ʻO kahi hanana nui o ka "zoological world" i haʻi ʻia e Maria Gavrilo, ka luna kūkā o ka Russian Arctic National Park. Hōʻike ʻo ia i kahakaʻi mau pipi e hele ana i ka ʻaoʻao hema o ke kapakai o ke Komohana o ke Komohana o ke Komohana, kokoke ma ke waena o ke kauwela, kahi i ʻike ʻia ai e nā mea ʻepekema he "humpbacks".
Ma kahi kokoke i ka Honua, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Franz Joseph me kahi hiʻona.
Mai ka ʻike ʻana i ka mokupuni ʻo Arctic (ʻo ka mōʻaukala nona ka mea ma mua o 140 mau makahiki i hala aku nei), ʻo ia ke kipa mua o nā koholā humpback i ka wai kahakai o ka Western Federal District. Ua wehewehe ʻo Maria Gavrilo, he ʻano like ʻole ia e like me kēlā me ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka panenue i ko mākou honua. Ua ʻōlelo nā ʻepekema ʻepekema e ʻoi aku ka makemake o ka lawaiʻa humpback e ka piʻi nui ʻana o kā lākou heluna kanaka, a ma ke ʻano he hoʻomohala i ka wahi i noho ai.
Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, e like me Maria, Franz Josef Land, me ka Russian Arctic National Park, he wahi kūʻokoʻa ia, no ka mea maanei kahi e mālama ʻia ana nā ʻano o nā holoholona nui loa: ʻo ka Svalbard kaona o Greenland pālima, minke whale, finwal, beluga whale, narwhal a me kekahi mau kamaʻāina ʻē aʻe. Ke hopohopo nui nei nā limahana o ka pāleka ʻāina i ka palekana hou aku me ka palekana o kēia mau ʻano, ʻoiai ʻo ka ulu ikaika ʻana o ka pā Arctic ma luna o kahi ʻenehana e hoʻomaka nei. Hoʻokahi ala a i ʻole, e pili ana kēia i ka nui o nā holoholona e noho ana i nā wai kahakai o ka ZPI.
Ke wehe ʻana
ʻOiai ka wehe ʻana o ka nupepa ma ka hapa lua o ka kenekulia 19, ʻo MV Lomonosov pū hoʻi i kāna hana i kapa ʻia ʻo "A Brief Description of Travel Travel in the Northern Seas and Indication of the Posibleng Passage of the Siberian Ocean to East India" (1763) fautua i ka noho ʻana o nā mokupuni ma ka hikina o Svalbard.
I ka makahiki 1865, ua kuhi ʻo Admiral N. G. Schilling, ka luna koa o ka Lūkini ma kāna puke "Nā manaʻo no kahi ala hou ma ke kai Polika ʻĀpana", i paʻi ʻia ma ka Marine Collection, pili ʻia i ka ʻano o ka neʻe o ka hau i ka ʻaoʻao komohana o ka moana Arctic, manaʻo ʻia ke ola o kahi ʻāina ʻike ʻole ʻia. aia ma ka ʻākau ma mua o Svalbard.
I ka hopena o nā makahiki 1860, ua hāpai ka luna meteorologist Ruso A.I. Voeikov i ka nīnau no ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i kahi holo nui e aʻo ai i nā kai polar. Ua kākoʻo ʻia ua manaʻo nei kēia e ka mea kākau ʻōlelo ma mua o ke Aliʻi ʻo P. A. Kropotkin. Nā nānā ʻana o ka hau o ka moana Barent i alakaʻi iā ia e hoʻopau i:
"Ma waena o Svalbard a me Novaya Zemlya, aia nō ka ʻāina ʻike ʻole e kahe ana i ka ʻākau ma mua o Svalbard a paʻa ka hau i hope o ia. Ua hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano o kēlā ʻano nupepa i loko o kāna ʻano maikaʻi loa, akā he mea ʻike kaulana i ka nūhou ma ka moana Arctic.
I ka makahiki 1871, ua huki ʻia kahi papahana kikoʻī o ka huakaʻi, akā ua hōʻole ke aupuni, ʻaʻole i hana ʻia.
Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Franz Josef Land e ka huakaʻi Austro-Hungarian i alakaʻi ʻia e Karl Weiprecht a me Julius Payer ma ka mokuahi holo kaukau ʻo Admiral Tegetthoff (Kelemania: Admiral Tegetthoff). Ua makemake ʻia ka huakaʻi e hoʻāʻo ai i ka pōpilikia o ka mea ʻepekema Kelemania ʻo Peter Peterman e pili ana i ke ola ʻana o kahi Polar North wela a me kahi konohiki nui. Ua hōʻākoakoa ʻia ka luna nui o ka hale pule o ka ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e Count Hans Wilcek. ʻO schooner, ka mea i hoʻomaka i ka makahiki 1872 e wehe i ke kahawai Northeast, ua ʻōlima ʻia i ka wai ma ʻAkakehema komohana o Novaya Zemlya a no laila, lohi iki ʻia aku iā lākou ma ke komohana, a he makahiki ma hope, i ka lā 30 o ʻAukake, 1873, ua lawe ʻia mai i nā kahakai o ka ʻāina ʻike ʻole, ka mea a laila loiloi ʻia e Weyprecht a me Payer, hiki, ma ke kūkulu ʻākau a ma kona ʻaoʻao hema.
