Ua hana nā ʻepekema ʻepekema ma United States i nā wahi kūlohelohe a me ka ʻōpiopio i ka ʻōnaehana kahu kalima waiū no kā lākou huahana. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena ma kahi hōʻike ma Philadelphia. ʻO ka pauleʻai ʻoluʻolu ʻoi loa ka maikaʻi o nā ʻeke kirina hou, ʻo ia ka manawa ke pau ʻole. Hoʻololi pau ka palaka me ka waiū, a i hana ʻia ka pale waiū mai ka pūnao organik a he aloha kūlohelohe. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka pepa i waiho ai i nā mea iʻa e hoʻohaumia ai ka lewa. A ʻo kekahi o lākou e komo i ke kino me nā huahana, e alakaʻi ana i nā maʻi like ʻole.
p, he pāʻālua 1,1,0,0,0 ->
Hana ʻia ka pale hou mai ka protein protein casein. ʻO ka kiʻi ʻia i loaʻa mai ia mea he mau hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa, e like me ka ikaika a me ka hanu. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia i ka Citrus pectin i loko o ka mea hana, ka mea i kū i ka mea i kū i ka mahana kiʻekiʻe a me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.
p, he ālai 2,0,0,1,0 -> p, blockquote 3,0,0,0,0,1 ->
A ʻo ke kumu, he kiʻi o ka waiū waiū i ka helehelena a me nā ʻano loiloi ʻokoʻa ʻole i ʻokoʻa iki mai ka plastic maʻamau. Ke kūlohelohe nei, e hoʻihoʻi wikiwiki ia mau ʻano me ka ʻole e hoʻokau ole i nā mea ʻona a me ka hōʻino ʻole ʻana i ke ʻano. Inā holomua kēia ʻenehana, a ma ka wā e hiki mai i ka wā e hiki ai ke hoʻololi i ka palupalu i ka nui o nā pono hoʻohana.
ʻO nā manaʻo manaʻo WikiCells
ʻAʻole hou ka manaʻo no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pono lako. Akā inā ma mua o kahi mea o ka ʻāina kūʻokoʻa, i kēia manawa, ʻike maopopo loa, ka hapanui o ka poʻe e hoʻomaopopo i ka mea nui o kēia ala i ka pale ʻana i ke kaiapuni. Hoʻopau ka paila i kā mākou kaiāulu, e kahe nui ana i nā konohiki a me nā ʻōpū i nā ʻōpū a me nā ʻāina hoʻopihapiha, hoʻopau i nā holoholona hihiu. E ʻimi ana nā mea hana lima i nā huahana pale i nā ala e hana ai i nā huahana i decompose kūlohelohe a i ʻole hiki ke lilo i meaʻai. ʻO kahi mea alakaʻi nui ma kēia wahi ʻo ia ka mea ʻepekema ʻo Harvard ʻo David Edwards. ʻO ia ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka pāhana e hana i kahi membrane meaʻai ʻo WikiCells. Loaʻa iā ia ka wai a me nā mea biopolymer me nā mea hoʻohui o ka meaʻai.
I loko o kahi pahu pahu, hiki iā ʻoe ke mālama no ka paʻa wale nō, akā ʻo nā huahana wai. Hoʻolālā nā mea hana e hana i kahi hue maikaʻi. ʻO ka poʻe e makemake i kēia mea hoʻowalewale me kahi pā, aloha lākou i ka pia. Hiki paha iā ʻoe ke noʻonoʻo i ke kī ʻana i kēlā mau pahu me ka squid a i ʻole nā mea pena ʻehā?
Ke hoʻoweliweli ʻē paha ʻo Edwards i ka hōʻike ʻana i ka lehulehu i kahi mīkini paʻi home maʻamau no ka hana ʻana i nā kīʻaha maikaʻi ʻai, hiki iā ʻoe ke waiho i loko o ka lumi kuke ma hope o ka microwave.
Hoʻonohonoho Lele Gelatin
Ua hoʻolālā ʻia kēia mau kīʻaha maikaʻi a maikaʻi i hōʻino ʻia e nā kaikamahine hoʻolālā o New York. Ua hoʻohana lākou i nā agar agar meaʻai, i loaʻa mai ka algae. ʻO kahi kālaʻai loea ia mea kanu. No ka hana ʻana i kahi gamut momona, hoʻohana lākou i nā kala meaʻai a hoʻohui ʻia i nā mea ʻono ʻole i ka haku mele.
