waena waena ma waena o nā kumu lāʻau a me ka uhi uhi. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā lau Shrub ma mua o nā mea kanu i nā pae kiʻekiʻe. Me ke kōkua o nā lau ākea, ua maikaʻi nā mea kanu i nā kukui scanty, kahi ma kahi kiʻekiʻe, i ka pale o nā lei o nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole nui loa.
Nā lāʻau lapaʻau hou
Ma ka nui o nā mea kanu e ulu ana ma luna o kahi tier, i ka ululāʻau aia kahi mea flora hou-tier. Kuhi nui ʻia e nā waina a me nā epiphyte.
ʻO Liana kekahi o nā mea kanu gilea maʻamau, ma kahi o kāna mau kaukani ʻelua tausani. ʻAʻole laulā o Liana kahi paʻa kūlia, no laila, hiki iā ia ke kāpīpī a puni nā ʻōpala lāʻau, pālahalaha ma luna o nā lālā a pālahalaha paha ma ka ʻaoʻao.
ʻO nā Epiphyte kahi mea kanu e ulu ʻole ma ka lepo, akā pili ʻia i nā wahi lāʻau a me nā lālā o nā lāʻau. I loko o ka e hoʻopili e hoʻohālikelike, i waena o nā epiphytes, orchids a me nā mea kanu mai ka ʻohana bromeliad i ʻike pinepine ʻia. ʻOkoʻa nā Epiphyte mai nā parasites i loaʻa iā lākou nā mea kanu mai ke kaiapuni, a ʻaʻole na ke kino o ka mea hoʻokipa.
Hōʻike haʻahaʻa
E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, ʻo gilea ka nui o ka ua ma ka honua. Hoʻomoe ka waiwai ma ke ʻano o nā ua wai kaumaha, i hele pū ʻia e nā hekili. Akā aloha ka mahalo i ka hoʻoilo wela, ʻo kēia nui o ka umauma e hoʻokaʻawale koke. ʻAʻole hiki i kēia mau mea ke hoʻopilikia i ka pae o ka haʻahaʻa i nā ʻōpulī: ʻo kāna māhele ma ka lewa e pili ana i ka 85%. No laila, noho nā mea kanu a me nā gileas holoholona i kahi ʻano ʻōmaʻomaʻo mau.
Kūpono o nā hoʻomālamalama
ʻO nā lei kaukau ākea o nā lāʻau kalalā kiʻekiʻe e like me kahi canopy mau loa. No laila, ʻoiai ka loaʻa o ka eku ʻakena me ka nui o ka lā ma ka Honua, ua aliʻi mai ka pōkole mau loa ma lalo o ka ulu lāʻau. ʻO kēia kahi mea nāwaliwali nāwaliwali loa.
Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ululāʻau i ka nahele ulu a loaʻa iā 2% wale nō o ka mālamalama. No laila, inā no kekahi mau kumu o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka palupalu o nā lau, a laila hoʻomaka koke i kēia hoʻomohala hoʻomālamalama i nā ulu lāʻau, nā mauhelehele a me nā pua.
ʻApika
Ke kīhaha ʻia nei ka gilea ʻApika mai nā kahakai o ke Kaiʻula a hiki i ke kahe wai Kongo o Kongo, e noho ana ma nā wahi he nui me 8% o ka ʻāina. Nui nā mea kanu ma ka ʻāpana e hoʻohālikelike ʻia: aia wale nō 3000 ʻano ʻano o nā lāʻau ma.ʻO ka mea i kaulana loa he mau lāʻau pāmaʻi, ficus, ʻulu lau, kape, banana, nutmeg, sandalwood, nā lāʻau ʻulaʻula. ʻO nā mea kanu o nā lalo lalo e hōʻike ʻia e nā selaginella, nā pāo a me nā podago. Ua uhi ʻia nā waihona wai o nā muliwai a me nā loko me nā mahi ʻai.
ʻO nā holoholona ma ka ulu lāʻau ʻo ʻAulika, aia nā okapi, bongo, nā puaʻa nui, ka leopae, nā wyverns, gorillas, nā chimpanzees, nā pēpē. Ua lanakila nā ʻalā ma waena o nā manu. Noho nui nā mea iniketi he - lele lele, huapau, ka termites, nā pehu.
