ʻO kēia holoholona liʻiliʻi kekahi o nā holoholona hulu manu nui loa, e noho ana i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻonohonohoʻana o nā manu lawaiʻa o Lūkia. ʻO ka lōʻihi maʻamau o kona kino e pili ana i 50 cm, ke kaumaha 1-1,5 kg. ʻO ka hale nui o ka ʻĀkē ke ʻokeʻo loa a me ka ʻeleʻele e pili ana i ka lāʻau kedera, pihi a me ke ahi; noho nō hoʻi ia i ke kuahiwi mauna o ke ʻano taiga. E alakaʻi ana kēia mea wana i kahi noho maʻamau, e pili ana i kahi kahua pilikino kūikawā, kahi e waiho wale ai i ka hihia koʻikoʻi: i ka wā o ke ahi ahi, loiloi ulu, nele i kaʻai.
Kāʻe (Martes zibellina) - he mea hoʻopuka dexterous a ikaika i kona nui. He mau pā hāhā kona nui, ʻo nā ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele i uhi i ke lauoho lauoho (ʻo ia hoʻi no ka hoʻoilo) ke hele wāwae nei ʻo ia ma ka hau. Inā pono, hiki i ka sable ke komo i loko o ka hau a neʻe i loko o kona mānoanoa. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka manawa o ka lālani e hāheʻe i ka lepo, piʻi ʻo ia i nā kumulāʻau maikaʻi, akā naʻe aniani e piʻi i loko o nā lei aliʻi. Hoʻokaʻawale nā neʻe liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i ka neʻe 30-70 cm lōʻihi.ʻO ka sable ka ikaika i ke kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi. I ke ao, ʻikea ʻo ia i ka palupalu a hōʻole, akā i ka pō ʻike ʻo ia i ka dexterity nui.
Mea ʻai
Hele aku e ʻimi ʻāpana e holo pinepine ma kēlā me kēia ʻōpala o kahi lāʻau i hāʻule i kona ala, e nānā ana i nā aʻa i loko, driftwood, ʻōpala, nā potholes, kahi e loaʻa ai ka nukē o nā kiʻi like-mouse e kū nei i kāna meaʻai nui. Eia kekahi, hoʻouka ʻo sable i nā manu terrestrial (hazel grouse, young black grouse and wood grouse) a me nā mammals (squirrels, chipmunks, hares and pikas), ʻaʻole ia e hoʻokaʻawale i nā pōpoki, palaka, nā pepeke, mollusks a me ka carrion hoʻi. I ke kauwela, hauʻoli hauʻoli i ka hoʻomaha ʻana i nā hua like ʻole (blueberries, ash mountain, cherry bird, wild rose). Aia kahi wahi nui i ka papa ʻaina sable i noho ʻia e nā nati pine. Ke loaʻa nei o kahi chipmunk i ka hoʻoilo me kahi lāʻau o nā nati, uaʻai ka sable i ka mea nona kēia mau lāʻau a me kāna meaʻai.
ʻO keʻano
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino o ka pūhaka a hiki i 56 cm, ke poʻo a hiki i 20 cm.
He ʻokoʻa nā waihoʻoluʻu o ka ʻili o nā kala, a o kona ʻano he mau inoa kūikawā. ʻO ka "poʻo" ka wahiʻele (ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele). "Fur" - ke kala māmā, ke kala melemele a i ʻole nā pua. Nā kikowaena kala: "kolo" - ʻulaʻula me ke kāwele ʻeleʻele ma ke kua, ʻo nā ʻaoʻao lihilihi a me kahi wahi ākea nui.
ʻAno hānau
Kūpono ʻōpala i ka puna. Hoʻolālā lākou i nā nīu no ka hānau ʻana o nā hua i loko o nā kumulāʻau i hāʻule, i nā ʻōpala kahiko, i loko o nā pūhaka papahele, i kekahi manawa ma nā ʻala lau. Hāpai nā holoholona i lalo o ka hale me ka moss, nā lau maloʻo, a me ka huluhulu. I ka lā o ʻApelila - Mei, mai 2 a 7 mau cubs, makapō a me keʻokeʻo, ʻike ʻia i loko o ka huikele, ka poʻe iʻeleʻele ma hope o kekahi mau lā. Kūleʻa nā keiki a i hoʻokahi mahina e hoʻomaka ai lākou e ʻike. I ka wā mua, hānai ka makuahine i ka sable me ka waiū, a ma hope aku e halihali ai ia i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi a me nā manu, a alakaʻi ʻo ia i nā holoholona i ulu a me ia, e hana ana iā lākou i ka ʻai. He ʻoluʻolu maikaʻi loa nā Sables i kā lākou neʻe, ka hopena me he mau lālani lā i kahi hakakā, kūpeʻe nui. I nā mahina ʻelua o kona mau makahiki, ua hoʻololi lākou i ka meaʻai ʻai. I ka mahina o ʻAukake - Kepakemaka, ua haki nā lālā, a neʻe nā ʻōpio i ke ola kūʻokoʻa.
Ke noho maʻamau
ʻO kahi mea noho i ka Sigaia taiga. ʻO Agile a ikaika i ka mea kuhi no kona nui. Ke alakaʻi nei i kahi nohona terrestrial. Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, noho nō ia ma nā puʻu kiʻekiʻe o nā kahawai mauna, i loko o nā wahi mākaʻi, ma waena o nā mea waiho i nā pōhaku, e kū pinepine i nā lei o nā lāʻau. E neʻe ana i nā lele. ʻO 30 ka lōʻihi o ka lele ka piʻi. Ua pū maikaʻi ia i ka lohe a me ka aʻalā, nāwaliwali ka maka. E hele maʻalahi ana ma ka hau leʻe. ʻO ka hana nui i ke kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi.
Pono (Martes zibellina)
SABLE (Martes zibellina)
nona ka ʻili ka mea nui loa. ʻO kēia holoholona hihiu ma ke ʻano ua like me kahi marten. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ke koʻikoʻi, me ka ʻoi iki ʻoi loa (ʻaʻole kūmole i kona palena ma mua o nā palena o nā wāwae i hope), nā pepeiao pepeiao, i nā pihi laulu me nā poli i uhi piha ʻia me nā hulu hulu. ʻO ke kino he 32-58 ka lōʻihi, ʻo ka huelo he 9-117 cm, a ʻo ka papahō he 870-1800 g. ʻO ka hulu sable ka hoʻoilo he mea maʻamau ke kāwele, ʻekeʻeke, a he ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula ʻokoʻa. He mea maikaʻi loa ia ma nā subspecies māmā-kala kala. Aia kekahi wahi ʻona ma kahi ʻāʻī a me ka umauma. I ke kauwela, he ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o ke kahe nō ke ʻano, he mea ʻilihune, lōʻihi, ma nā wāwae kiʻekiʻe, me ka huelo lōʻihi, me ke poʻo nui a hala ʻole, akā mau ke kīhā ākea.
Hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Sable ma ka ʻĀina nui, a ma waho aʻe o kona mau ʻāina i loaʻa wale ma Mongolia, Northeast China, ma Korea Peninsula, ma Northern Japan.