ʻOiai inā ʻaʻole ʻoe ʻai ʻai i ke aniani, hiki iā ʻoe ke kiola paʻa i loko o kahi moena pua. He waiwai kūpono ʻo ia no nā pua.
Abstract o kahi ʻepekema ʻepekema e pili ana i ka ʻenehana ʻenehana ʻoihana, kākau ʻia kahi hana ʻepekema - Kudryakova G.Kh., Kuznetsova L.S., Nagula M.N., Mikheeva N.V., Kazakova E.V.
Hiki i nā mea ʻinihi ʻaihuei ʻia i hoʻohana pū ʻia me nā huahana meaʻai ʻaʻole clog i ke kaiapuni, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā pilikia o ka dos a me ka mahele i nā huahana. Kūpono ka ʻai, piha piha ʻana mai ka ʻike o ke kaiāulu, e loaʻa paha i nā ʻano hana like ʻole a me nā ʻano hana no ka hoʻopuka ʻana i nā huaora, nā ʻono, nā antioxidants, etc.
Kaʻaʻai maikaʻi: kūlana a me nā kūlana
ʻO nā mea momona pono i hoʻohana ʻia me nā meaʻai, ʻaʻole e litter environment, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā nīnau o ka ʻeke ʻana a me ka hoʻohālikelike o ka hana. Ka mea inu maikaʻi, hiki ʻole ke kī mai ka hika o ka ʻike a hiki i ka nui o nā ʻano hana like ʻole a me nā hiʻohiʻona hana ma muli o ka hoʻopuka ʻana i kona ʻano o nā huaora, aromatizers, antioxidants, etc.
ʻO Wainia Lavazza
ʻO wau paha ka manaʻo maikaʻi loa he kīʻaha kapu. Hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa nā huahana i loko o nā kahe i Kelemānia a me Czech Republic. Ua hana ʻia lākou i nā keke momona. I mea e mālama pono ai i ka pākela ʻana i ka wā e leʻaleʻa ai ʻoe i ka mea inu, ua uhi ʻia ia me nā kaʻi gula i loko.
Ua ʻoluʻolu kekahi kīʻaha i ke kīʻaha, no laila ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e hoʻokomo i ka kō
ʻO ka manaʻo o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kīʻaha ʻai ʻaina i loko o ka lewa: ma nā kahua kūlima o ʻEulopa e ʻike ʻoe i nā kīʻī o nā hua maloʻo, caramel a me nā keke, nā pastille a me nā pōpō.
ʻO ka kikokikona o ka hana ʻepekema ma ke kumumanaʻo "Mākēneki kaomi: aupuni a me nā kūlana"
EH KEKAHI PAIA MA KEIA LOA
kūlana a me nā kūlana
G.Kh. Kudryakova, L.S. Kuznetsova, M.N. Nagula, N.V. Mikheeva, E.V. Kazakova
ʻO Ke Kulanui o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ʻO Moscow
I kēia manawa, i loko o ka papa meaʻai, uku ʻia ka nānā kūikawā i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā lako hou pono kīʻaha, ʻaʻohe mea eona ai, maʻalahi i ka hoʻohana ʻia, hiki ke hāʻawi i ka mālama pono o ka ʻai mai ka hoʻopōʻino mikrobial, ka ʻike ʻana i ka oxygen atmospheric, a i mea e pale ai i ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana i ka huahana i ka wā o ka hana a me ka mālama.
Ua ʻike ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a me nā pale i hoʻohana ʻia no nā kenekulia e mālama ai i ka maikaʻi o ka meaʻai. No ka laʻana, hoʻi i ka makahiki 18, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā papaʻaina i hana ʻia mai ka palaoa palaoa i make i loko o Iapana: ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia papa ʻaina, hiki ke ʻai ʻia e like me ka makemake. No kahi manawa lōʻihi, ka pālahalaha kī ʻia ʻia mai ka palaoa wafer ma ke ʻano o nā kīʻaha, nā ipu, nā kīʻaha, nā pahu, a me nā mea ʻē i hoʻohana ʻia.
Loaʻa nā kūleʻa nui i kēia ʻike i Kelemania, kahi i hānai ʻia ai nā ʻano o nā mea pololi pololi a me nā mea e pono ai: nā keʻa, ka gelatin, a me nā celluloses kūlohelohe. Nui nā ʻano meaʻai i loaʻa ʻia mai kēia mau meaʻai meaʻai: nā pahu, nā kēkē, nā papa, nā kīʻaha e hiki ke ʻai ʻia me nā meaʻai like, nā aniani, nā aniani, nā mea ʻono, ka ʻiʻo, ka mea kanu, nā kīʻaha iʻa.