ʻAmelika
Hoʻopā ka ua nui o ka wahi kaulana ma ka Amazon. ʻOi aku kona wahi i kahi o 5 miliona km 2. Ma Brazil wale nō, 3% o nā ululāʻau mauʻu o ka honua nei i paʻa. ʻO kekahi inoa inoa no nā ʻōpio ʻAmelika Hema e pili ana i ka selva (mai ka ulu lāʻau Sepania - ka nahele). ʻO ka nui o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona holoholona i ʻoi aku i ka nui o nā mea kanu o ʻApelika a me Asia. Ma kahi o 40,000 mau mea kanu o ka mea kanu e ulu maanei (ʻo ia he 16,000 he mau lāʻau), he 427 mau ʻano lāʻau o nā momi, a ʻo ka nui o nā holoholona hihiu he keu a keu aku paha.
He ʻokoʻa ka honua holoholona o ka holoholona. Ma kahi o ka leopadi, e waiho ana ka jaguar i ka mea e hopu ai, aia nā hoki a me nā ʻīlio puaʻa. Hoʻokomo nā kahe a me nā loko o Selva i ka pōʻino nui: nui nā pōpoki nunui e noho ana i loko o ka wai - nā caimans, piranhas, nā wahi uila. ʻO ka nahesa nui loa i ka honua - anaconda - noho i ʻAmelika.
ʻĀina waiwai
ʻAʻole hiki ke ana ʻia ka waiwai o nā anuana. ʻO ke ʻano o ka gilea i lilo i home i ka nui o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona ma ka honua. ʻO nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo ka ʻūhā e lilo i "ʻōpala o ka honua," ʻoiai ua haʻahaʻa lākou i ka nui o ke oxygen i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ko lākou antipode ʻākau, ʻo ka taiga.
Mai ka nānāʻana i ka hoʻohana waiwai ʻana, hāʻawi ʻo gilea i kekahi kanaka i nā mea ulu lāʻau nui - ʻeleʻele, ʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula. Mahalo i nā lāʻau kofe a me nā kumulāʻau, makemake nui nā kānaka a puni ka honua i ke kao momona a me ka koko. Nui ka nui o nā kumulāʻau hua i ulu maanei, nā hua momona a loaʻa i nā nui o nā huaora a me nā mea kanu momona. Eia kekahi, ulu nā lāʻau lapaʻau waiwai nui i nā ululāʻau ʻōlau, nui i nā waiwai anti-cancer.
Nā pilikia kūlohelohe
I kēia manawa, pilikia nui ka pilikia o ka pale ʻana i nā ululāʻau ʻōiwi. Ua luku ʻo ke kanaka i nā ʻōpala no nā kenekulia no nā lāʻau koʻikoʻi a no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā wahi no nā kula hou. Hāʻawi ʻia i ka gilea e kōkua i ka hoʻomau i ka ʻōlaʻi o ka hoʻopalulu ma o ke alakaʻi ʻana i ka ua ma luna o ka honua, e hoʻoweliweli ka luku ʻia ʻana e lilo i pōʻino maoli.
Ma muli o ka deforestation, e emi ana ka nui o nā ʻelele kūʻokoʻa o ka fauna. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻoiai ka nui o nā mea noho e noho nei i ka ua anu, ʻaʻole ka nui o nā holoholona a manu paha i loko o kekahi mau ʻano holoholona. No laila, nui ka nui o nā ʻano manu e nalowale i ka irrevocably, ʻaʻole hoʻi i ʻike ʻia e nā ʻepekema.
ʻO nā ʻike kiʻi
He hana maoli kekahi o nā kahawai ma ka Honua. Nui nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona e noho ana ma aneʻi he endemic, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe.
ʻO kēia ka mea wale nō kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa o ka gilea.