ʻO ka hulu momona ka waiwai i nā pahu Barguzin, a laila ʻo Yakut a me Kamchatka nā mea i koe, he haʻahaʻa loa ka mea i koe i ke ʻano, no ka mea he coarser a me ka lole kaila.
He kanaka maʻamau ʻo Sable o ka mauna a me ka ʻāina haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kumu lāʻau sedera, kahi i loaʻa ai iā ia ka nui o nā rodents a me nā ʻohi o nā huaʻai. ʻOi aku kahi maʻamau, noho ʻo sable i nā kuahiwi i ka ulu lāʻau o nā lāʻau sedera, ma nā mālamalama kukui ʻākau, a ma Kamchatka, i nā ulu lāʻau Birch. ʻAi ʻia ia i nā ʻano holoholona a me nā mea kanu, i nui like ʻole i nā wahi pākahi. Ma nā wahi a pau, ʻo ke kumu o ka meaʻai kaona i like me nā kiʻi, nā pine pine, a i ke kauwela kekahi mau huaʻai a me nā mea hihiu. He mea koʻikoʻi ko ka hale maʻa, ma ka Far East, iʻa i ka wā spawning. He kuleana ka hana ʻana o ke kuʻi ʻana, a ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka chipmunk a me ka pika, he liʻiliʻi iki, e hoʻonui ʻāhinahina wale ʻana me ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka lāʻau kedera. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻo Sable i kahi kalepa.
ʻO nā hopu holoholona i kona pūnaewele ponoʻī, e waiho wale ana i nā hihia kūʻokoʻa loa, ʻo ia ka holoholona i noho nui loa. ʻO kekahi, ʻo nā pākeke he nui, i lawe i nā puʻu a, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana i ka helu ʻana, ma loko o kekahi mau mahina e hele i 120-150 km, i kekahi manawa e kipa ana i nā kuahiwi kiʻekiʻe. I ka wā o ka hānai ʻana i nā cubs a i ka hoʻoilo, ke noho nei ʻo ia i nā nū mau - i ka hiolo, nā puʻu, ma lalo o kahi luawai, ʻoi aʻe ka nui o nā pali o nā pōhaku a i nā ʻuala lepo, a ma ka hoʻoilo hoʻi ma lalo o ka pale o ka hau hohonu. Pali kaʻe kūpono i ka lāʻau, akā he mea maʻamau ka ʻāina, a i ka hoʻoilo ke hoʻoilo pinepine ʻia i loko o ka hau a neʻe ka hūnā i kona mānoanoa.
ʻIke ʻia nā cubs liʻiliʻi i ʻApelila a me Mei. Loaʻa kā lākou helu helu mai 1-2 a 7. ʻO nā ʻīlio sable liʻiliʻi ʻehā. Nū nā maka o nā cubs i ka lā 30-36. I ka makahiki he hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua malama, hoʻomaka lākou e haʻalele i ka pūnana, a i ʻAukake e wāwahi a nā lālā. ʻO ka Puberty i nā holoholona'ōpiopio e hele i ka makahiki ʻelua a ʻekolu paha. I ka lawe pio ana, ola ke mauʻu i 15-18 mau makahiki. ʻAʻole hiki ke kāhea ʻia ko lākou ulu momona, no laila, pono e hoʻoponopono pono ʻia ka ʻili hipa no ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā holoholona.
ʻO ka waiwai nui o ka hulu i hoʻolako i ka mahiʻai o nā ʻōpala hānai no ka hana ʻana i nā sable huaʻai i nā hale. Ua pālahalaha loa ʻo Sobolovodstvo.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana o ka papahā, kahi i loaʻa ai ka sable i nā ʻano like ʻole me ka marten, holo lākou ma waena o lākou, i ka hopena i kapa ʻia ʻo kidus, a i ʻole keiki. I kekahi mau hybrids nā hōʻailona o ka marten predominate, i loko o kahi - kahi sable.
Kāleka
ʻAʻole ʻo Sable ka nui o ka momi manu nui loa. Nā hiʻohiʻona o kona mau hiʻohiʻona:
- ʻo 40-58 ka loa o ke kino o ka pākeke, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka wahine ma mua o ke kāne.
- ʻO ka paona o ka holoholona e pili ana i 2 kg,
- he poʻo nunui ka poʻo o ka pū, ka nānā nui ʻia, ʻike ʻia nā mākaukau, nui nā pepeiao, he laulā, he laulā ka ʻaoʻao.
ʻO ka lulu o ka holoholona maloʻo, fluffy, mānoʻo. He kala monotonous ke kala - ʻeleʻele ka palahalaha ma ke kino, ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele ma nā wāwae a me ke kuʻekuʻe, ʻoi aku ka lahilahi ma ka poʻo ma mua o ke kino. I ka hoʻoilo, ua ʻeleʻele ka hulu, i ke kauwela heʻeleʻele, no laila ke ʻano nui kona leo nui mai nā melemele-sandy a brownish-ʻeleʻele. ʻAʻohe ʻano ʻānō i ʻōlelo ʻia i loko o kahi ʻili, aia wale nō i kekahi mau kānaka i kēia manawa a he wahi ʻula, kūpono i kahi helehelena a me kahi kala māmā i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kala nui o ka hulu.
ʻO Habitat a me kahi noho
Ua kahele ʻia ʻo Sable ma Eurasian taiga: mai ke komohana a i ka hikina - mai ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o nā mauna Ural a hiki i ka Moana Pakipika (me nā mokupuni pili i ka ʻāina nui), i ka ʻākau - i ka nui o ke ola o nā mea kanu lāʻau. Kokoke holoʻokoʻa āpau - a ʻo kēia ka mea ma ka Far East a me Siberia - no Russia. I waena o nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe kahi e hālāwai ai me ka sable:
- Monokolia,
- Kolea
- Kina Akina
- Hokkaido Island (Iapana).
Ua alakaʻi ʻia kahi lawaiʻa ʻana me kahi ʻano liʻiliʻi. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kenekulia, ua piha pono i ka nui o nā wahi i noho ʻia e nā ʻāpana he ʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole ka hapa o ka hapa o ka mua. He mau mea ʻuʻuku wale nō lākou, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai kēlā me kēia papahele. Akā, ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia kēia wahi i kekahi manawa, ʻo ia hoʻi i ko mākou manawa, ʻo ka nui o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hoʻokaʻawale sable ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o ka hapa o nā ʻāina i hoʻoili ʻia ai i nā haneli mau makahiki i hala.
ʻO ka wahi maʻamau o ka holoholona ka coniferous taiga. ʻO Sable "aloha" fir, spruce a me nā sedera, kahi maʻamau i kapa ʻia ʻo ʻiga ʻeleʻele - raw, pinepine ʻia i nā makani, he nui me nā mosses.
Ma ka hoʻohuiʻana i nā pūnaewele pono, ola ka sable:
- i nā nahele ākea i lanakila ma ka Hikina Siberian Hikina,
- ma waena o nā kurums (pihi ana ʻo nā pali i nā lāʻau), inā hoʻonoho ka holoholona i nā kuahiwi i pili i nā taiga.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona kūpono o ka meaʻai
ʻO kēia mamalia, e like me nā kālai āpau, he wānana. ʻO kāna papa ʻai nui nā:
- nā kiʻiore-like
- ʻōpiopio a me nā moles,
- nāikoki,
- nā manu o ka ʻohana passerine, a me ka moa (kalāʻeleʻele, partridge).