ʻO ka pahu kīʻaha māmā he mana i hoʻomohala ʻia, ke kūmole i ka wela o MV a hiki i nā ʻano like ʻole - mai ka mea liʻiliʻi a hiki i ka nui (450 x 270 mm). Hoʻohana ʻia ka huahana i loko o ka pauka i ka preheated a hoʻolapalapa (ma kēia hihia, palolo ʻia ka waihona kīʻaha ma ka ipu kuke a lawelawe ʻia hoʻi me kahi ʻano mānoanoa.
Ma ka helu ʻai, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻae ʻia nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a me nā panina i ka assimilable a i ʻole ka assimilable. Ka mea mua i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me nā palani e pili ana i nā mea meaʻai e like me ka palakama, ka momona, ka huapalapala, a me ka lua hoʻi i ka coatings e pili ana i ka waxes, paraffins, water-soluble natural and synthetic gums, water-soluble cellulose derivatives, polyvinyl alika, polyvinylpyrrolidone, etc.
I ka wā e hana ai i nā ʻōpiehana hoʻoliʻiliʻi hou, kūikawā
hāliʻi ʻia ka mālama ʻana i nā protein o ka mea kanu a me nā mea mai ka holoholona, hoʻōla i ka wai, ka wai ʻona a me nā ʻaina ʻai a: nā gelatin, zein, albumin, casein, etc., no ka mea e pili ana i nā kāpili ʻana e hoʻokumu ʻia ana i nā mea hoʻomakee i nā ʻoniʻoni me ka nui o ka waiwai me ka mahalo i kekahi mau kahe. komo me O2 a me CO2. Eia nō naʻe, nā mea nui e hūnā i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a me nā palaki he hygroscopicity a me nā waiwai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. No laila, e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i nā waiwai mechanical a me ka pale ʻana o ka wai o ka pale i ka protein, nā ʻano mea ʻole i hoʻohui ʻole ʻia, nui ka plasticizer (mono-, di- a me oligosaccharides - glucose, fructose, glucose syrup, ka meli, polyalcohols, lipids) i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o ke ʻano mea ʻai, a me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me nā pāpale hoʻi i hoʻopili ʻia. »Ikaika e hoʻonui ai i nā mākaʻi (e like me nā meaʻai meaʻai, calcium chloride, tannin).
No kekahi mau makahiki, ke ho'āʻo nei e hana i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻo ka wai ʻalani wai me ka waiū o ka waiū waiū - casein - ʻaʻole i kūleʻa no ka mea hiki ʻole i ka wai koholā ke kū i ka pili me ka wai. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻomohala ka ʻenehana kemana ʻo Peggy Thomasula o ka US Agricultural Research Service (ARS) i ka pōʻai a pau e ka ʻai ʻana i ka casein me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka carbon dioxide kiʻekiʻe.
Me ke kumu no ka hana ʻana o nā kiʻi i hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia i ka ʻoihana meaʻai, ua hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka protein soy i kēia manawa hou. E hōʻemi i ka palupalu o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni mai ka soybeans, hoʻomaʻū ʻia lākou i loko o ka hoʻonā ʻana o ka sodium acetate, holoi ʻia me ka wai paʻakai a hoʻohui ʻia kahi plasticizer, hiki iā ia ke glycerol a propanediol no kēlā mau kiʻi. Lā liʻiliʻi ka hualua o ka ʻikepili soybean a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana me nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni o nā polymers maʻamau, akā nui loa ke ʻano huʻu, kahi i kaupalena ʻia ai ka hopena o ko lākou hoʻohana ʻana.
I mea e hōʻemi ai i ka enme vapor, nā momona momona (lauric, myristic, palmitic, oleic) i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka ʻano. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i loko o ka uapuni helehelena i ka manawa like ke alakaʻi i kekahi emi i ka solubility o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni i ka wai. Kuhi ʻia ka uku ʻana no ka hoʻopiʻi
lehulehu nā huahana meaʻai (cereals kakahiaka, ʻai, ʻiʻo, nā iʻa, a pau.).
