Kuhi ka nui o ka wai i ka wai i loko o ka uhi o ka hoʻoilo a me nā glacier, a he wahi liʻiliʻi wale ia i hoʻoili ʻia i loko o nā kino wai. A e lawa kēia wai pono no nā pono o nā kānaka āpau, inā ʻaʻole no ka nui o ka polū o ka nui.
ʻO ka holomua ʻana o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻepekema o ka makahiki he iwakāluakū i hana ʻia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hana wai wai, ka nui o ka makahiki e hoʻonui ʻia ana i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā haumia āpau i nā ʻano nui 3.
ʻO ka pōpilikia nui loa haumia kemana e like me nā mea pesticides, nā metala kaumaha, nā aila a me nā huahana petroleum, nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻO ka pakanā o ka kemika ka mea maʻamau loa a hoʻomau ʻia, me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hopena ikaika ma ka ʻĀnone. I ka nui o nā hihia, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale pono ia i nā wai kūlohelohe me kēia ʻano lepo.
Kuhi. 1. Hōʻalo ʻia ka wai e nā huahana aila
I mea hoʻohaumia kūlohelohe nā ʻano āpau like ʻole. Hoʻemi ka pehu ponoʻi i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā fungi, protozoa, nā huakaʻi maʻi a me ka pōkole.
Ma kahi o nā ʻano nui o ka hoʻohaumia, ua hoʻopili ka hydrospheres i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka wai me nā koena o nā kaola lāʻau, nā hale noho a me nā wahi ʻoihana, kahi e hoʻokaumaha nui ʻia ai ke ʻano o ka wai a me ka hoʻopōʻino i ka palupalu kūlohelohe.
Kuhi. 2. Kāleka hale i loko o nā wai kūlohelohe
ʻO ka hopena o ka polū hydrac
ʻO ka waiwai wai kahi mea kūlohelohe e hoʻokumu i nā kūlana a pau no ke ola hōʻoluʻolu ma ka honua. Akā, ʻo kahi lako momona loa o lākou, ua hoʻokō ka poʻe e lawe i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi. He mea paʻakikī paha ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka nui o ke ola i ka honua ma o ka honua inā e ʻike ʻia ka pōʻino o ka honua o ka ʻōpio.
Ua ʻike nā ʻepekema ʻepekema o ka wai o nā wai o nā wai ona i nā loli koʻikoʻi i ka pyramid meaʻai, ka hoʻopau piha ʻana o nā hōʻailona hōʻailona i ka biocenosis, ka palupalu o ka maikaʻi o ke ola a me ka make o ka helu nui o nā ʻelele o ka mea kanu a me ka honua holoholona.
Hōʻike hoʻoweliweli kūikawā i nā ola ola āpau ma ka lewa ʻo ka radioaktif ka hoʻomehana ʻana o ka ʻaumekaumaha. ʻO ka pōpō radioaktif he pōpō manawa maoli, hiki ke hele i ka hana i kēlā me kēia manawa, e holoi ana i nā mea ola a pau mai ka maka o ka honua.
I mea e pale ai i ka makeke hope loa o nā pono wai, pono e hoʻopiha i nā ʻano hana like ʻole, nā ʻano holoʻokoʻa like ʻole. Mahalo iā lākou, ʻaʻole ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka wai lāʻau i loko o nā kaila maoli, akā mālama ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia i hoʻokahi mau manawa i nā hana hana.
Kuhi. 3. ʻōnaehana wai hoʻomehana
Pākaʻi ʻia ʻana o ka maʻi hāhā
Hikina Hoʻohui i nā wai likeʻole a pau e hiki ke neʻe ma lalo o ke ʻano o ka ikehu o ka ikehu a me ka gravity. ʻO kēia ka wai o nā moana, kai, loko, kahakai, lalo o ka ʻāina, ka ʻāina, ka wai, ka leʻaleʻa (ma ke ʻano o ka aʻa, fog).
