ʻOi aku ka nui o ka ʻalapiha ma mua o ka waiʻī - lōʻihi ke kino a hiki i 18 cm, ke kaupaʻa a hiki i 40 g. He lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ka maka, ʻo ka wīwī ka ihu. Manaʻa ʻia ka ʻalā monotonous, akā hiki ke ʻike kokoke ʻia e ʻoi aku ka māmā o ka ʻāʻī a aia kekahi mau aniani o ka ʻeleʻele a me ka hina i ka plumage. ʻEleʻele nā ​​maka, ʻeleʻele, kūpiki nā wāwae. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa nā meles a me nā wahine.

Holo ka lele. (Neʻe ka mamao o ka lele i ka 120-180 km / h), ka hū a nui, ʻokoʻa me ka wikiwiki nui, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lewa. ʻO nā ʻōwili kahi e loaʻa ai nā iniseti kiʻekiʻe i ka ea, pinepine ma luna o nā kūlanakauhale. Hiki i loko o ka lewa me ka pau ʻole o nā makahiki 2-3, i kēia manawa e ʻai ai, inu a me nā kīʻaha ʻole me ka noho ʻole i ka lepo, a e kō aʻe ana i kahi mamao a 500,000 mau km. Ma ka honua, ʻaʻohe kōkua. ʻO ke kumu e hāʻule ai kēia mau manu i ka ʻāina e waiho i nā hua a me ka hatch.

ʻO nā popo ma ka puʻu o nā pā, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hale manu me nā hollows. Hoʻokumu nā hoa ʻoihana i kahi pūnana mai nā hulu manu a me nā ʻalae i koho ʻia i ka lele, kahi i hoʻopili ʻia e lākou i kahi kīwaha papa. I ka hopena wale nō o Mei 2 a 3 paha mau hua ʻokeo i hū ʻia, a ma hope o 18-19 mau lā hani pipi hatch. Noho lākou i ka hano no kahi 6 wiki. Akā i ka hopena o Iulai e lele lākou i waho o ka pūnana, ua kūʻokoʻa loa lākou a hiki ke lele i luna o 1000 km i kahi lā. I ka wā mua, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ko lākou mau mākua e nā ʻēheu ʻē aʻe.

E ʻai ana i nā pepeke e lele ana i ka lewa.

Nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau a me nā hiʻohiʻona kula

Swift o ka pālua lahilahi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kao liʻiliʻi a me ka hapalua o ka nui o ka huila. Ka loa lōʻihi (mm) - 160-170, nā parirau 420-480.

ʻEleʻele loa ke kala, ʻaʻohe maka o nā manamana ʻulaʻula a i ʻole nā ​​kaula. ʻEleʻele ka polū, me ka manuahi ākea ʻōpiopio a me nā hulu hoʻokele, ʻo kahi ʻulaʻula hina-ʻulaʻula ma ka ʻāʻā.

Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka manu ʻeleʻele ma ka lele, ʻaʻole i liʻiliʻi ma ka wahi i paʻa ai ka manu, ai nā mea kūʻokoʻa loa ma ka honua. Ma ka lewa, ua like ka nui me ke kai ʻana o ke kūlanakauhale, akā ke nānā aku nei i nā ʻēheu ʻē aʻe, wikiwiki ka lele, lele, ʻano kūʻai no ka hoʻohana hou ʻana o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka lele (e hele nei a luhi ana, piʻi a ulu mai hoʻi), me ke kaʻo ʻana o nā ʻano hāhā, ka piʻi ʻana a me ke kaila lele ʻana (Luleyeva, 1970 , Dolnik, Kinzhevskaya, 1980). Hōʻalo nā ʻōpiehala i ʻole nā ​​ʻohana makika, akā i ka wā moena a ma mua o ko lākou haʻalele ʻana, lele lākou i loko o kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i ka wikiwiki a hiki i 250 km / h (eia hoʻi, ʻike ʻia ka wikiwiki o ke ala e nā ʻōlima kani e kani mau ai ke kani mau).

He leo kēia o nā leo he paʻakikī, e paʻakikī e haʻi ma nā ʻōlelo. Hoʻā ʻo ka hipa i kahi kani koʻikoʻi, me ka hoʻōho ʻana o ka "stre. a. a ”, i ka wā moe, i ka lā (a ma kekahi mau manawa i ka pō), nā hāmama e noho ana i loko o ka pūnana i kahi ʻūlū kiʻekiʻe he nui, e hōʻailona ana i nā hoa i ka lewa. I ka hele ʻana, i ke ao a me ka pō, noho mālie lākou.

Ke neʻe aku nei ma ka ʻona o ka honua, ke neʻe nei ka pōniki ʻeleʻele me ka paʻakikī, ke piʻi nei i kona ʻōpū, e kōkua ana iā ia iho me nā manawa pōkole, akā ikaika loa me nā ʻakaʻā a me ke aka, a me nā wēlau o nā ʻēheu lōʻihi. Kahi neʻe ʻia kahi manu makua maikaʻi loa mai ka ʻāina me ke kōkua o nā ʻalihi kūlohelohe o kona mau ʻēheu i ka lepo. ʻO ke ʻano e hiolo ana, e hāʻule ana i ka lepo, ʻaʻole hiki ke haʻalele ʻia, e pili ana i nā hihia o ka haʻalele mua ʻana o nā moa mai nā ahe, kahi ʻokoʻa i waho mai nā manu makua.