ʻO nā membrane kūlohelohe maoli ke alakaʻi no ka hoʻopono i waena o ka pau i ka ʻai i ka ʻoihana ʻai. I ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea kemika, ua pili pono kēia ʻano kīʻaha ma nā huahana o ka ʻiʻo, no laila ke hoʻohana ʻia nei iā lākou i ka hana ʻoihana, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kikoʻī o nā loli i loko o ka minced meat and casings ma ke kaʻina hana hoʻomohala hana i hana ʻia.
ʻO nā hoʻāʻo e mālama i nā waiwai maikaʻi loa o nā membrane maoli ʻehā a i ka manawa like me ka hoʻopau ʻana i kā lākou mau hemahema i alakaʻi ʻia ai nā hana o ka pūlima. ʻO nā Collagen a i nā palaka protein i hana mua ʻia i 1933 i Kelemona e Naturin. ʻO kēia ʻano o ka pēpē o ka pauwili kahi kokoke loa i nā membra intestinal, ʻoiai ua loaʻa nā kolone fibagen mai ka papakū waena ("hoʻokaʻawale") i nā ʻili pipi i mea waiwai no kā lākou hana. Loaʻa nā māla o Collagen, ka ikaika hāmeʻa, nā māla, ka lime.
ʻO ka “edible” collagen casing i hana ʻia mai ka pipi momona kiʻekiʻe, ʻokoʻa ʻole i ka casing protein maʻamau i kona pā pāʻuʻuku liʻiliʻi a hōʻailona ʻia e nā mea hōʻike o ke kaomi, ke komo ʻana a me ke kui.
ʻO nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni kolubial "edible" no ka hana ʻana i ka ham, nā mea i poki ʻia a me nā huahana ʻai momona i hōʻike ʻia e ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka uahi ʻana i ka uahi ʻana i ka wā e ulaula ana, ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka ea i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela a, ma ka hopena, he hoʻonui i ka juiciness o ka huahana paʻa.
No ka mea ua palena loa nā kumuwaiwai kumu waiwai kīmole o ka kolag, a ʻimi ʻia kahi huli ʻana e hoʻololi iā lākou me nā mea kanu. Kēia ʻano hou he starch (i loli a i ʻole hoʻololi ʻia), kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e pale i ka huahana mai ka nalowale ʻana i ka momona. ʻO nā mea hana kiʻi kiʻiʻoniʻoni o nā hōkū kiʻekiʻe amylose ke kū nei i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mahana i ka wā o ka manuahi a me ka hoʻaloʻu ʻana, e wehe ana i nā kumumanaʻo no kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana e like me nā māka no nā huahana ʻai hoʻokī. Hoʻohana ʻia nā kiʻi ʻoluʻolu o ka palaoa a me ka kākoti o ka meaʻai me nā ʻano mea kanu ʻai no ka haki ʻana i ke kō, a me nā hua i ʻai ʻia.
KA MOOLELO ANA MAIKAU Щ
Loaʻa ʻia nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻia i nā ʻaleme mai nā hopena kūmole o ka palaoa zein i loko o ka waiʻona a i ʻole acetone; ʻo ka ikaika o nā kiʻi e hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka ikaika o nā kiʻi PVC.
Hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia nā eters cellulose a hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻoihana meaʻai. I kēia manawa, ua hana ʻia nā kiʻi ʻoniʻokeʻo ʻelua i kahi o ka hydrocolloid layer i hui pū ʻia me ka hui ʻana o ka methyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol, ka wai a me ka waiʻona, a me ka lipid layer o ka hui ʻana o ka ethyl cellulose, stearic a me nā palmitic acid, ka waiʻona a me ka melāwa.
Ke hoʻohana nui nei ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lole pale, nā kumu hoʻohālike kiʻiʻoniʻoni o nā polymers kūlohelohe - polysaccharides. Mālama i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a Polysaccharide e pale i ka huahana meaʻai mai ka luku nui (ma ka hoʻemi ʻana ʻana i ka helu o ka pā ʻana o ka ea) a hana i kekahi mea halihali i ke komo ʻana o ka oxygen a me nā mea waiwai ʻē aʻe mai waho, a laila e hoʻolohi ana i nā kaʻina hana e hoʻokau ai i ka waiwai o nā huahana (momona oxidation).