Ua hiki i ka mea uku ke hōʻea i ka 82 ° 5 's. w lu. (ma ʻApelila 1874) a hana i kahi palapala ʻāina o kēia ʻāina kuʻuna, kahi i ʻike ʻia e nā poʻe kāwili mua e hui pū ʻia i kekahi mau mokupuni nui. Ua hāʻawi aku ka huakaʻi Austrian i ka ʻāina hou i ʻike ʻia ka inoa o ka Emepera Austro-Hungarian ʻo Franz Joseph I. Ma Lūkini, ma nā wā emepani a me Soviet, ua hoʻāla ʻia ka nīnau no ka inoa hou ʻana i nā mokupuni: mua ma ka ʻāina Romanov, a ma hope iho, 1917, i Kropotkin Land a Nansen Land. akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia kēia mau manaʻo, a hāpai ʻia ka ʻāina a hiki i kēia lā i kona inoa kumu.
Ma ka Mei 20, 1874, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka pūʻali koa o ka Admiral Tegetgof e haʻalele i ka moku a kau aku i ka hau i nā kahakai o Novaya Zemlya, kahi i hui ai ʻo ia me nā loea Lūkia-kōkua i kōkua i ka hoʻi ʻana o ka huakaʻi.
Ke noiʻi
Ua ʻike ʻo Weiprecht lāua ʻo Payer i ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka mokupuni i ka makahiki 1873, a i ka pūnāwai o ka makahiki 1874 ua holo ʻo ia mai ke kūkulu hema a i komohana. Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ka palapala mua. No ka uhi ʻia ʻana o ke kai me ka hau i ka huakaʻi, ʻaʻole i hiki i ka huakaʻi ke ʻike i kekahi nui o nā koʻi a ua ʻike ʻia ka mokupua he mau mokupuni nui.
I ka makahiki 1879, ua kipa ʻia ka holomua Dutch e alakaʻi ʻia e De Bruyne, ka mea i ʻike i ka mokupuni ʻo Hooker, ua hoʻokokoke ʻo ia i nā kahakai o ka ʻāina ʻo ka moku ʻo Willem Barents.
I ka makahiki 1881 a me 1882, hele ka huakaʻi Skistorka ʻo Benjamin Leigh Smith i ka mokupuni ʻo ʻEhaira. I loko o kāna huakaʻi mua, loaʻa iā lākou ʻo Northbrook Island, ʻo Bruce Island, George Land a me Alexandra Land, a hōʻiliʻili i nā hōʻiliʻili waiwai. Ma ka huakaʻi lua, ua hōʻili ʻia ka moana i ka hau ma Cape Flora (Northbrook Island) a me kahi poʻe he 25 o ka poʻe ua hoʻoulu ʻia i ka hoʻoilo ma ka mokupuni. I ke kauwela, ua holo ka mokulele i ka hema a ua hoʻopakele ʻia e nā moku e ʻimi nei iā lākou.
I ka makahiki 1895-1897, ua hana nui ʻia ʻo ʻEnelani-Harmsworth i ka ʻōlelo Pelekania nui a maikaʻi loa. Ua hōʻea ʻia e ka neʻe ʻana ma luna o ka moku Windward ma Cape Flora, kahi i mākaukau ai kona kahua kumu. No nā makahiki ʻekolu, ua hana ʻia nā hana koʻikoʻi e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā palapala, kahi haole, botanika, zoological, meteorological aʻo i mālama ʻia i nā ʻaoʻao hema, waena a me hema hema o ka mokupuni. I loaʻa ʻia he nui o nā mokupuni liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka hōʻike ma ka palapala ʻo Payer. I ka manawa o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana no ka lele ʻo Jackson-Harmsworth iā Franz Josef Land i ka makahiki 1895, ka Lūkini mua, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo ka mea kālai ʻia ʻo Varakin mai Arkhangelsk, ua kipa aku hoʻi (ua lako ʻia ka hale kūʻai i loko o kēia kūlanakauhale a lawe i kahi hukuhahi Lūkini nui.