E like me ka helu ʻana ma ka ʻāpana 2.2.3, aia ma kahi o 1,4 piliona km 3 o ka wai paʻakai ma ka Honua (97%). ʻO 361 miliona mau papa ka wahi i ka wahi kai. Aia a pae i ka 40 miliona km 3 (3%) o ka wai kūʻokoʻa. Ma ke ʻano o ka kahe hou ʻana o nā kahe o ka honua, ʻo ka nui o ka wai wai e pono ai no nā mea ola e pili ana i ka 0,04 miliona km 3, a i ʻole he 0.1% o kāna huina holoʻokoʻa.
Nā ʻano hnele pōkole
Hoʻohālikelike i nā palu ma nā mākaʻi e ke ʻano mineral (ma kahi o 42%), kūlohelohe (e pili ana i ka 58%), ka ola (bacterial), ma kahi: ʻoihana, ka hale, aloha, e ka hoʻokō: insoluble, soluble, etc.
Kūkulu ka puna wai me ka pā, ka pālolo, ka slag, nā paʻakai, nā waikawa, ka alkali, nā aila mineral, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, i loaʻa i ka puna waiwila o nā metallurgical a me nā limahana hanaʻenehana.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea haumia kūlohelohe e ka kumu māla: mauʻu, kanu ʻia a me nā meaʻai. holoholona: nā haumia o nā mahiʻai holoholona, ka hoʻokaʻa ʻana o nā holoholona, nā manu holo kīʻaha, nā mea kanu, nā meaola.
Nā kumuwaiwai o ka piehu uila - he mea ia a he kumuhana paha e hoʻopuka ai i nā pōloli, nā microorganism a i ʻole ka wela i ka wai. ʻO lākou ke aniani a me ka meltwater i loko o nā kūlanakauhale, nā ʻona hale a me nā ʻōnaehana ʻoihana, nā holoholona hoʻouluulu a me ka wai wai i hoʻomoʻa ʻia me nā mea kanu a me nā pesticides. Ma kahi o 30 billion m 3 o ka wai i hana ʻole ʻia e hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o nā wai wai i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO ke kumu nui o ka nānā ʻana i ka wai kai o ka ʻai o ka aila. ʻOi aku ka pōʻino o nā ʻōnaehana wai ma mua o nā haumia o ka lewa, no ka mea, ua lohi loa nā kaʻina hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai.
Hoʻopū i nā muliwai a me nā kino wai. Ua hoʻohaumaha ʻia lākou e nā wahi wai mai nā ʻoihana kula a me ke kūloko, nā wai o nā mines, nā mina, nā aila, ka launa ʻana o ka ea i ka ʻōpū, ka hemo ʻana o ka halihali, nā huahana pākuʻu a me ka huki ʻana i nā hua ʻai, nā wahi hana, nā ʻōpala lāʻau i ka wā o ka ʻohi ʻana a me nā wahie lāʻau. Pākuʻi ʻia nā mea i: nā hepaki, nā mea hōʻiliʻili synthetic, nā mea pesticides a me nā mea kanu hou, nā pāheʻe fecal, etc.
I nā ʻāina nui, ulu me ka ulu ʻana ua haumia nā muliwai. ʻAʻole inu wale ka wai o kēlā mau wai, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke kau i ka pū. ʻO ka Nile ka muliwai kahiko o nā kānaka, no hoʻokahi makahiki kahi e loaʻa ai iā ia ma kahi o 100 miliona m 3 o nā mea laʻala a me ka ulia. Ma India, mai 1940 a 1950, loaʻa nā maʻi i ka fecal mai nā wai i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i kahi o 27 miliona mau kānaka. Ua lilo ka Rhine i loko o ka ʻōpala o ʻEulopa. Hoʻokahi wale nō mea hana maʻa, ʻo Bayor, e hoʻokuʻu ana i kahi o 3,000 mau mea iona e komo ai iā ia i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Ma Main, ua hoʻolako ʻia nā ʻōpala i nā mea he nui o nā keiki he 800 i hāʻawi ʻia e Farbercht Hoechst. Ma kahi o 25 km 3 / makahiki o ka wailele wai i komo i ka muliwai nui loa ma ʻEulopa, ʻo ka Volga, me ka kahe wai e kokoke ana ma Volgograd ma 240 km 3 / makahiki. ʻOi aku ka emi ʻana o nā wai waiwawa ma lalo o 1/10, ʻoiai e nā pae hoʻohālikelike mai 1/20 a 1/30.