Kālā me ka mea pio
I kahi palena iki, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā marten, ʻai ka sables i ka protein. ʻO nā kāne nui i ka hare.
Eia kekahi, ma muli o ka manawa, lilo ka meaʻai o kēia holoholona i ka hoʻoilo ma ke ʻano o nā holoholona nui, a i ke kauwela, sable, e noho ana ma kahi o nā kahawai nui, ʻaʻole maʻamau i hala i ka iʻa migratory ka iʻa.
ʻO ka mālama kūikawā no ka sable ka meli o nā pi nahele.
Mai nā mea kanu mea kanu, makemake nā holoholona:
- nā huaʻai a me nā hua - nā lingonberry, nā māla o ka lehu mauna, etc.
- pine kukui.
ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, e pili ana i nā nati, ʻaʻole hopohopo ka holoholona e hōʻiliʻili iā lākou mai nā lālā o nā lāʻau kedera, akā e ʻaihue i nā kumu waiwai i hana ʻia e nā kime, nā mākeke kula, nā chipmunks, a me nā lāʻau kedera.
Manaʻo
Hāʻawi kekahi i kahi leo. E like me nā martens, ulu kahe i ka wā o ka makaʻu a me ka huhū, a me nā ʻūhā ʻana i ka wā o ka pale ʻana i ka ʻenemi. I ka wā leʻaleʻa, ua haunaele a hana i nā kani haʻahaʻa, hoʻomanaʻo i ka chirping. E hele pū ana nā pāʻani me ka lau ʻana, e hoʻomaʻi wikiwiki ana i nā kani guttural a me kahi puʻe.
Nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe
ʻAʻole holoholona a manu hānai manu no sable i meaʻai. Akā aia kāna mau mea hoʻokūkū ʻelua i ka wā o ka hopu - nā kolamu a me ka ermine. Me lākou, ke kaʻana like i ka sable i nā koikoi like-me nā mea ʻono nona. No laila, inā e hālāwai ia me kekahi o kēia mau mea hoʻopihapiha, a no laila, i mea e pepehi ai i ka "hoaaloha" makemake ʻole ʻole, ua waiho wale ka lau o ka ʻāpana i ka mea i hopu ʻia, a huki i ka ʻenemi.
I waena o nā sable i ka hopena he mau'ōpiopio a ka poʻe ʻelemakule e nalowale nei i ko lākou dexterity kahiko a me ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe. Hiki iā lākou ke hāʻule i ka mea i hopohopo i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o lākou.
ʻLelo holoholona
Holo ka holoholona holoholona i kēlā me kēia manawa o ka lā. Ma ka manawa like, makemake ʻo ia e neʻe i ka lepo, ʻaʻohe piʻi i nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe, hele i ka wai ma ke ʻano he hopena hope wale lā. I ka awelika, holo i kahi sable i 3 km i kahi lā no ka hopu. Hoʻonui koʻikoʻi nā huakaʻi hele i ka hoʻoilo, ke hoʻoikaika ʻia nei ka holoholona i ke alakaʻi i ka nohona semi-nomadic e ʻimi ana i ka ʻai, a ke emi nei i ke kauwela, ke hiki ke nui i kahi o nā holoholona nui i pepehi ʻia e kekahi. Akā i ke kauwela, inā ua pono ka makahiki līlō, pono ia e holo mai 10 a 20 km.
Nā papa hoʻokele ma ka hoʻoilo
Loaʻa nā kikoʻī (nā māka) no ia i kahi papa i loko ona i kahi ʻimi nei i ka wā lōʻihi. Inā lawa ka nui o kaʻai, a laila hoʻopiha maoli ka holoholona i kahi hoʻokahi, e hana ana i ka lua a me ke alaki nui i nā ala āpau ma waena o kona noho ʻana a me nā wahi āna i loaʻa ai kahi ʻanoʻai nui loa. Ma kahi kokoke i nā holoholona make nui, ka pūleo i hoʻopā hou i nā ʻuʻuku a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka neʻe o ka neʻe, e hoʻopaʻa ana iā ia iho e neʻe mai ka puʻu a hiki i kēia “lumi lumi ʻaina”.
I ka hoʻoilo, makemake ka holoholona e neʻe i lalo o ka hoʻoilo, e kau ana i nā kaila i loko o kona mānoanoa a ʻaʻole hoʻi e haʻalele i ka papa no nā hebedoma. Ma ka laulā, nā ala e holo ai ʻo ia ma o kāna wahi holoholona hānai, uhi iā ia me kahi pūnaewele ākea.
Hiki iā Sable ke hoʻonohonoho i ka noho lāʻau ma lalo o nā aʻa o nā kumulāʻau, ma nā hollows (e komo pū kekahi me nā mea i kālai ʻia), ma nā mea hoʻokomo.
Kālā
I kēia wā, loaʻa i ka sable ma nā taiga o Rūsia mai nā Urals a hiki i ke kahakai o ka Pākīpika i ka ʻākau i nā palena o ka mea kanu lāʻau. Makemake ʻo ia i ka taiga conclose paʻaʻeleʻele, maikaʻi loa iā kedrachi. Loaʻa nō hoʻi ma Iapana, ma ka mokupuni ʻo Hokkaido. I nā lālā Urals hikina, loaʻa i kahi hui o ka sable me marten, i kapa ʻia ʻo kidus, i kekahi manawa.
A hiki i ka kenekulia 17, loaʻa nō ka sable i Finlandia, a hiki i ka kenekulia 19, ma Karelia, nā mokuʻāina Baltic a me Western Poland.
He ʻauhau
I ka huina, he 17 subspecies ka ʻokoʻa i ka nui a me ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻoniʻoni. Eia kekahi o lākou:
- Martes zibellina zibellina - Sable Tobolsk
- ʻO nā mea kanikahi Martes zibellina - Sable Barguzinsky. Pono maikaʻi loa kēia subspecies no ka mea he ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele a me ka hulu ʻoluʻolu a me ke silky.
- Martes zibellina sahalinensis - sable Sakhalin
- Martes zibellina yenisejensis - Sabe Yenisei
- Martes zibellina sajanensis - Same sable
- Martes zibellina jakutensis - Yakut sable
- Martes zibellina kamtshadalica - Sabek Kamchatka
- Martes zibellina tomensis - sabz Kuznetsk
- Martes zibellina averini - Same sable
- Martes zibellina vitimensis - Sable Vitimsky
- Martes zibellina arsenjevi - Sabs Ussuri
- Martes zibellina obscura - chikoysky sable
- Martes zibellina brachyura - ʻili ʻo Kuril, ua ʻānai ʻia
ʻO ka kumu o ke ʻano a me ka wehewehe
Loaʻa nā ʻike i hiki ai i ke hoʻopaʻa i ke kūkulu ʻana o kēia ʻano ʻano. I loko o Miocene, ʻike ʻia kekahi ʻano genus, nona nā sable. I kēlā manawa, noho ka mea nāna i koho i nā wahi nui i ke komohana a me ke kūkulu hema o ʻEulopa, ma South-West a me Central Asia, ma ʻAmelika Hema.