Ma ka makahiki 1895, ʻaʻole loa i ʻike i kekahi mea e pili ana i ka holo huakaʻi o Jackson-Harmsworth mai ke kūkulu ʻākau, ua hoʻi hou ka huakaʻi no nā kānaka Norewani Fridtjof Nansen lāua ʻo Hialmar Johansen, e hoʻi ana mai kā lākou huakaʻi kaulana, i ka wā a lākou i hoʻāʻo ai e lanakila ai i ka Pole ʻAle. ʻIke akula ʻo Nansen no ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka mokupuni a hiki i ka ʻākau, koe wale nō nā mokupuni liʻiliʻi, a me ka holo ʻana ma ka moku Fram, ua ʻauʻau i ka hau, mai loko aʻe o ka holo mua ʻana o Nansen lāua ʻo Johansen, ʻike ʻia ua hoʻopau ka papa ʻaina kuʻuna i ka ʻākau o ka mokupuni. hohonu hohonu o ke kai. Mai ka hapalua o ʻAukake 1895, ua hele ka huakaʻi hele ma ka mokupuni ʻo Jackson i loko o kahi ʻōpala, a laila hele i ke kūkulu hema i ke kauwela a ma Iune 1896 ka hālāwai me ka hoʻoilo o ka lele ʻana i ka Jackson-Harmsworth ma Northbrook Island, kahi hoʻi lākou i hoʻi hope aku i ko lākou ʻāina. ʻO ka mokupuni hou, i ʻike ʻia e Nansen ma ke kūkulu ʻākau o ka mokupuni, nāna i kuhi hewa no ʻelua mau moku ʻokoʻa, ua loaʻa ke inoa ʻelua o Eva lāua ʻo Liv i ka hoʻohanohano ʻana i kāna wahine a me kāna kaikamahine.
I ka makahiki 1898, hele ʻo Walter Wellman, he mea nūpepa ʻAmelika, iā Franz Josef Land i ka hoʻoilo e hōʻea i ka pou. ʻO ke kumu nui o ka holo moku i loaʻa ma ka mokupuni ʻo Gall. ʻElua mau kānaka Norewani, nā lālā o ka huakaʻi US-Norwegian e hele nei ma ka mokupuni o Vilcek. ʻO kekahi o lākou - ke lālā o ka expedition Nansen, Bernt Bentsen - make i ka hoʻoilo. I ka pūnāwai o ka makahiki 1899, ua hoʻokeleʻo ia i ka 82 ° s i ka hau. sh., ma ka aoao hikina o ka mokupuni o Rudolph, kahi i kipa aku ai ʻo Payer. ʻO kahi ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka huakaʻi, i alakaʻi ʻia e Baldwin (Eng.Evelyn Briggs Baldwin), ka ʻimi ʻana i nā wahi ʻike ʻole o ka ʻaoʻao kahiki o ka mokupuni, a ʻo ka huli ʻana, ʻaʻole i hele i ka hikina, a i ka hopena, i ke kauwela ua hiki iā lākou ke kipa aku i waena o ka ʻāina. I ka hoʻi ʻana mai, ua hālāwai ʻo ka huakaʻi no ka Italia, ʻo Duke o Abruzzi, i hiki loa iā ia ke hele koke loa ma ka hopena o Iulai 1898 ma luna o ka moku i ka mokupuni ʻo Rudolph a kipa aku hoʻi ma kona uka ʻākau, a ua kipa ka hapa nui loa ma mua o ka manaʻo a Peier. Hānau ʻia mākou a puni ka wahi i hele ai ʻo Payer ma nā piliki i ka makahiki 1874. Mai aneā, i ka pūnāwai o ka makahiki 1900, ua mālama ʻia kahi huakaʻi lawaiʻa ʻana i ka hau ma ka ʻākau, i lalo o ke kauoha a Kāpena Kanye. Ua hoʻokō ʻia ʻo ia i hiki ai i ka 86 ° 33 's. sh., ʻike hope ʻia kēia huakaʻi e ʻike ʻia ana nā ʻāina o Peterman ma ka ʻākau o ka mokupuni o Rudolph a me nā ʻāina ʻo King Oscar i ke komohana ʻāwao, ʻike ʻia mai i ka palapala ʻo Payer, ʻaʻole e noho, a ka mea ʻole ke ʻano ʻāina nui hou aʻe i ka pou. I ka manawa like, ua ʻike ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe haʻahaʻa loa ma laila - −52 ° C. I loko o Kepakemapa 1900, ua holo ʻo ʻArruzzi ma luna o ka Stella Polare i ke kahakai o Norewai, a ua hala nā ʻekolu o kona mau lālā i ka mokupuni.
I ka manawa like, hoʻomaka ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana hana ʻana o ka mokupuni. Ma ka 1897-1898, ua kipa ʻia ka ʻāina o Franz Joseph e ka mea kālepa ʻahuʻula ʻo Scott, ʻo T. Robertson, ma kahi o 600 walruses a me 14 bea polio no ka mea.
