Aia ka Repubalika o Mordovia ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina o ka Leka Hema ʻE Hikina. Kele loa ka hoʻomaha, akā aia nā puʻu a me ke kiʻekiʻe ma ka hikina. Ma ke komohana ke awawa ʻo Oka-Don, a ma waena me ia ʻo Volga Upland. ʻO ke aniani a me ka mana o Mordovia he la kontinental. I ka hoʻoilo, he nui ka wela o ka mahana –11 degere Celsius, a me ke kauwela +19 degere. Ma kahi o 500 mm o ka pehu o ka ea pulu i kēlā me kēia makahiki.

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ʻO kahi mea e pili ana i ka repubalika

Aia ka Repubalika o Mordovia i kā Volga wahi o ka Lūkini Lūkini a komo i loko o ka ʻāina ʻo Volga-Vyatka. Aia ma ka 330 mau mile mai Pokukua mai. Ma o Mordovia kahi ala hele i hele aku ai e pili ana i nā kapuwai o ka ʻāina me Siberia, nā Urals a me ka Volga. ʻO nā hoa noho ona ma ke kūkulu ʻākau a me ka hikina, ʻo ka mokuʻāina ʻo Nizhny Novgorod, Chuvashia a me nā ʻāpana Ulyanovsk, ma ke komohana ka palena iā Ryazan, a me kaʻona hema - ka māhele Penza.

Noho ʻia ke aupuni kahi e pili ana iā 800 tausani mau kānaka, kahi paha o 62% e noho ana ma nā kūlanakauhale. Hoʻohui hou ma ka Lūkia, ʻo nā ʻōlelo maʻamau o Mordovia ʻo Erzya a me Moksha. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia e nā ʻelele o nā iwi ʻelua e noho ma ka ʻāina o ka Oksko-Sur interfluve.

ʻĀnō, ua kūkulu ka lehulehu o Mordekia i ka papa ʻelua o ka heluna o nā heluna. No laila, pili nā Lūkini ma kahi o 53%, Mordvinians - ma kahi o 40% o ka heluna. Ma kahi o 5% ka helu o Tatars.

Aia ke kapikala o ka repubalika ʻo Saransk me ka heluna kanaka he 300,000 kānaka. I ka makahiki 2013, ua loaʻa iā Gerard Depardieu ka mea hana Pelekane ma luna o kēia kūlanakauhale ma hope koke o kona lilo ʻana i kamaʻāina ʻo Russia. I ka makahiki 2018, e hoʻokokoke ʻia kekahi mau pāʻani o ka Poʻaka Honua ma Saransk.

Nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻona

Aia ka repubalika i nā maka hika, no laila ua ʻōlelo ʻia nā ʻano kau he ʻehā a hoʻololi maoli kekahi i kekahi. ʻO ka haʻalele ʻana mai nā moana a me nā kai kekahi e kōkua pū kekahi, ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ʻāina o ka ʻāina o Mordovia, me ka nui o ke anuanu.

ʻO ke kauwela wela kahi kauwela wela, e kū mau nei e like me ka kalena: hoʻomaka ma Iune a hoʻopau i nā lā hope o ʻAukake. ʻO Iulai ka wela loa o ka hāhā ma ka hōʻea o ka mahana + 26-27 ° C. I ka manawa o kēia manawa, lanakila ka nui o ka ea komohana a me nā ʻaoʻao. I ke kauwela, kū pinepine ke aniani, ka makani maloʻo, nā ʻōpala a me nā popo i ka pinepine.

ʻO ka mahina anu loa o ka mahina ma Ianuali, me kahi mahana wela o -11 ° C. ʻO nā ʻōuli o Mordovia he ao a me ka hau. Akā ʻaʻole mau lōʻihi i nā frost ka lōʻihi a emi mai kahi wela ma lalo -15 ° C. Ka uku kaulike mau i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka repubalika ʻo -47 ° C. I ka hoʻoilo, ua kiʻekiʻe loa ka haʻahaʻa o ke kauwela. ʻO nā mea maʻamau i ka wā anuanu ka mau pua, ka hau, ka hau, ka hau a me ka makani ikaika.

Kahawai wai

ʻO kahi hana koʻikoʻi no ke ʻano o Mordovia e mālama ʻia e nā muliwai. Aia kahi 1525 o lākou i ka repubalika, a aia lākou a pau i ka Volga basin. Hoʻomaʻa nā kahawai o Mordovia i ka wai kai a me ka ʻaʻū. Ke ʻuli nei lākou a hoʻomālamalama ʻole ʻia, me nā awāwa e ākea ana a me nā wai hoʻi.

ʻO nā muliwai nui loa ʻo Moksha a me Sura, kā lākou mau kīʻaha e uhi i ka ʻāina āpau o ka repubalika. ʻO ke koena e kahe ana ma Mordovia ko lākou mea hoʻoilina. Hoʻopili pololei ke kahawai ʻo Sura me ka Volga a me kāna lawe pono kūpono, ua holo mua ʻo Moksha i ka Oka, ma waena o ia o Volga.

ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā loila ma ka repubalika. ʻO ka wahine ke wahine kahiko, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma muli o kahi loli i ka kahawai. ʻO Lake ka nui loa o lākou. Ke lilo nei i ʻāpana o Sura i ka wā i hala, ua ʻōlaʻi ʻia no 4 km ka lōʻihi a hiki i ka laulā o 200 mau mika.

Ke kanu honua

Hoʻokumu ʻia ke ʻano o kēia ʻano o Mordovia ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka hau.Ua ʻāpono ʻia ʻo ia e hoʻohālikelike i ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniani, a i ka manawa like e hoʻokuʻi i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai o nā ʻāina e nā kāne. ʻO kahi kula kūlohelohe kūlohelohe a me nā kula lāʻau-steppe o ka repubalika kahi lōʻihi mai kahi mālama piha. No nā mau makahiki he ʻekolu i hala iho nei, ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia lākou e nā wahi i ʻoka ʻia.

Hōʻike ʻia nā lāʻau kūloko e nā keʻena āpau i loaʻa. Aia wale nā ​​meleka a me nā kala alohi i ʻaneʻi. Ka nui o nā mea kanu pua (1120), nā mosses (77), nā lichens (83) a me nā ʻono (186) i nui maoli i ke ʻano o Mordovia.

Ma kahi o 27% o ka'āina o ka repubalika i noho ʻia e nā ʻōpala coniferous a i hui pū ʻia me nā lau coniferous-deciduous. Loaʻa iā lākou ka nui ma nā oki, pines, lindens, aspen, birch, willow, leh. Aia nō hoʻi ma ka ulu lāʻau ka mea i loko o ka ulia, rosehip, euonymus.

ʻO nā wahi āpau a me nā kihi haki ʻo Mordovia i noho nui. Mālama ʻia kēia manawa wale nō i kahi paʻakikī i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā ʻona ʻāina, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma nā puʻu, nā gullies, ma nā ʻaoʻao o nā ululāʻau a me nā awāwa. Kūleʻa nā pua a me nā pua ma ʻaneʻi, no ka laʻana, ka hulu manu, chamomile, pikulnik, field metelica, clover, sage. Ua loaʻa nā Sedges, mosses, willows a me nā thicketail thickets ma nā kahe o nā ʻōpū.

Nā holoholona o Mordovia

Ma muli o ka hoʻohui ʻana o kekahi mau ʻula kūlohelohe, a me kahi pākū wai mākia, ʻano ʻokoʻa ka honua holoholona o ka repub. ʻOi ka huluhulu, hoopoe, kestrel, badger, a me nā partridge e noho ana i ka nahele ulu. Ma nā lāʻau ʻoak a ma nā alā e hele aku ai nā kumulāʻau, nā ʻeleʻele, nā mea lāʻau lāʻau, nā mea kaua, nā mea kaua, nā wao a me nā nāhelehele, ka dormouse, a me nā kīpī.

Ma nā nāhelehele e noho ana ka moose, hares, squirrels, martens, weasels, voles field, ermines, like me nā bears, lynxes, nā alopeke a me nā ʻīlio hihiu. Ma nā papahū e noho ai nā jerboas, shrews, ground squirrels. Hoʻokomo nā beavers, muskrats, otters i nā muliwai a me nā loko, nā iʻa, Pike, bream, ides swim. Ma ka huina holoʻokoʻa, ma waena o nā holoholona o Mordovia he 50 mau ʻano maʻi o ka mammals, 170 mau manu o nā manu, 30 mau ʻano iʻa a ʻoi aku i hoʻokahi tausani nā pepeke.

ʻIke ʻia ʻo Movovia: nā mea kūlohelohe a me nā moʻomeheu o ka repubalika

ʻO nā mea hoihoi loa o Mordovia e kū nei i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Saransk: nā hale moʻomeheu, nā pā hale, nā halepule, kahi halekula a nui aʻe. ʻO nā wahi kūlohelohe o Mordovia ka mea kupaianaha maikaʻi loa o ka loko Inerka nani, ka Pūnaewele Pūnaewele ʻo Smidovich me ka Smolny National Park.

ʻO ka Republic of Mordovia aia ma 330 km mai Moscow (MKAD). He aha hoihoi? ʻOiai ke hoʻokokoke aku nei iā Moscow, nui ka poʻe e hoʻohilahila iā ia me Moldova a ʻaʻole hoʻi i lohe iki i ia.

ʻO ke kikowaena o ke ola Mordovian ʻo ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Saransk - ke kapikala o ke Aupuni Repubalika Mordovia. Eia kahi ka hoʻomakaʻana o ka moʻomeheu, kaloli a me nā mea āpau. ʻO Saransk kahi kūlanakauhale o ka repubalika kahi manaʻo nui. Ke neʻe nei nā kamaʻāina ma ʻā o Mordovia no kekahi pilikia pilikia: nā loiloi olakino, nā lawelawe aupuni, a me nā mea ʻē

Ma kahi o 315 tausani mau kānaka e noho ana ma Saransk. Ma ka lua e pili ana i ka helu a me ka waiwai ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Ruzayevka - me ka nui o kahi he 46 tausani mau kānaka. I kahi kahi ʻekolu o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Kovylkino me ka nui o 20 mau kānaka e noho ana. ʻO kēia ka mea e noho ai i ka ʻōlapa ʻana ʻo Komsomolsky - 13 tausani kānaka a me ke kauhale hana Zubova Polyana - 10 tausani kānaka.

Aia nā kūlanakauhale he 7 ma Mordovia: ma kahi o Saransk, Ruzayevka a me Kovylkino, kēia mau Krasnoslobodsk, Ardatov, Insar a Temnikov. ʻO ka hiapo a me ka liʻiliʻi ʻo ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Temnikov. ʻO kona heluna wale nō ʻo 6.3 tausani mau kānaka, ʻo ka lā kumu ka 1536.

ʻO ka hapa holoʻokoʻa o ka repubalika ma lalo o 1 miliona - ma kahi o 800 tausani mau kānaka. I Mordovia noho i Lūkia, Mordovians a me Tatars. Ua māhelehele ʻia ʻo Mordovians i ʻekolu mau mokuʻāina: Moksha, Erzya a me Shoksha.

ʻO ka loko nui ma Mordovia:

• Inerka - ka wai nui loa i ka Repubalika. Ua unuhi ʻia mai ka Hakuovian "Inerka" ʻo ia ʻo "Lake Lake". ʻO kona lōʻihi he 3.35 km, ʻo kona laulā he 80-150 mika, a ʻo kona hohonu hohonu he 11.5 mau mika.
• Imerka - Ka hohonu hohonu o Mordovia, aia ma ka palena o ka moku Zubovo-Polyansky.

Kahi nā kahawai o Mordovia, mālie. ʻO nā muliwai nui ʻo Moksha a me Sura.

Ke holo nei ʻo Mordovia ma ke alanui kuamoʻo M5 Moscow-Chelyabinsk.Ke holo nei ma ke ala nui ma hope o nā palena ʻo Moscow a me Ryazan, hoʻomaka ʻo Mordovia. ʻO ka meaʻoi loa ma Moscow a ʻo ka hapa nui o Mordovia ʻo Zubovo-Polyansky.

Ma hope o ke komo ʻana i ka ʻāina o Mordovia, e hele ana ke kauā Umet kaulana i ke ala. Ua kaulana ʻo ia no ka nui o nā kaʻi liʻiliʻi ma ke alaloa (ʻoi aku ma mua o 200 mau ʻona) a me ka uahi ikaika a me ka ʻohu o nā kebabs. Hoʻololiu nā inoa o nā kaola, ʻo ko ka mea kaulana loa o lākou he "Mordonalds".

ʻO ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi kaiāulu nui o nā kōʻai kūloko, he poʻe kaʻahele, akā aia nō kekahi manawa pōloli a hala wale nei. Ke noho ma ka hale o Umet, e hoʻomanaʻo he maʻalahi nā mea āpau no ka mea kūʻai aku: ʻo kahi hale lāʻau ma ke alanui, nā kīʻaha maʻalahi, a me nā meaʻai ʻaʻole i hale nā ​​hale.

ʻO ka kauhale o Umet me ka heluna kanaka he 2,7 tausani mau kānaka hana ma ka ʻāʻī ʻana.

Mea kaulana ʻo Mordovia no nā hale paʻahao, ma aneʻa ma ka hopena o 20 o nā makahiki hope o Dubravlag a i ʻole ZhH-385, kahi mea o ke ʻano ʻo Gulag, ua kūkulu ʻia. ʻAʻole hiki i kekahi ke hoʻokauʻē i kēia, akā he mea kaumaha. Aia nā kolo ma waena o nā ululāʻau o ka ʻaoʻao komohana o Mordovia ma ka moku ʻo Zubovo-Polyansky, i kēia manawa ʻoi aku ka 30 o lākou.

ʻO ke kikowaena o kēia mokuʻāina nui loa. ʻO ke kula ʻo Yavas ke kauhale ma mua o Zavodskaya nā inoa he 36 ma mua. No laila, kapa pinepine ʻia ka ʻōnaʻo Mordovian iā Java.

I nā wā Soviet, aia kahi pūʻulu kūikawā no ka wai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā pio. I kēia manawa i waena o nā kolone correctional (IK) wale nō ke kahua ma Rūsia no nā haole. Aia nō kahi hale paʻahao no nā wahine a me nā pā hale ola. Ma ke ala, ua noho hou nā poʻe paʻali politika hou: ʻO Yukos loio ʻo Svetlana Bakhmina, ʻo Pussy Riot lālā ʻo Nadezhda Tolokonnikova.

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mākaʻikaʻi o Mordovia e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i Saransk. ʻO nā mākaʻikaʻi o Saransk nā hale moʻomeheu a me nā monops, nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me nā cinemas, nā paka, kahi zoo, nā mea hoihoi, nā hale pō, nā hale inu, nā hale kūʻai kūʻai a me nā leʻaleʻa ʻē aʻe. Inā ʻoe ʻoe iā Mordovia, no ka mea, mai hopohopo a kūʻai aku i ka ʻai ʻākoakoa ʻo Mordovian, e maopopo ʻoe e hele mai i Saransk.

ʻO ka Hōkū Hōʻike Hōʻike ʻo Mordovia ma ka Mīkini Miliona

Hoʻonohonoho ka kūlanakauhale. Nui nā kahakaha, nā pūnāwai hou a me nā embankment. ʻOiai ka nui o nā mea waihona, ʻaʻole ia i manaʻo i ka manaʻo kaumaha o kekahi kūlanakauhale ʻoihana. ʻO Saransk kahi oasis o ka lahilahi ma waena o nā ululāʻau, mau māla, nā wahi a me nā wahi liʻiliʻi o Mordovia.