- ua ʻike hou ʻia ka ua ma mua o 150 miliona mau makahiki i hala a ua hoʻomau ʻo ia i nā loli liʻiliʻi mai kēia manawa
- i ka manawa i noho ai ka nahesa nui i ka honua ma ka wao nahele Amazon: i kapa ʻia ʻo titanoboa, lōʻihi kona lōʻihi ma mua o 14 m a kaupaona ʻoi aku ma kahi o
- Kūleʻa ke aniani i ke ao: ua hoʻomaka ke ʻano o kēlā me kēia kakahiaka mai ke kakahiaka kakahiaka nui, ma hope o ka ʻaina awakea e ʻākoakoa ai, i ke ahiahi ua hāʻule, a laila e kau pono ana kahi pōkole i ka pō.
- aia nā aʻa o nā lāʻau nūhou i ka lōʻihi ʻaʻole o ka hapalua o ka mika ma muli o ka lepo aniani.
- ka pua nui loa o ka lewa ʻo ia ʻo Rafflesia Arnoldi e ulu nui ana i ka ulu lāʻau.
- ka mānoanoa o ka canopy māla hiki i 6 m,
- Hiki i kēlā me kēia lāʻau kiʻekiʻe ke hoʻokuʻu i ka 750 lita o ka wai i ka makahiki i loko o ka lewa,
- Aia ka muliwai Amazon ma 20% o nā wai wai āpau.
I kēia manawa, ʻo kahi mea liʻiliʻi wale nō o kēia mau mākela kupanaha i aʻo ʻia ai. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa nui, nā wela wela a me nā palekikipiki i hōʻino ʻia e hana i kēia wahi kūlohelohe i hoʻokahi o ka maʻalahi loa. No laila, ua manaʻo ʻia e i ka hohonu o ka ulu lāʻau, nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona i ʻike ʻole i ka ʻepekema e ulu a ola.
Nā holoholona hihiu
Hōʻike ʻia ka fauna e ka waiwai kupaianaha. Hoʻopili ʻia ka hapa nui o nā ʻano lāʻau i ke ola o nā lāʻau.
He ʻano kupaianaha ka nui o nā iniseti. ʻO nā mea hoʻohana nui e hoʻopau i nā mea kūlohelohe he termite.
Hoʻopili ʻia nā groundworms e nā wamwā, nā pokika liʻiliʻi, nā hua maka pepelu me ka milo, na millipedes, a me nā aphids. Nā ʻōpala ululāʻau - kahi i noho ai nā pepeke, nā crickets, snails. ʻO nā mea ʻai i ka lāʻau palaʻa, nā keleawe, nā ʻano nui o nā pīpī a me kā lākou pili.
Noho nā mea hūʻuluʻehā i loko o nā kuʻi lāʻau: cicadas, nā pīpī lau, nā ʻōpala, nā lāʻau hoʻopio, nā ʻōpala, nā barbel, ka anuʻu, a me nā ʻūa ʻūlala.
He ʻokoʻa nā ʻelele o nā primates, e hoʻopau ana i ka nui o ka lau a me nā hua mea kanu: chimpanzees, monkey, gibbons, orangutans. Ma nā lāʻau lāʻau ola e pili ana i ka ʻohana Wyverrov: mongooses, genetics.
ʻO nā neʻe ma nā laina mua e hōʻike ʻia e ka leopadi (maʻamau a smoky), ma ʻAmelika Hema he jaguar. Noho ka nui o nā ungulate i ka ʻeleʻele o ka nahele, ʻo Kūkō Kaki - ka wahi o okapi - kahi pōkole ʻo kahi giraffe.
Pono nā manu i ka wehewehe wehewehe. I nā māla āpau o ka ululāʻau kaiāulu, nui nā holoholona e hānai i nā hua a me nā hua. ʻO Guinea fowl, nā ʻūhā, nā pigeons, nā māka o ka ʻohana pheasant e noho ma ka ʻāpana ʻāina.
Nui nā manu a me nā manu liʻiliʻi: nā ʻōpala, toucans, e hānai ana i ka hummingbird nectar, a me nā passerines.
ʻO nā kūlana o nā māla kūlehu i kūpono no nā amphibians e ola a me nā reptile: nā huaʻulaʻula ulaula, nā polana copepod, nā ʻōpala.