ʻO nā lapalapa e make. ʻO kahi hoʻohālike e pili ana i kēia ko ka moana kai Aral, kahi e make ana ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka wai wai e pili ana me ke kūkulu ʻana i ka waikā o Karakum a me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka wai kahe o nā kahe o Amu Darya a me Syr Darya no ka hoʻoilo. ʻO kekahi o nā Nui Nui o ʻAmelika - Lake Erie - e lilo i loko o kahi wai kīwī, kahi 6,000 m 3 o ka lole a me ka 40 miliona m 3 o ka hoʻokuʻu honua e hoʻokuʻu ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Kūkulu ʻia ka poʻe e ka maikaʻi o nā māla peni, Lake Ladoga a me ka loko maʻemaʻe loa i ka honua - Lake Baikal.
Hoʻomai ʻia a hoʻoilo ʻia ka wai o lalo o lalo. Hōʻalo ʻia nā mea hoʻonani e ka ua. I ka hau o Greenland, ka loulou alakaʻi i ka makahiki 1969 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka 1953 i hoʻonui ʻia e 20 mau manawa a ʻoi aku ia ma mua o ke ʻano kūlohelohe maoli a 500 mau manawa.
Hoʻoweliweli o nā moana. Ua loaʻa ia: ma muli o nā hana ʻenehana, mahiʻai a me nā hana o ka hale o ka poʻe, ka mea e hoʻopiʻi ai i nā kahe o nā kahawai e kahe ana i loko o ke kai, ma muli o ka kahe ʻana o nā wahi kīnā a me nā kīʻaha lepo i loko o ke kai, no ka hoʻopiha ʻana o nā aʻa mai nā tankers i ka wā e hiolo ai lākou. ʻO kekahi o nā hoʻokuʻi e hōʻoluʻolu i nā ʻāpana o ke kai a me nā wai o ka moana, ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka nui phytoplankton, ka ulu ʻana o ka alika-uliuli a uliuli a, ʻoiai, ke hoʻopiha nei iā lākou i nā wahi wai nui a me ka make o nā meaola ola o ke kai. Ua hiki aku i kēia wā i ke kai, ʻoiai ʻo ka hana nui a mālama i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana iā ʻoe iho, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻihoʻi hou i kona mau ʻano kūlohelohe inā ʻaʻole i kōkua ʻia. ʻO ka mea mua, pili kēia i nā wai kūloko: ka Caspian, Mediterranean, Baltic, Red, Aral a me nā kai ʻē aʻe. E like me ka hopena o J.-I. ʻO Cousteau, me nā hana ʻole e hoʻihoʻi i nā wai o ke Kai Kūʻai, e make nō ʻo ia i nā makahiki 40 wale nō.
ʻO ka wahi mua ma waena o nā mea haumia o ke kai ka aila. No laila, ʻo ka ulia i ka pūnāwai kokoke i Santa Barbara ma Kaleponi i ka makahiki 1969 ua hoʻopili ʻia e ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā i ke kai a hiki i 100 tausani lita o ka aila. ʻO ke ulia o ka supertanker "Torri Carion" ma ke kihi hema o ʻEnelani i alakaʻi i ka hoʻohaumia ʻana o ke kai he 17 tausani mau aila. A hiki i kēia mau hiʻohiʻona ke haʻi i ka wā lōʻihi. Ma muli o nā kumukūʻai aila, ʻo ka hana nui o ka loko i ka wai i nā makahiki 25 i hala aku nei ua emi ka 15-25%. ʻO nā mea haumia o ka wai o ke kai he pesticides, lepo mai ka metallurgical a me nā hana ʻenehana, ʻo ia hoʻi ka poʻe i loaʻa nā metala kaumaha ʻekolu: mercury, keleawe a alakaʻi. No laila, aia ka 5 tausani mau tonogate e hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ke kai kai i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
Ka hopena o ka polū o ka polū e pili ana i nā flora, nā manu a me nā kānaka
Hōʻalo ka wai hoʻoili ʻia e nā huahana mea hoʻohui o nā lānila kūlohelohe a me nā huahana o ka aila, hoʻopau i nā mea kanu, a hōʻino ka maikaʻi o ka wai kai. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka palapala hoʻonui i ka waikawa wai me ka pH 2.4 i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Pitlochry. Ma ke kūkulu ʻākau o Scandinavia, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā kaona waikawa. Ma Austria i ka makahiki 1983, ua kau ʻia he 200 tausani hekahi o ka nahele. ʻO ka make o ka nahele e alakaʻi i ka hiʻona o nā pali mauna, e hoʻonui ana i ka hōʻeha o nā avalanche a me nā ʻāina ʻai. Hele nā wao i wao nahele.