I ke kauwela kauwela o ka makahiki 1901, neʻe kahaha ʻia nā kahakai hema a me ke kūkulu hema o ka mokupuni e ka huakaʻi mua loa o ka Lūkia i ka icebreaker Yermak, i alakaʻi ʻia e Vice Admiral S. O. Makarov. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia kekahi mau kumu ʻo ia ka mea nāna i hoʻāla mua i ka hae Rusia ma ʻaneʻi. Ua lilo ʻo Ermak i kahi moku Lūkini mua ma kahakai o Franz Josef Land, ua loaʻa he poʻe 99 nā kānaka, me kahi hui ʻepekema. Ua kū nā kahua a me nā ʻāina i ka Cape Flora ma ka mokupuni o Northbrook a ma ka mokupuni ʻo Hochsteter. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā hōʻiliʻili o nā mea kanu, nā kumuwaiwai, a ma nā kihi hema o ka mokupuni, ua ʻike ʻia nā wai mahana o ke Kaiāulu e kahe ana i nā kahawai ma lalo o ka 80-100 m.Ami e hoʻāwahi i nā kahawai hikina o ka mokupuni.
I ka makahiki 1901-1902, ua holo kime ka makahiki Amerika i Baldwin-Ziegler ma Franz Josef Land, a ma hope o ka manawa, i ka makahiki 1903-1905, hele aku ka Ziegler-Fial hele e hoʻāʻo e hōʻea i ka pou ma ka hau. ʻO ke kāwili o ka moku i koi aku ai i ka huakaʻi Ziegler e hala i ʻelua mau makahiki i ka haʻalele ʻana ma ka nupepa ma mua o ke kali ʻana no ke ola.
I ka makahiki 1913-1914, ua holo ka huakaʻi o G. Ya. Sedov ma ka luna kaukau ʻo "Mikhail Suvorin" ("St. Fock") i ka hoʻoilo o Bay o Tikhaya ma kahi o ka moku ʻo Hooker. Ma ka hoʻāʻo e hōʻea i ka Pole, make ʻo Sedov iā Pepeluali 20, 1914, kokoke i ka moku ʻo Cape Auk o Rudolph Island, kahi i kanu ʻia ai ʻo ia (ua hele maikaʻi ʻole nā poʻe holo moana me nā palapala ʻole, a ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ke kanu kanu). Ma Malaki 1, 1914, ʻo ka hana mua o ka mea kauʻo J. Zanders, ka mea i make i ka scurvy, ua kanu ʻia ʻo ia i kahakai ʻo Tikhaya Bay.
Iune 26, 1914 ma ke kihi komohana o ka Honua Alexandra ua hōʻea aku he 10 mau lālā o ka hui me ka schooner "St. Anna" kime i ka pio pio. Kūkū ʻia ka mea kime ma ka hau i ka makahiki 1912 ma waho o ke kapakai o ka Yamal Peninsula a, hōʻea ma ke kūkulu ʻākau, hele i 1540 mau mile nautical i mau lā 542 mau lā, a huli i 160 km ma ke kūkulu ʻākau o Franz Josef Land. Ua ʻeha a pōloli ka hapa o ka moku - 14 ma lalo o ke kauoha a ke kanaka hoʻokele Valerian Albanov e hele ana i ka hau ma ka mokupuni, 13 mau poʻe i koe ma luna o ka moku, i alakaʻi ʻia e ke alakaʻi o Lieutenant Georgy Brusilov, i nalowale. No ka hui ʻo Albanov, e neʻe ana i kahakai hema o ka mokupuni ma ka hikina, e hōʻea i ka paʻu kahiko o ka holo ʻana o Jackson-Harmsworth ma Cape Flora o ka mokupuni ʻo Northbrook, ʻelua wale nō i alakaʻi - ka Albanov a me ka mea holo Konrad, ʻo ke koena a make paha ua nalo paha. Ma ka lā 17 o Iulai, ua ʻike ʻino ʻia nā lālā hope o ka holo ʻana o Brusilov a hoʻopakele ʻia e ka schooner "St. Fock" o ka holo ʻana o G. Ya Sed Sed. Ua mālama ʻia e Albanov, ke kolamu o ka moku "St. Anne" me ka nānā mau ʻana i ka meteorological a me ka nānā ʻana i ka hydrological i ka wā o ka drift a me ka lālani huakaʻi hele ua hāʻawi i ka waiwai nui i ka noiʻi ʻana i ka wahi liʻiliʻi o ka ʻāina ʻo Arctic.
Ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka ʻāina ʻo Rūsia a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka mokupuni
Ma ʻAukake 16, 1914, i ka ʻimi ʻana no ka huakaʻi o G. Ya Sedov, ua hoʻokele ʻo Cape Flora i ka hau me ka moku holo moku ʻo Greta, ma luna o laila kahi poʻo o ka huli holomua, ʻo ke kāpena ʻōpio I luna ʻo I. Islyamov. Mai nā moʻolelo i waiho ʻia ma guria, ua ʻike ʻia ka hopena o nā holo ma waho o Sedov lāua ʻo Brusilov. Ua waiho ʻia kahi kīʻaha meaʻai, nā mea kaua a me nā lole ma uka inā loaʻa i nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ka holo kaua ʻo Brusilov. Ua hoʻolaha ʻo Islyamov i ka ʻāpana o ka mokupuni ʻo Rūsia a hoʻonohonoho i kahi hae Lūkini ma luna o ia mea, i hana ʻia me ka mea uha keleawe. ʻO ka mea hoʻohana ʻo S. G. Pisakhov, aia ma luna o ka moku, ua hana i nā ʻāpana o ke kahakai o Franz Josef Land.