Eia kekahi, ʻo Saransk kahi kūlanakauhale paʻa kahiko, ua hoʻokumu ʻia i ka 1641. ʻO ka pūʻali koa o Stepan Razin lāua ʻo Emelyan Pugachev i kipa aku iā ia. He mea mau ka manaʻo ʻo ia ke loaʻa kahi moʻolelo.

ʻO Saransk ke kūlanakauhale liʻiliʻi ʻo Lūkia kahi i paʻa ai ka Poʻokela Honua 2018 No kēia hanana, ua kūkulu ʻia ke kahua hoʻokalakupua a Mordovia Arena i ke ʻano o ka lā, me ke ʻano nui o 44,000 mau kānaka.

Ke kahua kaʻaahi ma Ruzayevka

ʻO Ruzayevka ke kūlanakauhale lua ma hope o Saransk ma kahi o ka heluna kanaka ma Mordovia. Ma hope o ka Pōʻalima Honua hope loa 2018, ua hoʻololi ʻo Ruzayevka no ka maikaʻi loa. Hoʻoholo ʻia ke kahua kaʻaahi, ua hana ʻia nā hana holomua alanui, e hoʻoponopono ʻia nā alanui nui. A ʻo ka mea hope loa, ua hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia ka ʻoihana kaʻa me ke koʻikoʻi loa: ua hana hou ʻia ka huikoa kaʻaahi alanui.

ʻO ka mea e leʻaleʻa ai i nā kaʻa o ke kahua ʻo Ruzayevka, ʻo ia ke kahua kaʻaahi a me kahi kaʻa kaʻa i kahi hoʻokahi. Kaʻana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i ko lākou kuamoʻi wāwae ma luna o nā ala alanui. I kēia manawa ua uhi a nani ia, ʻaʻole i kahi hou, akā ua lūlū a me ke alahaka.

ʻO nā alahaka i kēia manawa ua kiʻekiʻe nā ʻaoʻao ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao. ʻAʻole pono ʻoe e halihali i nā ʻeke paʻa i ke alahaka, a laila iho. Ke hele nei ma ka alahaka, kahi hoʻonani hou, makemake wale wau e ʻōlelo: mahalo, Aloha Hou. Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe, e hana ʻino ka poʻe kaʻa ma ka huki ʻana o kā lākou mau ʻeke ma luna o ke alahaka.

I ka makahiki 2011, ua kūkulu ʻia ka mākaʻi i nā limahana hana o Ruzayevka, kahi mokuahi moku ʻōpala ʻo "Lebyadyanka", i kūkulu ʻia ma Railway Station Square.Kūkulu ʻia ka lokomokala i 1954 a ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo ia ka hapa nui o ke ola ma nā pūnaewele Penza-Ruzayevka a me Ruzayevka-Krasny Uz pūnaewele. Kokoke i nā kiʻi keleawe o ka mea hana kaʻa kaua me kāna keiki.

Mai ke kahua kaʻa kaʻa o Ruzayevka a i ke kahua kaʻa o Saransk - 27 km.

Hōʻikeʻike o ka depot lokomaka

ʻAʻole waiwai ʻo Ruzayevka i nā wahi hoihoi a nani paha. Hiki i ke kūlanakauhale o nā limahana hana e hāʻawi aku ma ke ʻano he leʻaleʻa moʻomeheu - ka hale moʻomeheu o ka depot locomotive. Aia ia ma ka: st. Revolution o 1905, hale 7.

Moamoku Kahiila

ʻO ka Cathedral o ke Holy Trinity Cathedral o Ruzayevka me 16 mau pāpale gula i hoʻokumu ʻia ma 2009. Kūkulu ʻia i ka 2012 me nā kālā mai ka Ruzaevsky Glass Factory a me nā makana mai nā mea e manaʻoʻiʻo ai ma kēia ʻikepili i lalo: ul. ʻO Karl Marx, ka hale 61. Ua kūkulu ʻia ka kūkulu ʻana o ka luakini no ka hoʻohanohano ʻana o ka lā 1000 o ka hui ʻana o ka hui ʻana o ka poʻe Mordovian me nā kānaka o Rūsia.

He nui ka luakini, he 40 mau kiʻekiʻe ke kiʻekiʻe, aia kahi hale waihona puke a me ke kula Sabati, kahi hoʻokaʻawale a me kahi hale hālāwai, a ma aneʻa aia ka Ruzaev diocese. Ua mahele ʻia i nā paia o lalo a ma lalo. Aia ia ma ka puka komo o ke kūlanakauhale mai ka ʻaoʻao o Saransk ma kahi kiʻekiʻe loa.

ʻO ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Kahua o Paraskevo

Ma kahi kokoke i Ruzayevka ka kauhale ʻo Paygarma, ka mea hale i ka wahine kahiko ʻo Paraskevo-Ascension Monastery. Ke hana nei nā mōʻī.

Aia ka uka o Temnikov ma ke kaila ʻo Moksha, kahi e hoʻopuni ia ai e nā kumu lāʻau pine. Eia ka ululāʻau pine Goldhevskaya ma ke kahakai o Lake Vyakchisheva.

ʻIke kaulana ʻia ke kūlanakauhale o Temnikov no ka hale kākela kahiko o Sanaksar, kahi i loaʻa ai nā lua kupapaʻu a me nā mea hoʻi e pili ana iā Admiral Fedor Ushakov Aia hoʻi ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Temnikovsky i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o ka mea haku ʻo L. I. Voinov ma ʻaneʻi.

ʻO ka hoʻohanohano ʻo Temnikov he hale pule kahiko o ka Assumption o ka Virgin Virgin Mary (1827). Kūkulu ʻia ʻo ia i ka hanohano o ka militia Temnikovsky o 1812.

He mau mile mai ke kūlanakauhale o Temnikov ka nani kahiko o ka hanana o Theotokos Sanaksarsky Monastery. Aia ia ma nā kapa o ka muliwai Moksha, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma 1659.

Hoʻopili ʻia ka inoa o ka monastery me ke ʻano o Admiral Ushakov, ka luna koa kaulana o Lūkia. Ua paʻa ʻo ia i ke koena o kona ola ma kona ʻāina i ka hale o Alekseevka, kokoke i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Temnikov. ʻAʻohe mea i koe o ka waiwai.

Ua kanu ʻia ka mea kaulana kaulana i ka hale ʻoi ʻo Sanaksar. I ka makahiki 2001, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia e ka hale pule ma ke alo o ka poʻe pono. A i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole wale ka hale kupapaʻu o ka pūʻali koa nui, akā, ʻo nā mea hoʻokau o ka haipule.

ʻO ke koena o Fyodor Fyodorovich Ushakov mai kēlā manawa kēia manawa i kahi huakaʻi a puni ʻo Rūsia e like me nā mea e hoʻāno i nā hanana no ka hanana o ka hale pule me ka hui ʻana, a me nā poʻe koa a me nā lawaiʻa.

ʻAʻole ia he mea nui ka make o ka makua kāne o Admiral Ivan Ignatovich Ushakov, ma hope o ka tonage - ʻo Feodor Sanaksarsky ke kiaʻāina o ka ʻaha moneka ʻo Sanaksarsky (1764-1774), i kanu ʻia a kanu ʻia ʻana ma ʻaneʻi. I ka makahiki 1999, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka halepule iā ia he mea haipule, akā mahalo ʻia ʻo ia e ka diocese Saransk.

Ka hale kupapaʻu o Fedor Ushakov

Ke hele ʻana ma ke kūlanakauhale o Krasnoslobodsk, ʻaʻole ʻoe e hoʻopuʻi iā ia me kekahi mea. ʻO kahi mea kaulana o Krasnoslobodsk ka mea kolohe i ke ala o Kristo. Aia ia ma ke ala nui o nā alanui nui a piʻi i 35 mika ma luna o nā hale.

ʻO ka nānā ʻana o kēlā hale kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ʻoi aku me nā domes gilded gilded e kūʻē i ke kua o nā hale umikua hiohiona. ʻAʻole kūpono ia i ka pae ʻāina a kākuhi hou ʻia i nā alahele a me ka nani o ka Ekalesia Orthodox Lūkia.

ʻAʻole hiki i ka ʻaha ʻo Chamzinsky o ka Repubalika o Mordovia ke kaena ʻana i kekahi mau mea hoihoi, ʻoiai he mau kauhale ʻo Komsomolsky a me Chamzinka. He mau hale kamaʻāina nui lākou. Ma Komsomolsky aia nā lāʻau nui "Mordovcement" a me "Lato".

ʻAʻohe mau māla nui a i ʻole nā ​​muliwai paha ma kahi o Chamzinsky, ʻo ka mea i heʻe wale nō Mauna mauna, e pālahalaha ma hope o Alekseevka.

Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike pū i ka hale pule nani o ka Kazan Icon o ka makuahine o ke Akua ma ke kauhale o Makolovo.

ʻO ka Halepule o Kazan Icon o ka makuahine o ke Akua Makolovo

Fauna

ʻO ka nohona ʻo Mordovia ka waiwai a ʻokoʻa kekahi. ʻO ka hapanui kēia ma muli o ke kūlana hiʻona kūikawā o ka pōpilikia, kahi e waiho nei ma ke kaū o ka wao a me nā ʻāpana steppe. Ma muli o kēia, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano ʻōiwi o nā holoholona ma ʻaneʻi, aia nā malihini mai Siberia, ka Far East, ka Mediterranean, a me nā wahi hema.

Na nā mea ʻelele o nā pōpilikia kamaliʻi i loko o ka muliwai. Ua nānā mua ʻo Surah iā Caspian lamprey. Ma ka wai Moksha a me kāna lawe p. Urkat a hiki i ka 1970 he kamaʻāina liʻiliʻi o ke kahawai make wai i ʻike ʻia, akā i nā makahiki i hala akā ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ma laila. Ua helu ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻano ma ka Red Book of the Republic of Mordovia.

Aia ma kahi o nā ʻano iʻa 40 ma nā kino wai o ka repubalika. ʻO ka ʻohana Karpov ka mea i hōʻike nui ʻia ma nā ʻano o nā ʻano, he 24 mau ʻano. ʻO kēia mau mea, ʻo ka roach, bleak, Verkhovka, dace, manaʻo, bream, ka crossian carp a me nā kala ka mea maʻamau loa. Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻohana Vyunovye e 4 mau ʻano, kahi o nā loach a me ka char mustachioed. ʻO nā perchs, perch, ruff, perch a me nā lālā lahilahi ua loaʻa wale nō. Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻelele o nā ʻohana ʻē aʻe e 1-2 mau ʻano. ʻO nā mea paʻa i ka Mordovia, ua paʻa ka waiwai o ka Lūkini a me ka sterlet, ka mea i kau ʻia ma ka Red Red Book. I loko o ka Puke Hoʻopuka o ka Lūkini Russian, ʻo ia ka wikiwiki o Rūsia a me kahi sculpin maʻamau. Mai ka 1970s ʻaʻole kuhi ʻia kēia mau ʻano lāʻau ma nā muliwai o Mordovia. ʻO nā makahiki wale nō i ka hala. ʻO Moksha me kekahi mau kaiāulu e hōʻailona ʻia e kahi sculpin, a hoʻomaka ka ʻaha kanaka i kahi ʻo Sura, Moksha, a me kā lākou mau hānai. ʻO ka ʻāpana Red Red huakaʻi he 15 mau ʻano ʻano iʻa. ʻO nā ʻano lāʻau acclimatized ka Far East species - the rotan-firebrand. ʻO ka kālena, ke kāleka kālā, ka ʻū mauʻu, nā mea kanu ʻōpala a me nā lako momona i ulu i nā māla i loko o nā māla. ʻO nā mea o ka lawaiʻa leʻaleʻa he manu, ʻai, haki, pike, manaʻo, kālai crucian.

ʻO ka papa amphibian ma Mordovia he 11 mau ʻano. Ma nā cphate amphibians, ola hou a he maʻamau hou. Loaʻa nā ʻano ʻelua a loaʻa i nā wahi āpau ma nā hiʻohiʻona biotopes. ʻO nā mea maʻamau o nā amphibian tailless ka ʻōpūʻā i mua o ka ʻōpū, ka ʻekae, ka alo ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO ka palaka nui i loko o nā ʻuala lauwila o ʻEulopa e komo me nā ʻano ʻekolu: loko, loko, a me ka ʻai. Noho nā manu ʻelua no nā wahi āpau a nui loa, a ʻikea ka hope i kēia wale nō ma nā wahi o Mordovia. Ma ka Buke Hoʻolaha o ka Repubalika o Mordovia, ua nāhelehele a me nā baki me ka haki, nā toaka ʻulaʻula a me ka wāwae hina.

He 7 mau manu ka nui o nā manu. ʻO ka mea maʻamau a ʻo nā mea ākea ka wikiwiki a me ka mea maʻamau, nā lola ola a me ka lāʻau palupalu lae i ʻole ka maʻamau. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka viper maʻamau i loko o ka Red Book regional, akā ua hoʻonui nui ʻia kona helu i nā makahiki i hala. ʻO ka ʻolua ʻake loa ma Movovia ka mea ʻauʻau. Hoʻomanaʻoʻia ma ka Smolny National Park, ka Movovian State Nature Reserve i kapa ʻia ma hope P. G. Smidovich, Zubovo-Polyansky a me Tengushevsky wahi. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka ʻike ma loko o ka Red Book of the Republic of Moldova. I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua ʻike ʻia kahi honu puaʻa i kekahi mau wahi, akā naʻe, ʻo kona hoʻopili ʻana i ka fauna o ka repubalika ma ke kumu o ka loaʻa wale ʻana, ʻoiai, aia nō naʻe.

Ma ka ʻāina ʻo Mordovia, ua kākau inoa ʻia nā manu he 258, he 192 mau ʻano lāʻau like, 39 he migratory, 19 mau manawa ka lele i loko o kā mākou pae a me ka 8 hoʻoilo hoʻoilo.

ʻO ka manu manu ākea ka nui loa i ka wao nahele - finch, forest horse, jay, green mockingbird, black-head and park parkblers, scythe, flycatcher, mocking-booth, nightingale, nightingale, thrush, great tit, oak. ʻO Motley woodpecker, hazel grouse, capercaillie, a vakhir he mea maʻamau. ʻO nā manu o ka mea ʻona a me nā ʻukelā e noho ai kekahi kaila ʻeleʻele, ka pīpī maʻamau, goshawk, sparrowhawk, kahi ʻūlani maʻamau, ʻūlani pepeiao, ʻāwīwī. Lele ma ka nahele hiki ke ʻike i ka ʻaeto manu ʻula, ʻulaʻula, haki a me nā manu ʻula, ʻekikeke, ʻekolu kolo, ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele, aila gula, kanu kanu ʻia, nui ka manu i ʻike ʻia, ʻ snakelelo manu, ʻawaʻuku, ʻspprey, splyuska. Aia kēia mau ʻano āpau ma ka Red Book o Mordovia.