Mai ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka wai i pono ʻole ʻia i loko o nā wai wai, make ka iʻa a me nā mea kanu wai. ʻO ka hoʻohana mau ʻana i ka wai e ka mea nona ka ʻike i nā hōʻino kino i kekahi mau manawa ma mua o ka MPC e alakaʻi i nā maʻi maʻi o ka ʻili, ka ʻōpū, a me ka puʻuwai. Me ka nui o ka MPC, hiki ke loaʻa ka lāʻau a me ka make. Hiki i ke hiʻohiʻona o nā pathogens i ka wai ke ahulau, e like me ka cholera.
Pilikia ka nui o nā ola ola ʻo ka polū o nā kai a me ke kahakai kahakai i ka wā o ka holo ʻana o ka aila mai nā pūnāwai i wāwahi ʻia (ma kahi o 10 miliona mau haneli / makahiki), i ka wā o nā hōʻeha ma nā papa pāwaho o ke kahawai, a i ka wā e holoi ana nā tankers (he 2 miliona tons / makahiki). ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo kēia mau pōpilikia e hōʻeha i kahi pōʻino o ka kaiāulu i nā wahi e hoʻoheheʻe ai ka aila i loko o ka wai, no ka mea, he hopena maikaʻi ka aila a me ka aila o nā mea ola ola, ʻo ia hoʻi ka plankton, ka huahana kumu mua o nā hapanui o nā kai.
Nā kumuwaiwai o ka piehu uila
ʻO ka pilikia nui ke kīpē o ka ʻūhuna. Kuhi nā mea hōʻike i nā kumuwaiwai e pili ana i ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana o ka wai:
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- ʻoihana ʻahana
- hale noho a me ka lawelawe kaiāulu,
- halihali i nā huahana aila,
- ahuwhenua
- ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana
- mea mokupuni.
Hoʻopilikia ka moana
Ma kēia e kamaʻilio hou e pili ana i nā hanana kūikawā. Aia no ka ʻenehana ʻaila, kū ka liʻiliʻi o ka aila hinu i ka lawe ʻia ʻana o nā mea maka mai nā papa o ke kai. ʻAʻole like kēia me nā pōʻino e like me ka aila e hoʻoili ai i ka wā o nā moku tanker. I kēia hihia, uhi ka pahu hinu i kahi ʻāpana nui. Ua pilikia nā kānaka o nā wai wai no ka mea ʻaʻole e ʻae ka aila i ka oxygen e hele. ʻO ka iʻa, nā manu, nā mollusks, nā manuʻa, nā kohola, a me nā mea ola ʻē aʻe e make, make nā ola. Ma kahi o ka pāila aila, make nā ʻehā make, ʻo ka hoʻohui, ka loli ʻana o ka meakanu o ka wai, a lilo ia i kūpono no kekahi pono kanaka.
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Polū o nā muliwai a me nā loko
Hoʻokomo nā lewa a me nā kahawai ma luna o ka konohola i nā hana anthropogenic. E hoʻoneʻe ʻia i loko o kēlā me kēia lā, hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā waiwai i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka hale a me ka hana ʻana i loko o lākou. Hoʻomoe pū kekahi i nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu manu i loko o ka wai. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia mau mea i ka meka o ka wahi o ka wai me ka piha i nā mea minerale, e hāʻawi ana i ka ulu ola o nā algae. Mālama lākou i nā ʻāpana he nui o ka oxygen, noho i ka ʻano o ka iʻa a me nā holoholona wai. Hiki i kēia ke alakaʻi i nā wai wai a me nā loko. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ua ʻike ʻia ka wai o ka ʻāina i ka ulia pōkeke, radioaktif, ʻōpala kūlohelohe o nā kahawai, e hele ana ma muli o nā hewa o ke kanaka.