Aia nā puka i kokoke i kēia mau lā i ka Pliocene. Loaʻa nā koena i loko o ka Late Pleistocene ma Urals, Altai, Cisbaikalia, i Kamchatka a me Sakhalin. Mālama ʻia nā palu i nā papahele ʻo Pleistocene Puka ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka East Sayans a me nā ʻāpana muliwai. KauwaHal. I ka manawa o ka mākaukau, ma muli o ke ʻano o nā biocenoses hou, ua hoʻokaʻawale ka marten. I kēlā wā, loaʻa i ka sable nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻona e hoʻokaʻawale ʻē aku i nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe o kēia ʻohana.
Wikiō: Sable
I ka wā kahiko o ka mōʻaukala, laha ka noho ʻana mai ka ʻenekena o Finland a i ka moana Pakipika. Ma waena o ka Pleistocene a me ka Holocene, i ka wā e haʻalele ai nā glacier a me ka helehelena o nā ululāʻau, haʻalele ka holoholona i ka palena palena o ka pae glacial a noho ma nā wahi maikaʻi loa. 20-40 tausani mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua ʻike ʻia kahi mea manawa ma ka Urals, ʻaʻole naʻe i hiki i ka nui o ka manawa ma hope o ka manawa postglacial (8-11 tausani mau makahiki i hala).
ʻO nā iwi o nā holoholona i loaʻa ma Altai ma mua o 100 tausani mau makahiki. Ma Zauralie a me Siberia, ʻaʻohe mau koena i ʻike ʻia ma mua o 20 tausani mau makahiki, ʻoiai ʻaʻole kēia manaʻo ke ʻike ʻia nā mamalia i ka wā ma mua. I ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻohana marten, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kūlana, i ka waihona meaʻai a me ke ala o ka hiʻona.
ʻO ka lawaiʻa a me ka kālepa ʻana ma Rū ma ka ʻāina Mangazeysk (XVII keneta)
I ka makahiki 16, ma Western Siberia, ua hoʻokumu ka Lūkini i ka noho ʻana o Mangazeya, kahi i poni ai ka hulu i nā mea lawaiʻa. He waiwai koʻikoʻi ʻo Sable no Moscow.ʻO Sable furs "mai Muscovy", ma muli o ko lākou kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ka noi nui ma ʻEulopa ʻEulopa, i hoʻokumu i ke kumu o ka waihona o ka Moscow Grand Duchy, a ma hope o ke aupuni kikowaena Lūkia. Hāʻawi ʻo Mangazeya i nā ʻāpana he 85 mauʻu o ka ʻehilā hanā maikaʻi loa o kēlā me kēia makahiki mai Western Siberia. Ua hoʻokau ʻia ka lawaiʻa ʻana me ke ʻole o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a ʻoi aku paha ma mua o 70 mau makahiki i alakaʻi ʻia ai ka ʻehiku ma ka wahi.
Ka helu ʻāina
- ʻO nā wahi no nā holoholona holoholona luhilahi
- Nā wahi o nā hale noho
- Nā wahi e noho ai nā hale noho ʻole
- ʻO ka helu o nā pīhoihoi ma ka brood
- Helu
- ʻO ka ikaika hoʻoilo
- I nā ulu lāʻau
- I nā nahele ulu
- Ma nā ululāʻau kai coniferous
- I loko o Vanavara kainga
- Ikaika o ka wai
- I nā ulu lāʻau
- I nā nahele ulu
- Ma nā ululāʻau kai coniferous
- Ma nā kālai lā
- ʻO ka ikaika o ke kauwela
- I nā ulu lāʻau
- I nā nahele ulu
- Ma nā ululāʻau kai coniferous
- I nā ulu lāʻau Birch
- I nā ala wai
- Ma na puu
- I loko o Vanavara kainga
- Hoʻohui nui
- I nā ulu lāʻau
- I nā nahele ulu
- Ma nā ululāʻau kai coniferous
- Ma nā kālai lā
- I nā ʻano biotopes ulu lāʻau
- ʻO ka ikaika hoʻoilo
- Poloholo
- Kuhi o ka nui
- Kuhi o ka noho
Kūleʻa i ka kenekulia 20
ʻO ka huina o ka heluna piha i ka makahiki 1973, ua like me ʻelua haneli kaukani, a e like me ka manaʻo o ka makahiki 1961–296 tausani.ʻO ka makahiki 30 o ke kenekulia 20, ua pau a pau ka ʻoliʻoli i loko o ka Teritori Krasnoyarsk a noho ma laila ma ka helu liʻiliʻi ma nā wahi kaʻawale. Ma hope mai, ma muli o nā hana palekana, ua hoʻihoʻi hou ka helu i ka pae mua, i ka makahiki XVII. I ka 1961-1963, loaʻa ka nui o ka huehue i ka wahi. A laila, ma muli o ka lawaiʻa nui ma nā wahi he nui, hoʻomaka ka waiwai ʻolele, a ua hana ʻia kahi kūlana i hoʻoweliweli i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka palekana o ka ʻoihana huni, ʻaʻole i hoʻoponopono ʻia i kēia lā. ʻO ka mana koho e pili ana i ka helu o nā sables i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia: nui - ʻoi aku ma mua o 25 mau ʻeka no 100 km², ʻokoʻa - 12-25, liʻiliʻi - ʻaʻole i emi mai ka 12, loaʻa ʻole ka laha. I kekahi manawa ke kū ka puka ʻana - he nui - ʻoi aku ma mua o 50, akā me kahi kuleana, ʻolele, e like me ke kānāwai, noho wale i kekahi mau wahi, ʻaʻole hoʻi nā wahi nui.
ʻO ka wahi a me nā kūlana o nā waiwai ʻo sable ma kēia wahi e like me ka helu (Numerov, 1958, 1973, Lineytsev a me Melnikov, 1971, me kekahi).
Noho ʻo Sable ma ka mauna ʻoiga o ka Sayan a me Kuznetsk Alatau me ka nui no ka haina. Ma ka awelika, he "nui" na sables i kēlā me kēia wahi, a "nui loa" i nā pūnaewele nui i nā ulu lāʻau kedera. ʻO ka neʻe o ka heluna kanaka ma nā kumulāʻau pine ʻōpala a me nā hamo a hiki i ka 150 a hiki i ka 200 no 100 km². ʻO ia nā hōʻailona kuhikuhi loa no ka ʻāina. Ma hope o ka makahiki 1964, hoʻomaka ka helu a me ka hana i lalo ma muli o ka hana keu ʻana. ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili piha loa no nā pona ʻili no 1960-1970. huina he 18 tausani, a i 1973-1974. ua emi iho ia i 5.1 tausani I ka hapalima o ka apana, ua ku okoa loa ia ka la, a ma ka aoao i ka nui o ka helu o ka hapalua ka nui o ka aina.