ʻO keʻano

ʻAukui. Ua hōʻike maikaʻi ʻole ʻia nā ʻokoʻa a me ke ʻano o ke ʻano, no laila e hui pū ʻia nā ʻāpana haʻahaʻa a me ke kaupaona ʻana. ʻO ke kāne kāne ʻōpio a kahi wahine ʻelemakule heleʻokoʻa a pau i ke aniani ʻulaʻula ʻihi me ke kala, me kahi ʻeleʻele, me ka ʻēheu ʻeleʻele a me kahi huelo. I nā manu kahiko (e hoʻomaka ana mai ke kolu o ka makahiki kalima) ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka leo ʻeleʻele i ka plumage, ma ke poʻo, ke kua a me nā poʻohiwi, a me ka puʻu hulu ʻiliʻili nui e loaʻa ana iā ia ka mālamalama laupa ʻūlū. I nā ʻeke hou, ua ʻokoʻa ʻole nā ​​manu overripe i nā kaʻe o ka hiʻu nui loa. Ma nā manu kahiko, ua kīwī nui ka plumage i kahi mālamalama iki a nuiʻeleʻele, a ʻeleʻele hoʻi ka ʻēheu. ʻOkoʻa nō nā manu ʻōpio i nā ʻōpio i ke ʻano o nā hakahaka o nā hulu ʻoiʻu (Cramp, 1985) a me nā hulu lahilahi keu (Luleyeva, 1986). ʻEleʻele ka anuana, ʻeleʻele a i nā wāwae. ʻEleʻele nā ​​moa i loko o ka lole i hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia, me ka hiʻina hina, nā wāwae a me ka beak, e like me nā pākeke.

I ka lole o ka nūpepa, ʻōmaʻomaʻo nā ʻōpio, me nā ʻōpiopio keʻokeʻo maikaʻi i ʻōlelo ʻia i kēlā me kēia hulu. Ma hope o ka hoʻoilo, hoʻoilo nā makahiki mua i ka leo palaka ma ke ʻano, no ka hōʻike ʻana o ka plumage o lākou, e hoʻohemo ana i kona mau wahi keʻokeʻo a i kekahi manawa e maloʻo ana. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā palena o nā wili nunui ma mua, a me nā kihi o ka hoʻokele koi.

Kūpono maʻamau

Kaʻaila Hike - Apus apus - Plain brownish-ʻokeʻo wikiwiki a me kahi ʻāʻī keʻokeʻo ʻē aʻe. Nā nui lahilahi - ka lōʻihi o ke kino 15-16 cm, nā wingpan 42-48 cm, ke kaupaona 36-52 g. Noho ʻo Swift i ka palena me ka subtropics o Eurasia mai Western Europe, ʻAmelika Hikina a me nā mokupuni ʻo Canary a i ka waena waena o East Siberia, Transcaucasia, East China, Tibet, Iran.

Kahi wilaʻeke māmā ma sub-Saharan ʻApelika, Hawaiʻi. Mai ka hoʻoilo e hoʻomaka ai i ka Pōʻalua, nā lele ma waena o Rūsia ma Mei. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o ka puna, ua like ka lōʻihi o ka manawa o ka hōʻea ʻana mai 18 a 27 mau lā ma muli o nā kūlana kūlohelohe. Loaʻa i nā hui liʻiliʻi. Hoʻomaka ka hana ʻana ma ka hebedoma ma hope o ka hōʻea ʻana. Ma ka masonry, maʻa mau 2, emi iki ka 3 (ʻo ke ʻano he 1, 4 a 4 paha). Kūpono ʻia ma muli o ke ʻano o nā lā he 11-16 mau lā. Inā kālele ka lā i ka lō, ua hāʻule nā ​​wikiwiki a hoʻomaka i kahi kekona o ka lawena. Pili nā lā i ka haʻalele ʻana o nā keiki i ka lewa a ma waena like ʻole - mai 33 a 56 mau lā.

Hiki i ke ʻano o ke kino o nā pēpē hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i 20 mau degere C, akā hiki iā lākou ke hele me ka ʻole o ka meaʻai no ka manawa lōʻihi, e ʻae ai i nā pākeke e hana i nā neʻe o ka ʻāina ma kahi mamao o 70 km mai ka nalo, e kū ana a i hoʻokahi pule aku paha. Ua manaoia, o ka mamao o ka wikiwiki e lele ana i kela la i keia la i ka imi ana i ka ai, ua like ia me ke kaena o ka Honua ma ka palena o St. Petersburg. I ka manawa o ke kauwela kauwela (ma kahi o 19 mau hola), ʻo ka wikiwiki e lawe i ka meaʻai i ka nokeʻo 34 mau manawa, ma mua o ka haʻalele o nā moa - 3-4 mau manawa wale nō. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia pāʻai he 400-1500 mau huaʻai; Loaʻa ka pāpaʻi loa i ka paona kiʻekiʻe ma ka lā 20 o ke ola, a laila e emi iki ka nui o ka paona (he mea hoʻohālike hoihoi me ka hānai ʻana i nā pua mai albatrosses a me nā petrel).

Hoʻomaka ka neʻe ʻana o ka wā lohi i ka hopena o ʻAukake a me ka hoʻomaka o Sepatemaba, kokoke ka nui o ke neʻe ʻana i kekahi wahi, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, e nalowale ana i nā wahi e nīhai ai i nā lā 1-2. I ke kauwela mua, noho pinepine nā manu ʻōpio i nā wahi hoʻoilo.

ʻOiai ke ʻano o ka manu ʻeleʻele i waena o ka waena waena e like me ka manu o ke kai kūloko, a ua noho pū ʻia hoʻi ma nā wahi kūlohelohe, nā hiona ma nā puʻu, nā puʻu, nā pali, nā nīnū a me nā ʻalā o nā pali, a ma kekahi mau wahi ua lilo nā ʻāina kūlohelohe a me nā ʻano kūlohelohe no ka hano like ʻole. Ma nā ʻāina papahele, makemake nui ʻo ia i nā hale pōhaku kiʻekiʻe - belfries, nā hale pule.

Ma Transbaikalia, ma nā wahi noho o ka noho me ka wīwī keʻokeʻo, e ke hoʻololi nei i ka ʻalehina ma Siberia Sūsia a me Kina, ka ola o ka ʻeleʻele i nā mauna, i nā kūlanakauhale - ʻo ke kāʻei wale ke keʻokeʻo. Ma nā mauna ʻo Tibet, he popo hāwau pōkole i loko o nā pōhaku i kahi kiʻekiʻe a hiki i 5700 m ma luna o ke kai. He manu maʻamau ʻo ia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka helu ʻana i ka pili me nā hoʻonui i nā wahi o nā kaona kaiāulu. ʻO loko wale nō ma Rusia 1-5 miliona mau wahi pālua.

