I ka pau ʻana o ka manawa Triassic, kahi subspecies o dinosaurs i hoʻokumu ʻia, i kapa ʻia ʻo ia me nā mō'ī. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā papa ʻai ʻāina ma ʻelua mau pūʻulu nui:
- theropoda (theropoda),
- sauropodomorphs (sauropodomorpha).
Sauropodomorphs - ʻO ia nā mākana o nā pūʻulu o nā mea kanu hānai. ʻO nā poʻe paha o kēia pūʻulu paha nā holoholona nui loa e noho ana ma ka Honua. Loaʻa ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona o kēia mau dinosaur e kahi poʻo liʻiliʻi a me ka ʻāʻī lōʻihi. Ua neʻe lākou me ke kōkua o nā wāwae ʻehā.
Ua helu ʻia nā Sauropodomorph:
Kuhi. 1 - ʻO Sauropodomorphs
Prosauropods
Kāhea ʻia ka pūʻulu ʻōopodomorph nui prosavropodami. ^ E Ha yM. He mau lōʻihi lōʻihi lākou me ka lōʻihi o ka dinosaurs. Ke neʻe nui, ma nā ʻūhā ʻehā. Aia kekahi kanaka e neʻe ana i nā wāwae hind. Noho ka poʻe prozavropod i ka wā Late Triassic a me ka wā Jurassic mua. ʻO kēia nā ʻano hua ʻai nāu. I kēlā manawa, ua noho nui nā prosavropods i ka papa honua āpau o ka ʻāina. ʻO nā mākaʻi kaulana loa o kēia hui he ankhizaur, lufengosaurus, plateosaurus, tecodontosaurus.
Ankhizaur ua loaʻa iā mākou kahi nui ma kahi o 2 mika. Kaumana ma kahi o 30 kilograma. Me ke kōkua o nā uaʻe e pili ana i kona mau wāwae, hiki iā ia ke haehae i ka honua e ʻimi i ka ʻai. A mālama pū kekahi iā lākou. Ke neʻe nei ma nā wāwae ʻehā, akā i ka ʻai ʻana i nā lau e ala i nā wāwae ʻehā. ʻO ia paha kekahi i ʻai i ka ʻai.
Lufengosaurus - kahi sauropodomorph nui aʻe. Kiʻi ʻia 6 mau mika. Ua ʻai ʻo ia i nā mea kanu kanu. He poʻo nui kona, ke kino nunui a me ka huelo lōʻihi. ʻAi ʻo ia i nā mea kanu a me nā lau mai nā lāʻau.
Plateosaurus - He ʻelele nui no nā dinosaur. Ua kiʻi i ka nui o nā ʻehā ʻehā. Loaʻa iā ia kahi hoʻonohonoho o nā maka ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao o ke olonā, kahi i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia i ka ʻike. ʻO kēia hiʻohiʻona i hiki ke ʻike i ka mea nāna e hana i ka manawa a hūnā. Akā, ua paʻakikī kēia ma muli o ka nui a me nā clumsiness.
Kaumakapili - unuhi i ka papa a me nā niho i ʻākoakoa. ʻO ka inoa ka inoa kūikawā o ka ʻāʻī. ʻO nā niho o kēia mau ʻelele o nā sauropodomorphs, me he mea lā, i loko o nā nude. Ua aʻo maikaʻi. I waho loa, ua ʻano nui ia. He liʻiliʻi ka nui ma waena o 3 mau mika. Kaumana ma kahi o 50 kilograma.
Sauropods
ʻO nā mea nunui i waena o nā hale kanu sauropods. ^ E Ha yM. ʻIke ʻia, nā holoholona nui loa e noho ana i ka ʻāina o ka Honua. Ua loaʻa i nā fossop o nā sauropods he mau niho liʻiliʻi lākou. Hāʻawi kēia i ke kumu e manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia ai lākou he momona. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe ʻepekema e ʻai mau i ka iʻa liʻiliʻi. ʻO nā Dinosaurs o kēia pūʻulu o nā sauropodomorph he mau wāwae ikaika. Nui lākou a lohi. Hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe o kēia mau holoholona iʻoi aku ma mua o 40 mika. ʻO ka paona he ʻumi haneri. Aia ka wahi noho o nā sauropods ma ke kahakai mālie, ma laila he nui nā meaʻai. Hiki i nā lālā o kēia ʻāpana ke holo maikaʻi. Noho ʻo Sauropods i ka nui o ka manawa ma lalo o ka wai i ke ʻimi ai i ka meaʻai, ke holo ʻana i nā hohonu hohonu.