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ʻO ka waiwai wai ka waiwai o ko mākou honua, ʻoi paha ka nui o ka lehulehu. A ʻo kēia ʻāpana nui loa o nā kānaka i hoʻokau i kahi kūlana ʻinoʻino. Ka loaʻa ʻana o ka kemika, ka ea o ka pilu, a me ka poʻe noho o nā kahawai, kai, a me nā kai, a me nā palena no nā kino wai. ʻO nā kānaka wale nō ka mea hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā aquasystem e mālama i nā wahi wai mai ka luku. No ka laikia, aia ka moana Aral ma ka hope o ka pau ʻole, a e manaʻo nā wai wai ʻē aʻe i kona hopena. Ma ka mālama ʻana i ka hydrros, mālama mākou i nā ola o nā ʻano nui o nā flora a me nā manu, a waiho pū i nā lako wai i kā mākou mau hua.
ʻO ka hana o ka wai
Hoʻokomo ka wai i ka hana pono i nā hana kūlohelohe a i nā mea climatic. ʻO ka wai he pulupulu o ke ao no nā meaʻala. ʻO ka hana nui a ka wai ma ka honua nei ma muli o kona mau ʻano kino.
Aia ka mana o ka wai i ka wela wela o 4.18 J / g · K (kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka ea wela ka 1,009 J / g · K). Ma lalo o nā kūlana kūlohelohe, lulu wikiwiki ka wai a hoʻomoʻo i ka noho, me ka mea hoʻoponopono reguler i ka Honua.
Kahi loa ka lahilahi o ka wai ma 3.98 ° C a he 1.0 g / cm 3. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka wai e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke ʻano me ka hoʻonui a hoʻemi ʻana i ka mahana. Hiki i kēia anomalie ke noho i nā kino wai i ka hoʻoilo ma ka hoʻoilo. ʻOiai ke ʻoi aku ka māmā ma mua o ka wai (ua haʻahaʻa ʻia kona haʻahaʻa), aia nō ia ma ka ʻaoʻao a ua pale ʻo ia ma lalo o nā wai wai. Me ka emi ʻana o ka mahana, e piʻi ka mānoanoa o ke aniani o ka hau, akā, e noho ana ka mahana o ka wai ma lalo o ka hau i ka pae
4 ° C, kahi e ʻae ai i ke ola ālai.
ʻO nā kumu kumu nui o ka pākīpī pākuʻi
Hōʻike ka wai hoʻomoʻewa wai me ia i kahi hoʻololi i nā waiwai kino a me ka organoleptic, he hoʻonui i nā manaʻo o nā sulfates, chlorides, nitrates, nā lāʻau hao momona, ka hōʻemi o ka oxygen i hoʻokahe ʻia i ka wai, ka helehelena o nā mea radioaktif, nā huakaʻi pathogenic a me nā mea haumia. Ua manaʻo ʻia he ʻoi aku ka nui o 420 km 3 o ka lepo manuahi i kēlā me kēia makahiki i ka honua.
ʻO nā kumu nui o ka polū o ka polū e ʻike ʻia:
- lawaiʻa ʻoihana
- waiwale home.
- kahe wai mai ka ʻāina irrigated,
- māla mahiʻai a me nā ʻoihana holoholona he nui.
- kai lawe wai.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā poke lepo āpau i nā hui ʻekolu.
- pollutants ola: microorganisms - nā maʻi, nā puʻupuʻu, nā mea kanu, nā mea kanu - algae, yeast, molds,
- nā mea huki wai: nā mea maʻamau ka mea maʻamau a me nā huahana aila, nā mea uila, nā pesticides, nā metala kaumaha, nā mea hao, nā ammonia, a me ka nitrite nitrogen, etc.
- nā mea kīnā kino: nā mea radio radio, suspids solids, sludge, sand, sludge, heat, etc.
Nā ʻano ʻāpana wai
Hiki i nā hoʻoheheʻe lāola he mea kūlohelohe (phenols, pesticides), inorganic (paʻakai, waikawa, alkalis), nā mea make (mercury, arsenic, cadmium, alakaʻi), non-toxic. ʻO Eutrophication kahi hanana e pili ana i ke komo ʻana i nā kino o nā wai he nui o nā huaʻai (a me nā nīkini o ka pāʻina a me nā phosphorus) ma ke ʻano o nā fertilizers, detergents, waste animal.