ʻO nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e pili ana i nā polymers kūlohelohe he nui sorption kiʻekiʻe, e hoʻoholo ai i kā lākou hopena physiological maikaʻi. No laila, i ka nānā ʻana, hoʻohālikelike kēia mau mea a lawe aku i nā meaka metal, nā radionuclides (nā huahana kīwī radioaktif) a me nā mea kino ʻē aʻe, e hana ana he detoxifier.
Ua loaʻa iā Daniel Valero a me kāna mau hoa hana mai ke Kulanui Spanish o Miguel Hernan des i kahi gel e pili ana i ka lāʻau Aloe Vera. ʻAʻole pili kēia gel i ka ʻono o ka meaʻai a hiki ke palekana, kūlohelohe a kūlohelohe a hona i ka preservatives kūlohelohe pili ʻia i nā huaʻai ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana.
I ka ʻoihana ʻai i nā makahiki he 20 i hala iho nei, ua kuhikuhi pono ʻia ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano hana kiʻi i nā kiʻi a me nā coatings e pili ana i ka chitosan - kahi polysaccharide i loaʻa mai ka pūpū lau o nā wai moana a me nā wai wai. ʻO nā kiʻi Chitosan i hoʻopili ʻia ma ka pūlima o nā huaʻai a me nā lau - nā hua ʻai, ka ʻakaʻaka, nā ʻoma, nā pepa, a pēlā aku, nā waiwai kiʻekiʻe o ka lāʻau. ʻO nā kiʻi homogeneous, maʻalahi, ʻaʻole kīwī, nā chitosan, he pelekikena koho, hoʻokō ʻia i ke ʻano o ka kānana mikrobial ma luna o nā hua a me nā lau a me nā hoʻoponopono o ka hoʻohuihui o nā hoʻomehana i ka ʻāʻī a me ka mānoanoa o nā kiko, ma laila e hoʻopiʻi ai i ka hana a me ke ʻano o ka hanu, ka mea ma ke ākea e kōkua i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke ola o nā pu. mea kanu. Pūnaewele
Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano kūlohelohe o chitosan ma kahi ʻano ākea, hoʻopili, a me ka kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ma mua o ka iʻa a me ka honi ʻeke ʻole o ka iʻa. Hoʻonui ka hopena o nā chitosan i ka hoʻopiha o ka pauʻana o ka palaoa, hāʻawi iā ia i ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i kahi papa o nā crackers a i ʻole ka palaoa ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka huahana.
ʻO ka pīhoihoi kekahi i nā pāpale maikaʻi e pili ana i ka carrageenan me ka hoʻohui o ka waiʻona polyhydric (ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol, glucose, fructose, a me nā wai). ʻO kahi papa palaka o ka casein, soy protein, kahi hui o ka protein soy a me ka gelatin ke hiki ke hoʻopili i ka kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā kiʻi kiʻi i loaʻa no ka pauka pale, nā huaʻai maloʻo, nā ʻōpala, etc.
No mua o 50 mau makahiki, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka sodium a me calcium alginates. ʻO nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi e pili ana i nā alginates he mau ʻona like ʻole a me ka ʻenehana: he aniani, he ʻano nani a ʻaʻole pono e lawe mua ma mua i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i kahi huahana meaʻai no ka ʻai. Aia nā kīʻaha kūloko i nā hiʻohiʻona kiʻekiʻe o ka tensile, kahi e hiki ai iā ia ke hoʻohana iā lākou i ka paʻi ʻana o ka mīkini i nā ʻōmai, e like me ka pau iʻa, ka ipo a me nā pā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i hoʻomoʻi ʻia.
No ka hoʻomaikaʻiʻana i nā waiwai o ka kahe kīwī, ma ke ʻano ikaika, nā ʻāpana ʻili me ka lōʻihi o ka liʻiliʻi loa 1 mm hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia i ka hopena alginate [3].
Hoʻokumu nā ʻepekema ʻAmelika i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni hou no nā huahana i hana mai nā hua like ʻole a me nā lau ʻai. ʻO ka hua manu i ka hua ʻai i nā lau a i ʻole nā mea kanu i ka momona me ka hoʻohui o nā momona momona, nā alcohols, wax, ka aila. ʻAʻole hoʻonui wale ia ʻo ia mau pēpē i ke ola o nā huahana a he nani hoʻi, akā maikaʻi nō hoʻi.
ʻO ka nānā i ka lā i kēia lā e uku ʻia i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā pale e hiki ai ke hana i nā capsules e hoʻomāliʻi ʻia i ka wai a ihiō hoʻi i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.