Eia kekahi, hoʻokaʻawale ka ea i ka ua me ka ua e hiki i ka amphibians ke noho lōʻihi no ka wā lōʻihi a hoʻonui ʻia ma waho o nā wai wai, eʻoki i nā kumulāʻau.
Pākaʻi wao nahele
Hāʻawi kahi hālei kūlealo i kahi e hoʻokūkū ai i ka uhi uhi ʻoi aku. ʻO nā lau lāʻau palupalu.He kiko maoli ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka nahele: he nui nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe, a ʻo ka pua o nā pūʻulu o lalo e maloʻo a lialo, ʻike nui i ka wa.
I nā lāʻau evergreen, nā aʻa papa like-papa, lōʻihi a pololei a pololei hoʻi, ʻike ʻia nā lei i ka ʻaoʻao aʻe wale nō, kahi i lawa ai ka lako o ka mālamalama. ʻO nā kumulāʻau lāʻau nā lau maloʻo me nā ʻili ʻili i mālama ʻia i ka mālama ʻana i ka lā a me nā kahawai kahe. I loko o nā mea kanu i lalo o nā peʻa haʻahaʻa, aia kahi 1% o ka lā i komo i loko o ka lā, nā ipo a me nā palupalu.
ʻO nā māka maʻamau o ka luna o luna ka palemela, ficus, a me ka mallow. Ma lalo aʻe e ulu ai nā niu, ka niu. Uhiʻi pinepine nā ʻōpala i nā vine, nā lāʻau ʻalāʻau, nā moʻo. ʻO nā mea kanu, nā orchids i loaʻa pinepine. No nā pua o nā ʻāpana o lalo, he caulifloria kekahi ʻano - ʻo ka hiʻohiʻona o nā inflorescences ʻaʻole ma luna o nā lālā, akā ma luna o ka lāʻau.
Kāhea ʻia nā kumu kūleʻele o ʻAmelika Hema i selva. ʻOi aku lākou i ka wao nahele o ʻAmelika i nā mea kanu a me nā mea holoholona holoholona.
ʻO ka mea nui o ka ulu lāʻau e kū ana ma ka honua
He nui nā kūlike o nā kūlehu kūloko mai ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka nānā ʻana.
ʻO nā kumulāʻau wai no ke kūkulu ʻenehana ʻāpana o nā ʻano nui o nā mea kanu:
hana ʻia ka aila mai ka aila,
ka lāʻau o kekahi mau lāʻau (ma ka laʻi like ʻole, ebony) ka waiwai kiʻekiʻe no nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻona, hele i ka hana o nā lako makamae,
ʻO ka lāʻau lāʻau a me nā huaʻai o nā mea kanu he mea waiwai hoʻi no nā lāʻau lapaʻau.
ʻO ka ululāʻau kū hoʻokahi ka mea nui o ka ʻimi ʻepekema. Nui ke ʻano ma aneʻi a ʻike maoli nā ʻepekema i kēia mau makahiki hou o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu manu.
He pili honua i ka nohona honua. ʻO nā kumulāʻau o nā ʻōpala lauwili kekahi o nā kumu nui o ke oxygen ma ka Honua. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, no ke kumu o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana, ʻoki ʻia nā ʻāpana nui o ka ʻāina ulu.
Aia ka hopena nui o ka luku piha ʻana i nā ululāʻau kaiāulu, e like me ka hana me nā lālapa loiloi subtropical, ma kahi o nā wahi i kēia wahi. ʻO ka hakakā ke hoʻomau o ka hoʻomau i nā ʻōpū o ka wao he pilikia koʻikoʻi o ko mākou manawa, a hiki ke lilo i mea pōʻino kūlohelohe.
Flora o nā lau epa eʻe
ʻO nā ululāʻau kūkohu no ka hapa nui ka ʻano o nā kumulāʻau nāwaliwali me kahi paʻaka lōʻihi. Ua ʻolo nā ʻano nui o nā lāʻau. Ma luna o nā lāʻau, nā lālā a me nā lau o nā kumulāʻau he nui. Kūpono nā lāʻau āpau āpau a lilo i ka nahele.