I Kepakemapa 20 (ʻOkakopa 3), 1916, ua hoʻopuka ka Kuhina o ʻAmelika ma kahi ʻatikala no nā waiwai polar o ka Lūkini Lūkini, kahi i kākau inoa ai ke aupuni i ka ʻāina i ʻike mua ʻia a ʻike hou ʻia e Ardric Expedition o ka Arctic Ocean, ka mea i manaʻo ʻia he ʻāpana i ka wahi o ke aupuni, e komo pū ana me Franz Josef Land ʻaʻole ʻia. Ua haʻi ʻia ʻia a ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ke ʻano ʻo Islyamov kahi kōkua kānāwai mai nā luna aupuni.
I Kepakemapa 1923, hoʻolālā ʻo Cape Flora e hiki i ka huakaʻi ʻo Plavmornin, e lawe ana i kahi ʻāpana hydrological ma ka meridian 41 o ka moku ʻo Perseus, akā, no ka pōʻino o ke ʻano i kumu ka hoʻokūkū nui o nā lānahu a me ka wai hou, ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia ka pahuhopu.
Mai ka makahiki waena o 1920s, hoʻolālā kēia e aʻo i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e ka lewa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mokulele a me nā mokulele e hoʻomaka e hoʻonui i nā ʻāina ʻē. ʻO ka wikiwiki ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka mokulele a me ka aeronautics, i ka wā e hiki mai ana e hōʻea nā kānaka i nā wahi a pau o ka ʻArika. E kue ana i kēia ʻano, ʻo Franz Josef Land, ka mea i ʻike nui ʻia i ka ʻepekema ma muli o ka hiki ʻole ʻana a me ka nele o nā waiwai kumu waiwai kūlohelohe, i ka wā e hiki mai ana ʻo ia i manaʻo ʻia kekahi o nā mea nui e pili ana i ke kamaʻilio transarctic e hiki mai ana a me ke kumu nui o ka ʻike meteorological a me nā ʻike hydrological pono no nā wānana kūpono kūpono ma nā wahi o ka Arctic.
Ma ka lā 15 o ʻApelila 1926, ka CEC Presidium, ma ke kānāwai "I ka haʻi ʻana i ka palena o USSR he mau ʻāina a me nā mokupuni e loaʻa ana ma ka moana Arctic," hoʻolaha i nā kuleana o ka Soviet Union i nā mea a pau i ʻike ʻia a ʻaʻole hoʻi i ʻike i nā ʻāina a me nā mokupuni i hoʻopau ʻia ma ka māhele Arctic ma waena o nā meridians e hele mai ana mai ka ʻaoʻao komohana nui loa nā kihi o ka palena ʻākau (US border border with Finland 32 ° 4'35 ma. d.) a me waenakonu o ke Bering Strait (168 ° 49'30 h ^ ʻoi. e.) ma ka hikina ma ka North Pole. ʻO kēia hoʻākāka maʻalahi ʻia ua hoʻolaha waha ʻia ʻo Franz Josef Land ma lalo o ka mana piha o ka USSR. Hoʻopili ʻana, ua hoʻopili ʻia ʻo ka mokupuni ʻo Arkhangelsk. Ua hoʻolaha ʻia ke kānāwai i ka wā o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka holo mua transpolar i ka mokulele "Norway".
I Kepakemapa 1927, ua hōʻea ʻia kahi moku kaua Soviet “Zokahi” o ka holo ʻana i ka lawaiʻa ʻepekema o ka ʻĀina Nui Kiʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao o Cape Flora, no ka nui o ka hilo ʻana o ka hau hau ma waho o ke kapakai, ʻaʻole i hana ka ʻāina.
Mai ka makahiki 1928, hoʻomaka ka kūlana a puni ka mokupuni. Ma hope o ka lele kūleʻa ʻana o Umberto Nobile a me Raul Amundsen ma ka mokulele ʻo "Norway", hoʻomākaukau e hoʻomākaukau no ka holo ʻana o ka moku Arctic no ka mokulele ʻo Italia "i hoʻomaka, ma kēia mau manaʻo, ua hōʻike ʻia nā manaʻo i loko o ka nūpepa Italia e pili ana i ka hiki hou ʻana o ka ʻāina ʻo Francisz Josef i makemake ʻia Ikalia. ʻO ka mokulele "ʻo Italia", e lele ana mai ke kumu mai Svalbard, ua hala i ka ʻaoʻao kūkulu ʻākau o ka mokupuni mai ke komohana a i ka hikina i ka waena o Mei 1928, i ka wā o kāna lele lua Arctic. Akā naʻe, ua hiki kahi pōpilikia i ke kolu o ka lele i ka pou.Ua loaʻa i ka Soviet Union kahi hana ma hope o nā ʻimiʻimi i ka lewa, e hoʻohana ana i nā icebreaker a me nā moku icebreaking.