Makemake wau eʻike i ka hiki ke kiʻi i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e hoʻopaʻa i nā pūhui like ʻole i kā lākou mana, i hiki iā ia ke hoʻopiha i nā huahana meaʻai me nā minerin, vitamina, paʻakikī o nā mea paʻakikī, a pēlā aku. Eia kekahi, kiʻi ʻia nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a me nā kapa
kaukaʻi ʻia i nā polymers kūlohelohe he kaha sorption kiʻekiʻe, e hoʻoholo ana i ko lākou hopena physiological maikaʻi. I ka mea maʻamau, i ka wā e nānā ai, ua hoʻokaʻawale kēia mau mea a lawe aku i nā meaka metal, nā radionuclides a me nā mea kino ʻē aʻe, no laila e hana nei he detoxifier.
Ke hana nei ka pūʻulu o ka ʻenehana pilikia no ka pale o ke ola kūloko o nā huahana niʻa a me nā huahana meaʻai o Moscow State University of Applied Biotechnology e hana ana i kahi hanauna hou o nā lako paʻi ka ʻai. Kūkulu ʻia nā kūkulu i ka hoʻomohala hana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a me nā kaalepili e pili ana i nā noi ʻana o nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau i ke koho ʻana i nā mea (kūlike o nā ʻāpana a me ke ʻano o nā ʻōnaehana hopena, nā waiwai physicochemical) a me nā ʻenehana loea no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻeke e hoʻohui i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka hana (ikaika, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. palekana kūlohelohe, kūpono maikaʻi, mālama mālama, mālama ʻo microbiological palekana, etc.). ʻO nā māka maikaʻi i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka hui laboriona e pale i ka ʻāʻī o nā ʻīwī ikaika i ka wā e wāhinu a mālama i ka wā mālama i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Bth International Specialised Exhibition "Biotechnology World 2007", i mālama ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka Fourth Moscow International Congress "Biotechnology: State and Development Prospect", a ua hāʻawi ʻia me kahi diploma a Palepa medali gula.
1. Gennadios A, Weller C. L., Hanna M. A. Soy protein / fatty acid films and coatings // INFORM: Int. Nā Nūhou News, nā Oils a me Relat. Mater. 1997. V. No. 6. RR 622, 624.
2. Yamada Kohji, Takahashi Hidekazu, Noguchi Akinori. Hoʻonui ka wai i ka wai i loko o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni zein a me nā mea hoʻohui no ka ʻaina meaʻai ʻai ʻai biodegradable // Int. J. Food Sci. a me Technol. 199B. 30. ʻAʻole B. Rr. B99-60V.
3. ʻO Wong Dominic W. S, Gregorski Kay S, Hudson Joyce S, Pavlath Attila E. Calcium alginate kiʻi ʻoniʻoni: nā wai wela a me ka pahuhopu pēpē i ka sorbate a ascorbate // J. Mea ʻai Sci .. 1996. 61. ʻAe 2. RR 337-341.
4. ʻO McHugh T. H., ka make ʻana o Senesi E./apple: He ʻano hana hou e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka maikaʻi a hoʻolōʻihi i ka ola o nā pahu o nā ʻōpala i koki ʻia // J. Keʻai ʻo Sci. 2000.6B. Helu 3. Rr. 4V0-4VB.
Hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia
ʻO nā ʻatikala ʻē aʻe no nā mea ʻenehana limahana meaʻai e heluhelu i kā mākou ʻāpana no ka ʻenehana loea, ʻatikala e pili ana i nā mea e pono ai no ka ʻoihana meaʻai - ma kā mākou ʻāpana.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke kūkākūkā i ka ʻatikala ma ka kumuhana "Kāpī palu" ma ka ʻatikala a i ʻole ka hoʻohui i kahi manaʻo. I mea e pale ai i ka spam, ʻaʻole i paʻi ʻia nā manaʻo, akā ma hope o ke nānā ʻana e ka luna hoʻomalu.
He mea ʻike ʻole ʻia mai Andrea Rugiero
ʻO ka manaʻo maoli o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kīʻaha no ka mea hoʻolālā Andrea Rugiero: manaʻo ʻo ia e hana maikaʻi ʻia nā papa no nā kānaka, akā no nā holoholona. Kūkulu ʻia ka ʻano o nā lako me ka ʻai o ka manu, seaweawe a me ka pauka palaoa. Hiki ke hoʻokuʻu maluhia kēlā mau papa ma hope o kahi piknik - e huki ʻia lākou e nā manu a me nā rodents.