I nā kahe wai, i nā wahi me nā kūwaha, loaʻa pinepine ka lapalapa, ka coronella, ka weli a ka melemele a me ka melemele, me ka meaka o ke alo, ka puaʻa, ka pahu ʻaina, aihui - oatmeal-dubrovnik, curlew maʻamau, turukhtan, woodpecker, buckworm, cricket maʻamau, meadow horse , nā ʻano ʻalani a pau loa mai ka Puke ʻoka o Mordovia. Loaʻa nā manu o ka mea i loaʻa i nā kūlana maikaʻi ma ʻaneʻi: meadow lunar, marsh owl, ka nui o nā makahiki i ka "mouse" i nā makahiki he nui. I ka pūnāwai, ua hoʻopukaha ʻia nā ʻano wai i loko o ka wai melt a noho i kahi he migratory no ka ʻohi ʻana i nā kuaha, nā pole, nā puolo, nā kahu. Ma ka helu he nui, i ka wai pāpaku ma nā wahi wai, nā kaila ʻulaʻula keʻokeʻo, nā kahu, nā mea ʻeleʻele i kūpaʻa, a i kekahi mau makahiki, ka ʻupena umauma umauma.

Nui nā loko wai i kū ʻia me nā mea kanu i luna e mālama i nā pūnaewele huna manuahi. Chomga, he grebe, kūloko, nui a me nā ʻuʻuku, mallard, kahe ʻulaʻula ulaula, ʻāwīwī ʻia a ʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula, me nā ʻulaʻula, nā kahu hipa, nā pōloli, loko o ka loko, ʻeleʻele a me ka nui o ka manu me nā ʻūhā nui me ka ʻūhā. I nā nā nahele ulu o nā mea kanu i ka ʻaoʻao o ke kahakai, bluethroat, warbler, etc. pūnana.

Noho ʻia nā ʻāina kula i kahi kūlana nui ma ka repubalika e kahi. Ma nā kula nui, nā kānaka noho maʻamau i ka wā hana no ka lark, ka wagout melemele, nā ʻukua, a me ka hapaluna hina. ʻO nā ʻĀnela Marsh, nā lauwila me ka lauwila e hoʻonohonoho pinepine i kā lākou mau ʻuhane ma ʻaneʻi. ʻO kahi huaʻai biotope maʻamau ua hoʻohana ʻia lākou e kestrel maʻamau, me ka ʻalā, me ka nui o ka meakanu, nā ʻūlū pepeiao, ka ʻūlū ʻūlū, nā manu hihelena keokeo. I ka wā mua, ke lele nei nā ʻohana hipa hānai a me nā poli hina i ʻole e hoʻomaha a hānai iā lākou.

ʻO nā manu ʻānela o nā ʻōlima, ʻo ia ka puaʻa uliuli, nā māla a me nā hale liʻiliʻi o ka hale, nā manu, ka maka, ka palaka, ka ʻahu a me ke kai ʻana, ka pōloli. ʻO ka manawa maʻamau a ʻaʻole i nā wahi āpau, ke kani ʻana i nā mea kani a ka pūnū ʻūlū pepeiao.

• 1. Biotopes o nā wahi nui o nā ulu coniferous a coniferous-deciduous - brown bear, elk, roe deer, sika deer, wild boar, wolf, fox, badger, squirrel, white hare, lynx, marten, mink, forest polecat, dormouse, mole, weasel, red vole, capercaillie, hazel grouse, black grouse, gray crane, green woodpecker, three-toed woodpecker, blackbird, nightingale, crossbill, yellow, kinglet, crested tit, viper, lizards.
• 2. mau kewi o nā ka nahele laupa nui, nā ʻāina mahiʻai, nā ʻōpala, a me nā anuʻu ʻala - brown hare, mouse mouse, vole maʻamau, ʻānua, hina hina, me ka mint me, groundhog, maʻamau spkled ground squirrel, jerboa nui, maʻamau mole rat, hina hamster, lark, steppe harrier, garden oatmeal, kahi ala nui o nā poʻe o nā biotopes o nā ʻano mua a me ʻelua.
• 3. Biotopes Aquatic a kokoke-wai - beaver, muskrat, raccoon dog, otter, muskrat, sandpiper, magpie, small tern, mallard, black kite, snipe, keʻokeʻo-ʻihi manu, lawa frog, newt.
• > 4. ʻO nā biotopes o nā kūlanakauhale i ka pā i ka iele - ʻo ka kiʻina hale, nāhelehele hina, ka ʻike ʻeleʻele, ka puʻu hale, keʻa kai ʻana, ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele.

I Mordovia, ua loaʻa a 73 mau ʻano lāʻau o nā momi mai nā ʻohana 20 a me 6 mau kauoha. Nui ka poʻe o lākou e ʻike mau nei ma laila, a i ʻāpono kekahi. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka sika deer a me nā ʻīlio raccoon, lawe ʻia mai ka Far East, deer - mai Siberia. ʻO ka muskrat, nona kona ʻāina ʻo ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, ua hele mai ʻo Mordovia mai Scandinavia.

ʻO ka detachment pinepine o nā mammals he Rodents - 27 mau ʻano. Ma kēia mau ʻano, nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka ʻiole (mahina ʻai, ka nahele, brownie), nā pāheu maʻamau (maʻamau, ʻulaʻula), nā mauʻu hina ka ʻike i ka pae ʻāina. Ma nā ulu lāʻau, loaʻa pinepine kekahi squirrel - kahi mea hopu nui a me nā ʻelele o ka ʻohana Sonev - pono, ka māla, ka nahele, a me ka polchok. ʻO waho, like lākou i nā mauʻu liʻiliʻi me ka papalula, e like me ka momi, ke kāʻei.Nā ʻano nui o nā rodents i komo i loko o ka Red Book of Mordovia e pili ana i ka jerboa nui, nā mole maʻamau, marmot-bobak, a me ka beaver wai.

He 15 mau ohana ka ʻohana o nā karnivora. He poʻe maʻamau kēia a "kokoke maoli" i loaʻa i nā wahi a pau - kahi ʻalopeke, kahi weasel, kahi ʻōpala, kahi ululāʻau ʻoihana a "hou" no kēia wahi - he ʻīlio hihiu, he ʻōpio ʻAmelika, a ua paʻa nei iā ia me ke kōkua kanaka. ʻO nā ʻano ʻalani mai nā holoholona predatory he brown bear, lynx, river otter, badger.

Koho liʻiliʻi - 11 mau ʻano me ka kauoha Batwing. I waena o lākou, ʻo kahiʻaea ʻaina ahiahi nani loa he ʻike mai ka Red Book o Russia. ʻOi aku pinepine ma mua o nā manawa he wai wai-kukui, kahi wao nahele, brown-mau pepeiao pepeiao.

I nā ʻano o nā inikua he 11, ʻo ka mea i kaulana loa ka hedgehog a me ka moʻo ʻEulopa. Nā ʻelele o nā shrews - nā ʻōpala a me nā shrews (liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, nā mea liʻiliʻi, nā mea maʻamau) e hānai ana i nā hua liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me nā ʻōpala. ʻO ka ʻenekia Rūkia e pili ana i nā ʻenehana - he ʻano mai ka International Red Book. Mālama ʻia ʻo ia i loko o nā kahawai wai nui.

ʻO Artiodactyls ma Mordovia 7 mau ʻano. ʻO kēia nā ʻano nui i noho mai nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe (wild boar, Siberian roe deer) a i lawe mai kekahi kanaka mai nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe (sika a me ka ʻulaʻula). ʻO ka mea noho mua o nā ululāʻau Mordovian elk. Ma ka Mō'ī Kūlana Kūʻē Pūnaewele, ua noho ʻia kahi heluna manuahi.

ʻO Zaitsev 2 mau ʻano - hare keʻokeʻo (ke noho nei i nā wahi nahele) a me nā brown (makemake nui i nā biotopes).

ʻO nā holoholona hopu, kahi i ʻike ʻia i nā ʻāina o nā holoholona hee, he 20 mau ʻano o ka mamalia, a me nā mea nui o ka hopu ʻana, ʻo ka puaʻa a me ka hiula, ka ʻalopona, ka manuahi, nāhelehele, elk, ka pūliki maʻamau, a me ka marten.

Nā Teritori Nui Ornithological o Rūsia (COTR)

ʻO ka papahana KOTR he mahele i ka papahana a International Bird Birdasas (IBA), i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ka ʻimi a me ka mālama ʻana i nā wahi manu nui o ka nui o ka honua a puni ka honua. KOTR ka i: ​​nā noho ma nā ʻano holoholona ma lalo o ka hoʻoweliweli honua i hoʻopau ʻia, nā wahi me ka nui o nā mea i loaʻa a me nā mea e pili ana i ka iwi, a me nā inoa i kākau ʻia ma ka IUCN Red List a me ka Red Book of the Russian Federation. Ma ka repubalika, 9 KOTRs o ka waiwai nui i ka ʻāina.

ʻIke ʻia ʻo Mordovia - ʻike ākea a me nā kiʻi o nā wahi hoihoi

He hale ʻāina ʻo Mordovia ma loko o ka Lūkini Lūkini, no kā Volga wahi a noho ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana o kēia wahi. ʻO ke kūlanakauhale nui o kēia repubalika Volga ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Saransk. Ua hoʻomaka ʻia kona mōʻaukala ma kahi kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa i ka makahiki 1930, i ka manawa i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ke Kamana ʻo Morekōkiko. ʻEhā mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua loaʻa ka wahi kūloko i ke kūlana o kahi repubalika i loko o ka RSFSR.

Wahi a ke ʻano o ka hoʻomaha, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka repubalika i ʻelua ʻāpana: ʻo kona ʻaoʻao komohana ma ka pāpū Oka-Don, a ʻo ka hikina, aia nō hoʻi ma ka Volga Upland. Ke hoʻololi hou nā ʻona kūlohelohe mai ke kūkulu ʻākau-komohana a hiki i ka hikina hema o kēia wahi - ʻo ka wahi o nā kaina coniferous-deciduous e hele lūlū i loko o ka ulu lāʻau-steppe.

Aia ma Mordovia he nui nā moʻomeheu, ka mōʻaukala a me nā mea hoʻokalakupua, a me nā mea kūlohelohe kūlohelohe like ʻole o ka poʻe malihini o ka repubalika.

ʻO kēia hale kūloko, aia i ke kapikala ʻo Mordovia, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ke ʻano moʻomeheu kahiko ma kona wahi. Hana ʻia i ka makahiki 1918 ma o nā hoʻāʻo ʻana e pili ana i hoʻokahi haneli mau mea kākau kaiaulu, e hōʻiliʻili ana i nā hōʻike hōʻike no ia mau makahiki. I ka makahiki 2001, ua lilo ka mōʻaukala i lilo i mea hui me ka waiwai nui o ka moʻomeheu i ka repubalika. Ma hope iho o hoʻokahi mau makahiki he 4, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ma hope o Ivan Dmitrievich Voronov, he mea kākau moʻolelo kūloko i ka haʻi ʻana i ka mōʻaukala kūloko ma ke ʻano he ʻepekema kuokoa, mea kākau moʻolelo a me kākau.

He hōʻike mōʻaukala kekahi mōʻaukala, kahi keʻena o nā moʻolelo o kēia wā a hōʻike i ka mea e pili ana i ke ʻano o ke kaona. Uaʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea hōʻike 200 000. ^ E Ha yM. Ma loko o laila e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke kamaʻilio me nā puke waiwai, nā hōʻiliʻili kālā, nā mea kaua kahiko, a ʻike pū ʻia i nā holoholona o nā ʻano o nā ʻano like ʻole.

Aia kēia hale kupaianaha nani ma Saransk.Ke hōʻike nei i ka hōʻiliʻili nui o ka honua ma nā hana kaulana a nā mea hoʻokūkū kaulana ʻo Erzi. Ma loko o ka hale moʻomeheu hiki iā ʻoe ke noʻonoʻo i nā hana o nā mea kiʻi Sychkov a me Makarov. ʻO kēia mau kiʻi moʻomeheu ʻekolu no nā kānaka o Mordovia.

Aia kahi salon kiʻi i ka hale puke kahi i ʻike ʻole ʻia ai ʻoe, akā kūʻai aku nō i kāu mau punahele punahele i ka pena a me nā kiʻi a nā mea kākau i kēia manawa.

Aia ka hale kūleʻa i ka Victory Square i Saransk. Ua wehe ʻia a i ka 50 makahiki o ko Morona Nui. ʻO kahi kahi i kau ʻia ai he wahi hoʻomanaʻo hoʻomanaʻo ana. Hoʻonani ʻia nā pelika Granite ma ke alo o ka hale moʻomeheu i ke ʻano o kahi kūpeʻe St. George, a ua hoʻopuni ʻia ka pā hale i ka kokoshnik Lūkini.

ʻO ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Locomotive Depot aia ma Ruzayevka, kahi kāleka pālua nui a me kekahi o nā kikowaena nui no ka hana ʻana i ke ala kaʻa i Russia. I ke komo ʻana i ka hale moʻokalaleo he mau koa ʻelua me nā pū, me he mea lā ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kenekulia iwakālua. Hāʻawi ʻia nā malihini kipa i ka manawa kūpono e aʻo i ka mōʻaukala o ka moku kai ʻo Kukushka kaulana, ka mea i manaʻo ʻia he hōʻailona ia o Ruzayevka, a me ka pahu kūloko a me nā wahi kaʻa o ke kahua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka makahiki hope.

ʻO ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻaha aupuni o Mordovian aia ma ke kapikala o kahi repubalika. Ma kahi o nā hana ʻakaʻaka ʻana, ʻike ʻoe i nā huahana o nā mea pāʻani Mordovian, aia i loko o nā ʻōlelo Mordovian (Erzya a me Moksha) me ka unuhi like ʻole i ka Lūkini. Ke hele ikaika nei nā mea hana ʻoihana i ke kaona o ka repubalika a me nā wahi e noho nei i kahi e noho ai ʻo Mordovians.

Ua kū ʻia ka hale hōʻike mai ka makahiki 1889. A laila ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia e nā haumāna kupa o ka Shchepkinsky Theatre ʻoihana i hoʻi aku i ko lākou ʻāina liʻiliʻi, ma ka hoʻolei ʻia kahi hale kahiko i hoʻolako ʻia. Mai ka makahiki 2007, ua loaʻa ka hale hōʻike i kahi hale hou.

ʻO kekahi o nā mea hoihoi o Saransk ka mea kani mele. Hāpai ʻia nā leo mele puʻupuʻu, nā mea hana, nā keaka, nā hana hoʻokani leo a me nā hana ballet hana. Ua wehe ʻia ka hale pule ma ka makahiki 1935. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 75, ua hāʻawi ʻia ke kiʻi hale i kahi hale hou. Hoʻomaka ʻo kāna keʻena hoʻokipa ma mua o 700 poʻe. E like me kāna mau hana akiko, ʻo kēia hale pule kekahi o nā mea maikaʻi loa ma Lūkia. A laila, i ka makahiki 2011, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ma muli o ka mea mele mele ʻo Mordovian I.M. Yausheva.

Ua kūkulu ʻia ka halepule ma Saransk ma 2006. Ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia ʻo ia e Patriarch Alexy II. Kūkulu ʻia ka hale pule i loko o ke ʻano o nā Aupuni, a ʻo ka dome i hana ʻia i ke ʻano Neo-Byzantine. E kū ana ka luakini i 62 mika mai ka pae kiʻekiʻe. He 4 mau belfries, aia kēlā me ia he 3 bild i hana ʻia ma Tutaev e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻenehana kahiko. Hiki ke kipa ʻia e ka cathedral ma mua o nā poʻe he 3,000 i ka manawa.