ʻO Iulai 31, 1928 kahi i hoʻopuka ai i ka ʻaha o ka ʻĀina o nā Commissars e pili ana i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka noiʻi ʻepekema i nā waiwai o Arctic o USSR Ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā papahana noiʻi ʻelima mau makahiki, e like me ia, ma Franz Josef Land, e like me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o Arctic, ua hoʻolālā ʻia e kūkulu i nā mea ʻike honua. Ua mālama ʻia ka kālā kālā o ka hana ʻepekema ma ka hoʻemi ʻana o 1.5-2.25% o ka loaʻa kālā mai ka lawaiʻa ʻana o Arctic a me ke kālepa. Ua hoʻolako ʻia ka holomua hoʻomau e ʻāpono i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā wahi i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia (Novaya Zemlya a me Franz Josef Land) i ka papa holo mua, ʻaʻole no ke kali ʻana i kahi hōʻoia hope loa o ka hoʻolālā.
Ma ʻAukake 1928, ma ke ʻano he ʻimi no ka poʻe koa o Italia, he wahi koʻikoʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kahakai ʻo Franz Josef Land i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no hoʻokahi mahina e ka icebreaker ʻo Georgy Sedov, e hoʻokele nui ana i ka ʻike me ka ʻike meteorological.
I Kepakemapa 1928, ua hoʻokokoke ʻo ka icebreaker Krasin ma nā kahakai o Alexandra Land a me Georg Land. Ma ka ʻāina ʻo George, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia e hana hale i ka wā i ʻike ʻole ʻia ai nā limahana mokulele like ʻole, akā, ma muli o ka kokoke o ka wai, hiki ke holoi wale ʻia nā wahi o nā meaʻai a me nā lako hale. I Cape Nile, ua ʻō ʻo ka nūpepa o ka icebreaker i ka hae USSR ma luna o ka mokupuni o ka manawa mua.
Ma Dekemaba 19, 1928, ka hōʻoia o ke aupuni Norewai, e hōʻoia ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hoʻolaha no ka ʻĀina o ka US Executive Central Komite i ka lā 15ʻApelila 1926, ua hana ʻoihana e pili ana iā Franz Josef Land: "ʻAʻole maopopo ke Aupuni Kāpana i kekahi mau pono ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka hoʻokele waiwai i ʻike ʻia ma Franz Josef Land Mau loa ... Ua kūkākūkā ka nūpepa i nā hoʻolālā e hana i kahi noho kūloko no Nīvipila i ka makahiki 1929, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā moku Ballerosen a me Tornes-1 me ka hoʻolimalima ʻana o nā lawaiʻa o Norewai, a ua komo ka luna o nā pūʻali koa Norewani i ka huakaʻi.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao Soviet, hoʻomaka mua nā hoʻomākaukau no ka huakaʻi. Kūkia ʻia ka papahana e ka Polar Commission o ka Academy of Science a i ʻae ʻia e ke Komikina ʻOihana Arctic ma Malaki 5, 1929. A SNK, ma hope o ka ʻae ʻia o ka pāhana, ka ʻauhau ʻana i nā kālā e pono ai, ʻo ka Institute for the Study of the North ua pili pololei i ka hoʻonohonoho o ka ʻauʻau. Ua koho ʻia ʻo O. Yu. Schmidt i poʻokela o ka huakaʻi, ʻo R. L. Samoilovich a me V. Yu. Vise i mau luna i waho, ke kāpena ʻo V. I. Voronin i kauoha i ka icebreaker "Georgy Sedov", a ua hāʻawi ʻia ka hae USSR i ka huakaʻi hele ma Arkhangelsk ma ka plenum o ka ʻaha luna o ke kūlanakauhale.