ʻO nā mea kaulana kaulana a kaulana hoʻi o ka honua kanu ke lianas.
- "Bamboo" mea kanu.
Loaʻa nā wana o kēia ʻano mea hana i ka 20 m.
ʻO Liana kahi lāʻau lapaʻau no ka hikiʻole o ka puʻuwai.
ʻO kahi kumu waina i loaʻa i ka physostigmine i hoʻohana i ka mālamaʻana i ka glaucoma. Ma nā ulu lāʻau kūlike, ua loaʻa nā mea kanu hoihoi a kaulana hoʻi.
Pau nā hua o ka mea kanu i loko o kahi o ka lāʻau lāʻau a ulu. ʻO ka Ficus, e ulu, hoʻopaʻa a paʻa i ka ʻala a me nā lālā o ka lāʻau. Ma muli o kēlā hopena hōʻoki, e pau ka lāʻau e ulu a hoʻopau koke.
- ʻO Hevea ka pīpī Brazil a me ka ficus huakaʻi.
Ua makemake ʻia ka Hevea kaulana a me nā ficus puaʻa nui no kā lākou "waiū" wai, mai loko mai o ka huina kūlohelohe.
- Laau Ceiba ("Cotton").
Ulu ka lāʻau i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 70 m He nui ka pipi i ka maiʻa o ka hua lāʻau. Hoʻoulu ʻia nā hua o ka lāʻau i kahi māka e like me ke kūlike i ke kaʻi. Hoʻohana ʻia ia he mea hoʻopihapiha no nā lako upholstered, nā kīʻaha a me nā mea pāʻani. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka pulp o nā hua momona e hoʻohana ʻia e like me kahi mea hoʻomehana a maikaʻi loa.
- "Lapa" kālai.
Loaʻa ʻia ka aila mai kona mau hua. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻano ʻāpana like ʻole mai ia. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā ʻaila a me nā ʻano mea hana i ka kumu. Hoʻopili ia e hoʻohana i loko o ka cosmetology, hoʻolako ʻia ia i mea hana no ka hana ʻana o nā kukui a me ka margarine. ʻO ka wai o kēia pāma e inu hou a paʻono ʻia. Ua kūpono ka wai momona no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā mea inu ʻawaʻawa.
- Kakaliʻa
- "Lāʻau" lāʻau.
- Palapa "Rattan".
Hoʻopili ʻia kahi ʻōpala anuu nui o nā lāʻau pāma i nā lāʻau a like me ke kaula gimnastic nui.
- ʻAona kahi zestrel.
ʻO ka lāʻau o ka mea kanu e lilo i ʻano hana no ka hana ʻana i nā hihia sikalika.
ʻO nā honua holoholona o nā nahele
ʻAʻole loaʻa nā mea kanu kūaloko i nā mea momona wale nō, akā ʻo ka manu. Aia ma kahi o 2/3 o nā holoholona hihiu āpau ma ka lewa. Ua hoʻoponopono nā holoholona he nui i ke ola "ma luna". I nā lei o nā lāʻau hiki ke loaʻa i nā nati, nā hua, nā hua. Mālama ka luna luna o nā holoholona i kahi ʻē aʻe.
Mālama ʻia he hale no nā holoholona liʻiliʻi:
- nā mea nui
- nā lemurs
- slop
- nā ʻelele o ka ʻohana cat.
Ke noho nui nei nā primates mua i nā papa lalo. Eia kekahi mau hua a me nā hua ʻōpio i hāʻule iho mai nā kumulāʻau. Nā ʻelele o ka ʻohana ʻōpio - alakaʻi i kahi detetment o nā poʻe predator i nā ʻōlau.
ʻO kā Jaguars a me nā Cougars he maʻamau i Central a me ʻAmelika Hema. Pono ʻo Jaguar i kahi ʻāina ākea no ka hopu ʻana. I kēia ao ʻōpiopio hou, ke emi nei ka nui o ka pae no ka hopu ʻana i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Ua emi iki ka nui o nā ʻano mai kēia ʻano.