ʻO nā sauropods a hiki i ka waenakonu o ka Cretaceous nā haku o nā ʻāpana kahakai. Ma hope aku, ma muli o ka pāpuhilahi o nā wai, ua ʻemi ka nui o nā meaʻai. Ua alakaʻi kēia i kahi hōʻemi o ka heluna o nā kānaka, a ma hope aku i ka pau o nā holoholona. I waena o nā ʻelele o ka sauropod, ua ʻike ʻia ka Alamosaurus, Argentinosaurus, Abidosaurus, a me Ultrasaur.
Alamosaurus - he dinosaurus koʻikoʻi. Loaʻa i ke kaupaona ʻoi aku ma luna o kanakolu mau tonika. Uaʻoi aku nā dimensional ma mua o 20 mika. Loaʻa kona ʻāʻī lōʻihi a me kahi huelo lōʻihi kona.
ʻAmelekane he ʻīlio maoli paha nā na kanaka nunui. Ua hiki ke hiʻi o nā māka nui i 40 mau mika. ʻO ka paona pinepine ma mua o 100 tons. I loko o ka ʻāina o ʻAmelika Hema i kēia manawa.
Abidosaurus - nā kuhi ʻimi piliopodomorph liʻiliʻi. He mau wahi liʻiliʻi wale nō i mālama ʻia i loko o ka ʻōpū. ʻO nā koina mea i koe e ʻae iā mākou e hoʻokolokolo he mea nui ka nui o kēia mea ʻai i nā meaʻai kanu. Hiki iā ia ke ʻai i nā iʻa liʻiliʻi.
Ultrasaur e noʻonoʻo i nā mea kanu o nā dinosaurs. ʻIke wale ʻia kekahi mau iwi o ka iwi, he paʻakikī ke paʻakikī i ka helehelena. ʻAʻole hiki ke haʻi pololei e pili ana i ka nui a me ke kaumaha o kēia sauropodomorph. Hiki i kekahi ke hāpai wale i kahi mea kanu i lawe ʻia i nā ʻano maʻamau i nā sauropods a pau.
ʻ historylelo aʻo
ʻO nā niho Cardiodon
ʻO ka niho kī manu mua o nā sauropod i hōʻike ʻia e Edward Lewid i 1699, akā i kēlā manawa, ʻaʻole lākou i ʻike i ke ʻano o nā reptile mua kaulana. ʻO nā Dinosaurs no ka lōʻihi lōʻihi i ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka ʻepekema, hoʻololi wale kēia kūlana i nā kenekulia ma hope aku. Ua hoʻopuka ʻo Richard Owen i ka wehewehe mua ʻepekema o kēia mau dinosaur i ka makahiki 1841, ma kāna moʻolelo, kahi i wehewehe ai i nā ʻano genera ʻelua hou. Ketiosaurus (cetiosaurus - "dinosaur kohola") a Cardiodon (cardiodon - "kahi niho ma ke ʻano o ka naʻau"). ʻIke wale ʻia ʻo Cardiodon mai nā niho ʻelua ʻelua, no laila i loaʻa ai kona inoa, a ua ʻike ʻia ka cetiosaur mai nā iwi nui i manaʻo ʻia, he manaʻo ʻo Owen na kekahi reptile moana i kokoke i nā mea kina. I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope iho, i ka wā i hana ai ʻo Owen i ka hui Dinosauria, ʻaʻole ia i hoʻokomo i ka cetiosaur a i ʻole cardiodon ma loko. Ma ka makahiki 1850 wale nō ʻo Gideona Mantell i ʻike i ka ʻano dinosaur o nā iwi i kau ʻia e Owen i ka cetiosaurus, akā ua hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou i loko o kahi ʻanoʻano hou. Pelorosaurusma ka hui pū ʻana i nā mea me nā dinosaurs. Ua ʻike hewa ʻia kekahi ʻē aʻe o ka huaopods i ʻike ʻia, ʻoiai ua ʻike ʻia nā huaʻai i ʻike ʻia i kahi o nā vertebrae i hōʻike ʻia e Harry Hoover Seeley i 1870. ʻIke ʻo Seeley he māmā loa ke ʻano o ka vertebrae a paʻa nā pūpū a me nā mea hoʻopuka, e like me kā mākou i kēia manawa, no ka pneumatization, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka ʻiwi. ʻO kēlā mau "air voids" ia manawa i ʻike ʻia i nā manu a me nā pterosaurs wale nō, a manaʻo ihola ʻo Seeley, nona ka vertebrae no ka pterosaur, āna i kapa ai ʻOnika pe "manu-like."