Iulai 21, 1929 ka moku "George Sedov" ua haʻalele iā Arkhangelsk a me Iulai 29, e kahe ana i ka hau kaumaha ma ke alo o Cape Flora. Ma muli o ka hiki ʻole o ka hoʻokuʻi ʻana i ka cape, ua hiki i kahi hui i make ai, ke kau ʻana i kahi hae ma laila, ua hoʻoholo ʻia e kūkulu i kahi mākaʻikaʻi ma Tikhaya Bay o ka mokupuni ʻo Hooker, i kahi o ka hoʻoilo o ka makahiki ʻo Seded. A hiki i ʻAukake 12, ke kāʻili nei ʻo Tikhaya Bay i nā mea ukana a me nā meaʻai, nā hale a me kahi lekiō e kūkulu ʻia ana ma kahakai, a laila ua alakaʻi ʻo Georgy Sedov i nā haʻawina hydrological ma British Channel, e holo ana ma ka ʻākau i ka 82 ° 14's. w lu. Ua loaʻa he ʻekolu hale o ka mokuahi Italia "Stella Polare" i ka moku ʻo Teplitz o Rudolph Island, ʻoiai ua hoʻāʻo ʻia e hana i ka hale kupapaʻu o Sedov ma ka mokupuni o Rudolph. Ma ʻAukake 29, ua hoʻi ka moku i loko o ke kai kūʻono ʻo Tikhaya
Ma ʻAukake 30, 1929, ua hoʻokumu mua ʻia ka hale polū mua loa ma Franz Josef Land, ma ka hola 13:30 ua lele ʻo ia ka hae o ka USSR ma luna o ke kahua a ua hoʻouna ʻia ka radiogram mua i ka ʻāina ma ka ʻāina. Mai kēlā manawa, ʻike ʻia ka ʻāina mokulele i ka makahiki.
I Iulai 1931, ua hālāwai ka hālāwai ʻana ma waena o ka lewa Kelemania ʻo Graf Zeppelin a me ka icebreaker Soviet Malygin i ke kai ʻo Tikhaya. Hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Mail mai ka lewa mai i ka icebreaker.
I ka makahiki 1936, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke kumu o ka lele mua o ka lewa Soviet i ka Pole ʻĀina ma ka mokupuni o Rudolph. Mai laila mai, i Mei 1937, ʻehā mau mīkina mīkini ANT-6 paʻa i ka Papanin i ka piko o ka honua. A ma ka mokupuni e hoʻomaka e hana i kahi keena polar.
I ka wā nui o ke Kaua Patriotic War, kū ʻia nā luna o ka Reich ʻEkolu ma Franz Josef Land. I ka makahiki 1944, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kahi keʻena meteorological Kelemania ma laila, kahi i hana ai ʻo 10-15 mau kānaka (hoʻokahi manawa), ka mea e ʻai i ka ʻiʻo polar a me ka wikiwiki, a waiho wale i kekahi mau palapala (ʻike ʻia e ka ʻaoʻao Soviet e pili ana i ke kahua wale nō i ka makahiki 1950. i ka wa i loaa ai au ia ia mau.
I nā makahiki 1950, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā "kuhi" o ka mokulele o ka mokupuni o Air Force ma Franz Josef Land. Ua ʻike ʻia lākou ma ka moku ʻo Graham Bell (ʻo ka hui 30 rad a Graham Bell kahi ʻokoʻa a he kumuhana hoʻāla ʻokoʻa e lawelawe ana i ka pae hau hau), a ma Alexandra Land Island (31st Nagurskaya Separate Radar Company). ʻO nā "kuhi" he ʻāpana o ke kaʻina hoʻokele olakino ma ka ʻāpana o ka ʻehā (ʻo ke poʻo nui a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, a ʻo nā māhele i noho ʻia ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Belushya Guba ma Novaya Zemlya) o ka pūʻali koa 10 o ka pūʻali koa o ka mokulele o ka ʻāina (ma ka hale poʻo ʻo Arkhangelsk). Ua mālama ʻia ka kamaʻilio ʻana me kēia mau maka ma o Dikson, ʻo ka leka uila kaila ʻo “Krasnoyarsk Territory, Dikson-2 Island, pūʻali koa YuY 03177”. ʻO kēia mau "kuhikuhi" ʻo ia ka pūʻali koa ikaika loa o ka Soviet Union. Ua hoʻopau ʻia lākou i ka makahiki 1990.
Mai 1990 a 2010, ka Maritime Arctic Complex Expedition (MAKE) o ka Russian Research Institute o Cultural and Natural Heritage. D. S. Likhachev ma lalo o ka mana a me ka nānā ʻepekema ʻo P. V. Boyarsky. Na MAHAKE, ma ke ʻano o kāna mau papahana: "A Comprehensive Study of the Cultural and Natural Heritage of the Arctic" and "following the Traces of Arctic Expeditions", ua ʻimi, noiʻi a wehewehe i kāna hana ʻepekema i ka nui o nā wahi moʻomeheu moʻomeheu i ka mokupuni o nā kenekulia 19th-20, a ua paʻi i kahi kikoʻī piha "Franz Land - Joseph ”(M., 2013), ka palapala mua a me nā leka uila i pili iā ia ʻo" Franz Josef Land Archipelago. He moʻomeheu moʻomeheu a me nā moʻomeheu maoli. Nā kuhikuhi i ka palapala ʻāina. ʻO ka mōʻī o ka ʻāina ʻo Franz Josef "(M., 2011), i hoʻoponopono ʻia e P. V. Boyarsky.