Hoʻololi

Pahu aku ka hala o ka pua hānai ma ka lā 8 - 9 mau lā o ka hoʻomohala postembryonic, a ma ka lā 14-17, kahi ikaika e kāohi ana i ka hulu manu ma ka ʻeleʻele hina, 5-6 mm lōʻihi, e hoʻopuni ana i ka hulu ulu o ka pterillia nui (Collins, 1963) ka hana ʻana, ka uhi ʻana i ka ʻili o ka ʻekepeke. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka lole ʻaole i ka lā 35-3th 8 o ka hoʻomohala postembryonic. Eia naʻe, hoʻomohala ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā flyworms maʻamau (II-IV) i kekahi lā 3-4. ʻAʻole haʻalele kekahi manu ʻōpiopio i ka wahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai a ʻike ʻia nā manu lele, ka ʻōpū o ka ʻēheu, hoʻokuʻu loa ʻia mai ka uhi i ke kumu o ka hulu (nā hihia o ka make ʻana o nā pua ʻōpio i haʻalele i ka pūleʻa ma mua o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā manu lele, hana i ka piko o ka ʻēheu, ʻike ʻia).

ʻO ka hiu ʻana i nā ʻēheu o ke keiki māmā e loli wale i ka hoʻoilo hoʻoilo, ke ala e pono ai ke lanakila ʻia ka papalua. I ka neʻe ʻana o ka "kauwela" a me "kahakaha" no nā mau haneli he mau kaukani haneli, ua haki maoli ka hulu o ka hulu manu (a i kekahi mau manawa, me nā ʻano o hoʻokahi makahiki i huki ʻia, ua haki nā māhā-manu a hoʻopuni ʻia i kahi hinge), ka mea e ʻokoʻa ai nā ʻōpio i nā holomua o nā makahiki ʻē aʻe i hoʻololi hou i ko lākou mau lehelehe. e mālama ana a hiki i ka molt hou. ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka molt mua o ka plumage o ka lehe e hoʻomaka ana i ʻAukake-Kepakemapa o ka makahiki ʻōpala ʻoi aku, ma mua o nā hiele matrimonial i loko o nā mākaʻi. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻa mua ʻana i nā kapa pua ʻula i hōʻailona ʻia i loko o ka bass. Kongo ma ʻAukake 18th. Eia, molting o nā manu lele i nā manu o kēia ʻano mea i loaʻa i ka centripetally. Ka kikowaena mua o nā flyworm. Ke mālama ʻia nei ka lele pokole ma ka wikiwiki ʻo 2-3 mau puaʻe i kēlā me kēia mahina, a me ka lōʻihi - 1-1,5 mau hulu i kēlā me kēia mahina (De Roo, 1966).

I ka mahina o Nowemapa, he nui nā wikiwiki e hoʻololi i nā lele he ʻehiku. Kūkākūkā nā mea o ka lele lele, hoʻololi ʻia ka loli o ka plumage (nā ʻeke ʻōpio i loaʻa, ma ka latitu like a me ka manawa like, a hoʻololi like i ka hulu like. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Pepeluali, ua pau nā mea āpau, koe wale nō nā mea nui loa, e ka poʻe hou; i ka hopena o Pepeluali, he loli piha o nā flywheels. Inā i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole i loli hou ka piʻina mua, a laila pili ka lohi i kona mau waʻa a hiki i ʻAukake-Kepakemapa, i.e. ma mua o ka hoʻoilo o ka hoʻoilo. Ke hoʻololi ʻia nei ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mea lele i ka piko o ka ʻiwi - hoʻokahi hulu i hoʻokahi mahina. Kūʻai ʻōpiopio, mined ma ka latitu 2 ° 35 itude N a me ka lōʻihi o 23 ° 37 'E, i hoʻoili ʻia i nā lele ākea nui i ʻike ʻia i ka hopena o Pepeluali a me ka hoʻomaka o ʻApelila (De Roo, 1966, Cramp, 1985). Hoʻ okiʻu ʻia nā ʻōpiopio makua me ka molting no kahi o hoʻokahi mahina. I nā wā wikiwiki (3-4 makahiki o ke ola), hoʻopiha piha ana i ka wā e hoʻololi ʻia ka lole ʻaole wai i ka wā ma mua. Hoʻomau pinepine nā ʻōiwi ma kahi kahiko, a ʻo nā uhi o ka lele lua, kahi ʻokoʻa i kahi huluhulu hou i kahi hiʻu brownish. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka lole o ka moʻo mua ma ka hāmeʻa me ka lele mua, ʻaʻole i koʻo i ka wā o ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo, ma ka hoʻoilo o ke kolu. Ma hope o ka hoʻoheʻe ʻana, loaʻa ka flywheel hou kahi hou a kahi kīpī kuʻi, aia ma kahi o kahi wili. Ma ka holoʻokoʻa, ʻano ākea ka plumage o ke kolu o ka makahiki ʻekolu a ʻoi aku ka pakeke, akā, kekahi o nā uhi ākea o ke poʻo lele ʻano ʻeleʻele me nā kihi i hele aʻe, ʻokoʻa nā ʻēheu waena ma nā leo brownish, kahi i hoʻololi mua ʻia. Mahalo i kēia mau hiʻohiʻona like ʻole, ke ʻike wale ʻia me nā ʻano o nā hilo i hiki iā mākou ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā poʻe o nā makahiki mua, ʻelua a ʻekolu hoʻi o ke ola mai nā manu kahiko nona ke kulu ʻia i loko o kahi leo ʻeleʻele ʻōwili, ʻo ia hoʻi ke poʻo, ke kua, nā ʻēheu a me ka huelo mai luna.

ʻĀina kalepa

I kēia manawa, aia ʻelua a ʻekolu mau subspecies:

1.Apus apus apus

Hirundo apus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, p. 192, Suetena.