ʻO ka hana hou ʻana o Camarasaurus supremus, (John A. Ryder, 1877)
ʻO ke ʻano o ke kākala o ka sauropods i mea maʻalahi i ka makahiki 1877, ma hope o ka wehewehe ʻana i nā ʻano ʻAmelika, ʻo apatosaurus, Charles Marsh a me ka camarasaurus, ʻo Edward Cope. ʻO ka hana hou ʻana i ka pale mua o ka ʻōpū o ka sauropod i hana ʻia e ka mea pena John Ryder, i hoʻolimalima ʻia e ka paleontologist Edward Cope, e hoʻihoʻi i ka helehelena. ʻUmalia, ʻoiai he nui nā hana i pololei a i ʻole i piha ʻole paha, a hewa i kekahi manawa. I ka makahiki 1878, ma hope o ka wehewehe ʻana i ka diplodocus, ka American paleontologist, kumu ʻ professorlelo ma Yale University, Otniel Charles Marsh, ua hana i ka hui "Sauropoda ”(kahi wāwae wāwae) a hui pū me ka cetiosaurus a me nā hoahānau ʻē aʻe. I ka hopena o ka makahiki 19 a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka kenekulia 20, aia kekahi hanana hakakā ma waena o nā mea ʻepekema ikaika a me nā luna o nā hale ʻoniʻoni paleontological no ke alakaʻi a me ka ʻike i loko o ke kaiāulu, a ʻo kēia hakakā no ka hoʻokūkū ua hōʻike ʻia ma waena o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa Henry Osborne a me ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Andrew Carnegie. I kēlā manawa, ua hoʻokipa ka hale hōʻikeʻike i nā wahi liʻiliʻi, a me ka hiki ʻana mai o ka nui o nā fosilos dinosaur, pono e pono ke kūkulu hou a hoʻonui i ka hale moʻomeheu. ʻO ka "Fossil Reptile Hall" hou i ka Hale HōʻikeʻikeʻAmelika i hoʻomaka i ka makahiki 1905 me kāna mea hōʻike hoʻonāuki - ʻo ia hoʻi ka hana hou ʻana o Brontosaurus (Brontosaurus), ʻo ka mea hana i hana mua ʻia o kahi sauropod no nā kipa lehulehu e hana mau ai. Aono paha mau makahiki i lilo ʻia ma ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kēia kūkulu hou ʻana o ka Brontosaurus e ka hui ʻo Adom German. ʻO Andrew Carnegie, kahi e hoʻolalelale ana a kūkulu hou i ka hale moʻomeheu mai ka makahiki 1904, hiki iā ia ke hoʻopau i ka hana hou ʻana i kahi manawa ma hope iki aku, ʻo kona "Dinosaur Hall" ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia i ka lehulehu a hiki i ka makahiki 1907, me kona hōʻikeʻike waena - diplodocus (Papaocus karnegii) Entingocus e ʻike pū ʻia ka huaopod mua, kahi i loaʻa ai kahi ʻōpala i pale ʻia, i ka ʻokoʻa me ke brontosaurus spekulatif, i ka wā o ke kūkulu hou ʻana he skull mai kahi camarasaur.