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka halepule o St. John ka ʻeuanelio ma Saransk i ka makahiki 1693 ma ke kahua kahi ma mua o kahi he hale lāʻau kahiko.

Ma ka hopena o 30s, ua pani ʻia ka luakini, ua kau ʻia ka hale waihona NKVD ma ʻaneʻi. I ka makahiki 1944, ua wehe hou ka halepule i nā hale pule. Kahi manawa lōʻihi, ʻo ia wale nō ka hale pule ma ke kūlanakauhale. Mai ka makahiki 1960, hoʻokomo ʻia ka luakini i ka nui o nā waihona hiʻona o ka nui o ka mokuahi.

Aia ka hale ʻaina i ka ʻāina o ka moku Ruzaevsky ma ke kūlanakauhale o Paygarma. I ka makahiki 1865, ua ʻike ʻia kahi hōʻailona o ka martyr Paraskeva ma ka ʻāina o kahi kuahiwi kauhale, a pili pū me kēia hanana nui, ua hoʻoholo ʻia e kūkulu i kahi mōʻolelo i kēia manawa, e kapa ʻia ia ma hope o ka mea haipule. ʻO ka palena o ke kahakaha nā wahi e pili ana 11 ha. ^ E Ha yM. Ua kūkulu ʻia kēlā mau hale pule, nā hale pule a me nā ʻū halekele ma nā ʻano papa inoa like ʻole, akā i ka laulā nui o ka hale kiʻi palapala o ka monastery he kūlike loa. Ke kipa pinepine ʻia nei ka mōʻī e ka poʻe malihini e ʻimi ana i ka ulu ulu ʻana a ʻimi i ko lākou ala maoli.

Aia ka mākeke ʻo Sanaksar ma kahi kokoke i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Temnikov ma nā kapa o ka muliwai Moksha, i hoʻopuni ʻia e ka ʻōpala pine. Ua hoʻomaka kāna moʻolelo ma 1659. ʻO nā ʻahaʻaina hanohano maikaʻi loa o ka mōʻī i nā relics o ka poʻe haipule o ka Monk Theodore, ke koa ponoʻī ʻo Theodore (Ushakov), ka Monk Alexander the Confessor, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hiʻohiʻona o ka makuahine o ke Akua. Hele mai nā Pilistila mai loko a pau o Rūsia e hoʻopā i kāna wahi kapu.

ʻO ia ka hale waihona puke nui o Mordovia.ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana i kona ola i ka 1899, i ka manawa, ma o nā hana hui a ka naʻau o ka naʻau o Saransk, ua hana ʻia kahi lumi heluhelu. Loaʻa ʻole kona kipa.

I ka wā mua, he kakaikahi nā puke i loko, akā no ka hāʻawi ʻana, ua hoʻonui mālie ʻia kāna kālā. I ka makahiki 1939, ua lilo ka hale waihona puke i mea hoʻokaʻawale; ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kahi hale hoʻokaʻawale no ia. I ka makahiki 1970, ua neʻe ʻo ia i kahi hale hou, kahi āna i kū ai.

ʻO kēia manawa, ua hoʻohui ʻia kahi hale o 9 mau papahele, i ʻae ʻia i nā manawa he nui e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka waihona. Ma waena o kona mau māhele he nui, aia kahi ʻāpana i hoʻolaʻa loa i nā hana o nā loea moʻokalaleo ma Mordovia. Ua hoʻokumu ke kikowaena i nā pilina pili me nā hale waihona puke o ka poʻe Finno-Ugric, e komo pū ana i nā ʻāina ʻē.

Aia ka papa mālama ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka muliwai Moksha. Aneane puni ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana āpau. Kuhi ʻia nā makahiki o ka lāʻau paina i ʻaneʻi 300-350 mau makahiki. ^ E Ha yM. Aia pū nā lulu hui kahi e ulu ai nā pines, nā pōkoki, nā lindens a me nā ʻalā e ulu. Ma nā awāwa kahe āu e ʻike ai i nā kumulāʻau pua.

Aia ʻo Inerka Lake i kahi kokoke i ke kikowaena o Big Berezniki ma ke kahawai ʻo ka muliwai Sura. ʻO kēia kekahi o ka loko nani a nani a nui i Mordovia (56 kilomita kilomita). Uhi ʻia nā ʻāhiʻu e nā kumu lāʻau coniferous-deciduous a Birch.

Ma nā kahakai o ka loko, makemake nā mea lawaiʻa e hoʻoulu i ko lākou mau halelewa. He mau wahi maikaʻi no ka lawaiʻa ʻana, a ma nā māla kahakai hiki iā ʻoe ke koho i nā ʻiwa a me nā huaʻai. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka nui o nā alahawai ma waho e holo i kēlā me kēia makahiki kokoke i ka loko.

Aia kēia kahua kupanaha i kū i ka moku o Leninsky o Saransk. Ma ke paka hiki iā ʻoe ke hele ma nā alaloa o nā kiʻi nani, e kahakaha i nā kahawai e kahe ana i kona wahi āpau, piʻi i nā alahaka lāʻau me nā mea hana i hana ʻia e nā mea hana kolohe, hoʻomaha i nā pā hale i uhi ʻia i ka ivy ʻala. ʻO nā kiʻi kiʻi o nā poʻokela o nā moʻolelo a A.S. Pushkin. Loaʻa ka mākele nui i nā mea hiʻona a me nā zoo nui loa i ka'āina. ʻO kēia kahi wahi hoʻomaha hoʻomaha hoʻomaha no ka poʻe kamaʻāina o Saransk, nā pākeke a me nā keiki e makemake hoʻi e kipa aku iā ia.

ʻO ka mea hoʻomaka o ka hōʻeuʻeu ʻana o ka hānai ʻili i ka ʻike ʻana iā Saransk ma ke kauwela o ka makahiki 1774. Ua noho wale nō ʻo ia i kekahi mau lā ma kēia mau wahi, i ka manawa i hoʻokau ai ʻo ia e hoʻokō i nā ʻelele he nui o nā kamaliʻi a me nā kahu aliʻi i kuhihewa iā ia me ke hoʻopuka ʻana i kahi mana no ka maluhia no nā serfs.

I ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i kēlā mau hanana, ua kūkulu ʻia kahi kiʻea o Pugachev i Saransk. Mālama ʻia nō hoʻi i ka halelewa o ke alakaʻi o ke kaua pāmu, ʻo ia kekahi hale pōhaku kahiko.

ʻO kēia kahi hale haʻuki nui loa i Mordovia, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā mea hoʻokūkū o nā pae āpau i nā haʻuki he nui. Ua wehe ʻia kahi kahua haʻuki mai 2004.

I ka hale Palena ʻo Saransk, ua paʻa nā hanana haʻuki mai ke kūlanakauhale a hiki i ka pae āpau-Lūkini. Ke hoʻokūkū nei nā mea hoʻokūkū i nā hāmeʻa wai.

ʻO ka wehe ʻia o kēia keʻena i mālama ʻia ma Saransk ma 2004. Hāʻawi ia i nā hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū ma nā pāʻani haʻuki, keʻa ʻana i ka wai, nā hāmeʻa, nā wikiwiki hoʻokūkū a me nā ski. E loaʻa i ka mea hoʻokūkū leʻa i 4 mau pālani poʻokela, a he 2 ia mau mea he mālo kūlohelohe.

ʻO kēia ka papa ʻaina hou kahi ma 2018 e hoʻokokoke ai kekahi o nā pāʻani o ka Poʻokela Honua i 2018. Aia ia ma ke awāwa ʻo Insar ma kahi kokoke i ke kikowaena o Saransk.

Ke alo nei kona ihu nui i ka promenade a me ke kikowaena o ke kūlanakauhale. Hiki iā ia ke hele pinepine ʻia e nā keu ʻē aʻe 44,000 ka poʻe nānā. ^ E Ha yM. Hāʻawi ke kahua hoʻokahakahi i nā māhele i kahi komo komo kūʻokoʻa no nā mea aloha o nā hui kipa, kahi pākana ʻohana a me nā wahi no ka poʻe maʻi kīnā.

Ua wehe ʻia ka Cathedral o ke Koa Pono Honu Theodore Ushakov ma Saransk ma 2006. I hoʻolaʻa ʻia e Alexy II. hou aʻe i nā kikoʻī

Aia ʻo Saransk embankment ma kahi o ke kūlanakauhale. Kōlele aku ia ma ka muliwai Saranka. hou aʻe i nā kikoʻī

ʻO ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Repubalika o Mordovian i kapa ʻia ʻo S. D. Erzi i wehe ʻia i Saransk i ka makahiki 1960.hou aʻe i nā kikoʻī

ʻO ka Papa Kūleʻa o ka moʻomeheu a me ka hoʻomaha ma hope o A.S. Pushkin ka papa nui o Saransk. Apana 40 ha. hou aʻe i nā kikoʻī

ʻO Makarovsky St. John the Theological Monastery aia i ke kaʻe o ke kaona o Saransk ma ke kauhale o Makarovka. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma 1994. ʻO ia. hou aʻe i nā kikoʻī

Hale Hōʻikeʻike o ka pūʻali koa a me nā hana hana a ka makahiki 1941-1945 wehe ʻia i Saransk i ka makahiki 1995. ʻO ia kahi mahele nui o ka hoʻomanaʻo i ka ʻaoʻao. hou aʻe i nā kikoʻī

Ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia ka luakini o Kazan Icon o ka makuahine o ke Akua ma Saransk ma 2011. hou aʻe i nā kikoʻī

Ua wehe ʻia ka mōʻī iā Yemelyan Pugachev (alakaʻi o ke alakaʻi ʻōiwi o 1773-1775) i Saransk i ka makahiki 1985. 'O kahi wale nō ma Rūsia. hou aʻe i nā kikoʻī

Ke alakaʻi nei ka mokuāʻāina ʻo State State ma hope o I.M. Yaushev i Saransk i ka mōʻaukala mai ka makahiki 1935. hou aʻe i nā kikoʻī

ʻO Mordovia Arena Stadium kahi kahua pāʻani pôpeku i Saransk i kūkulu ʻia no ka 2018 World Cup. Kapaha 45 015 poʻe. hou aʻe i nā kikoʻī

Aia ka monamona iā Admiral F.F. Ushakov ma Saransk ma ka Hale Kūʻai ʻo Katedala. Hoʻokomo ʻia ma 2006. ʻO ka wehe mua ʻia e V.V. Putin. hou aʻe i nā kikoʻī

Ua kūkulu ʻia ka Ekalesia ʻo St. John the Evangelist ma Saransk i ka makahiki 1693. ʻO ka hale kahiko loa ma Mordovia. hou aʻe i nā kikoʻī

Pāʻaha ʻuhane i ka ʻohana - kahi monemona o ka Kapu ʻAkekopaka o Saransk. Ua wehe ʻia ma 2008. Ua wehe ʻia ka wehe ʻana i ka makahiki o ka ʻohana. hou aʻe i nā kikoʻī

Ua wehe ʻia ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Mordovian Folk Culture i Saransk ma 1999. He lala ia o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o nā Kahuna ʻIula. S. D. Erzy. hou aʻe i nā kikoʻī

Ua wehe ka Millennium Square ma Saransk ma 2012. hou aʻe i nā kikoʻī

ʻO ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Movovovani Repubalika o Lore no ka inoa ʻo I. D. Voronin ka hale moʻomeheu o Mordovia i Saransk. hou aʻe i nā kikoʻī

Ua kūkulu ʻia ka Ekalesia o St. Nicholas the Wonderworker i Saransk i ka makahiki 1906 ma ke ʻano Lūkia-Byzantine. hou aʻe i nā kikoʻī

Kipuka ʻia ʻo Kuleiki ma Saransk ma 2006. hou aʻe i nā kikoʻī

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka The Russian Russia Theatre The Republic of the Republic of Mordovia ma Saransk i ka makahiki 1932. hou aʻe i nā kikoʻī

Ua wehe ʻia ka mōʻī iā A.S. Pushkin i Saransk ma 2001. hou aʻe i nā kikoʻī

Kupaʻa o ka Koa Honu Manaʻo Fedor Ushakov

Aia ka Cathedral o ke Koa Honu Pono Fedor Ushakov ma kahi waena o Saransk. Ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia ka halepule e kāna Hōʻike Hemolele no Moscow a me All Russia Alexy II ma ʻAukake 6, 2006. Noho ka luakini i ʻekolu mau kānaka, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka luakini 73 mika, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka ʻāina ʻo Volga. I ke ʻano a me ka hana hoʻolālā, ua like like ia me ka Cathedral o Kristo ke Ola ma Moscow. E like me ka mea hope loa, ʻo Feodorovsky Cathedral he ʻelua mau hale pule: ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe me ʻekolu Boundaries a me nā haʻahaʻa (Church Baptismal), aia hoʻi he deck nānā, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o kahi o ka 30 mau mika. Hoʻolaʻa ʻia ke kumu nui o ka halepule i luna no ka hoʻomanaʻo o ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana o ka Koa Lika Maʻa Hemolele Theodore Ushakov, ka lua o ka ʻaoʻao - e hoʻohanohano ai i nā martyrs hou o Mordovian, ke kolu - no ka hoʻohanohano ʻana iā Seraphim o Sarov. ʻO ka mea hoʻonāola i ka ʻĀina ma Saransk a me Mordovia Barsanuphius. Eia nō hoʻi i loko o nā hale pule hou: he papa kamepiula, lumi hālāwai, kahi kula Sabati, ʻo ia ka mea hoʻokaʻawale a me nā mea he nui aku.

ʻO ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Repubalika o Mordovian i kapa ʻia ʻo S. D. Erzi

ʻO ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Repubalika o Mordovian i kapa ʻia ʻo S. D. Erzi, ʻaʻole ia wale nō ke kikowaena moʻomeheu nui o ka repubalika, akā, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea moʻomeheu koʻikoʻi o ke kahe ʻo Volga, ka waihona kālā o ke Aupuni Repubalika o Mordovia. ʻO ka kolamu hale waihona mea he 14 tausani mau hale mālama mālama, he ʻumi o ka hōʻike ʻia i loko o kona mau keʻena. ʻO ke kumu a me ka māhele waena o ka ʻohi kālā, nā hana o ʻelua mau loiloi o ka ʻāina Mordovian - S. D. Erzi a me F. V. Sychkov.
ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili o nā mea loiloi mua o Rūsia e pili ana i 500 mau hana.
Noho ʻia kahi wahi kūikawā e ka hana o ka mea haumāna no ka pena ʻana i ka I.K. Makarov (1822-1897), ka mea i pili me ke ola me ko Mordekoa.
Hōʻike ʻia nā kumu hoʻohālike maikaʻi o ke kāʻei a me nā palapala kiʻi a Mordovia i kahi keʻena kūikawā. Maanei hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ke kāhiko nani loa ʻo Mordovian nani, nā mea nani, nā hale lole hale. Hōʻike maikaʻi ʻia nā aniani a me ka pepa manuahi.

Ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka Palekana Sanaksar Monastery

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka mōʻī i ka 1659 a ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka kenekulia XIX ua lilo i monastery nui. I kēia lā, wehe kahi panorama mai ke kūlanakauhale o Temnikov me ka muliwai Moksha, ma nāʻaoʻao kahi kahi ewa ai kahi monastery. ʻO ka puka nui he halepule puka 52 m mau mika (1776). ʻO ka hoʻolālā spatial kahi pae papa paʻakikī o nā hale me kahi silhouette whimsical a me ke kikowaena - kahi hale kākela elima hale.
ʻO ka nūnū o ka Monastery Sanaksar kekahi o nā mōʻī nui i mālama ʻia i ke kaona o ka hapa ʻelua o ka 18 o ka makahiki 18 o ka mua o ka kenekulia 19, ʻo ke kālaiʻike ʻo Baroque kahi waiwai nui. ʻO nā ʻāpana nui o ka monastery ka mea hoʻokele o ka poʻe haipule Theodore, ka mea pono pololei ʻo Theodore (Ushakov), Rev. ʻO Alexander ka Mea Kakau.

ʻO Mordovian State Nature Reserve inoa ma hope o P. G. Smidovich

Ma ke komohana komohana o ka repubalika, ma ka moku ʻo Temnikovsky, ua kapa ʻia ʻo Movovian State Reserve ma ka inoa P.G.Smidovich. Hoʻokumu ʻia ke kūleʻa ma 1935. Toʻaneʻu a puni ke ʻāpana āpau o ke kikowaena i nā wao, he hapalua paha ia he pine. Ma nā ʻaoʻao komohana a me nā hikina, ua lanakila ka nahele lāʻau, ma ka waena - linden mau nahele. Ma nā kahawai ʻo Moksha, ulu nā ʻoka i nā makahiki o ka 140-150 mau makahiki e ulu ai; inā loaʻa kekahi mau poʻe nunui ma kahi o 300 mau makahiki. I waena o nā mea kanu ulu ʻole i ka waiho huna, aia kahi ʻalopona maoli, kahi poʻo pollen ulaula, ke ola hoʻōla kino, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā wahi ʻē aʻe i Mordovia. Ua lawe ʻia mai nā ʻano he 6 mau holoholona i ke kao: he beaver, he kanaka Lūkini, he deika sika, he kahe Askanian, he deer Siberian roe a he bison. I ke kaona e hōʻike ʻia ana nā manu i kākau ʻia ma ka Red Book o Rūsia, me ka Saker Falcon, Golden Eagle, Black Stork a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

ʻO John the theologian Makarov Monastery

ʻO kā John John theologian Makarov Monastery he hana hana aliʻi ʻoniʻoni Orthodox e loaʻa ana i Mordovia, i ke kauhale ʻo Makarovka, aia ʻelima mau kilomita mai ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Saransk. ʻO ka hale papa kiʻi kūʻokoʻa o ka St. John the theologian Monastery e loaʻa ma kahi o ka wahi o ka Makarovsky Pogost. Aia ka St. John the theologian Cathedral i kahi papa inoa o nā kupanaha kupanaha o ka makuahine o ke Akua "The Inexhaustible Chalice", e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ana i nā mea maʻi me ka mea inu lāʻau a me ka inu wai. Ma ka ʻāpana o Makarovsky Pogost aia nā mākana mana ʻelua.

Hoʻohālikelike i ke kiʻi kiʻi i hoʻoiho ʻia

ʻO ka ʻikepili ʻikepili ʻikepili o ka National Research Mordovian State University

430005, Rusia Kuokoa, Repubalika o Mordovia, Saransk, ul. Bolshevik, d. 68
Kelepona: 8 (8342) 24-37-32

Aloha. ʻO Julia koʻu inoa. Ua hana wau i loko o ka ʻoihana kaiapuni no kahi liʻiliʻi ma mua o 9 mau makahiki. Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei wau he kanaka akamai wau i kaʻu mahina ʻai a makemake wau e kōkua i nā malihini a pau i ka pūnaewele e hoʻoponopono i nā ʻano kumuhana like ʻole. ʻO nā ʻikepili a pau no ka pūnaewele e hōʻiliʻili a hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi ʻia e haʻi i kahi palapala kūpono i nā ʻike a pau. Eia naʻe, no ka noi ʻana i nā mea a pau i wehewehe ʻia ma ka pūnaewele, kūkā kūkākūkā me nā mea loea.

[hoʻoponopono i ka hana geological

Hoʻohui ʻia ke ʻano ʻenekala o ke kūloko o ka Repubalika o Mordovia ma kona wahi i loko o ka pūʻulu Lūkini ma luna o ka papa aliʻi Tokmovsky. ʻO ka ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻōpala o ka honua kahi i ka pauku sedimentary. Aia iā ia ma ka papa lepo, ka mea e pili ana iā Archean gneisses, amphibolites, migmatites, granites, a me nā mea pale moi ʻo Proterozoic. shales - biotite, quartz, pomegranate, etc. nā pali kumu ma Mordovia ʻaʻole hiki i ka papahele (ma lalo o ka lepo). ʻO nā pōhaku kahiko o ka uhi huna sedimentary ʻo ka Upper Proterozoic. Ua hoʻonohonoho wale ʻia nā puka manawa o kēia manawa ma ka palaka Ryazan-Saratov (RP Zubova Polyana). Hoʻohui lākou i ka siltstones, nā ʻōpala, ka mauʻu ma nāʻaoʻao, nā limestones a me nā dolomite.

Nā koina Paleozoic.Devon - ka palena o nā pani, nā one, a me nā siltstones (ʻo ka Old Oskol pae o ka Zhivsky layer, mānoanoa 90-11 m), ke kikoʻā o nā siltstones a me 6 mau kahakaha pae (kūlau Farani, mālamalama 450 m), nā dolomites (ka ʻahuna kahiko o ka Oskol o ke kihi Zhivsky, mānoanoa 90-180 m), ke kikoʻā o nā siltstones a me 6 mau kahakaha pae (kūlau Farani, mālamalama 450 m), nā dolomites (nā ʻāpana Pelekania, ka mālamalama 150 m) ua pālahalaha ʻia. ʻO ke kāʻei haʻahaʻa kalepo a me nā limau neʻe i luna ma luna (tiers: tour, visa, namur, mānoanoa 45 m). Kūkulu ʻia nā ʻona waena o kā Carboniferous (Bashkir a me Moscow tiers: nā kīpiko ʻulaʻulaʻula, nā māliʻi, nā mea kahikona a me nā ʻalā, nā limona a me nā dolomites me ka huinahalike a hiki i 154 m. He nui nā limone a me nā dolomite o Carboniferous (Gzhel a me nā Orenburg tiers) he nui. Ko lakou mana ma s. Sivin 40-45 m, kokoke i ka palena me ka ʻāina ʻo Nizhny Novgorod 100-1110, ma ka palaka o Ryazan-Saratov 250–320 m. Ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana ʻākau o ka repubalika, hiki lākou i ka maka ma ke kahawai ʻo Urkat, Moksha, Satis, Sivini. ʻO Dolomites, clays, siltstones, anhydrites o ka manawa Permian (Assel, Sakmara a me Kazan layer) ʻike ʻia i ka ʻākau wale nō: i ke awāwa waena e kipa ana iā Satis, ka puʻu kiʻekiʻe o Alatyr a ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka waena waena o Urkat, me kahi mānoanoa 30-60 m. Nā waihona Mesozoic, nā deposit Cretaceous) e pili ana i nā ʻōnaehana Triassic, Jurassic a me Cretaceous (nā manawa). ʻAʻole i loaʻa nā pōhaku Triassic i Movovia. Kuhi ʻia nā puka Jurassic ma 20-30% o ka wahi. ʻO ia nā clays, sands, marl, siltstones, fosile rock nodules, oil shale lenses - Bajo, Bati, Kelovo, Oxford-Kimmeridge, Volga layer, me kahi mānoanoa o 50-80 m.ʻO nā loea Cretaceous e hele mai i ka ʻone i nā wahi a pau o ka Republic Republic o Moldova a hōʻike ʻia e kahi ʻāpana holoʻokoʻa (āpau. kākāʻau). Ka mana o ka lalo o ka Cretaceous (mai lalo a i luna): conglomerate o ke kūloko, ka melemele-hina a me nā ʻeleʻele lapuwale, nā loina, ka aniani a me nā pā quartz, nā peʻa, nā mea hoʻoneʻeneʻe, ka mānoanoa piha a hiki i ka 175 m. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā cretaceous me nā interlayers o ka marl, a i ʻole ka 90 m. ʻO ka hui ʻana o ka Paleogene (mai lalo a i luna): flask me nā lens o ka diatomites a me nā tripoli, glauconite a me ke one quartz, i hoʻopili ʻia e nā sandstones, a hiki i ka 90 m mānoanoa, he mea maʻamau i ka hapa hema, hikina a me nā hema. Ua ʻike ʻia nā sedimen Neogene ma nā ʻaoʻao komohana: ʻeleʻele a me ka hina hina (Miocene, Lamkinskaya suite), pāleʻa kāwele (Miocene, Gorelkinskaya suite), one quartz a me ka pālolo (Pliocene, Krivoborsk suite), ʻokoʻa mālamalama 32-117 m. koa ma na awawa kahawai. Aia kekahi 2 mau zones - glacial (komohana) a me ka extra-glacial (hikina). I ka wā mau, ua kahiko lākou, waena, waena o Quaternary a me kēia wā, e nā genesis (kumu) - nā mea paʻakikī: nā ʻano mea, glacial, moraine, wai-glacial, loko-alluvial, alluvial, eluvial-deluvial, uhi loams, loko-waihe a me nā hana bog. E pili ana nā waihona o ka pit, nā mea ʻohi no ka hana hale, etc.

Tectonics Kuhi ka honua i ka ʻāpana o ke aupuni o Moldova e kona wahi i kokoke ke kikowaena o ka kahua o Lūkia, i haku ʻia he 2 mau papahele: ʻo ka mea i lalo o ke kumu crystalline, ʻo ka luna o ka uhi sedimentary. ʻAʻohe mea ʻike paʻa i ka hoʻolālā o ke kumu ponoʻī no ka hohonu hohonu o kāna hōʻaha - 800-3000 m, akā ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kona hōʻoluʻolu. ʻO 85% o ke kuʻina o Mordovia aia ma luna o ka Tokmov Arch, ma loko o Volga-Kama Anteclise. ʻO ka hoʻokumu i loko o kahi ʻano like me nā pali metamorphic a me nā kumea (gneisses, crystalline schists, amphibolites, migmatites, etc.). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina Geophysical i nā paia kahe i ke kōkua ʻana o ka papa lalo, e hōʻike ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hala pihi ma ke ʻano o nā neʻe i hala. I ka manawa Paleozoic (Devonian, Carboniferous), ʻo lalo o ke kai i lalo o ka moana. Ma ke kuʻina o Mordovia, ua loli ke ʻano o nā alahula o ka moana i ʻekolu mau manawa e nā konenika.ʻO ka ʻenehana paʻakikī a me ka wehe ʻole i ka hoʻomaha o ka hoʻokumu ua hoʻoholo i ka pale a me ka mānoanoa o nā pōhaku sedimentary Paleozoic i ʻākoakoa i loko o ke kai ʻo Devonian-Carbon. ʻO kā lākou hiʻohiʻona he moena moe mālie (a kokoke paha). ʻO ka hoʻolālā o nā ʻōpū o ka Devonian a me Carboniferous i hoʻopili ʻia me ka hoʻomaha o ka ʻāina Dodevonian a me nā luna o Permian-Triassic. I ka puka hou ʻana o ke kai waena o Middle Devonian, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻōpū i loko o nā ʻōpū o ka papa lalo, a ua hoʻāi ʻia ka piko o lalo. I ka manawa o Carboniferous, ua kāʻili ʻia kaʻiʻo o ka ʻāpana āpau i kahi papukū (e like me 800 m) o nā pakanā carbonate moana. Kuhi ʻia nā piʻi a piʻi ʻana o ke kumu i kahi lōʻihi i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ua. No laila, ke nānā nei i nā ʻāpana ma hope mai kahi kihi mai ka waihona i ka ʻaoʻao o nā mea kaumaha. Ke hoʻomau nei nā neʻe o nā pale a me nā hemahema i nā holo like ʻole a me nā hōʻailona like ʻole: e kū aʻe kekahi, hāʻule ka poʻe ʻē aʻe. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā mea kau aku i ka papa o nā ʻaukā Carboniferous i ka ʻĀkau iā Urkat e like me ke ʻano he piʻi. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka manawa Mesozoic, i ka wā Triassic (60 Ma) kahi ʻāina o ka ʻāina ʻo Mordovia. Ma ka Jurassic a me Cretaceous, ua lanakila ka hoʻokele kai me ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā mea lahilahi cluster liʻiliʻi (clays, sands, siltstones, etc.). Ma ka Cenozoic, hele mai kekahi o nā ʻano o ka lula ʻana i ka alpine, ma muli o ke ʻano e hoʻomaka ana ka pae a ua kū ʻia ke kai e kahi ʻāina. ʻAʻole i kū ka hū i nā alakaʻi, i hōʻike ʻia i ke kōkua o waho: ʻo ke ʻaoʻao komohana o ka repubalika he ʻāina palupalu (ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 200 m ma luna o ke kai), nā spurs o Volga Upland (a hiki i 320 m) i komo i ka ʻaoʻao hikina.

I loko o ka pā pā o Tokmov, ma nā manawa ʻekala ʻokoʻa (mai ka Deviano a i ka Neogene) a ma nā wahi like ʻole i ka uhi sedimentary, nā ʻāpana ʻekika o nā ʻāpana like ʻole a me nā paʻakikī (nā kaumaha, nā pāpale, nā hanaʻeke, "noses", nā mea hōʻeha a me nā mea ʻole). I loko o Zubovo-Polyansky a ma nā palena komohana o nā moku Atyuryevsky a me Tengushevsky, hoʻoneʻe ʻia ʻo arch arch Tokmovsky i loko o ka palaka Ryazan-Saratov, ma ke komohana - ka ʻōpala Vadsky, ma ke komohana komohana mai ia - ʻo ka kolo Oksko-Tsninsky, ua hoʻololi ʻia i loko o ke kūkulu hema ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka Zubovoen-Russiaans. hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka lālani pōkole ʻo Novovyselkovsky, ma ka hikina o lākou, ma ke ala ʻākau-komohana, e piʻo ana ke ala o Muromo-Lomovsky, e hoʻokaʻawale ana i ka ʻū o Oksko-Tsninsky mai ka waihona nui o Tokmovsky a me kahi Alatyrsky shaft (uplift), ma ka hikina ma ka Ulyanovsk-Saratov p hookaawale palekoki ka mea e pili flexure Insar, mai ka hema-hikina o ka Penza māhele kona Sursko Moksha-e hooho ana i, huikau e InSAR Trinity, a Kochelaevskim elevations Insar noho. Ka hona ʻia o nā ʻectectika o ka ua palena ʻo Mordovia e ka monoclinic subsidence o nā ʻāpana mai ke komohana ʻākau a hiki i ka hema, paʻakikī e nā kino maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole: ʻo ka make o Permian-Pushkin (e hāʻule ana nā kihi ma ke kūkulu hema - 23, hikina - 8 m per 1 km) papahiki 87 m no 22 km), ka piʻi ʻana o Atminsky, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe (+150 m) o ka siltstone marl, e hoʻopuka ana i ka palaki Hvorostovsky mai ke kūkulu ʻākau. Aia ma ka hema hema o Mordovia: Kochelayevsky uplift 10-11 ākea, 19-20 km ka lōʻihi, 30 m kiʻekiʻe, keʻena papa hoʻokaʻawale i kahi kauhale. Kochkurovo a me Podlesnaya Tavla, moku Kochkurovsky, kahiki kūloko mai s. ʻO Kosogory Bolshebereznikovsky moku o RM i ka kauhale. Ka lā ʻo Mei ma ka muliwai. ʻIke (Ulyanovsk kuea), ma ke komohana o ia he hewa o ke kuhi kikowaena hōʻailona ʻia, ma laila ke kahe ʻia nei ka wai. Nerlake. Ua ʻike pū ka mea noiʻi ʻo R. B. Davydov i nā hōʻiliʻili liʻiliʻi: ʻo Pashino-Rusinovskaya (ʻāpana o Elnikovsky), Sivinsky (kauā Sivin), Novonikolaevskaya, Vertelimskaya (distrika Staroshaygovsky), ka hana "Noseszhdinsky (ke kūlanakauhale Elniki), Meltsansky, Kochkurovsky Kochelaevsky. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā hana āpau e nā neʻe pectonic o ka makahiki Mesozoic. Nā Alpine a me nā hoʻololi i hope, nā ʻōnaehana o ka ea i kahi hōʻoluʻolu o kēia wā, i hoʻoili wale i ka Mesozoic. Ke neʻe nei nā neʻe Tectonic ma ke kāʻei o ke aupuni Repubalika i ke ʻano o kēia wā.No laila, ua lawe ka spurs o Volga Upland i kahi o ka Ulyanovsk-Saratov Trough, he māla i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka hapa nui o nā kaʻina Sur-Mokshan. Wahi a ka atlas geographic (1964), ma muli o nā neʻe pectonic ma mua o 1.5 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua kū ka luna o ka hikina hikina o Mordovia ma 300, waena - 200, komohana - 100 m.