Ma Lūkia, ʻoi aku ka manaʻo o nā mea koho polu ma ka MPC i nā kino wai (Papa 6). I ka iho ʻana o lalo o nā wai o ka wai, ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia nā mea ʻino e nā ʻāpana pōhaku, hoʻoneʻe i lalo - hoʻoneʻe, hoʻopau ʻia. Eia naʻe, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻaʻole e holo pono ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe kūʻokoʻa.
Hōʻike ʻia ka maʻi pakanu i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā huakaʻi pathogenic, nā maʻi, nā protozoa, nā fungi, a me nā wai i loko o ka wai.
Hiki ke hoʻoweliweli kūlohelohe i radioaktif, mechanical, thermal.
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona o nā mea radio radioaktif i ka wai, ʻoiai hoʻi i loko o nā koi liʻiliʻi, pōʻino. Pau nā mea uila i ka ʻeneki wai kūlohelohe i ka wā e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ai ka ʻano radio radio i loko o lākou, kanu ʻia ka lepo, etc.E komo nā mea radio radio i ka wai hohonu ma muli o ko lākou makana ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka honua a ma kahi heʻe i loko o ka lepo, a ma muli o ke ʻano o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka wai kai me nā pali radioaktif.
Ka hiʻohiʻona ka mīkini i ka ingress o nā ʻano mīkini i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka wai (sludge, sand, silt, etc.), kahi mea hiki ke hoʻopilikia i nā hiʻohiʻona organoleptic.
Hoʻohui ka pulu ma nā maʻi me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana o ka wai maoli ma muli o kā lākou kāwili ʻana me ka wai ʻano. ʻO ka mahana o nā wai manuahi mai nā mea kanu mana wela a me nā mea ikehu nukle he 10ºC iʻoi aʻe ma mua o ka mahana o nā kino wai e puni ana. Me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ke anuanu, aia kahi hoʻololi i ke kinoea a me ka hoʻohuihui ʻana i ka wai, e alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā bacteria anaerobic, ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā mea hoʻomāmai kino - N2S, CH4. ^ E Ha yM. Ka wai wai, ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o ka microflora a me nā microfauna.
Nā hana kūlohelohe
I mea e pale ai i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe mai nā hoʻomehana, hāʻawi ʻia nā hana palekana e pili ana i ka honua.
- ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana wai ʻole a me ka wai ʻole, ka hoʻolauna ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana wai hoʻihoʻi kūloko - ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka pōkoki paʻa no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana ʻoihana a me ka wīwī ʻāwīwī ʻana, ke ʻano ke ʻano o ka wailele wai i ka wā āpau, a waiho ʻole ʻia ko lākou waihona kauā i loko o nā wai wai.
- Hana ʻia ka ʻaihue.
- Ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka wai i hoʻohanaʻia no ka hoʻouka wai a me nā pono ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka lepo nui o ka wai papa - No laila, ʻo ia ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻokau ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻamaʻa waiwī maikaʻi ʻo ia kahi hana koʻikoʻi a hoʻoikaika i ke kaiapuni.
ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe mīkini
Hoʻohana ʻia e ia e wehe i nā mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka wai lepo (mauʻu, nā ʻolua pālolo, nā hua, a me nā mea like). Kūkulu ʻia ka mīkini ʻōkuhi ma nā ʻano ʻehā:
- paulele
- hūnā
- hoʻoliʻi ma ka hana o ka hana o nā lau centrifugal,
- kānana.
ʻIke ʻia ka kānana i nā gratings a me nā mākēnui māhoe. Hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale i nā hōʻuluʻulu ʻo nui a me nā fibrous mai nā palu waʻa (waʻa wai mai ka pulp a me nā pepa a me nā hana hana hoʻomehana). ʻO ka laulā o nā kalapu he 10-20 mm.