Makai Amphicoelias i lalo o ka wai (C. Knight, 1897)
Ma ke poʻo o ka ʻumikūmāiwa ʻumikūmāiwa, ʻekolu mau kumuhana nui i hoʻomalu i ka kūkākūkā o nā sauropods: ko lākou wahi noho, hoʻokūkū, a me ka ʻāʻī. ʻOiai ka mea i hōʻike mua ʻia i nā sauropods e hōʻike iā lākou me kahi kūlana ʻē aʻe o ka ʻāʻī, ʻaʻohe kanaka i ʻōlelo koʻikoʻi i kēia pilikia a hiki i kēia manawa, a hiki i ka hana o Martin ma 1987. Ma ka mea ʻē aʻe, loaʻa nā ʻōlelo pili e pili ana i ko lākou mau wahi a me nā mea hoʻonaninani mai nā nūpepa o Phillips i kāna puke 1871. I ka 1897, ua komo ʻo William Bellow i kāna puke paʻi, Strange Creatures of the Past: Giant Reptile Lizards, ka mea i paʻi mua ʻia intravital i haʻi aku i nā huaopod a Charles Knight ma lalo o ke alakaʻi a Edward Cope. ʻO kēia ʻano kuhi ʻia, ma hope iho, i paʻi hou ʻia e Osborne lāua ʻo Muck i ka makahiki 1921, i hōʻike ʻia ʻehā mau kānaka Amphicoelias i loko o ka loko, ua piha piha nā mea ʻelua i lalo o ka wai, a ua koe hoʻi kahi ʻelua, e ʻoi ana i ko lākou ʻāʻī. Ma ka 1897, ua pena pū nō hoʻi ʻo Knight i kahi pena kiʻi e hōʻike ana i kahi brontosaurus, a hana ʻia ia ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a Charles Osborne a ma hope i hana ʻia e William Matthew i ka makahiki 1905. ʻO ke kikowaena kumu o ka pena a Knight i kahi brontosaurus amphibious, kona mau wāwae, ke poʻo a me ka hapa nui o kona kino ua lawena ʻia ma ka wai, aia wale kona hope, protruding ma luna o ka wai o ka wai a me ka ʻāʻī ākea ākea, ua ʻike ʻia. Ma ke kua, ma ke kahakai o ka loko, he mea hoʻohilahila e ʻai ana i ka mea kanu i ka mea kanu. E like me nā manaʻo o kēlā mau makahiki, he polumsy, he mau hippos bulky, ʻaʻole hiki ke mālama i ko lākou paona a lilo i ko lākou mau manawa i nā kino wai. ʻOiai ʻo ʻAnikela i makemake nui ʻia, ua manaʻo ʻo Osborne, ua hiki paha iā ia ke hele ma luna o ka ʻāina me ka ʻole o nā pilikia a ua kū aʻe hoʻi i kona mau ʻū wāwae e hele ai i nā lei o nā lāʻau. Hōʻike ʻia kāna mau ʻike i ke kūkulu hou ʻana o Charles Knight i ka makahiki 1907.
Kakanau Maoli (Heinrich Harder, 1916)
ʻO ka hana hou ʻana o ka huakaʻi o ka diplodocus ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Carnegie ua hoʻonāukiuki ʻia ka manaʻo nui e pili ana i kona ʻano ʻano hiki. ʻO Oliver Hay lāua ʻo Gustav Tornier, ma ka 1908-09, ma ka hoʻohālike, ua hele a hopena ka hopena o ka diplodocus e neʻe kokoke ana i loko o kona ʻōpū, e like me ka crocodile. Hōʻike ʻia kēia helu ma ka hiʻohiʻona kiʻi o 1916 e Heinrich Harder, no ka puke "Animals of the Prehistoric World". E hoʻowahāwahā ʻia kēia ʻano kīnā ʻole i ka 1910 e William Holland, nāna i ʻatikala e kākau i kahi hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻana i ka anatomy me ka hoʻomāinoino ʻole a
«He hana wiwo ʻole ia, e hana i kahi mea mai nā kahe a Dinosauria a hoʻohālikelike me ka hana ʻana me ka huila o kahi papa kiaʻi a i ʻole chameleon, e hoʻomau nei i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi penikala, nā mea ikaika a nā keʻena kūloko maoli, e hana hou i ka huila, no ke aʻo ʻana i ʻelua mau makahiki o nā pale ʻAmelika i hana he nui a manawa hoʻi. a hoʻokaʻawale i ka holoholona i ke ʻano a kona kiʻi i hoʻomohala ʻia i hoʻomālamalama ʻia».