[hoʻoponopono] Nā minuke

ʻO nā hui 4 nui (ka wai lepo, ore, nonmetallic, a me nā minerin a i hoʻākoʻa), ka limu o kā Mordovia he nonmetallic, i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ke kūkulu ʻana, a me ka ʻano o ka wai (lepo wai a me nā mea ʻike waiwai). ʻO kā lākou kumu e pili ana me nā pōhaku sedimentary o ka Quaternary maʻamau, Mesozoic a me Upper Carboniferous age (Mesozoic, Upper Paleozoic sediment). Loaʻa nā waihona he 120 no ka hoʻākoakoa ʻana o nā mea kūkulu hale: 5 mau ʻano o nā peʻa, loams, sands, chalk, marl, flask, tripoli (diatomite), a me nā mea he 42 i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no nā mea kuhi, nā loina a me nā loiloi one no ka hana ʻana i nā piliki a me nā ʻili. nā huina o kahi he 50 miliona m 3). ʻO ka hapa nui loa iā lākou ʻo Levzhenskoye (4.9 miliona m 3) i ka moku Ruzaevsky, ʻo Romodanovsky (4.3), Kergudsky (3.9) i ka moku Ichalkovsky, Saranskoye (3.8), Severo-Reshetinsky (3.6 miliona m 3) i ka moku Torbeevsky. I kahi hoʻohui iā lākou, ua loaʻa he 15 mau mea kūloko (ua loaʻa nā kuhi i kahi o 132 miliona m 3). Mai nā huahana maka ʻala e hoʻoili i ka brand brick 75-125. Kuhi 8 mau kālā (12.5 miliona m 3) o ka pālolo a me ka loam no ka hana ʻana o nā huahana pālolo e hoʻonui ʻia. Nā hānō o 6 mau pūnaewele hou aʻe he 26 miliona m 3. Aia kekahi puʻupuʻu refractory (Shishkeevsky waihona ma ka moku Ruzaevsky, 403 tausani m 3). Holo nā kaona hohonu no nā konika, silicate, construction, plastering a me ka mortar masonry i loko o nā ʻāpala: Voevodskoye-1, Voevodskoye-2 - ma Kochkurovsky, Kichatovskoye, Kochelaevskoye, Parapinskoye - Kovylkinskoye, Usklyavaya nā apana a me nā mea ʻē aʻe (ʻo nā huina keu o nā kumupaʻa ma mua o 50 miliona m 3). Nā kikowaena i koho ʻia no 8 mau wahi e pono ai ma Bolshebereznikovsky, Elnikovsky, Insarsky, Ruzaevsky a me Temnikovsky mau wahi i ʻoi aku ma mua o 100 miliona m 3. I ka makahiki 1961, ua loaʻa ka hōkeo o Reshetinsky o nā kūlou aniani, pono no ka hana ʻana o ka ʻenehana kukui. Kahu ʻia nā mālama he 2,3 miliona m 3. Ua ʻike ʻia nā kime o kahi hui one-gravel (Staroyamskoe hōʻea, nā pānāwai i koho ʻia he 0.8 miliona m 3). Ke kuhi nei i nā pōhaku (dolomites, limestones) o ka makahiki kiʻekiʻe ʻo Carboniferous i hele mai i ka ʻaha ma ke kahakai o Urkat i ka moku ʻo Yelnikovsky: ka waihona Budaevskoye, mālama ʻia o 12,7 miliona m 3. ʻElima mau pūnaewele o nā ʻone kahakai (4.4 miliona m 3) i ʻike ʻia ma nā wahi ʻo Atyashevsky, Dubensky, Ichalkovsky. ʻO kekahi waiwai waiwai nui o nā kakala o ka Repubalika o Moldova, ʻo ka ʻala maka no ka hana ʻana i sima. ʻO nā kumu o nā papa kai marl-Cretaceous o ke kula kiʻekiʻe o Cretaceous a me ka pākuʻi (ma kēlā me kēia 357.6 a me 156.2 miliona m 3) e paʻa ana i loko o ka waihona Alekseevsky o nā kumu lāʻau sima. ʻIke ʻia nā huahana o LATO OJSC ma waho aʻe o nā palena o ka repubalika. He waiwai nui nā waihona kālā ʻo Atemar no ka hana ʻana i ka lime kūkulu hale (hōʻoia i ke ahi o 6.1, wānana - 9,2 miliona 3, e ʻike i ke kīleʻa ʻo Atemar) a me ka diatomite (tripoli, e ʻike i ka hōʻaiʻe o Atemar diatomite, nā Siliceous). I waena o nā minima'ē aʻe - ka phosphorites, ka hao hao, ka shale aila, nāʻaila, nā mea ʻona no nā pika mineral, nā gypsum, ʻeleʻele oak, a pēlā aku, no ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia ka mea. ka hohonu hohonu a me nā wahi ʻoihana ʻoihana he pono ole ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hapa o lākou. I loko o nā kakā o ke Aupuni Repubalika he nui nā wahi kūlou wai maoli. Hōʻalo ʻia nā wai ma ke ʻano, ke kaomi (ke kumu ʻona o 21-217 m). Hāʻawi ʻia nā mea noho o Saransk a me nā kikowaena kūloko i ka wai o ka wahine mai nā dolomite a me nā palena o ka makahiki Paleozoic. Hoʻohana ka ʻāpana ʻāina i ka wai kai. Wahi a ka hohonu hohonu, e hoʻonui ʻia ka mineralization: ua hou ka pae kiʻekiʻe, ʻomo a waenakonu, a he brines ka hohonu (ʻike i ka wai o Mineral).

[Hoʻoponopono i nā kūlana Hydrogeological

RM aia ma ka nuii komohana-hema nā ʻāpana o ka Volga-Sur artesian bass., ma ke komohana hema. hapa ʻāpana e pili ana i ka punaewele ʻo Volga-Khopersky. I ka hydrogeological hana. Ka hoʻokaʻawale kēia papa hale i nā loea 3. Hoʻopili ka mea mua me ka nāheleea Meso-Cenozoic a me nā koina lepo pālolo, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai nā puʻuwai a i ʻole nā ​​kahe puhika-stratal e hoʻoneʻe ʻia e ka hydrographic. ka pūnaewele. Ma ka mānoanoa ua hana mua. nā wai kalaiʻi bicarbonate hou, ka mea e hoʻoneʻe ʻia ai ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻole o ka ua. ʻO ka lua ʻo ka hoʻohui pū ʻana o ka carbonate complex of Paleozoic formations me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ke kaomi wai fractured reservoir wai. ʻO ka hypsometric kiʻekiʻe. ke kūlana o ka pā o ka papa carbonate (kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe 110-210 m), ka mea o ka hoʻopuka nui ʻana i loaʻa i ka pau ʻana o nā waihona kūlou i kōkua nui ʻia i ka pohō nui a me ka pohō nui o ka wai mai nā kahe nui ʻana o ka wai. Kūkulu ʻia ka kolu i loko o nā moena hohonu siliceous-carbonate o nā makahiki Devonian a me lalo o Carboniferous. Hōʻike ka ʻano o ka lepo i ke kumu kiʻekiʻe, ke hoʻolohi nei i ka loli wai.

ʻO nā mea paʻakikī o nā aquiferous o nā kulekele Cenozoic, ua hui nui ka wai. kaila holomua mai ka l Ana mau haneli i ka 2 l / s. Nui ka wai i ka bicarbonate calcium-magnesium a me ka magnesium-calcium sulfate-bicarbonate, me ka paʻakai o 0.17-0.58 g / dm 3, me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa piha o 2-6 mol / m 3. I loko o ka wai i lalo o nā wai, nā mea e hoʻopili ai i nā chlorides, nā mea kanu lako o ka nitrogen, e nui ka nui o ka sodium i ka maʻamau, hoʻonui ka mineralization i ka 1.5 g / dm 3 a i ʻole. Hoʻohana ʻia ma DOS. ka ʻona kanaka no nā ʻohana. pono

ʻO nā mea hoʻomahaʻo o ka moʻo Mesozoic. ʻO ka papa hana o Cretaceous mahele i ka hema. a me ka hikina. nā ʻāpana o ka repubalika. ʻO nā makika wai e hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā wai, nā ʻōpio, nā kapake a ke one. Hohonu hohonu ka wai. 3-52 m a keu aku. Ka ʻokoʻa nā ka neʻe ʻana o ka wai, ʻo ka ʻāpana he kānana he 0.37–7.43 m / lā. ʻO ka holo kahawai o nā pūnāwai ka 3.45 l / s. ʻO ka wai waiʻomela hydrocarbonate mago-calcium, me ka paakai o 0.3-0.4 g / dm 3, me ka paʻakikī o ka 1,4-6.4 mol / m 3. Hoʻohana ʻia e ka poʻe kama'āina no ka pono o ka hale a me ka pono inu. ʻO nā wai i loaʻa i nā waihona one me lalo. ʻōpala, luna. a cf. ʻO Jurassic, - lepo a me interstratal, i ka mea nui. Bicarbonate a i ʻole sulphate-bicarbonate sodium-calcium-magnesium, mineralization 0.2-0.8 g / dm 3, pau ka paʻakikī a hiki i ka 9 mol / m 3, hohonu. ka hanana o 4-40 m, nāwaliwali wai kahe, beats. kahe kahawai o 0.005-0.25 l / s. Hoʻolāʻau ʻia ka wai paʻahana ma kahi pae wai-gully a me ka hoʻopuni wai, a me ka kahe o ka wai ma loko o ka wai i lalo o lalo. Ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i hoʻohana ʻia e kēlā kanaka x-ʻoe.

Aia i loko o ka Paleozoic aquifer he nui, i hana ʻia me nā limima a me nā dolomites; a hiki i 400 m. a i nā 300 m. ʻO nā wai ma nā ʻāpana o ke kaulike o ka hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻana, ʻaʻole i kaomi ʻole, ma nā wahi e kau ana i ka lewa o nā pali wai e hake ʻole. ʻO ka nui o ka kaomi ke 180-230 m.ʻalo nui ka wai, cf. makamae kaila holo ʻana mai 1.6-12.5 a i 5.76-34.25 l / s. Loaʻa ka wai wai o ka wahi paʻakikī waihona o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka wai o ka repubalika. Ikaika ikaika ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ka mauna ma 100-200 m. ano? ele kahua nā wahi i loko o ka hoonee ʻana a me nā mea i ʻike nui ʻia o ka kaupaku o ka carbonate stratum, calcium hydrocarbonate, mineralization 0.2-0.5 g / dm 3, pauku paʻakikī 4-6.2 mol / m 3. E pāle ʻia ka hale i ka hikina. lilo ka wai i wai-sulfate-bicarbonate sodium-magnesium-calcium. I loko o ke awāwa o Insara ua hui ʻia. wai, me ka pailima o 0.8-1 g / dm 3, me ka paʻu piha o 9-11 mol / m 3. Ke hikina a me komohana ʻO ka Repubalika o ka wai i lalo o ka wai ka sulfate-klorida a me ka magnesium-sodium klorida-sulfate, me kahi paʻakai a hiki i 2,5 g / dm 3, me ka paʻakikī o ka lōʻihi a hiki i 28.2 mol / m 3.

ʻO nā mea palupalu i nā wai hohonu-kahi ʻoniʻoni o nā kahe mea nui i nā wahi a pau. Litologich. kona ʻāpana i hōʻike ʻia e ka nāhelehele, nā siltstones me nā interlayers o nā uhi, nā mea manu, a me nā shales. Mana ikaika pānaʻi 584-601 m. Roofing - a hiki i ka hohonu. 233–901 m. Ua hiki ke poʻo wai i ka 380 m.Hoʻonui ka hohonu hohonu o nā mea iʻa i ka stagnation o ka wai. He haʻahaʻa ka hoʻoweliweli wai, beat. hiki ke kahe o ka hala 0,04 l / s. ʻO nā wai me ka melemele o 45.2-173 g / dm 3, chloride calcium-sodium komposisyon, loaʻa ka bromine (0.8 g / dm 3), iodine (2,4), hiki ke hana i ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi o ka pūnaehana a me ka musculoskeletal . ^ E Ha yM. hā'ōnaehana. ʻO ka palupalu i loko o ka moku waena o The Territory ka mea i loko o ka ʻāina. ʻo ka republika, e uhi ana i nā ʻōpio kō. kumu. Hōʻike ʻia e nā ʻōpala lepo, siltstones, sands a me nā one. 128-135 m hohonu ka hiki ʻana o nā pōhaku 500-75 m. ʻO ka palupalu ka wai, ʻōkuhi. hana maikaʻi ʻia ka nānāʻana me ka mau tausani o ka lita i kekona. ʻO nā wai i loaʻa i ka hohonu hohonu e pili ana i ka stagnation a me ka metamorphism, sodium klorida, me kahi mineralization o 217.8-232.6 g / dm 3, loaʻa bromine (6.4 g / dm 3), hiki ke hoʻohana i ka kemika. ʻoihana.