I loko o ka jest, ua kapa ʻia kēia manaʻo ʻo "unidentified edible object"
Nā ʻāpana hoʻāla mai Andera Monjo
Mai koʻu wā kamaliʻi, ua hana ʻia ka mea hoʻolālā Sepania no ka mālama ʻana i ka berena. ʻO ia ka moʻa i hoʻoikaika iā ia e hana i kahi hōʻuluʻulu o nā papa me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea ʻala maikaʻi a me nā hua.
Kūpono nā ʻano nā ipu like ʻole, a me ka ʻono o ka mea ʻala ʻono e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka makemake
ʻO nā pono hana punaewele he ʻoihana
Ma ka hana ʻana i nā mea pono e hiki ai ke hana i ka loaʻa uku kūpono, a hiki i kēia hana ke hana kūpono ma ka home.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke hāʻawi i kāu huahana i nā kīʻaha liʻiliʻi a me nā hale ʻai
Maanei, no ka laʻana, he hana maʻalahi no ka hana ʻana i nā aniani maikaʻi loa e nānā like me ka aniani:
ʻO ka hoʻolālā mua o ka papa ʻaina: ʻaʻohe pono e holoi i nā pā
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, hiki ke waiho ʻia i nā ʻai hehele i nā tartlets. ʻO ke ʻano helehelena like me ka hīnaʻi kīʻaha, kīʻaha a pūpū paha o ka tortillas. Pono ʻoe e kuke pololei i ka palaoa palaoa. ʻAʻole ia e hoʻokuʻi i ka ʻono mua o ka pāʻai.
ʻO ka koho maikaʻi no nā salads - rye palaoa
ʻO kahi koho ʻē aʻe ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ʻai ma ke ʻano he kīʻaha. ʻO kahi ʻōpala i hoʻomohala, ʻuala, kamato a i nā kukama paha - maʻalahi kēia mea e huli i loko o kahi kīʻaha no nā mea ʻai.
ʻO nā kīʻaha tīwili e nānā a kūlohelohe. No ka hana ʻana i kēia, e hoʻomoʻa i ke kīwī ma luna o ka grater a ninini iā ia i nā ʻāpana ma ka parchment a i ʻole ka mea silicone līpahi ma luna o ka pā. Ma hope o 5 mau minuke i loko o ka umu preheated, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka ʻīhi. ʻOiai e'ū mālie, hana ʻia nā hīnaʻi hāmama mai nā kaula.
Ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka puka, hiki iā ʻoe ke kau i kahi kuke i loko o kēia pahu
Hiki iā ʻoe ke hana me ka ʻole o nā aniani: hiki ke ninini ʻia i nā mea inu nui i loko o "nā aniani" o ka kukala hou, a me ka waina - i loko o nā aniani o ka paʻi ʻono.
Hoʻopili wale i nā pahu momona, hiki i nā mea hoʻokipa ke loaʻa kahi ʻiʻo
Pehea e pili ai i nā kīʻaha wela? A he nui nā koho.
ʻO kahi laʻana, e nānā nui ka pilaf i kahi pānaehana ʻai
Hiki iā ʻoe ke lawelawe i ka goulash a i ʻole nā papa hana ʻē aʻe. E hāʻawi i nā mea kanu i loko o nā kīʻī o ka pala i hoʻomoʻa ʻia ai ʻole zucchini.
He maʻalahi ke Dessert. ʻO ke koho maʻamau loa - nā kīʻaha o ka ʻoni ʻoni.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokomo i ka hau hau i loko o lākou a ninini paha i ke kīʻī, e lilo ia i mea ʻala loa
Ma waho o ka hoʻokūkū. A ka mea hope loa, hiki iā ʻoe ke hana kūʻokoʻa i nā kīʻī o ka keke no ke kīkī a i ʻole nā kīʻaha like ʻole.
E like me kāu e ʻike ai, maʻalahi nā mīkini hoʻopihapiha. E aloha ʻoe i kāu mea aloha a me nā malihini. ʻO ka bonus maikaʻi ʻo ia ka nele o ka pono e holoi i nā kīʻaha. Loaʻa iā ʻoe kekahi mau ʻoluʻolu ʻē aʻe i kēlā mau kīʻaha? Kaʻana iā mākou i nā manaʻo, he mea maikaʻi loa kēia!