Brontosaurs (C. Knight, 1946)
ʻO ke ala semi-aquatic ke ola o nā sauropods e hoʻomau i ka papa nui o ke ʻano no ka hapalua o nā kenekulia 20. Hiki i kēia ke ʻike i nā kiʻi o Zdeněk Burian, ka mea i hōʻike i ka 1941 brachiosaurs ma lalo o ka wai, nā brontosaurs o Charles Knight i ka puke paʻi Life through the Ages of 1946, i ka pena a Rudolf Sallinger i ka makahiki o ka Reptile o 1947, a me nā hana like 60 mau makahiki. Hōʻike ʻia kēia mau kiʻi āpau e ka hana like a Charles Knight a hoʻomau ʻole ʻia a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka "renaissance of dinosaurs" i ka makahiki 1970-80.
Ma ka makahiki 1877, e hoʻolaha ai ʻo Richard Lidecker i kahi inoa hou Titanosaurus ("Titan lizard", hāʻawi ʻia ka inoa no ka hoʻohanohano ʻana i nā titori kaao o nā kūpuna Helene kahiko), i ʻike ʻia mai i kekahi o nā vertebrae i kahi mai, mai ka hope mai Cretaceous o India. Aia a hiki i ka makahiki 1987, he kaukani mau ʻano i hōʻike ʻia i kēia ʻano ʻōlio, akā naʻe, e like me ka loiloi ʻana o nā sauropods Jeffrey Wilson a me Paul Upcher 2003, ua manaʻo ʻia he ʻano kūpono ʻole kēlā, a he inoa ʻē aʻe kekahi o lākou.
No ka wā lōʻihi, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka heyday a i ka wā o nā sauropods, i ʻike ʻia ia mai nā lehulehu nui o ka ʻAmelika ʻAmelika Hema, nona ka Jurassic Mesozoic. ʻO ka manaʻo ʻia ua kākoʻo ʻia kēia ʻano ʻike e nā mea he nui mai ka manawa i hāʻawi ʻia i ka manawa o ka honua, aʻo nā loea o ka Cropaceous sauropods ua ʻilihune a ʻaʻole nui. Eia naʻe, ua loli koke kēia kūlana. Hoʻomaka ka hana ʻōnaehana ma waena o ʻAmelika Hema e hana i nā hopena hoihoi; hōʻike i ka hoʻonāukiuki a me ka emi ʻana o kēia hui. I ka 2000, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Boanaparte a me Koria i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi waiwai Titanosauria, ka mea e hoʻopiha piha ana i nā taxa hou mai Argentina a me Brazil, i waena o nā kenekulia 2000, ʻoi aku ka 30 o nā hui o kēia hui. ʻO nā Titanosaurs he hui pūʻulu hui o nā dinosaurs - sauropods i noho ma ka Cretaceous, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa o ke kino nui, hui pū kekahi hui pūpū liʻiliʻi a me nā mea ola ikaika loa i ola ma ka Honua. I ka makahiki 2006, ua wehewehe ka paleontologists Argentinean i kahi kolossus hou o Puertasaurus, a ma 2017 - pathagotitan. Hōʻike kēia i ke kuleana o ʻAmelika Hema ma ka Cretaceous,
ʻO Diego Paul lāua ʻo Patagotitan Thigh
Ke hoʻomau nei ka hili ʻana o ka titanosaurs, ʻoi aku lākou, ua hānau lākou i kēlā mau Repaima i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ke alakaʻi o mua, ʻo ka brachiosaurus, ma ka makahiki 1900 ka mea i kapa ʻia ka dinosaur nui. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka pūʻulu titanosaurs ka nui o ka sauropods, ua helu pālua ka nui o ka genera i hōʻike ʻia, ua ʻike ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o nā titanosaur ma nā wahi āpau, ʻike ʻia e nā kuhiopop nā hua a me ka hoʻomau i hoʻomau a hiki i ka hopena o ka Cretaceous, ma mua o ka hopena o ka "dinosaur".
ʻO ka ʻōpala o nā sauropods
Kauhalaau me kahi ʻōpala (ʻo Robert Bakker) a me kahi ʻano like o ka giraffatitan (Bill Munns)
I ka mōʻaukala, ua ʻimi ʻia ka ʻāina noiʻi o ka repoile Mesozoic e nā mea ʻino a i kekahi manawa he mau hypotheses hōʻeuʻeu, ʻo ia kekahi o ka manaʻo he kuhi nā huaopods. ʻAʻole i like ka hapanui o nā tetrapods, aia nā bouss e pili ana i nā likopods i ke pae o ka dorsal: ma diplodocus, aia lākou ma luna o nā maka ma ka wahi i hiki ke kapa ʻia i ka lae, aʻo ka camarasaurus a me ka brachiosaurus, aia lākou i ka haku ʻōpala o ka ʻōpala. Maikaʻi kēia manaʻo i ka hapanui o ka poʻe ʻepekema a me nā mea hoihoi kūlohelohe a ua paʻi ʻia i nā manawa he nui i nā puke kaulana: Gregory Iron i hōʻike ʻia kahi dicreosaurus pōkole no ka paʻi ʻana ʻo Robert Long lāua ʻo Samuel Wells (Long & Welles, 1980) (Bakker, 1986) a me John Sibbick no ka puke I ka Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth (Norman, 1985).