[hoʻoponopono] kōkua

ʻO ka hapa nui o ka Repubalika o Moldova e noho ʻia ma ka piʻi ʻana o Volga ma ke komohana, ka Oka-Don Lowland. I loko o kā lākou hui ʻana, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano heʻelima 3: ka hiʻu-denudats., Secondaine moraine a me ka wai-glacial. ʻAeʻulaʻula. noho ana ma ka hema. a ma ka hikina. mau ʻāpana o Mordovia. Maxim. kiʻekiʻe loa 280-320 m (a hiki i ka 337 m ma ka moku Chamzinsky), min. - 89 m (i loko o ke kahawai o ka Sura ma ka moku ʻo Dubyon). ʻO nā kaʻina hana e hana ai i ka pā. Hōʻike ua ʻoki ʻia ka hiʻona ma kahi o 120 m. ʻO ke kumu o nā laina hakahaka laina. mau ʻāpana ma kahi o 1 km / km 2. ʻIke ʻia ka mākaʻikaʻi e ka hydrographic hoʻomohala ʻia. kahi pūnaewele - nā muliwai Bolshaya Ksha, Malaya Ksha, Shtyrma, Lasha, Cheberchinka, Issa. Hoʻolaha nā awāwa. Kōkua ma nā ʻaoʻao. ma ka hema. papau ka pā. a lulu. --Ology. Ma ke awāwa o nā muliwai liʻiliʻi i hōʻiliʻili nā ʻōpala, nā ʻaʻai a me nā pā hohonu. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ke awāwa Sura e kakaki ana, ma kekahi mau wahi kaʻo, he hemahema ka hema. I ke kai wai. nā ʻāpana pālua a me nā ʻāpana ʻeke me ka lōʻihi o 500-700 m, alt. i 15 m, to-ry aia kahi submeridially, kahi kaawale ka bog. kau wai, waiho hewa. Nā pāpale. Ma ke komohana a me ka ʻākau mai ka laina Kochkurovo - Chamzinka - Atyashevo ledge kiʻekiʻe. approx. 80 m haehae-denudats. komo ka ʻāina i ka moraine lua ʻāpana (denudat. plain that did on the first hilly moraine topography). Maxim. kona kiʻekiʻe, keʻano no ka wai o nā kahe waena. a hee. ʻO Mordovia, 270-280 m.ʻawale nā ​​wahi hoʻokaʻawale i ka ʻaoʻao convex, laulā. 2-3 km. I ka hikina o ka Insar, he poʻe koena, ka poʻe i kapa ʻia he mau mauna (Piksyasi, Kamenka, Piterka, etc.). I ka poʻe e pili ana. ʻO Vada a me Sivini, Moksha-Alatyr Interluve, ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Alatyr, aia kahi pāluku wai-glacial i hoʻopihapiha. nā ʻōpū ʻokoʻa ʻo ka wai glacial (maʻa mau ke one). Mea kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe 150-180 m.hi ʻia ia e nā kai ākea - 8-10 km, akomi a me nā ʻāpana lahilahi wale. ʻO nā ʻōpū o nā kahawai ka paʻakikī i ka paʻakikī, a me ka puʻu, a me ka pili ʻana o Moksha a me Alatyr e nā kaumaha karst, he mauʻano ʻole. ʻO nā awāwa nui loa ka pauka. a hee. Mordovia - Mokshanskaya (lat. Ma nā wahi ʻokoʻa i ka 15 km) a me Alatyrskaya. ʻO kā lākou ʻākau ʻākau a kiʻekiʻe a kiʻekiʻe hoʻi. ʻO ka mea ʻē loa ke awāwa cf. He makeʻe ʻo Moksha, a me ke kumu. a puni ka ʻaoʻao hema. Ma nā awāwa aia nā waikahe a me nā waikahe he 3. papa ʻalani.

[hoʻoponopono] Hoʻolaha

Hoʻoholo ʻia ke ʻano o ke aniani o Repubalika e kona ʻikepili kino. kūlana ma ka make. kikowaena Rus. papu, kahi e alakaʻi ai i kahi pilikia koʻikoʻi o nā hōʻa o ka makahiki. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike o ka leʻaleʻa ma kahi o nā kumu nui. Hoʻonui nā mea hoʻohala honua mai ka 5 i ka dec. piʻi i 58 kJ / cm 2 i Iune. Nālepula. kaulike 92 kJ / cm 2. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka māmā o ka lā i kēlā me kēia makahiki. 1 850 h, Dec - Jan - 35–45, Iune - Iulai - 280–290 hola. ʻO ka mahana wela ma ka makahiki wela he 3-4 ° C, cf. ʻo ka mahana o ke malama loa loa (Jan.) ʻo 11.5-12.3 ° C, a me ke kauwela (Iulai) ʻo 18.9-19.8 ° C. ʻO ka wai o ka pūnāwai hope loa, e pili ana i ka ʻāina, e kau ʻia ma ka Mei 4-16, ka puʻu lau mua - Kepakemapa 18-20. Ma ka honua o ka ʻāina, e kau ana ka hau ma ka Mei 17 - Iune 5, a maʻamau i loko o ka ʻāʻī o ka makahiki 2 o Kepakemapa. ʻO ka wā hoʻomaha o ka hau-mau a hala 149 mau lā. ʻO ka lā kanu (ʻo ka miki wela i kēlā me kēia lā ma luna o 5 ° C) he 178 mau lā, nā lāʻau ola lāʻau (ma luna o 10 ° C) ka lā 137-114. DOSHoʻokumu nā ʻona kūloko i ka Arctic. ea, make ka ea. nā puʻupuʻu a me nā ʻōkuhi. Ua make ka nui o ka ea kaulana. nā kikowaena - ka ʻenekia a me ke kai. ʻO ka moana ka nui o ka wai, i ka hoʻoilo i ka manawa hoʻoilo pinepine lākou i nā huaʻai, i ke kauwela - ke anuanu. Hōʻike ʻia ka Continental i ka maloʻo i ke kauwela, a i ka hoʻoilo ke lawe mai i ka hoʻoilo. Hoʻokomo ʻo Arctic. hau ka hopena o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka mahana, ma ka pūnāwai kahi hoʻi ʻana o ka anuanu a ua hoʻopili pū ʻia ka hau. Hiki pinepine mai nā ʻāina ʻōiwi a me ke kai. air mas Ma ka hikina. aia nā makani i ka pūnāwai a me ke kauwela he mau wā maloʻo. ʻO ka awelika mau makahiki holo ʻeleʻele he 3.3-4.8 m / s. ʻO ka awelika makahiki makahiki he 480 mm, ʻoiai he mea nui. hoemi ana mai o S.-Z. i ka hema-hikina Nā kuʻina o kahi wā mahana (ʻApelila - ʻOkakopa) ka nui o - 70%. Holo ka helu nui loa i ka lā Iulai - approx. 65 mm, min. i feb. - 15-30 mm. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi loa ma ka mōʻaukala nā mea i nānā ʻia ma ka lā ʻAukake. 1972 - kokoke. 2 mm. I ka mea kanu. hāʻule ka manawa ma luna o cf. 300-360 mm, 1 mau manawa i 10 mau makahiki - liʻiliʻi loa ma 155 mm. ʻO ka hau mua i ka DOS. tupu i con. ʻOkakopa, akā hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia no nā hebedoma 2-3. ʻO ke uhi mau o ka hoʻoilo hulu. mau wahi o ka repubalika i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki he 10 o Nowemapa. I ke kihapai o kona cf. kiʻekiʻe loa 25 cm, ma ka ulu lāʻau 40-70 cm. mau iā 140-150 mau lā. Kāhea ka wai ma mua o ka hoʻoheʻe ʻana o ka hau ma cf. 60-120 mm. Hoʻomoe ka hoʻoilo iā ʻApelila 8-13. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana mai ka wai wai ma 390-460 mm. Hōʻike ka hau maloʻo o ka lepo he 60-120 cm, ma ke anuanu a me ka hoʻoilo hau hoʻoilo - 120-150 cm.ʻalo i nā lau ma ka lā ʻApelila 20-25. Ma waena o nā kūlana ʻino. mau mea hoʻohālikelike o ka hau (10-15 lā), mau hau hoʻoheheʻe, nā mele. ʻO nā hau heʻe pinepine ma Ianuali. - feb. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā makani maloʻo i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ikaika loa i ke komohana. Mordovia - 4-6 mau manawa i ka 10 mau makahiki, ma ka hikina. - 6-7, nā makani maloʻo ʻino ma nā wahi āpau - 1-2 mau manawa ma 10 mau makahiki.

[hoʻoponopono] Rivers

ʻO ka Repubalika o Mordovia he 1,525 mau muliwai, ʻo kā lākou lōʻihi ma mua o 9 tausani km, ʻo 86% o lākou he emi mai i ka 10 km ka lōʻihi. Ma kahi o 9% o nā muliwai he 10-25 km ka lōʻihi. ʻO 47% o ka huina o ka Repubalika o Moldova e komo i ka puna Sura, ʻo 53% - iā Moksha. E kahe ana nā muliwai o Moksha, e kahe ana ma ka ʻaoʻao o Oka-Don Lowland, i nā kūlana o kahi ʻāina hoʻomehana ākea i nā awāwa ākea me nā kahe mau o nā waikaʻe nui a me nā awhi. Hōʻike ʻia nā muliwai o ka Sura basin (Volga Upland) e ka hana ikaika a nui ka pāheʻe o ka wai. I ke kauwela, e piʻohiʻu lākou i nā kahawai liʻiliʻi, i ka pūnāwai e lohi wale lākou. ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ʻōpū uila e kahe ʻana o ka pahu Moksha i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka manawa kiʻekiʻe o Cretaceous, ke kuhina Sura - ma ka hope o ka Paleogene.

ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ʻoihana hydraulic o ka hapa nui o ka Repubalika o Moldova uaʻike ʻia ʻo e Don Glaciation, a laila ua hoʻomaka nā wai i ka wai i loko o nā waihona wai-glacial. Ma ke awāwa no nā awāwa nui a me nā awāwa e kū ana nā kahua ākea 3-4. Hāʻawi ʻia nā kahawai, ʻoi iho hoʻi ʻo ka pahu Moksha, kahi laʻu a me kahi nehu lohi (0.1-0.4 m / s). ʻO ka laulā o nā kahawai (e like me nā awāwa) e piʻi ai i lalo, akā ʻo kēia hiʻohiʻona i kekahi mau wahi i leʻa ʻia e nā hiʻohiʻona kūloko (nā ʻano ʻekekika, nā hana lithological, etc.). Ua hui nā kahe i nā kahe: ua makemake ka hoʻoilo - 60-90%, lalo lalo - 7-20, ka waiwai o ka ua i ke kauwela-kauwela e kahe ana i ka wai 5-10%. Ka nui o ka wai i ka wahi e loaʻa i ka wahi. Aia nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka makahiki ma Sura, Moksha, Alatyr. Ma ke ʻano o ka hōʻiliʻili intra-makahiki makahiki o ka holo ʻana o ka muliwai, nona lākou i ka ʻano o ka Pākīpika Hikina, ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ke kai wai ʻana, ke kauwela a me ka hoʻoilo wai wai, a me ka nui o ka runoff i ka ʻohi. Hoʻomaka ka wai kiʻekiʻe i ka hopena o Malaki - i ka hoʻomaka o ʻApelila, a hiki i ka lōʻihi loa ma waena o ʻApelila, a hoʻemi ʻia e ka waena o Mei. Ke hoʻonui nei ka piʻi i ka 10-12, ka hāʻule - 20-25 lā. I nā makahiki o ke kau mua a i ka hopena paha, ua neʻe nā l ā waipihi ma o 1-2 mau makahiki. I ka awelika, ma ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻo ka hoʻoheheʻe nui o ka hau he 87-99%, ua ua nui ka ua ma luna o 3, a ʻo ka panu i lalo he 1-10%.

[hoʻoponopono] Lakes

Ma ka hoʻomaka, nā wai kīhiku o nā Repubalika o Moldova ka nui o nā muliwai (nā loko wai nāʻe wai). He mau lālā lākou a i ʻole kolo paha mai ka nalu nui - ke koena o nā moʻo mua.He ʻano kihi lākou a he kapa paha nā ʻano kāmaʻa (Inerka, Inorka, Zhegalovo, Big Palkino, etc.). ʻO nā kīʻaha o nā karst kumu (ma ke komohana hema o Mordovia) he hapa maʻamau, ʻo ka nui loa ia o Lake Endovishche. ʻO ka loko ʻino nui loa ma Repubalika ʻo Inerka. ʻO ka ʻili he nui eutrophic a me dystrophic. ʻO nā punawai nui nā meaʻai no nā loko, he wai, pohō, ka wai wai. I ke kauwela, hiki i ka mahana o ka wai ma ka wai ke anuanu he 20 ° С, i ka wai pāpua - 25-30, i ka hohonu - a hiki i 10 ° С. Nui nā mokulele e hoʻolaha ʻia e SPNA.

[hoʻoponopono i nā pōmaikaʻi

Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mākeke ma nā ʻāina haʻahaʻa, a me ka uala. I ka Repubalika o Moldova, noho ana nā kīwī i ka 16,5 tausani ha. ʻO nā mea maʻamau loa ma nā awāwa o Alatyr, Moksha, Sura. He lanakila ka pākeke, ka lehulehu i ka Vada basin, a me nā papahele a me nā waikahe. Loaʻa i ka ʻeleʻele a iʻa paha. Ua hoʻokaʻawale lākou e nā momona mineral momona, nā mea kanu like ʻole (reeds, horsetails, sedges, mosses, shrubs, pine, birch, black alder forest). Hoʻokomo ʻia nā lio holo ma luna o nā kahe wai. ʻAi lākou i ka ua. He wahi convex lākou, ka hiʻohiʻona e ka hune o ka meaʻai minima, ke kahe nui ʻana o ka wai a me ka lanakila ʻana o nā mhthum sphagnum i loko o nā mea kanu, i kahi liʻiliʻi a me nā pines. Noho ka Transitional i kahi kūlana waena ma waena o nā wahi haʻahaʻa a me nā uka ʻāina. Ma ke kaʻina o ka hoʻolālā ʻana, e neʻe nei lākou i luna ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka mea kanu mineral, ma muli o ka nāwaliwali o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka wai a i ʻole ka wai. E hele pū ka loli me ke hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea kanu. ʻO ka punawai ka mea nui o nā kaina kūlohelohe i hoʻopili i nā kaʻina o ka hydrological a me nā kaʻina ola. E lawelawe e like me nā mea hoʻoponopono kūlohelohe o ka holo ʻāina o ka ʻōpū a me ka wai wai. ʻO lākou he nui i ka Republic of Moldova i ʻōlelo ʻia i nā wahi i mālama ʻia.

[hoʻoponopono] Lele

Makanā ʻikepili. nā pae, pae ʻāina, nā pōhaku makua, nā mea kanu, alakaʻi i ke anuanu no ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka lehulehu na palapala o ka ʻauhau ʻē aʻe. nā pae. Aia ma kahi o 12 mau o ka repubalika, 25 nā subtypes a me ka nui o nā moena a me nā ʻano o nā moʻa. ʻO Podzolic, ka nahele hina, kahelehele hina hina, nā chernozems, kahi me nā kaile o ka chernozem, kahi hui o nā ʻano alluvial soils, soils of a ravine-girder complex lanakila. Loaʻa ka koena i nā wahi liʻiliʻi. ʻO nā lepo Podzolic ka mea maʻamau ma ke komohana. a me ke komohana mau wahi - Atyurievsky, Yelnikovsky, Zubovo-Polyansky, Kovylkinsky, Krasnoslobodsky, Tengushevsky, Temnikovsky, Torbeevsky, loaʻa ma ke komohana ʻākau. - Ardatovsky, Bolsheignatovsky, nā wahi i Ichalkovsky. Hoʻokumu ʻia ma moraine, fluvioglacial a me nā waiho lole alluvial kahiko, pre. granulometric māmā. kāpili ma lalo o conifers, deciduous-conifers a me coniferous-broadleaf. nā nahele me nā moʻo moss a me nā uhi momi. Kūʻai 103.4 mano ha, 6.4% o ka ʻāpana S.-kh. ʻĀina. Aia nā 2 subtypes. ʻO Podzolic - ikaika. 1,5-2,5 m, ke kiko o ka humus ma luna. nā ʻāpana o ka ʻōlelo 0.3-0.5%, kahi ikaika ka hoʻōla. Sod-podzolic - haʻahaʻa-momona (20-30 mau poʻomanaʻo), ikaika. ka humus horona mai ka 11 cm i ka loamy i 22 cm - i loko o kahi one, ka manaʻo o nā humus he 1.5-3%, kākele, ka phosphorus, pāleka ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ʻo ka mika.