2.Apus apus pekinensis

Cypselus pekinensis Swinhoe, 1870, Proc. Zool. Soc. Ladana, p. 435, Beijing.

I nā subspecies mua, heʻeleʻele ka kala ākea nui, ka lae o ka kala like me ke kua a i ʻole ka liko paha. ʻUʻu ʻeleʻele a ua ʻeleʻele hoʻi kahi kihi. ʻO ka lua ʻoi kahi kala māmā, ʻōmaʻomaʻo ka mua, ua ʻoi aku ka māmā ma mua o ke kua, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻūhā a keʻokeʻo hoʻi ke keʻokeʻo (Stepanyan, 1975).

Kahele

Nā kikowaena waena. Me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole o nā ʻāina anuanu, pālahalaha maila ka wikiwiki i Eurasia ma nā wahi a pau. Nui nā mea ma nā mauna o Central Asia a me Caucasus (Fig. 35, 36).

Kiʻi 35. ʻO ka māhele o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻeke ʻeleʻele:
a - puana ʻaina, b - faritra hoʻoilo, c - lele, d - kuhikuhi o ka neʻe ʻana o ka wā lohi (e like me: Voos, 1960). Nā kikowaena: 1 - A. a. apusa, 2 - A. a. pekinensis.

Kiʻī 36. ʻO ka laulā o ka ʻeke ʻeleʻele i East Europe a me Asia ʻĀkau: a - range range.

Koho ʻia ka poʻomanaʻo nā Apus apus apus mai ke Komohana Komohana. ʻAmelika (ʻĀmeloka a me East. Tunisia) hema i ka Sahara Atlas. Ma Eurasia, mai ka mokupuni o Atlantika a hiki i ka hikina i ke awāwa ʻo Olekma, ʻo Nerchinsky Range, ma kahiki ʻo Mongolia, hema o Hei-Longjiang, ʻo Shandunsky Peninsula. Ma ka ʻākau i Scandinavia a hiki i ka 69 mau mea like ʻole, ma ka ʻO Kola Penina a 68 mau ʻanuʻu 68, i ka ʻāina ʻo Arkhangelsk, i ka bapa. ʻO Pechora a hiki i ka 76th laina (Stepanyan, 1975), i ka pala. Ob a hiki i ka 63nd, i loko o ka bass. ʻO Yenisei i ka ʻanuʻu 57th, ma ka palena haʻahaʻa o Olekma i ka ʻāpana 60th i like ʻole. Hema ma ke kahakai o ka Kai Hikina, Palestine, Iraq, South. Iran, hema Afghanistan, ʻĀkau ʻO Balochistan, nā Himalaya, ka piʻi kiʻekiʻe o ka muliwai Kahuna, Lake Ku-Kunor, Hema Gansu, Shance Middle, Shandong Peninsula. Pipi ma nā mokupuni o ke Kaiʻula a me Beritania. I Hikina ʻEulopa a me Kauka. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Asia mai nā palena komohana komohana o Moldova, Ukraine, nā ʻāina Baltic ma ka hikina a o ka Ba Baikal. Akau a hiki i nā palena o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa. Ma ke kūkulu hema i loko o ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa a ma Transcaucasia a hiki i ka palena o ka USSR mua, ma ka hikina a hiki i ka palena o ka Emba, Mugodzhar, nā waena waena o nā puʻu liʻiliʻi o Kazakh, Zaysan, ka ʻaoʻao hema aʻe i nā palena o ka US US mua. I kahi ākea ākea o Zap. Akau. ʻO Kazakhstan, ma nā palena hema o ka hoʻoili, hoʻohui pū me A. a. pekinensis. ʻAʻole like ʻole e hoʻoholo ʻia no ka ʻāina pre-Baikal.

Noho ʻo Apus apus pekinensis ma Asia Huipū mai ke kai Caspian a i ka hikina a i ke kūkulu hema i nā palena o Iran, Afghanistan a me China. I ka ʻākau a hiki i lalo o ka Emba, Mugodzhar, nā waena waena o nā puʻu liʻiliʻi o Kazakh, Lake. ʻO Zaysan a mai Baikal a hiki i ka hikina i ke awāwa ʻo Olekma a me ka Range Nerchinsk. I kahi ākea ākea o Zap. Akau. ʻO Kazakhstan, ma nā palena ʻākau o ka hoʻolaha, ka hoʻohui pū me ka apus. Ma ka wahi o Prebaikalia a me bass. luna Ua hoʻohui pū ʻia ʻo Lena me ka apus (Stepanyan, 1975). Hāʻawi ʻia i ka Pamir-Alai (haku ākea a span) paha, ka nui ma ka Alai Range. (Ivanov, 1969), ka nui o ke awāwa ʻo Alai e kokoke ana iā Daraut Kurgan (Molchanov, Zarudny, 1915), ua loaʻa i ka pili. 'O Nuratau maʻamau ma Samarkand ma nā hale kūloko (Meklenburtsev, 1937). Ma ka hema, ʻo nā honu i waena o nā kahe i ke kuahiwi mai ka puʻu. ʻO Kugi-tang i ka ʻaoʻao o Darvaz, ma ka palena o Badakhshan a me nā Pamir, ma ka muliwai. Shahdara. Ma ke awāwa no ka muliwai. Piʻi maila ʻo Zeravshan i 2,400 m (Abdusalyamov, 1964), ma ke kahawai o ka muliwai. ʻO Kyzylsu - a hiki i 3,100 m. I ka wā holo i ka Pamirs (Severtsov, 1879, Abdusalyamov, 1967, Bolshakov, Popov, 1985). Hiki ke ʻike koke ʻia nā ʻike mokulele ma Central Asia i mau subspecies (Abdusalyamov, 1977).

Nā Moho

ʻEleʻele Swift kahi malihini trans-equatorial. E loaʻa nā mokulele makahiki mai nā wahi pili i ka palena o nā hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo, e uhi ana i kahi mamao a hiki i 10,000 km. Mai ka hoʻoilo, hoʻoilo ʻo ia i waenakonu a i ka hopena o Malaki. Hōʻalo ka haʻalele (hapa ma muli o ka molting) a hiki i ka hopena o ʻApelila, akā aia nā manu "holomua" i Hema. Pani Sepania i ka hopena o Malaki. I ka pūnāwai, ke kumu nui o ka lele lele ʻana i ke komohana, a laila ma kahakai, a me ke kahakai ʻo Atlantika.