Mahalo i kāna ʻatikala 1971 i ka puke pai Natura, ua ʻike nui ʻia ʻo Robert Becker no ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka lokomaikaʻi o nā ʻōlopa (Bakker 1971), akā, he mea nui hoʻi ka ʻōlelo kikoʻī a Coombs. Ma ke ʻano he rula, hoʻomaka ka kūkākūkā o nā sauropods me nā hana seminal o Walter Coombs i 1975, "Kēkēnē a me nā noho o nā huaopods." Ua aʻo aku nā Coombs i nā hōʻike he nui a hiki mai i ka hopena ʻoiai ke hiki i ka huaopods i kekahi manawa ke komo i ka wai, ʻaʻole lākou he poʻe amphibians a ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia hoʻi i nā kūlana terestrial, ʻoiai ua ʻike ʻo ia "kahi loiloi ʻana o nā sauropods e like me ka hui homogeneous e hoʻopunipuni paha. ʻoiai ka hoʻohanohano ʻana o ka morphology o sauropods paha e hōʻike i ka ʻokoʻa i ka nohona a me nā mea i makemake ʻia"." Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻo Coombs i ka nui, ka pae a me ke kūlana o nā nopili bony i nā sauropods "like me nā momi i manaʻo ʻia he ʻōpala a i ʻole ka ihu nui"." Ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia, aia paha kekahi o nā lālā o ia pūʻulu paha i loaʻa he proboscis, ʻoiai naʻe.Aia kekahi luhi i ka lawe ʻana i ka sauropods i lako me ka ʻōpala, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe ʻōlima ola e like me ka ihu o kahi elephant a i kahi tapir"." Ua kuhikuhi aku ʻo Coombs i ka nui o ka nui o nā ʻōpū o nā maka pono i loko o nā reptile a ua ʻike he pilikia kēia no ka hypothesis trunk.
ʻO ka hōʻike no kahi Dicreosaurus (Gregory Irons, 1975)
ʻAʻole ākea ka manaʻo o Coombs, akā ua hōʻike ʻia ma ka puke ʻo Robert Long a ʻo Samuel Wells ʻo 1980, "New Dinosaurs a me ko lākou mau hoaaloha," i hōʻike ʻia he kiʻi o kahi dicreosaurus (Dicraeosaurus) me kahi puʻupuʻu pōkole. Eia nō naʻe naʻe lākou i ʻike “pono e hoʻolōʻihi ʻia a hiki ʻole paha iā mākou ke hōʻike pololei ʻana i ka hiki ʻana o ka ʻōpala o nā sauropods, akā he manaʻo kuhi maikaʻi loa kēia a makemake mākou e lawe i kēia manawa e ʻike i ke ʻano o ka sauropod me ka ʻōpala."." No ka laʻana, he kiʻi nā kiʻi a Gregory Iron, mai ka makahiki 1975.
Kahi uʻi ʻana i ka laʻana (John Martin & Richard Neave)
Ma hope mai, ua hana ʻo John Martin me ka forensic anatomist Richard Nive o ke Kulanui o Manchester e hoʻomākaukau i kahi ʻano anatomical o ka diplodocus me ka hana hou ʻana i nā kiko palupalu. ʻAʻohe o kēia ʻōpala i kahi "ʻōpala": akā, he mau lehelehe holoʻokoʻa nui ia, a aia nā nostrils ma hope o nā lehelehe, akā ʻaʻole i hui pū ʻia me lākou (ʻo nā ʻekeʻeke kahi kumuʻa o nā io a me nā uaua labial). Ma hope mai, ua hōʻike ʻo ka mea kākōlio ʻo Bill Mons i kahi kiʻi like me kahi giraffatitan me kahi ʻōpala.