ʻO ka wahi kaiāulu nui e pili ana i nā wahi kai nui a me ke kula lāʻau Chulym. Ma aneʻi, i nā ulu lāʻau wili, nā mokupuni o taiga, a me ka ʻāina ʻoiga, ʻo sable kekahi mau mea he nui. I ka laulā, i ka makahiki 60s kāna helu ma laila he 20-25 tausani, a ʻo ka nui o ka hōʻili ʻana i ka ʻili i hōʻea ka 8.5 tausani. Ma muli o ka lawaiʻa lawaiʻa ʻana e ka pūʻali koa nui o ka poʻe holo kime ma ka hapa nui o nā wahi, ua pau ʻole ka hūʻule. ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o kona helu ʻana ma mua o 4-6 tausani, a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā ʻili i 1973-1974. naona 1 wale no pauku.
I ka taiga kūkulu hema, aia kahi o ka ʻāina ʻo Angara a kokoke i ka māhele Yenisei a laila, loaʻa nā "ʻona" nui i mau ʻeke i nā ʻāina conifousʻeleʻele, a i nā helu coniferous māmā he "average". Maanei, e hoʻomaka ana i ka makahiki 1968, he hoʻomaka mau ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, a laila hoʻopau i ka helu o nā holoholona ma muli o ka make nui ʻana. Ma nā moku ʻehā o Angarsk, e hōʻoki ana i ka nui he 10,5 mau i hoʻoneʻe i ka 4,5 tausani. Ma ka waena o ka waena, ua nui nā "ʻihi" he mau ʻāpana ʻoka wale nō i nā wahi me nā ʻāina conifousʻeleʻele (Baikitsky district, Yenisei taiga ma ka moku Turukhansky). I nā ʻāina koena ka heluna "ka nui", a ma nā wahi nui "liʻiliʻi".
Ma ka taiga kūkulu ʻākau maʻamau, ʻoi loa ka nui o nā helu “ma waena” a me ka “liʻiliʻi”. Ma waena ma ka waena waena a me nā ʻūlau ʻūlani wale nō ma Evenkia ʻaʻohe mea luhi (hoʻomohala hoʻomohala e ka 80%), a e hoʻokokoke ana ka nui o ka hana i ka nui o ka hoʻonui, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hoʻohana maʻamau. Ma Turukhansk Teritory, ua kokoke like ka hana me nā mea maʻamau, akā ua nānā mua ʻia ka lawaiʻa ʻana ma nā wahi e kokoke ana i ka Yenisei a me Bakhta. Ua emi nā Billets, akā, ʻaʻole i like me ka manawa i hema: i Evenkia - mai 26 a 22 tausani mau ʻili. Ma ka ʻʻo loa o ka taiga ʻākau, ʻaʻole pili nā sable i nā wahi a pau, me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o kekahi mau ʻauʻau kai, akā ʻo ke ʻano o nā kahua maikaʻi maikaʻi loa i loko o nā paʻu, ʻaʻole maikaʻi ʻole. Noho ka ʻōpū hoʻokahi i ka nahele-tundra: ma ka Yenisei a Potapov a me Nikolsky, ma ka hikina iā Kotuykan ma ka muliwai. Kotui a me r. Fomich, kahi mea lawe o Parrot.
ʻO ka hopena, ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka ʻāina i nā ʻāina maikaʻi loa ke kūleʻa ʻole ke kūlana me ka mahi ʻana i ka mahi ʻana. ʻO ka poʻe sable ka wikiwiki. Ua hāʻule pololei ʻo Billets ma muli o kahi leʻaleʻa nui o nā hōʻili i nā "kūhai paʻepa", a me ke ʻano hoʻi o ka luku ʻana i nā sables. Ke kūkulu nei ke kaʻina o ka pilikia. Loaʻa i ka hihia ʻehā nā mea ʻala "ʻili nā ʻili: hele nā ʻili i ka ʻaoʻao, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ke kūlana me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hana i hoʻolālā ʻia i nā mahiʻai, a ʻoi hoʻi ka nui o ka pana ʻana o ka lawaiʻa.
I ka wā e hiki mai ana hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo i ka hōʻemi o nā kumuwaiwai ma nā kūkulu ʻākau a me kahi hoʻohaʻahaʻa maʻamau i kahi ʻoihana sable. Pono e hana i nā hana koi e kaupalena i ka hana ʻana, a no ka pale ʻana i nā leakage o nā ʻili, ʻo ia hoʻi, e kāpae i ka poaching.
Ma mua o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka hau hohonu, e ʻimi ʻia nā sables me kahi husky. Ma hope mai, ua hoʻololi lākou i nā mokulele, ʻoi loa, he mau ʻāpana. Holo pinepine nā holoholona i ka holo lio. Hoʻohana loa loa ʻia ʻo Obmet. ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili maʻamau ʻana i kahi lawaiʻa i nā ʻāina maikaʻi he 40-50 mau kekela. Loaʻa kekahi poʻe lawaiʻa he 70-80 a me nā pūlea 100-1140.
Ma muli o ka hulu nani, paʻa a me ka momona, ua kapa ʻia ʻo sable ke aliʻi o ka hulu puaʻa - "gula maikaʻi". ʻO kaʻeleʻeleʻele ka sable, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kona ʻili. ʻO Barguzinsky sable, e noho nei i ka nahele Baikal, ʻo ia ka ʻeleʻele o ka poʻe i loaʻa ma Siberia a no laila no ka mea makemake nui ʻia i nā auleule hulu manu. ʻO ka mea noiʻi nui nui loa o ke ʻano o Barguzinsky sable ka mea ʻepekema Lūkia ʻo E. M. Chernikin.
ʻO ke ʻano nui o nā holoholona hopu he nui o ka pono o ke ola o ka ʻoihana kūʻai manuahi ʻoihana o ka wahi o taiga. ʻO nā moʻolelo ʻo Krasnoyarsk ka palena nona ma kahi o 33% o ka hana āpau a Lūkia i kahi nui, a aia ia ma kahi mua. ʻIke ʻia ʻo Sable ʻaʻole wale ma Russia, akā ʻo nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe: North Korea, Mongolia a me China. Ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana o Lūkia i ka monopoli mokuʻāina ma ka ʻohi ʻana i nā ʻūlele mai ka makahiki 1997, ke kalua ʻana a me ka ʻohi ʻana, no ka hapa nui, i kau ʻia ma nā lima pilikino.
ʻO ke kūlana e kū nei i ka pae ʻenehana.
Hana ʻia ʻo Sable e like me ka palena palena, kahi i ʻae ʻia me ka Kuhina Kūlana Kūlohelohe o Rūsia.
ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike o nā kumukūʻai kūʻai ʻili o nā hiʻu sable i ke kaʻa kūleʻa ʻo St. Petersburg me ka palena o kāna hana e hōʻike ana i ko lākou ʻokoʻa like. Mai ka 2000, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻili i kūʻai ʻia i ka nui o nā sables i ʻae ʻia no ka hopu ʻana. Ke hoʻonui nei kēia ʻokoʻa i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a i ka 2013 ka nui o nā mea kūʻai aku ma luna o ka palena, ʻo 193 pakeneka. Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka kūʻai ʻana a me ka hana kūikawā a ma 2013 ua ʻoi aku ka 323 pakeneka. Ma hope o kēia huakaʻi, ma muli o nā loli i nā kūlana mākeke furs, aia kahi hāʻule ʻike i nā kumukūʻai ʻoliʻoli a ʻelua a me nā kumukūʻai kūʻai. Eia nō naʻe, i ka 2017, ua hoʻonui hou ʻia ka nui o ke kūlohelohe kūlohelohe, hiki ke ʻokoʻa ma muli o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka huakaʻi huluhulu manu Baikal ma Irkutsk. I ka makahiki 2017, uaʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea kūʻai aku ma ka palena o ka manawa ma ka manawa 1,5, a ʻo ka nui o ka hana i hoʻolaha ʻia - ma ka manawa 2.15.
Ka helu o ka heluna o ka lehulehu, ka palena paʻa, ka hoʻomohala ʻina a me ka nui o ka uku no ka hoʻoneʻe hou i ke kūleʻa i ke kāʻei o nā makana ʻele nā mea ʻoni a nā ʻoniʻoni i ke kūleʻa ʻana o St. Petersburg (2011-2017)
makahiki | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
Loaʻa (tausani tausani) | 1163,8 | 1224,5 | 1299,31 | 1346,3 | 1286,64 | 1309,7 | 1449,95 |
Ka palena o ka hana (kanaka) | 330984 | 356337 | 350041 | 489249 | 368315 | 377062 | 405136 |
Hōʻike e pili ana i ka hana (kanaka) | 173800 | 208750 | 219967 | 237591 | 250028 | 266919 | 288043 |
Ke kūʻai aku | 519127 | 444123 | 453464 | 579413+39286* |
* Kuhi aku ma ka hale kūʻai o Baikal bulu, i hoʻomaka i ka hana ma 2017 ma Irkutsk
ʻO ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka palena hana, hana pilikino a me nā helu o nā makana ʻenekē i nā aʻa o ka honua
I nā makahiki he 3-4 i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomaka ka nui o nā hui Lūkini i kahi hana hoʻonui i ke au auctions. No laila loaʻa iā ka mea nui o ka hulu sable ma ka Baikal MPA i hana ʻia e kahi mea hana Russia no nā huahana hulu.
Wahi a nā poʻe akamai ʻo VNIIOZ iā lākou. prof. B.M. ʻO Zhitkova, ka hoʻololi o ka ʻili i ka ʻili sable ma kahi o 25% o nā hoʻolaha. No laila, i mea e koho ai i ka liʻiliʻi loa o nā koina sable maoli, pono e hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻikepili ma ke kūʻai ʻana i nā ʻoihana e 1.25. No laila, ʻo ka lawe ʻana, ma ka makahiki 2017, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka 770 tausani kanaka, a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka hoʻopihapiha ʻana i nā hāʻawi makana i ka nui o ka hulu i Kina, a me ke kūʻai ʻia ʻana o nā pā waiwai ʻona ʻokoʻa i kā Copenhagen a me Vancouver, hiki iā mākou ke kamaʻilio me ka hilinaʻi nui e pili ana i ka pae ʻana. ma luna o 800 tausani mau pūlani, ʻoi aku ia ma mua o 55% o ka poʻe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia kēia kūlana me kekahi mau loli i nā makahiki he nui mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2000. ʻO kēia, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke hōʻike nei i ka helu haahaa helu nui ʻana o ka poʻe sable i ka Leka Rūkia.
Eia naʻe, eia kahi hōʻike o ka dinamics o ke kūʻai aku e hōʻike ana i ka hana o ka sable, e pili ana i ke kūʻai aku ʻana ma kahi o 700 tausani pelts, ʻoi aku paha ma mua o ka palena o ka hopena lawaiʻa e kūʻa ai ka lehulehu. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia kēia hopena ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā ʻano moʻokalaleo o nā kumukūʻai a me nā kumukūʻai o nā huakaʻi ma ke kūʻai aku.
Pono e uku ʻia i ka manawa e hoʻomaka ana ma 2010. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻia o nā kumukūʻai i lilo i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka lawaiʻa a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hāʻawi ʻana a me ke kūʻai ʻana i ka waiwai i ka lelela. Aia ke hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻana i kēia mau hōʻailona ʻelua. Ua hōʻea ʻia ka pae kiʻekiʻe i ka makahiki 2013, i ka manawa kūʻai he $ 267, a ʻo ka 720 tausani mau ʻāpana he mau hale kūʻai no ka huakaʻi (675 tausani ke kūʻai aku). I ka 2014, ua hele ka poʻe lawaiʻa e lawaiʻa i ke kali ʻana i nā kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe no nā hē, kahi i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia e hoʻomohala ʻia i nā wahi mamao ʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, hoʻolimalima kōkua, etc. I ka hapalua o ka manawa mua, i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka hilo o ka hulu, ua hiki mai kēia mau manaolana a kūʻai aku nā mea kūʻai i ka huluhulu i nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe, e pili ana i nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka mākēkēki 2013 2013 a me ka leʻa o Ianuari 2014. Akā, ma lalo o kēia mau ʻano, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke kau aku i nā ʻoi aku ma mua o 520 tausani no ka ʻaʻa. .skins. E hōʻike paha kēia i kekahi mau hana hōʻemi a me nā hōʻemi o ka nui o ka lehulehu. ʻO 2 mau makahiki i hala iho o nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa, a ma muli o ke kahe ʻana o ka ukana lawaiʻa o ka lehulehu, ua hiki iā ia ke ola hou, a ma ka makahiki 2017 618.6 tausani mau mea ʻoni ʻoni i kūʻai ʻia ma nā kumukūʻai Lūkia ʻelua ma ke kū ʻana o ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa. Inā i nā makahiki i hala aʻe e piʻi a piʻi paha ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kumu kūʻai, akā e kūpaʻa ana ma kēia ʻano ua emi ke kumukūʻai kūʻai, e hana mākou iā mākou me ka hilinaʻi nui o ka hana ʻana o sable, e pili ana i ke kūʻai aku o 550-600,000 mau kānaka i ka nui o nā auctions, ʻo ia ka palena lawena lawaiʻa e hiki ai i ka poʻe sable ke kū i.
ʻAuhea ke ola?
Kuhi: Hiki i ke hau
Loaʻa ka holoholona hihiu ma Lūkini, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Iapana a me North Korea. Noho ka hale pakeha Siberian coniferous a me nā ʻākauʻEulopa ma ka ʻaoʻao kahawai, hiki i ka mauna Ural i ke komohana. Aia nā māhele i ka mauna ʻo Altai a me nā mauna Sayan komohana. Ua hiki aku ka palena hema ma kahi 55 ° ka palena ma Western Siberia, a hiki i 42 ° i Siberia Eastern.