Hōʻalo ʻia nā neʻe o ka maka ma ke ao i ka mahana wela loa (ʻaʻole i hoʻemi ʻia ma lalo o + 10 ° С), ka lā uila a me nā kukui māmā o ka hikina a me ka ʻaoʻao komohana. Hōʻike ka hele i ka pō i ke anuanu a i ʻole me nā wīwī haʻahaʻa o ka hapahē hema a me ka ea o ka ea ke ʻole ka haʻahaʻa ma lalo o + 10 ° С, i kūkulu ʻia ma nā wahi he nui no nā wahi e holo ai. I ka pō, e like me ke ao, e hoʻohana nā neʻe i nā ʻano o nā holo a i ʻole. Ma nā kai a me nā ʻāpana mauna o ka laulā, ka hū neʻe i ka lele kahi o ka ʻano like. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka lewa e holo i ka huakaʻi lōʻihi, he ʻano ia o nā ʻano ʻelua i ke ao a me ka pō. I ka wā mālama i ke ao, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā laka ʻeleʻele i nā kiʻekiʻe mai 10 a 1,700 m, a i ka pō - mai 200 a hiki i 3,000-6,000 m (ʻo 60-70% ka kiʻekiʻe o 200 a 800 m, 15–20% - mai 800 a 1,500 m, me 1-1,5% - 3000-6000 m). I ka hola mua, hapalua hola ma hope o ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā, ua hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka hapa nui o nā hā o ʻeleʻele i hoʻokū ʻia i ka lewa pō i ka ʻaoʻao o ka ea (200-300 m kiʻekiʻe), i nā hola ʻelua, i ka piʻi ʻana o ka puʻu lele a hiki i ka awelika o 480 m ma luna o ke kai. . ^ E Ha yM. (Bulyuk, 1985; Luleyeva, 1983).

ʻO nā lā o ka hiki ʻana i nā wahi huna me ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana i ka nui o ka neʻe nui ʻana (i loko o ± 5 mau lā).Ma ke kahakai ʻo Pilikimaka o Crimea, he huakaʻu ʻeleʻele i hala i ka hopena o Malaki - i ke kakahiaka o ʻApelila (Kostin, 1982), a ua ʻike ʻia ka ulu mua ʻana o ka pūnāwai ma Armenia i ka manawa like (Sosnin, Leister, 1942). Ma ka akau. Ma ka Caucasus, ʻo ka hōʻea ʻana o nā pōpiki pīpī ma luna o 12 mau makahiki o ka nānā ʻana ma waena o ʻApelila 17 (1986) a me Mei 3 (1984) (Khokhlov, 1989). Ma ka ʻōpio o ka ʻĀkau. Hōʻike iki nā alapi ʻolike Ossetian i ka awelika o ʻApelila 20 (ma mua o 24 mau makahiki), ma nā kauhale mauna kiʻekiʻe - ma Mei 2 (13 mau makahiki) (Komarov, 1991). I Komohana. I Ukraine, ua ʻike ʻia nā manu mua i ka hopena o ʻApelila - i ka hoʻomaka o Mei, a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka huakaʻi nui ma hope o 2-4 mau lā, ma Lviv no 17 mau makahiki - ʻApelila 30 - Mei 1, a i loko o nā makahiki heʻe he mau hebedoma ma hope (Strautman, 1963). Ma ke awāwa Vakhsh o Tajikistan, lele nā ​​alakaʻi mai ka lā Malaki 10 a hiki i Mei 5, a ʻo ka pihi o ka neʻe ʻana i ʻike ʻia ma ka lā ʻehā o ka lā 5 o Malaki (Abdusalyamov, 1977), ma ke awāwa Gissar i loaʻa mai i ka lā 11 o ʻApelila (Ivanov, 1969), a ma ka puʻu o ka muliwai. ʻO Varzob mau hipa mua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka lā 24 ʻApelila (Boehme, Sytov, 1963).

Ma Kokand, ʻike ʻia ka hōʻea ʻana o ka wikiwiki i ka lā Malaki 16, ma Margilan - i ka lā Malaki 15 a me 22, i Samarkand - ma Malaki 14-15 (Bogdanov, 1956), ma Termez - i ka lā 17 Malaki (Salikhabaev, Ostapenko, 1964). Ma nā kikowaena o Kazakhstan, ma ka loko. Nā hōʻea ʻo Kurgaldzhin i hiki mai i Mei 17-19 (Krivitsky, Khrokov et al., 1985), i nā kahawai o ka Zap. ʻO Tien Shan ma Chok-Pak Pass ka wikiwiki mua o ka manawa no ka 9 mau makahiki i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka lā 11 ʻApelila, ka lūlū ʻana loa (84.6% o ka nui) i ka makahiki ʻekolu o ʻApelila - ka makahiki mua o Mei, a pau i ka awelika ma ka lā 14 Mei (Gavrilov, Gissov , 1985). Ma Mordovia, kokoke i Saransk, ʻike ʻia nā aleki i ka Mei 5-15 (Lugovoi, 1975), i ka ʻāina Nizhny Novgorod. - Mei 15-17 (Vorontsov, 1967), a me ka nānā ʻana i ka nui ma nā wahi hoʻomohala kūikawā e loaʻa 2.7 a me 10 mau lā ma hope o ka puka ʻana o nā holomua holomua (Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968). ʻIke ʻia ke ʻano wikiwiki o nā swifts ma nā wahi nui o ke kikowaena o ka ʻāpana ʻāpana o Rūsia. No laila, ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia lākou ma Mei 16, 1963 ma nā kūlanakauhale o Gorky, Moscow a me Ryazan, a me Oksky Zap., Ma nā wahi like i 1946-1960. ua kaulana lākou, ma ka hapa nui, ma Mei 15 (S. G. Priklonsky, kamaʻāina pilikino).