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo nā mommals me kahi ʻōpala a i ʻole proboscis he mau muzzles liʻiliʻi. ʻO kā lākou premaxillary a me ke anima maxillary o ka ʻōpū o ke kuʻikiʻi, a ʻo kā lākou hua mua ka hapa o ka ʻūlike, me ke ʻano he kānāwai, he ʻelua o ka laulā. Hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻōpala no ka hānai a e pono ke ʻima a kūlohelohe, ʻano maoli no ia o ke "hoʻomau" o ke kihi o ka papa o ka snout. Eia nō naʻe, i nā sauropods ʻike mākou i ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe - ākea kā lākou muzzle. ʻO ka diplodocus, ka mea iʻoi aku ka māmā a me ka ʻilihune helehelena, he helehelena ʻokoʻa like ia i kahi kikoʻī ʻehā, kahi pālahalaha ka waha, a ʻoi aku paha ma kahi o ka mea ʻupalu. ʻO nā Macronars, e like me ka Camarosaurus, Brachiosaurus a me Titanosaurs, he mau puʻupuʻu ākea nō hoʻi, he mea ʻole nā sauropods he mau ʻiliʻili nui e hoʻohiolo nui ʻia i ka hypothesis ʻōpala. ʻO ka paio'ē aʻe, e hōʻike mau ʻia ana, me ka hopohopo o ka nele o nā ʻōpū o ke kino i ka sauropods, a me ka dinosaurs a me nā reptile i ka laulā. I loko o nā momi, ua hui pū ʻia ka hui ʻana me ka lehelehe a me ka ihu e hana i ka ʻōpū. ʻO ke kāpae piha ʻana o kēia mau mea i loko o ka reptile i hōʻike ʻole ʻia ka reptile i nā kumu pono e pono ai no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻōpala. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Gregory Paul i kēia manawa, a kuhikuhi mai i nā ʻōiwi o nā ʻūhā o ke ʻōpala o ka camarasaurus a me ka brachiosaurus i nāwaliwali ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻōpū proboscis (Paul 1987).
ʻO ka manaʻo i loaʻa i ka ʻōpopopō he ʻōpala paha he kūlike paha, i ʻike ʻia ua hoʻomohala kēia mau holoholona i kekahi o nā ʻano nui loa a weliweli loa i ka ʻohi ʻana i ka ʻai i ka mōʻaukala, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā ʻāpoʻalima lōʻihi. ʻOiai ua manaʻo ʻia he ʻānō ka ʻāʻī o kā lākou ʻāʻī a no laila, ʻaʻohe pono no nā mea ʻē aʻe ma ka ʻai mai ka ʻāina, ma ka laulā, ka laula a nā ʻōopod i hāʻawi ai i kēia mau holoholona me kahi ʻano kīpē a me ka wā o ka ʻai. He mea pono ia he makai manu ʻa nā proboscis, e like me nā elephants, rhinos a me nā tapir, ma ke kihi, he ʻāʻī pōkole.
Nā hua Dinosaur
I ka makahiki 1997, ua ʻike ʻo Argentanan paleontologists ʻo Luis Chiappi a me Rodolfo Coria i nā ʻōpiki mua o ka hua o ka huaopods mai Patagonia. ʻO kēia wahi ma ka ʻāina ʻo Neuquen, kaulana ʻo Auca Mahuevo, he wahi ia o nā kilomika mau wahi, i ʻāpana ʻia me nā tausani hua manu. Ua hōʻike ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā pōhaku sedimentary i ka makahiki 83.5 - 79.5 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, e pili ana i ka manawa Cretaceous. Elima mau makahiki e aʻo ai i kēia wahi kūʻokoʻa, ua hoʻokumu ʻia e nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻo kēia wahi he ʻano o "incubator", kahi i hele mai ai nā titanosaurs i kēlā me kēia makahiki e waiho i ka hua.