Aia ka pae i loko o nā kihi hema hema o ka Penia Korea a me Hokkaido, aia ka mea wili i loaʻa ma Sakhalin. Ma Mongolia, ua ʻoka ʻia ʻia ma ke kūkulu ʻākau-komohana o ka ʻāina, e hoʻopuni ana iā Lake. Hubsugul. Ma Transbaikalia, kahi i kūleʻa nui loa ai ka huli ʻana o ka laikini nui loa, nā ʻōpio nui loa loa o kēia holoholona holoholona e noho ai i nā nahele. Ma ka hikina ʻo Kazakhstan, noho ia i nā kīʻaha o nā kahawai ʻo Uba a me Bukhtarma. Ma Kina, aia ma ke kūkulu ʻākau i nā mauna o Southern Altai, i ke kūkulu ʻākau-hikina o ka ʻāina - i ka moku ʻo Heilongjiang, a i ka pūpū o Changbai Mountain. ʻO kahi noho o ka mea hoʻokumu i ka pae he 5 miliona m2.
Manaʻo kekahi ʻelele o ka ʻohana Kunih e noho i nā lāʻau kedera, ma nā puʻu kuahiwi, kahi i waiho ai kahi lāʻau cedar. Maanei aia ua nui nā koʻikoʻi i ka hopu ʻia e ka nui o ka meaʻai - nā nati huaʻai. Hiki i kahi kanaka nani ke noho ma ka puʻu kiʻekiʻe a mākele, kahi e makemake ai ia i nā aila a me ka hāʻule. Noho ka holoholona, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā lau ma nā nahele liʻiliʻi-ʻuʻuku a me nā kumu lāʻau palahalaha, ma nā wahi o nā moʻo a me ka pau, a me nā wahi marshy. Ma ka Palapala Kamchatka, noho ʻo ia ma nā ʻalā, a ma nā kumulāʻau kerebima alder a me nā lāʻau kedera. Ma nā mauna hiki iā ia ke piʻi i ke kiʻekiʻe o nā ululāʻau subalpine.
He aha mea e ʻai ai ke Sable?
Kiʻi: Hoʻokomo i ka hoʻoilo
Kēia mau wahi kai i ka nui ma luna o nā momi liʻiliʻi - hana lākou i ka 60-80% o ka meaʻai. Hoʻohui i nā kiʻi, nā kīʻaha a me nā mea hao ʻē aʻe e lanakila ana ma kāna papaʻaina e hiki ke hoʻopau i ka chipmunks, squirrels, hares, pika, muskrat. Aia ka ʻoihana i ka marten: ermine, ka aloha. Hiki i ka mammal ke hahai i ke ala o nā ʻīlio a me nā bears no ka lōʻihi o ka manawa, a laila e hoʻohele pū i kahi ʻai me lākou. ʻO kahi kokoke i nā kupapaʻu o nā holoholona nui i lilo i ka poʻe i hōʻemi i nā mea ʻē aʻe, ke ola ka holoholona manu a hānai i nā lā he nui.
I nā makahiki heʻeʻeʻole, i ka wā paʻakikī i ka hopu ʻana i nā pōpoki ʻē aʻe, hū wale kekahi o ka sable i ka manu musk. A laila kokoke kokoke i ka mea i hana ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o ka mea nāna i hali, he nui ka poʻe i hōʻuluʻulu no kahi ʻahaʻaina. Ua hoʻouka ʻia nā holoholona nui e kahi kahu liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi me ka loaʻa ʻole o nā lāʻau kedera a me nā hua kedera kedera (ʻo kā lākou kuleana e hiki i 33-77%, hilinaʻi paha i ka i ʻole a i ʻole nā meaola meaʻai ʻē aʻe). I ke kauwela, ʻai nui ʻo ia i nā huaʻai: rosehip, lingonberry, cherry manu, lehu ahi (4-33%).
ʻO nā manu, ʻoi aku ka mahele nui, ʻo ia ka 6-12%, hopu nō ia i nā manu liʻiliʻi, hoʻopau i nā nisa, ʻai i nā hua, nā ʻĀlio, nā mollusks, nā pepeke, a me kaʻole e hoʻowahāwahā ʻia. ʻAi ʻia ka lāleʻa o Eastern East i ka iʻa ma hope o ka spawning. ʻO nā ʻano kai hoʻoilina o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa momi me ka nui o nā mea kanu mea kanu. Inā ʻaʻole lawa ka meaʻai, a laila hoʻokokokeʻo ia i nā wahi kanaka. Pono ka holoholona i ka meaʻai ma ka liʻiliʻi o 20% o kona paona kino, ʻo ia ka mea e like me ka hana o 6-8 mahina voles mice i kēlā me kēia lā.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me nā ʻano hana
Kuhi: holoholona taiga sable
Hōʻalo ka holoholona, ikaika a luhi, hoʻoluhi me ka hoʻolohe maikaʻi a me ka hiki mai o ka hopu. ʻAe kēia iā ia e loaʻa ka mea pio, e hoʻomaopopo i ka mea ma o ka ʻohu a me ka rustle. E hoʻoikaika ka holoholona i kekahi manawa o ke ao a i ka pō, e hilinaʻi wale ia i ka maka a me ka loaʻa o ka meaʻai. I nā frosts, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hele i waho o ka puʻukū no kekahi mau lā.
He ʻāina kai ʻo Sable, ʻoiai ua piʻi maʻalahi i ka lāʻau, akā hiki ʻole ke ʻalo i ka lālā i ka lālā. E neʻe maikaʻi i lalo o ka uhi o ka hoʻoilo a hiki ke pakele ai mai ka hahai ʻana, akā e ʻimi ana ma luna o ka papa, a ʻoi aku ke noho maikaʻi ma kahi e hoʻohālua. Ke neʻe nei kahi kanaka ulu kino i loko o nā pihi liʻiliʻi o 40-70 cm, akā e neʻe ana i ka neʻe, hiki iā ia ke hoʻonui i ko lākou lōʻihi i 3-4 m.
He kahua paʻa kēia holoholona mai ka 4 a 30 km2, a he mau wahi noho leʻaleʻa kona no ka noho ʻana a me ka hopu. Nui ka pae a me ka hana i ka makahiki, ke kāne, ka wā a me ke aniani, ka ʻike o ka lehulehu, ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai. A awelika, holo ia aku ma kahi o 9 km i kēlā me kēia lā.
Ke alakaʻi nei i kahi ola maʻalahi, ua haʻalele ka lūlū i kāna puʻu, ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 30 km mai kahi o ka hōʻailona. Hiki i nā pākeke ke lawe i kahi lōʻihi a hiki i 150 km, e lawe ai i kekahi mau mahina e lanakila ai. ʻAʻole makemake ʻo ia i lua no kāna iho, ke ʻimi nei ʻo ia i kahi kūpono no ka hānau a me ka hānai ʻana o nā cub, a pēlā nō ka wā hoʻoilo.
ʻO ka hale i hū ʻia me ka mauʻu maloʻo, huluhulu, lichen, huluhulu, puʻuwai.
- malalo o nā kumu o nā lāʻau i hina
- i nā ʻōpala
- i kahi ʻā hala,
- i nā mea hoʻokomo
- aia i ka puʻu haʻahaʻa ma luna o ka pā.