Hoʻololi pinepine nā neʻe o ke kauwela o nā pōkole i Zap. ʻEulopa, i nā ʻāina Scandinavia a me nā Baltic States mai ka hopena o Iune a hiki i waena o Iulai (Magnusson, Svardson, 1948, Koskimies, 1950, Svardson, 1951, Luleyeva, 1974.1981.1993, Kashentseva, 19786). Hoʻololi nā neʻe i ka kauwela ma mua o nā pūnāwai i ka hua o ka paʻa o nā huaʻōlelo, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā neʻe (a he 94% o ka huina o kēlā me kēia manawa) a me kahi loli hoʻololi i ke kaʻe o ka neʻe o ka manu. Hōʻike ʻia nā kauwela o ke kauwela i ke ao a me ka pō (67-70% o nā kaila ʻeleʻele i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ke ʻano o ke kahe o ka ʻōpala o ka mahina i hōʻike ʻia no ka manawa mai ka hola waena a me 2 mau hola a i ka 30 mau pō). ʻAʻole i loaʻa i ka ʻike ʻana o nā makahiki o nā mea hele o ke kauwela ma ka wehewehe hope loa, akā ʻo ka ʻike i ka hopu ʻana o nā fows ma kahi o ka neʻe i hōʻike i ke komo ʻana o nā poʻe ʻōpio, ʻoiai he mau makahiki hoʻokahi a me nā makahiki ʻelua, ma ka hele ʻana o ke kauwela nui (Luleyeva, 1986).

Hōʻalo ʻia nā polikina ʻeleʻele mai nā wahi hana e hele ana i ka wā ʻōpiopio e lele nei, kahi e lele nei me ka ʻole o ka noho ʻana ma laila ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana i ka nalo. Hōʻalo ʻia ka haʻalele nui ʻana i ka pō, me kahi ahiahi nui o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i nā ʻano o nā ʻano (Luleyeva, 1983). ʻO nā lā lele o nā hāmeʻe e puʻupuʻu ʻana i lōʻihi mai ka hopena o Iulai a ʻOkakopa a loaʻa mau nā palena ākea. Ma ka moku o Oksky nā hālāwai hope loa o nā hulahula ʻeleʻele, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia i nā hālāwai o nā mea hele mai, i 1956-2001. hōʻike ʻia mai 8 a ʻAukake 19 (Priklonsky, kamaʻilio pilikino).

I ka wā lūlū, lele nā ​​wīwī i kapae i ka ʻaoʻao southeasterly (i hana ʻia i Suetena a me Finlandia i Estonia, ka ʻāina Kaliningrad a me ka Teritori o Stavropol (Dobrynina, 1981). Nū ka lele mai loko mai o Iulai 20-25 a ʻOkakopa 10, a me kekahi mau manu e holo nei i waena o ka awāwa. e ʻaʻā ana a hiki i Nowemapa (Ptushenko, 1951, Jacobi, 1979).

Ma ka ʻāina Leningrad ʻo ka hapanui o ka hapanui lele i hui pū ʻia i waena o ʻAukake, ma St. Petersburg i nā kolekulia nui 60% o nā pihi lele ma waena o ʻAukake 13-19, a me ka hope loa - Kepakemapa 1-2 (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). Ma ke kahakai o ke Telukua o Ladana a me Ladoga, ua hōʻike mua ʻia nā neʻe alakaʻi i ka hoʻomaka mua o ʻAukake (Noskov, 1981). ʻO nā hālāwai hou loa i ka pae o Leningrad. a ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka lā 11 Kepakemapa, 1978, Kepakemapa 30, 1900, ʻOkakopa 15, 1879, ʻOkakopa 20, 1979, ma Ladoga - 1 Nowemapa 1981, ʻOkakopa 29 - Nowemapa 7, 1979, ua hui ʻia nā kahu hipa. ʻOiai ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). ʻO ke kumu no ka lohi ʻana o nā loli ʻeleʻele i ka wahi i ʻike ʻia ai, ʻaʻole wale nō kahi pōpoki hānai ulu, akā, ʻo ka neʻe ʻana o ka neʻe i ka manawa, a me ka neʻe ʻana o ka neʻe a me nā haʻalelele, he hopena nā mea i kū ʻia i kēlā me kēia kanaka i nā wahi i ʻike ʻole ʻia e lākou. 1979). ʻO ke ʻano hypothermia opalula o nā ʻano (Koskimies, 1961), me ka hiki ke hoʻoponopono a hoʻihoʻi hou i ka momona o ke kino a me nā momona momona (Keskpike, Luleyeva, 1968, Luleyeva, 1976) e ʻae i nā wikiwiki e ola i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi no lākou a hoʻihoʻi i ke ola. i ka manawa e hoʻohau ai ke ea.