ʻO nā ʻōpio ʻApika i lalo lalo i nā liona a me nā leopona. Ma nā wahi kahawai o ʻAmelika Hema, kā nā kaona a me nā leopards. Ma nā mokupuni ʻAmelika Huipū, he mea maʻamau nā "moneka" arachnid "a me nā pōpiki.
Noho ka ʻelele o nā primates ma ʻAmelika:
Noho ʻia ka ululāʻau o Asia Hema e nā gibbons a me nā orangutans.
Kālalaha ka Pythons i ʻApelika a me Asia. He mea maʻalahi ke hālāwai me kahi anaconda i ka ulu lāʻau Amazon. Ko nā ʻōpū ʻawaʻawa pohō ma nā ʻaoʻao hema a ma waena o ʻAmelika: nā "bushmeister" a me nā naheka "coral". He kamaʻāina kūʻokoʻa o ka nahele Aferika - he cobra, ʻike pinepine ʻia ma ʻAsia. ʻO ka wai o ka wao ʻAmelika, i noho ʻia e nā alligator a me nā caimans. Noho nā elele i ka ʻāina ʻAmelika.
Hoʻohui ʻia ka mea like ʻole o ka manu.
I waena o lākou:
- nectary
- bananoe
- Turaco
- ʻalaʻā
- aeto "monkey-eater".
ʻO ka ʻaihue e huki ana i nā heihei i noho ma ka ulu lāʻau o Pilipina. ʻO ka paona o ka manu ua hiki aku i 7 kg, ʻo ka eheu he 2 m. ʻO kahi ʻohana me kahi kao e pono ai kahi wahi no ka lawaiʻa ʻana mai 30 m² a 40 m². I kēia manawa, me ka hoʻolōʻihi o nā wahi "hopu" i nā ʻāina he nui aia ma ka palena o ka pauahi.
ʻO ka mea nui o ka ulu lāʻau e kū pono ai i ka lewa
ʻO ka mea nui o nā lāʻau evergreen ka mea nui ma ka mālama ʻana i ka pae kaulike.
- Hoʻolālā kūnaehana Oxygen.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā ululāʻau kaiāulu o ka "māmā" o ka honua. Me ka hana o ke kalapule ikaika, hana lākou i ka nui o 1/3 o ka oxygen.
- Ke hoʻokō nei i ke aniani.
No nā mākaʻi ke kuleana no ka hoʻokū ʻana i ka lewa i ka Honua a noho lākou i nā kaukani he nui o nā holoholona hihiu. Eia kekahi, hāʻawi lākou i ka hōʻuluʻulu haʻahaʻa maʻamau.
ʻO ka waiwai kūikawā o nā ululāʻau kaiāulu o ka honua aia i kā lākou ʻike ʻepekema.
- He ʻula no ka poʻe noho o nā iwi lāʻau.
Ma waho aʻe o nā mea kanu ʻike maikaʻi a ʻike maikaʻi ʻole ʻia nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona makemake nui i nā ʻepekema, ʻike ʻole nā ʻohana o ka poʻe e noho nei i loko o ka ululāʻau ulu.
- Ka mālama ʻāina.
Mālama ka lāʻau o ka equatorial i ka lepo. Ke pale ʻia nei kona pālahalaha ʻana i ka hiki o nā ʻāina wao. Ma hope o ke ahi ʻana a i nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine ʻana, e huli nā wahi i loko o ka nahele i loko o nā savannas a i ʻole nā kukui ʻehā.
Wahi hoʻoweliweli ʻana i ka guillas
ʻO ka hoʻoweliweli i ka hoʻomau mau nei o nā guillas ʻaʻole e hoʻomau wale nei, akā e ulu ana i ka nui. ʻO ka hana ʻana i nā ululāʻau kū hoʻokahi, e like me ka poʻe ʻepekema, e loaʻa nā hopena i hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻia no ke olakino o ka "ʻona" o ka honua.
- Hoʻemi i nā hōkū oxygen.