Ua hoʻokomo nā mea noiʻi ma nā liʻiliʻi ʻehā ʻehā o ka oviposition. ʻO ka masonry iho ke kaumaha i ka lepo i loaʻa nā pūʻulu hoʻonohonoho o 15 a 34 mau huaʻa, 13-15 cm ka ʻāpana, a ua kokoke pololei kekahi. ʻO ka hoʻomākaukau nui ʻana i ka ʻoihana ua hiki ke ʻike i kahi loaʻa kūʻokoʻa; kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi kālai ʻia i kālai ʻia mai kahi hua hoʻokahi. ʻO nā noiʻepekema ʻepekema ua hāʻawi aku i ka ʻike nui e pili ana i ka hoʻolālā embryonic, ka hoʻonohonoho a me ka morphology o nā hua, a me ke ʻano hana o ka dinosaurs o nā sauropods.
Ma 2004, ʻeono mau pūʻulu huaʻōlelo i hoʻohālikelike ʻia, he nui ka nui mai 85 a 125 cm a hohonu a 10 a 18 cm, akā ua kuhi ʻia kahi hoʻolālā "puʻupuʻu hāwili" no ke koena o ka papa hānai inā hua ka hua ma loko o kahi ākea. Eia nō naʻe, kahi loiloi hou o nā hiona i manaʻo ʻia i ka makahiki 2012, ʻo nā hana oval i nā wahi o titanosaurs kahi i kuhi hewa ʻia ai nā holoi a holoi holoi paha i ka wā o nā kahawai nui. Ua kūlike kēia hoʻākāka me ka ʻike āpau āpau a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo ia e ka hoʻohālikelike o ka hypothesis pūnana me ka masonry "open nest" ākea. ʻO ka morphology o nā hua e hōʻike ai i kā lākou lūlū ʻia paha ma kahi wahi me ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe. ʻAʻole hiki i nā Titanosaurs ke hoʻohana i ka hoʻolālā incubation contact klasik, ka mea maʻamau o ka hapanui o nā holoholona hou e hoʻomehana i kā lākou oviposition me ko lākou mau kino, no laila pono lākou e hilinaʻi i nā hopena wai o waho o ka mea e hoʻopili ai i kā lākou hua. Loaʻa kēia i ka ʻokoʻa me ka manaʻo i loaʻa i ka masonry i nā ʻāpana geological ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aʻe, kā lākou paha nā ʻano o nā titanosaurs. Hōʻike ʻia nā kaila i loaʻa i ka masonry mua i loko o kahi hānai semi-arid, a laila, ma hope o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke ʻano i loko o kahi ʻūhā hou, ke hoʻololi ʻia e nā ʻano pili like ʻole me ke ʻano hou a me ka hiʻi o ka egghell i hana ʻia i ka wahi moe papalū.
Ua wehewehe ʻia nā hoʻololi kūlohelohe a me ke kaiapuni i nā pālala a me nā hua hua ʻala ʻē aʻe o Auk Mahuevo. I kēia mau lā, loaʻa nā ʻāpana o nā hua o ka titanosaurs ma nā wahi āpau o ke ao, akā aia lākou i nā wahi kikoʻī a me nā wahi huna. I kēia mea, i nā kūlana geothermal a me ka wai hydrothermal i hoʻohana ʻole ʻia e nā sauropods e loaʻa i kahi o waho o ka wela a me ka mākau.
He ʻauhau
- Kiʻi papa:Sauropodomorpha
- Kāhea: Saturnalia
- Kāhea: Anchisaurus
- Kāhea: Arianaaurus
- Kāhea: ʻO Asylosaurus
- Kāhea: Efraasia
- Kāhea: Ignavusaurus
- Kāhea: Nambalia
- Kāhea: Panphagia
- Kāhea: Pampadromaeus
- Kāhea: Sarahsaurus
- Kāhea: Kaumakapili
- Maikuhi: NĀ KaukiniProsauropoda)
- Ohana: Massospondylidae
- Ohana: Plateosauridae
- Ohana: Riojasauridae
- Kumuwai: Anchisauria
- Kāhea: Aardonyx
- Kāhea: Leonerasaurus
- Maikuhi: † Zauropod (Saauropoda)
- Ohana:?Blikanasauridae
- Ohana:?Tendaguridae
- Ohana: Cetiosauridae
- Ohana: Mamenchisauridae
- Ohana: Melanorosauridae
- Ohana: Omeisauridae
- Ohana: Vulcanodontidae
- A hui: Eusauropoda
- A hui: Neosauropoda
- Kumuwai: Turiasauria
- Maikuhi: NĀ KaukiniProsauropoda)
Laau phylogenetic
ʻO Cladogram e Diego pol et al., 2011.
Sauropodomorpha |
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