Ma ka ʻāina ʻo Moscow a i nā wahi ʻē aʻe, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka mokulele o nā ʻōpio ʻōpiopio i ka lā 30 Iulai - ʻAukake 10, haʻalele - mai ʻAukake 1 a ʻAukake 18, a ua ʻike ʻia nā manu hope ma ʻAukake 27 - Kepakemapa 7 (Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968). Ma ka māhele o Ryazan, ma ka zak Oksky. ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻōpio i ka puʻu ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana a hiki i ka waena o ʻAukake, ka haʻalele ʻana - i ka waena - i ka lua o ka lua o kēia malama. Ma ka ʻāina ʻo Nizhny Novgorod lele lele nei lūliki iā ʻAukake 15-20, a, e like me E. M. Vorontsov (1967), i kekahi manawa haʻalele ʻia i ka lokomaikaʻi o ka hopena ʻole i hiki ke haʻalele ka hua. Ua haʻalele koke ka poʻe ʻōpio i ka ʻāina o ka kolone (Kashentseva, 1978). Holo aku lākou mai Belarus a ma ʻAukake 12-22 (Fedyushin, Dolbik, 1967). Ke neʻe nei nā laka mai ka ʻaoʻao kuahiwi o Ossetia ma ka awelika o ʻAukake 4 (ʻAukake 3, 1981 - ʻAukake 6, 1988). Piʻi mokulele ma ke kahe o ka Range Caucasian Main. i loko o Ossetia ua kahakaha ʻia ma ʻAukake 18, 1980 (Komarov, 19916). ʻO ka lele ʻana o nā hāmeʻe ʻeleʻele mai Stavropol e lawe ana i nā lā heʻumi mua o ʻAukake (Khokhlov, 1989). I Mordovia, ua hōʻailona ʻia ka spaili i ka wā mua a me ka ʻumi o ʻAukake: i ka ʻōlelo ʻana a Mordovia. nā lūlū hope i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ʻAukake 14, ma Saransk ua kali lākou i lōʻihi: no 19 mau makahiki nānā, ʻo ka lā mua loa o ka haʻalele ʻana mai ke kūlanakauhale, ʻo Kepakemapa 2, ka lā hope loa ʻo Kepakemapa 15 (Lugovoi, 1975). I Lviv, ua haʻalele ka ʻōpio i ka lā 29 Iulai - ʻAukake 2, a haʻalele i nā wahi o Zap. Ukraine - mai ʻAukake 6 a 12 (Strautman, 1963). Ma nā ʻōlelo ʻo Baltic, ma ka Curonian Spit, ʻo ke koʻi mua o ka ʻōpio i piʻi aku i luna e lele ai i ka lā 22 Iulai 25-25, haʻalele ka ʻōpio no ka nui a haʻalele mai ʻAukake 1–7, a ua ʻike ʻia nā manu hope loa i ka ʻāina o ka mokuhua puaʻa ma ʻAukake 10-15. neʻe no ʻelua pule). Hoʻomoe ka lele makahiki keu mai Iulai 27 a ʻAukake 10 a hiki i kahi helu nui wale nō i kekahi mau lā (no ka laʻana ʻo Iulai 29 ma 1971, Iulai 31 i ka makahiki 1972 a me ʻAukake 7 ma 1973) (Luleyeva, 1981).

Hoʻomaka mua ka haʻalele ʻana i nā wahi hana ʻōpiopio e nā ʻōpiopio uʻi ʻōpio, ka mea maʻamau e pili ana i nā kolikani e pili ana i nā kolamu makahiki i ka wā mālama ʻana (Weitnauer, 1947, 1975, Cutclife, 1951, Lack, 1955), a laila hui pū me nā poʻe lōlika kīwaka ʻole e hana nei i nā neʻe ma ke kau makahiki, e hoʻomaka ana. mai waena mai o Iulai-Iulai. ʻO nā lā ka haʻalele mua ʻana o nā pōlani ʻōpiopio e mālama ʻia e nā hua mua o ka molting, e hoʻomaka ana ma ka hopena o Iulai a me ka hapalua mua o ʻAukake no hoʻokahi makahiki a me ʻelua mau makahiki pālua (De Roo, 1966). Ma nā wahi e pili ana i ka Curonian Spit a me nā wahi e pili ana i ke kaila, he wā nui ka neʻe o ka wā o ke kauwela i nā makahiki kūlohelohe, i ka wā i haki ʻia ai ka hana huikala a me nā kāne ʻoi aku ka hele kino o nā makahiki ʻōpiopio (Iulai 15-18, 1974 - Luleyeva, 1976). Ma ane Iulai a ʻAukake, ʻo ka neʻe o ka mau o ka piʻina o nā hāmeʻe o ka hakahaka, he lā a me ka pō (ʻo ka waiwai nui o ka neʻe o ka angular mai ka awelika azimuth o 247 ± 68 °, kaulana no nā pō huakaʻi o nā pōmaikaʻi i kēia manawa, e hōʻoia i ka haʻalele ʻole o ka orient). Kūpono ka huakaʻi holo i ka wā ma mua o ʻAukake a me Kepakemapa, i ka wā o ka wā lūlū.

Ma ka ʻāina ʻo ʻAsia Asia a me Kazakhstan, hoʻomaka ka wīwī o ke ʻano o nā hāmeʻe i loko o ka hopena o Iulai - i ka hoʻomaka o ʻAukake. I ke kaumaha o Tengiz-Kurgaldzhin i ʻAukake, i ke ahiahi, ua ʻike ʻia ka nui o kahi huaʻai i loko o nā ʻohana liʻiliʻi. Maanei, me kahi hoʻomehana anuū (+ 8 ° С) ma hope o ka ua anu me ka makani ikaika ʻākau-ikaika, nui nā hū i make mai ka luhi, 50 ʻohi ʻia i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i nā mazars, nā puukukū a me nā hale o nā hale noho i ka ʻāina ʻo Karazhar (Krivitsky, Khrokov et al., 1985) . ^ E Ha yM. Ma Kurgaldzhin, kahi hui hou o nā swift i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka lā 2 Kepakemapa (Vladimirskaya, Mezhenny, 1952). I na kahawai o Zap. Hoʻomaka ka huina ʻo Tien Shan ma waena o ʻAukake (Kovshar, 1966). ʻO ka helu helu nui o nā pihi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka Chok-Pak pass (84.8%) i helu ai no ka manawa mai ka waena oʻAukake a hiki i ka makahiki mua o Kepakemapa. Ma waena o ka poʻe i hopu ʻia i kēia manawa (n = 445), ua noho aliʻi ka pākeke (73.9%), a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea pākeke - 9.8% (n = 61). Ua hoʻopau ka hiking i ka poʻe ʻōpio o kēia makahiki hānau (mau makahiki), ka mea i hopu i nā helu he nui ma waena o Kepakemapa ma mua o nā pākeke (ma ka laulā nui, ʻo ka pae o ka pākeke a hiki i nā makahiki he 2: 1). Ua pau ka leleʻe ma ʻaneʻi, ma ka awelika, ma Kepakemapa 30 (Gavrilov, Gissov, 1985). Ma nā kahawai ʻo Vakhsh lele e lele i nā hipa nui i kahi kiʻekiʻe a hiki i 100 m, mai ka hopena o ʻAukake a hiki i ka hopena o Kepakemapa, me ka piʻi ʻana o ka Pōʻalima a ʻelima mau pule o Kepakemapa (Abdusalyamov, Lebedev, 1977). I nā Pamirs, nānā ʻo A. N. Severtsov i ka lele ʻana o nā hāmeʻa i ka hopena o ʻAukake 1897, ma ke awāwa Alai mai ʻAukake 25 a hiki i Kepakemapa 20, 1981, ka neʻe pinepine ʻana o nā ʻano nui o A. a. ʻo Pekinensis ma ka muliwai. ʻO Kyzyl-Su i ke ahiahi, ma mua o ka lā a me ka pō. I ke ao, lele lākou ma kahi kiʻekiʻe a hiki i ka 100, a po a hiki i ka 6000 m (ma ka awelika, ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 1000 m, inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e noʻonoʻo i ka wahi o ke awāwa ʻo Alai ma 3100 m ma luna o ke kai. Kahi ka hapanui o nā manu e neʻe ana ma ke kahawai, lele ka mea liʻiliʻi ma ka Central Pamir (kokoke pololei i ke kumu nui o ka lele pō. Ilona Ua hālāwai ʻo Rangkul I.A. Abdusalyamov i nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o nā loli i ka hapalua o ʻAukake. Ma ke kahawai ʻo Gissar (Kashkadarya River) ka nānā ʻana o ka hele ʻana o nā hipa liʻiliʻi a hiki i ka Kepakemapa 26 (Ivanov, 1969).