ʻO ka manawa maʻalahi, ke holo nei mai ka hahai ʻana, e kipa i nā kahawai o nā pōhaku, i nā wahi paʻa pōhaku, nā lei aliʻi a i ʻole nā lua wō i lalo. I ka hoʻoilo, kanu i lalo o kahi hōkū hohonu o ka hau. Holoi ka holoholona i ʻelua mau makahiki i ka makahiki: i ka pūnāwai, ʻo ka hoʻomaka i ka hoʻomaka o Malaki, a ʻo ka hopena i Mei, i loko o ka ʻūlū o kēia manawa ke hoʻomaka nei mai ʻAukake a Nowemapa.
ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻenehana a me ka hana hou
Sable a loner ma ke ʻano, he polygamous ʻo ia. Hoʻohana ʻo ia i nā kumulāʻau ʻikihili e waiho ana ma hope o ka ʻōpū o ka pūpū e hōʻailona ai i kahi. E hoʻomaka ka lāhui ma Iulai a hoʻopau i ʻAukake. ʻO ka manawa gestation e pili ana i nā lā 245-297. Mai kēia manawa, ʻehiku mau mahina e hāʻule ai i ka latent stage, i ka manawa ʻaʻole i hoʻomohala nā embryos. Hāʻawi ʻia kēia ʻano hānai e ka natura i ʻike ʻia nā keiki i ka wā makemake ʻia.
Hānau ʻia nā pēpē hou i loko o ʻApelila, me kahi mea hina hina. Hiki i ka lua a ʻeono mau pēpē i kēlā me kēia litter. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino he 11-12 cm, e kau ana he 25-30 g. Hoʻomaka lākou e lohe i ka lā 22, a ma ka mahina ua ʻike ʻia lākou, e ka lā 38 o ko lākou loaʻa nā incisors. I nā mahina 3-4, hoʻololi nā niho pēpē i mau loa. Ma nā mahina 1.5-2. e hoʻomaka ana nā pēpē e haʻalele i ka nalo, ma ka manawa like ua pau lākou i ka ʻai ʻana i ka waiū makuahine a paona ma kahi o 600 g, a ma ke poʻo o Sepatemaba ua hiki lākou i ka nui o nā pākeke a hoʻomaka ke ola kūʻokoʻa. Hōʻike ka hiki ʻana o nā hua reproduction i ka makahiki ʻelua o nā makahiki.
ʻO nā holoholona i ka wā o ka rutting a me ka hoʻohanohano e kani i nā leo like me ka meow, a me ka lili ʻana hoʻi o ka larynx. Ke ʻoliʻoli a hauʻoli paha lākou, ʻāʻī lākou, a i ka makaʻu, hoʻōho leo nui lākou. ʻO ka nui ola o ka holoholona ma ke ano he 8 mau makahiki, ma ka noho pio ʻana, ma ka awelika, a hiki i ka 15-16 mau makahiki, akā ua kākau ʻia nā hihia i ola ai nā kānaka i ka 18-20 mau makahiki, a hānau mai nā wahine i nā keiki a 13-14 mau makahiki. E pili ana ka holoholona i nā pili interspecific, trophic (e ʻai a mea ʻai paha) me 36 mau mammals, 220 mau manu, 21 mau ʻano lāʻau.
Ka pae o nā kānaka a me nā kūlana
Kiʻi kiʻi
Mālama ʻia ʻo ia i nā hulu ʻoi a hoʻohana ʻia i mau kālā. Ua hoʻomaka ka luku nui ʻana o ka mea nāna i hana i ka hulu manu i ka makahiki 15 - 16th mau makahiki, i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ka pā o ke kālepa ʻana o ka mokuahi Lūkini. ʻO ke kamaʻāina kūloko ma mua o ke kapa i lilo i kālā, ʻimi liʻiliʻi no kēia holoholona. Inā ua hāʻule ʻo ia i nā mauhe, a laila kāʻili ʻia nā palahalaha a me nā pāpale mai ka huluhulu a hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻulaʻula.
I ka makahiki XVIII. ma ka ʻaoʻao oʻEulopa ma Rūsia, ua nalowale ka nani o nā hulu wili ma muli o ka luku ʻia ʻana. Ma waho aʻe o nā Urals, i Siberia, i emi iho ka noho ʻana, ka wā hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i loko o nā ʻāpana like ʻole. ʻO kekahi mea hoʻolaha ma ia manawa i ka manawa hiki ke loaʻa i nā paʻu 100-150. ʻO nā papa hopu hopu i hana ʻia ma ia manawa ua hana ʻino ʻole ʻia a liʻiliʻi ʻia. Kahi uku kau i ka makahiki 1913-16. ʻaʻole naʻe i kūleʻa ka luna. Ma nā ʻumikūmālua o ke kenekulia hope, ua pau loa ka luku ʻana o ka holoholona. Nui mau poʻe o ka poʻe i noho ma nā wahi laha, a hiki i kēlā me ka hiki ʻole i ka pae ʻāina. I ka makahiki 1935, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka papa hana laʻa piha holoholona. I nā pālima, ua ʻae ʻia ka mea laikini laikini.
ʻO ka mea nui i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka heluna kanaka, ʻo ka hana ʻana o ia mau ʻāina e like me:
- Pauuan,
- Kronotsky,
- Kondo-Sosvinsky,
- Aloha,
- ʻO Pechora-Ilychsky,
- Sikhote-Alin,
- Sayanana.
ʻAe ʻia nā hana palekana e hoʻihoʻi mālie i nā helu ma kēia mau ʻāina, mai laila mai ka holoholona e hoʻomaka ai e noho i nā wahi e pili ana. Ua hana maikaʻi ʻia ka Reclimatization, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka holoholona i nā wahi i ʻike ʻia ai, akā ua luku piha ʻia. I kēia manawa, ua hamama nā hana ʻili sable. ʻO ke kūlana honua - e pili ana i nā ʻano o ka hopohopo nui.
Ma ka makahiki 2013, i nā kaaniani kūlohelohe ma ka Lūkini Russian he 1346300 mau holoholona, ʻoiai i ka makahiki he 1481900 mau holoholona. ʻO ka emi ʻana o ke kaila no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka helu ʻana o nā helu a hiki i ka 2010 i ka wā ma mua o ka wā o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, me ka neʻe ʻana o ka ulu makahiki, a i nā makahiki ma hope mai, ma ka wā o hope. ʻO ka hoʻonui makahiki makahiki i nā holoholona i ka hāʻule i ka wā 40-60%, ia manawa ua aneane ka hapalua o nā makahiki. ʻAʻole naʻe i kiʻekiʻe loa ko lākou ola, ma muli o ka pīhoihoi, nui o lākou ʻaʻole i ola i ka hoʻoilo.
Kāke - ka haʻaheo o Lūkia, pono e mālama pono i ka mālama ʻana i kahi noho ma kāna ʻano kumu. ʻAʻole hoʻi e ʻae mākou i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka lawaiʻa no kēia holoholona hihiu e huhū ana. I kēlā mau wahi kahi i liʻiliʻi ʻia kona helu, pono e pāpā iā ia i ka ʻimi ʻana no ia, kaohi i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā laikini, a hāʻawi i nā kīmaha i kekahi lawaiʻa.