No ke kaʻe o ka Equatorial ke kuleana no ka nui o ka oxygen i ka ea ma ka makahiki āpau. ʻO ka loiloi a me ka hana ʻana i nā ululāʻau e alakaʻi i kahi pōʻino nui i ka hoʻopihapiha wai. I kēia lā, ua luku ʻia kekahi mau mea hoʻoili. Ma kā lākou wahi, kanu ke kanaka i nā mea kanu lāʻau. Hoʻopau ʻia nā lāʻau pāma a me nā kumu pālepa i nā nui.
Ma nā ululāʻau kūleʻa e ulu wale nā kumulāʻau i mahalo nui ʻia e nā mea hana ʻoi nā mea paʻa a nani hoʻi. Ke noi nei i nā kumuwaiwai kumu kūpono e alakaʻi i ka luku mau ʻana o nā lau kūalulu kūlike.
I kēia lā, ʻaʻohe mea paʻa i ka hāʻule o ka nui o nā hua lāʻau kūpono. Ua loli ka nui o nā wahi pāpū i nā makahiki i hala aku nei, e hoʻomau ka palena o kā lākou wahi, ma ka awelika, e 1.3% i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
ʻO ka luku hou ʻia e ke kanaka kīwila o nā ululāʻau kai e hoʻokokoke koke ai i ka pio o ka oxygen.
- Hoʻonuiʻia nā kūlike o ka ea wela.
ʻO ka piʻi mau loa o ka carbon dioxide ma mua o ke anuanu o ka deforestation, e like me ka poʻe ʻepekema, ma hope o 45 makahiki e hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke ea kūlohelohe o ka honua ma 2 ° C.
- Leʻa ʻana i ka hau.
E hoʻonui ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke aniani i ka meli o nā hau polar o nā kolamu ʻelua o Antarctica, a me ka hiʻona o ka moana Artctic. Hoʻoweliweli ka piʻi ʻana o ka wai i ka wai i ka pohō i nā wahi haʻahaʻa a puni ka honua.
- Ka pālahalaha ʻana o nā ʻāina wao nahele.
Mālama ʻo ka ua anuʻu Evergreen i ka ʻāina ma kahi e ulu ai ia. Mālū a mālama mālama i ka hana o ka ʻāina e pale i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā wao ma nā ʻāina kūlike. ʻO ka luku ʻana i nā uhi o nā mea kanu i nā ʻāina o ka eulakula e alakaʻi i ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i ka wa kai a me ka hoʻololo ʻana o nā muliwai. E hoʻomaka ka loli ʻana i ka lepo.
ʻO ka luku ʻana i nā wahi ʻokula ma kahi ʻenehana ʻoihana e loaʻa ana ka manawa. ʻOi aku ma mua o ka 10 miliona mau kahelehele o ka nahele ma ka honua a puni. ʻO ka māhele o ka nahele nā mea i hoʻopau ʻia e like me nā māhele ʻehā o Belgium.
Ma ka Pūnaehana Repubalika, ʻo nā wahi o ka nāhelehele i mālama ʻia he 60% wale nō o ka "āpau" wahi holoʻokoʻa. I kēlā mau kūlana, koi ʻia ka mokuʻāina e hoʻomalu i ka hōʻiliʻili a hāʻawi i nā mea pio i ka lawe ʻana aku i ka lāʻau. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka hoʻonele ʻana ma lalo o ka mana o nā mokuʻāina. I nā nahele nāhelehele, ua kanu ikaika ʻia nā kumulāʻau.
Kahi ʻia nā hana mālama mālama pono ʻia e nā ʻoihana ma loko o ʻApelika Tengah.
ʻO nā panalāʻau o nā ka nahele ma kēia mau moku'āina, i mea e pale ai i ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana o nā ululāʻau i ka nui o ka eʻae nei, i ʻōlelo ʻia i nā paka kūloko
ʻO nā rainforist e kūlike ana ka hana like ʻole o ke ʻano. ʻO Gilea - waiwai i nā flora a me nā manu ola he wahi nui o ka palupulu o ka ʻupena o ka honua. Pono ka lilo o ke kanaka i loko o kahi kūpono, palena, a mālama i ka mālama i ka nahele.
Nā ʻatikala: Mila Friedan