I Komohana. Ma Central Siberia, ʻike ʻia nā līlī a hiki i ke kau waena o ʻAukake (Ravkin, 1984); ma ka moku ʻo Minusinsk, ʻike manu ʻia nā manu hope o ʻAukake 2 (Sushkin, 1914).

ʻO ka lele i ka wā hoʻoilo i lawe ʻia i nā wahi hoʻoilo, ʻoiai, i ʻelua ala: ma ka Iberian Peninsula, Morocco, ma ke komohana. ke kahakai o Āpelika, a laila ma waena o Nigeria i Kongo a me ʻAmelika Hema a i ʻole paha i Hawaiʻi, kahi ʻāpana o ka poʻe lele e lele i loko o ka Hema. Farani, Turkey, Chad (Carry-Lindhal, 1975).

Hoʻaiho

Wahi a A.S. Malchevsky (1983), loaʻa nā lihi ʻeleʻele o nā subspecies nominal e pili ana i nā kūlana maikaʻi loa no ka hana ʻana i ke kula anthropogenic, akā naʻe, ʻae lākou i ka hana ʻana i nā kumulāʻau o nā kumulāʻau, a hoʻokumu i nā kolone liʻiliʻi i loko o nā wahi ʻoiʻo nā ʻili loloa (ma ka ulu lāʻau aspen kahiko, ʻoki a pau. nā ulu lāʻau ākea ma nā mokulāʻau ʻoiulau ʻo Ladoga ma ʻākau-ʻumi mau kilomita mai nā kauhale kokoke. Mea koho ʻia ka manu i nā wahi nahele i pili i nā loko a i ʻole i nā wahi āpau nui (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983).

ʻO ka pili ma ka Central Asia a me Kazakhstan A. a. Ua ʻike ʻia ka pekinensis no ka nui ma nā mauna: he nui ia ma ka Alai Range. (Ivanov, 1969), ka puʻu Nuratau (Meklenburtsev, 1937) a i nā kuahiwi o Kazakhstan (Korelov, 1970). Ma nā kahawai ʻo Zerafshan, ʻo B. a me M. Naryn, ua piʻi ke ala o Susamyr i 2400-3000 m (Yanushevich et al., 1960, Ivanov,

1969). Ma aneʻi, manu nā manu i loko o nā pihi o nā pōhaku (Yanushevich et al., 1960), i nā pali iʻa i nā kahawai nui, i nā ana a me nā niches (Korelov, 1970). I loko o Central Asia, aia ka hapa o ka ʻeleʻele i nā kūlanakauhale nui e like me Samarkand a me Osh (Bogdanov, 1956, Yanushevich et al., 1960), i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 400-700 m ma mua o ke kai.

ʻO nā ʻenemi, nā mea pōʻino

The subspecies of the black swift of the host of a parasit spesial - ʻo ka ʻōpū ʻōpū o Ptilonyssusstrandtmanni, i wehewehe ʻia e Feng (Fain, 1956) mai ka limu Kafra mai Rwanda-Urundi. Ma Lūkia, ua loaʻa i nā manu ma Oksky Zap. (Butenko, 1984).

I nā nests, ka mea nui i ka hapalua o ka manawa e hoʻomohala ana i nā pua, ua loaʻa nā kolo o nā lehelehe a me nā lewa (Koshreg, 1938), i kekahi mau manawa pōkā, nā pipi ʻona (Cutcliffe, 1951).

Eia kekahi, loaʻa nā pepeke nā manu nalo i nā manu i loaʻa i nā mea ʻuʻuku: nā kahe koko Ornitomyia hirund.in.is, Crataerhina pallida, C. melbae, Hippobosca hirundinis, Stenopteryx hirundinis, fleas Ceratophyllusgallinae, C.fringilla, C. delichinis, C. hundinis, C. ka avium, he māla o ka ʻohana bug parasitite (Cimicidae) - Oeciacus hirundinis. Ma kahi o lākou, ua ʻike ʻia nā pepeke me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻeha, a me nā hua manu, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe o nā ʻano o nā nisa. ʻO kēia nā mea, ʻo ka mea mua, ʻo ka mauʻu: Tinea bisseliella, T. pelionella, Borkhausenia pseudospretella, a me nā staphylins, ʻona-ʻula, ʻaihue, etc. villiper, P. tectus, molebrio molitor, Omphrale senestralis, Dendrophilus punctatus (Hiks, 1959). Kuhi ʻia nā ʻano hope e nā noho ma nā hollows a me nā nert manu o nā manu.