Ma hope o ka hina ʻana o ka Soviet Union, nui nā mea ma ka mokupuni, a me nā lako kīkaha a me nā wahie. Ma muli o ka manaʻo no ka 2010, ma kahi o 250,000 mau pahu hinu (a hiki i ka 60 tausani mau aila o nā hua aila) i mālama ʻia ma nā mokupuni o Franz Josef Land, i mālama ʻia i nā kūlana kūpono ʻole a me ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana i ke kūlana kūlohelohe o nā mokupuni. Eia kekahi, kahi o ka 1 miliona mau pahu i waiho wale ʻia a puni nā mokupuni. I ka makahiki 2012, ua hoʻomaka ka papahana hoʻomaʻemaʻe Arctic.
Ma 2008, i ka wā e hele ai i ka icebreaker nuklea Yamal, he mokupuni hou i loaʻa, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka moku o Northbrook. Hāʻawi ʻia ka mea kuhi hou i ka inoa ʻo “Yuri Kuchiev Island”, i mea hoʻomanaʻo o ke kāpena ʻo Arctic Yu. S. Kuchiev. Ma ka makahiki hoʻokahi, ma ka lāʻo ʻAukake 1, kahi huakaʻi ʻokoʻa e pili ana i ka lewa a me nā mokupuni o nā mokupuni.
Ma Sepatemaba 10, 2012, ka holo ʻana o ka AARI ma ka pahu hau hau ʻana o Lūkini i ʻike i kekahi mokupuni ʻē aʻe i hoʻokaʻawale mai Northbrook Island.
Ma ʻOkakopa 12, 2004, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi pōpoki hoʻomanaʻo ʻana ma ka ʻāina o Alexandra "he hōʻailona ia ma aneʻi, ma Nagurskaya, ʻo Franz Josef Land, kahi e hoʻokumu ʻia ai ke kumu mua o Rūsia kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka Arctic i ka makahiki 21 nona". Ua komo pū ka hui o nā mea noi no ka Pūnaehana Haumāna Federal a Russia, ka Arctic Regional Border Administration, Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring, the Association of Polar Explorers Interregional Public Organization, the Polar Fund, the Polus Research Center for the Arctic and Antarctic, and the G. Ya. Sedov Institute.
I ka makahiki 2016, ua hoʻomaka ka Ministry of Defense o Russia i ka kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ke kahua mokulele Nagurskoye ma Alexandra Land. ʻO ka 2500 m ka lōʻihi o ka pāla pali, a ʻo ka lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o 46 m, ʻo ia ka mea e hiki ai ke ʻae i nā ʻano mokulele āpau me ka pūʻali koa Aerospace. E lilo ʻo Nagurskoye i kikowaena kikowaena e pili kokoke ana i ka Pole ʻĀkau: kahi i hoʻolālā ʻia na IL-78, A-50, A-100, Il-38 a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻokumu ai ma ka mokupuni. Eia nō hoʻi ma ka Nagurskoye aerodrome e hoʻomau ʻia kahi kaua o Su-27 a me MiG-31, ʻo ia ka hana e hōʻoia ai i ka pale piha ʻana o ka palena o ka ea o Rūsia ma ka ʻāina ʻo Arctic.
Hoikehonua
ʻO Franz Josef Land kekahi o nā ʻāpana ʻākau loa o Rusia a me ka honua. Nā kūhelu ʻana o nā mokupuni 192, kahi ʻāpana he 16,134 km².
Māhele i 3 mau ʻāpana:
- hikina, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka poʻe ʻē aʻe e ke Strait o Austria, me nā mokupuni nui, Wilcek Land (2.0 mano km²), ʻo Graham Bell (1.7 tausani km²),
- kikowaena - ma waena o ke Strait o Austria a me ka Pelekane Pelekane, kahi i kū ai ka hui nui loa o nā mokupuni, ke poʻo e pili ana. Halle (974 km²),
- komohana - ʻo ke komohana o ka Pelekane ʻo Pelekane, kahi hapa o ka mokupuni nui loa o ka mokupuni holoʻokoʻa - George Land (2.9 mano km²), kahi e pili ana kekahi mokupuni hou Alexandra Land (1044 km²).
ʻO ka ihu o ka hapanui o nā mokupuni o ka ʻina ʻāina o ka ʻāina ʻo Franz Josef Land he like pālala. Loaʻa nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe i kahi 400-490 m (kahi kiʻekiʻe loa o ka mokupuni - 620 m).
ʻO ke kahakai komohana o Cape Fligeli ma ka mokupuni ʻo Rudolph, ʻo ia ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe loa o Rūsia a me ka ʻāina ʻo Franz Josef.
ʻO Cape Mary Harmsworth ka ʻaoʻao komohana loa o ka mokupuni; ʻo ke kai ʻo Lamon ka ʻaoʻao hema loa; ʻo Olney Cape ma Graham Bell Island ka palena loa.