Loaʻa nā pala pīpī hina hina i waena o nā mauʻu ulu o ka hina i ke kaumaha, haʻahaʻa. nā ʻāpana o nā wai, nā wai i hoʻohemo ʻole ʻia. Noho nui he 19 tausani hekahi, 1.2% o ka ʻāpana S.-kh. ʻĀina. Kūkulu ʻia ma lalo o ka pālahalaha. nā wai puʻuwai a me nā ʻōpala piha like ʻole. Ma nā morphology, he like like lākou me ka nāhelehele hina, kahi like lākou i nā hōʻailona o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ke ʻano o nā pōpoki, helehelena-ʻulaʻula a me ka puʻupuʻu, ʻoi ka mānoanoa o ka pae o ka humus ma kahi o nā haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe o humus.

ʻO ka hui o Alluvial (floodplain) i noho i ka 11% o ka nui o ka wahi. S.-kh. ʻĀina. Aia ka hapa nui o lākou ma lalo o nā lepo meu alluvial, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i s. x-ve. I ka hoʻonui. alluvial soddy, i ka waenakonu, he mea maʻamau ma nā ʻāpana o nā kahawai.- alluvial meadow, i ka waena., puni ka wai i nā loko kahiko, ai ʻo nā hiula, alluvial boggy silt-humus-gley and alluvial bog silt-pit soils. Ma ka repubalika, 409.1 tausani ha (15.7%)

Flora o Mordovia

Ma Mordovia aia nā nahele, ka nahele a me nā ʻanuʻu ʻanuʻu. Ua ʻuʻulu ʻia ka nahele ma nā wao. Ke ulu nei lākou i ka pine a me ka puna, nā larch a me ka lehu, nā ʻoka oki a me nā palapala, elm and warty birch, ʻeleʻele linden a me nā poplar.

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Lājiʻi

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Oak

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Elm laau

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Mai undergrowth a me nā mea kanu ma aneʻi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i ka pōpilikia, ka mauna lehua, ʻo ka waionymus, nā lilia o ke awāwa, buckthorn, parsnip, plantain.

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ʻAe pele

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Hoʻolālā

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Lungwort

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I waena o nā mea ulu liʻiliʻi, e pono e haʻi ʻia:

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• - iris leafless,
• - ke anemone,
• - Adonis pūnāwai,
• - Lily of Saranac,
• - Ke'ōmaʻomaʻo nei ke aloha,
• - Lūkini hazel Rūkia,
• - wehe ʻo lumbago i Perennial,
• - ka pepa kaomi, ua maoli,
• - nā paʻuhua Siberia.

Leafless iris

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ʻUlaʻula Lyubov

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Kūpono ʻo Venus maoli

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Ma ka ʻāina o ka repubalika ʻaʻole i loaʻa wale nā ​​kaila hou o kekahi mau mea kanu o ka honua mea kanu, akā ua ʻike pū ʻia nā nūnē o nā mea kanu i manaʻo ʻia e hala mua loa. I mea e hoʻonui ai iā lākou a mālama i nā koena i koe, ua hana ʻia kekahi mau wahi i Mordovia.

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Launa o Mordovia

Noho nā poʻomanaʻo o ka honua holoholona o Mordovia i nā wao nahele a me nā ʻanuʻu lāʻau-steppes. Noho ʻo Muskrat a me muskrat ma ʻaneʻi, makepe pestle a me nā mole maʻamau aʻai, beaver a speckled ground squirrel, jerboa nui a marten. Ma nā ululāʻau hiki iāʻoe ke loaʻa nā moose a me nā moʻo hihiu maʻamau, nā lynxes maʻamau, nā hares, nā squirrels.

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Muskrat

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Wāhi ʻā ʻana

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He waiwai a lahilahi ka honua o ka manu, ua hōʻike ʻia e ka hazel grouse, titmouse, woodpeckers, capercaillie, blackbirds, reed moon, red-footed falcons, balabans, black storks, white-tailed eagle, snake-eater, and peregrine falcon. I loko o nā hale noho, aia ka bream a me ka sabrefish, nā pōkā a me nā manaʻo, nā iʻa a me ka loach, ka char a me ka tench, a me ka pike perch.

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Tit

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Hōʻike Mei

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ʻAi ʻai

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Nā holoholona hihiu o Mordovia:

Kamaʻai

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Laulau

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ʻEkaʻulaʻula

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Mai ka waiwai ʻokoʻa a ʻano like ʻole o Movovia, akā ke hoʻoweliweli ʻia kona mālama ʻia e nā hana anthropogen, hana ʻia nā papa hana, a lawe ʻia nā hana kūlohelohe. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka Smolny National Park i loko o ka repubalika, ma kahi o nā holoholona kahi e nui ai nā holoholona a ulu nā mea kanu like ʻole.

Puʻuwai a Mordovia

Aia ʻo Mordovia ma kahi ʻoihana me kahi kākāʻau Continental maʻamau, no laila ua ʻōlelo iki ka hoʻololi o nā wā ma aneʻi. Hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻokele Mordovian e nā anuanu hau maloo a me nā hōʻoluʻolu wela.

Hoʻomaka ka wā anuanu ma hope o Nowemapa 4-6. ʻO ka hoʻoilo ma mua o ka hoʻoilo me ka hau liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka mahina ʻoi loa ka mahina o Ianuali, ka wā ma waena o ka awelika awelika awelika mai ka 11.1 a -11.6 mau celsius.

ʻO ka manawa o ka hōʻea ʻana i ka puna ma Mordovia ka pau ʻana o Malaki - ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ʻApelila. ʻO kāna mau mua mua he mau rooks e hōʻea nei. Ma hope hope e kū hou ʻia ai nā larks a me nā hōkū. Hoʻomaka ka cherry manu i ka waena, a me lilac - i ka hopena o Mei. Hoʻomaka ka wā puna ma ka hopena o Mei, me ka lōʻihi o kekahi mau lā 58.

ʻO ke kauwela ma Mordovia e lōʻihi ana mai ka 91 a 96 mau lā a hoʻopau i nā lā hope o ʻAukake.

Hoʻomaka ka wā hāʻule i ka makahiki me nā lā mua o Kepakemapa a hōʻailona ʻia i ka hāʻule o ka lau poplar. Hoʻohui ʻia ka mālaila. E mau ana ke Autumn ma Mordovia a hiki i ka makahiki mua o Nowemapa.

Ka huhi a me ke kōkua ʻana o ke Aupuni Repubalika o Mordovia

Aia ka Repubalika o Mordovia ma ka ʻāpana waena o ka Lūkini Lūkini ma waena o nā muliwai Oka a me Sura. Aia ma ke kūleʻa o ke anuʻu ala a me nāalalā kūlohelohe.

ʻO ka ʻāpana ākea o ka Repubalika he 26.2 tausani mau kapuai kūloko. km

Aia hoʻi ke Repubalika oovovia ma:

• Nizhny Novgorod māhele (ʻākau),
• Pae ʻo Penza (hema)
• Ryazan māhele (komohana)
• Ulyanovsk māhele (hikina)
• Chuvashia (ʻākau).

ʻO ke kumulāʻau o ka repubalika he pāpū, he puʻu a kiʻekiʻe paha (ma ka ʻaoʻao hema (hema) ma ke kahawai o ka muliwai ʻo Moksha a me kona mau kahakai (komohana a me ke komohana.

Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana hikina e nā spurs o ka Volga Upland me kahi puʻupuʻu puʻupuʻu puʻu ʻano noho liko. ʻO nā wahi i hoʻokiʻekiʻe loa ʻia - Alatyrsky Val (pleka ravine Mordovian) aia ma ka hikina o Mordovia ma waena o nā muliwai Insara a me Sura.

ʻO ke ʻaoʻao komohana o ka Repubalika kahi papa ʻāina ākea a me kahi mea hoʻowahāwahā iki ʻole ʻia.

Nā ʻāpana ʻāina nā kahe wai, e hoʻopuka ana i kekahi mau ʻano i ka pae ʻāina. Aia nā ʻōpio a me nā awāwa i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka wai mahele me ke kūloko.

Nā kūlana hoʻohālikelike a me nā palapala

Hoʻohālikelike ke anuanu i nā makika me ke anuanu a me ka hoʻoilo ma nā kauwela wela. Ma muli o ke kūlana paʻa o ka wahi, ke ʻano like ʻole nā ​​kūlana kime.

ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka wā mahana ʻo 209-214 mau lā. Ua wikiwiki ka puna (69-71 lā).

ʻO ka awelika o kēlā me kēia lā i ka manawa anu o ka pahuhopu mai -8 a i -18 ºº, a i ke kauwela - mai +15 a +25 +º.

ʻO ka launa nui ma ka makahiki he 450-500 mm. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka ua (70%) hāʻule i ka manawa mahana, mai ʻApelila a ʻOkakopa. Hōʻailona ka nui o ka ua liʻiliʻi i Pepeluali (15-30 mm).

Mai 37 a 44 mau lā i ka makahiki he maloʻo maloʻo, kūlū ka hopena o nā kekele.

ʻO nā wā maʻamau o ke ao e pehu ana i ke ao a me nā ao.

ʻOkoʻa ka ʻāina o ka repubile i ka ulu. ʻO ka hui pūʻana o nā chernoolems waiwai nui a podzolized (44%), nā mea paʻakikī o nā kumu hina hina a me nā wahi liʻiliʻi o nā lepo sod-podzolic ka mea maʻamau.

Ma nā awāwa o nā kahawai nui a me kā lākou mau ʻauamo loaʻa nā pahū ʻāina (3.2%).

Nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe

ʻO nā kumu kūlohelohe o ke Aupuni Repubalika:

Nā kumuwaiwai wai. ^ E Ha yM. Ma kahi o 360 mau kahe e kahe ma ka repubalika. ʻO ka ʻenehana holoʻokoʻa ka ʻāina ʻo Moksha a me Sura basin. Kahi lau ʻia nā muliwai me ka papa mālie, nā awāwa ākea a me nā ʻaliona e kū pono ana. ʻO nā kahawai nui ʻo Alatyr, Sura, Piana, Insar, Sivin, Moksha, Wad, Issa, Vysha, a me Partza. Kāwili ʻia nā kaona wai - lepo a me ka hau a me ka ua. Heʻuʻuku kekahi mau loko, ʻo ka loko ka nui a ʻo Churilki me kahi he 41 hepa. Nā kiola nui - Tokmokovskoye, B. Sarke-Tarasovskoye, Alatyr, Seitme, Pyrmé - he mau noho kōpuna o ka hoʻohana nui ʻana. He nui nā kumu mālama honua, akā ʻo ka 5-6% wale nō e hoʻohana ʻia ai.

Nā minukee. Loaʻa nā hui i loaʻa: kolala hao poloka, phosphorites, peat, nā hana minuke wai. Ma kahi kokoke i nā kahawai Sura, Vad, Moksha he nui nā kolo o ka bog oak. He wahi waiwai nui o nā hale kūkulu: nā waihona o nā kāla o ka flask a me nā ʻāpana marl-chalk (Chamzinsky a me nā ʻāpana Bolshebereznikovsky), marl a me nā ʻoloka (Atemarskoye, Kulyasovskoye, nā limahana Piterskoye), tripoli (ka ʻāina hikina o Mordovia), ka palena haneli (ʻĀpana-komohana) , Saransk), mea hou, pōpoki, pālika palika (Shishkeevskoe a me Nikitskoe waihona).

Nā ʻeleʻele a me nā ʻāpana ʻāina. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO lākou ke kumu maoli no ka hana ʻana i ka mahiʻai. Ma ka ʻāpana o ka repubalika, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mau wahi i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻāina momona: nā wahi haʻahaʻa (Temnikovsky, Tengushevsky, Zubovo-Polyansky) - nā kāwele sod-podzolic, ka liʻiliʻi haʻahaʻa (Ichalkovsky, Bolsheignatovsky, Krasnoslobodsky, Bolshebereznikovsky, Kovyl mauʻu - Kovyl , ke kalelele maʻamau (Elnikovskiy, Kochkurovskiy, Kadoshkinskiy, Insarskiy, Dubenskiy a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe) - nā māla hina hina a ʻeleʻele me nā wahi o ka chernozems a me nā lepo lepo, nā mea kiʻekiʻe ka lua o ka palekana (Lambirsky, Romodanovsky, Chamzinsky, Atyashevsky, mau moku Atyuryevsky, ke kūlanakauhale o Saransk) - chernozems momona loa.

I ka ʻoihana hana kūkulu, ma ke kumu o nā waihona mineral, nā silicate a me ka pā hale keleawe, ka pālahalaha pālolo, pākui, palaoa wili, ka carbonate quarry, mineral wool, pōhaku lepo, nā mea hana i hana ʻia;

Flora a me ka manuʻai

ʻO ka pua nui a me nā manu o Mordovia e ko lākou ʻano pili i ka nui o ka nui a me nā ʻalāʻau ala-ala.

Hōʻike ʻia nā uhi i ka nahele e ka ululāʻau o nā nahele me nā ʻāina a me nā wahi hehi ala.

Ua hui ʻia nā wana, nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e ulu ʻia: alder, birch, linden. Noho nā Hardwoods i nā wahi nui: lehu, ʻalā, maple. ʻO 25% o nā nahele ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e nā ulu lāʻau coniferous (ʻoi aku ka spruce a me ka pine).

Kiʻi 1. Nānā maʻamau o Mordovia. Aʻoaʻo24 - ke hoʻololi pūnaewele no ka hana o nā haumāna

Loaʻa nā ʻōpana i ka ʻaoʻao o ka ululāʻau, ma nā papa kahawai, nā kahawai o nā pālima, a me nā ʻāpana.

ʻO nā ʻano nui o nā mea kanu steppe he mau puaʻa rhizome: mauʻu hulu, fescue, bluegrass, Timothy grass, bonfire. Nā poina-ʻālina he maʻamau-hoʻopoina-me-nots, clover, adonis.

Ma ka hapalua o nā ʻāina āpau e hāʻule ai ma ka nahele ma nā wai o nā wai. ʻO nā mea kanu (me ka lauwili me ka lauwili, me ka pua nani, ʻulaʻula, a me nā mea) a me nā legumes (sickle alfalfa, ʻulaʻula, a me nā mea i ulu). Nui nā lāʻau lapaʻau: hemophilus, valerian, yarrow, holomua, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

ʻOkoʻa loa ka fauna o ke Aupuni. He ʻōlio a me nā ʻīlio hihiu e loaʻa ana i nā wahi mamao kahi e ʻike ai ʻoe i ka lynx, bear, a moose. ʻO nā holoholona hānai manu nui e ola ana maanei: nā puʻukū, nā mea hewa, nā martens, nā mea ulana, nā hares. He nui nā huahuʻu, nā mākele ʻāina, nā ʻupepa, nā beavers, muskrats, otters. Nui nā mele mele a me nā manu, ma nā wahi ʻeleʻele e noho a me ka capercaillie.

ʻO nā ʻano iʻa ka nui i lalo ka waiwai nui: ide, bream, pike, chub, catfish, burbot, crossian carp.