Kahi ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana ma ka ʻāwīwī ʻana o nā haumia me kahi density ρ> ρ o ka wai a i ka piʻi ʻana paha o nā poke me ρ Pestov Sergey 2013 (c)
E Pele Paʻa O Ke Ao Nei
Hiki i ka ʻaila hoʻoili ma luna o ka ʻāina a i ʻole kahakai. I nā kūlana ʻelua, hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā huahana refined i loko o ke kaiapuni. Hōʻalo ʻia ka nui o kēlā mau leʻa nei, akā ua lōʻihi ia i ka hopena. Ma nā hopena, ua hoʻopili ʻia ka aila - loko, nā loko, nā wai kai, nā kai a me nā wai.
Hiki ke hōʻalo ʻia ka aila i ka wā o:
- nā meaʻino o nā tankers e hoʻopuka ana i nā mea waiwai a i ʻole nā huahana,
- Nā manaʻo e ʻike ʻole ai i nā papa aila,
- nā kūlana pōpilikia ma nā paila ua kau ʻia ma lalo o ke kai a me nā kai.
ʻO nā pōʻino nui ʻoihana ʻoihana i nā makahiki 30:
- kahi pōpilikia ma ke Kaiʻo Guanaraba e alakaʻi nei i kahi pōʻino kaiapuni ma Rio de Janeiro,
- ʻO ka moku hoʻokele Prestige maikaʻi loa i kahakai o Sepania,
- ka ho okua ana i ke aila a me nā hydrocarbons mai kahi pahu wai ma Philippines,
- hanaʻino i ʻelua mau māka ma ka Kerch Strait i alakaʻi ʻia i ka nui o nā aila a me ka make ʻana o nā holoholona a me nā iʻa moana,
- ʻO ka ulia nui e pili ana i ka aila i ke awāwa o Mexico.
Nā Pāʻani Hoʻolau
ʻO nā mea hoʻoholo nā kumu o ka pehu o ka hydrosphere. ʻO kēia mau mea i hoʻohui pū ʻia i nā detergents. Hoʻopili lākou i ka kūlohelohe o ka wai. Hoʻopau kēia i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka lūlū a hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi i nā papa hoʻokeo mai ka hoʻopili ʻana.
Nā kiʻi i nā:
- hale ʻapo
- hoʻomaʻemaʻe
- nā ʻōlani a me nā māla puaʻa,
- nā paila a me nā polyvinyl chloride,
- shampoos
- kālai holoi no ka holoi ʻana i nā kīʻaha a me nā nalo,
- pauku a me ka holoi ʻana i ka gel.
Ua kapa ʻia kekahi mau ʻōlapa. Hoʻohana ʻia ka mea hana manuʻai i ka mahiʻai e hoʻohemo i nā pesticides a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe, a me nā huaka parasit.
ʻO nā mea lole a me nā mea hoʻopau i komo i ka lepo me ka wai lepo wai, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ke kai a me ke kai.
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana kūlohelohe i nā hana mahiʻai e alakaʻi i ka mea e ʻike ʻia ma nā mea kanu a wāwahi i ka wai, hāʻule i loko o ka wai me ka pohū, e hoʻopili ana i ka wai o ka wai o ka ʻōpū. E lawe hou nā wai i ka moana i nā mea ʻona.
Hoʻolālā wai
ʻO ka huina wai o ka wai ka wai o ka hoʻokomo ʻana o kēia mau mea i loko o ka hiʻona o ka hydrosp:
- paʻakai paʻakai
- waika a me kā lākou hopena
- alkalis
- metala kaumaha
- slag mai kahi hana waiwai,
- konika keleawe
- hāpū palolo.
ʻO ka salinization aʻaila he mea kūleʻa a me nā minela o ke kīnā. ʻO ka nui o ka inu ka nui o ka waiwai e waiho ana ma hope o ka hoʻohemo ʻana o ka wai a hāʻule i loko o ke ʻano o ka pupū paʻa.
Hoʻolālā kaila keleawe koʻikoʻi
ʻO nā metala koʻikoʻi kahi mea hao o nā pono. Ua pūleo lākou i loko o kā lākou mau hiʻohiʻona me nā pūʻulu o nā trace element, akā he hopena hōʻeha i nā kānaka a me nā holoholona. He paʻakikī kā lākou lawe ʻana. Ke hoʻomau nei nā metala kiʻekiʻe a me kā lākou paʻakai i ke kino a mau loa, e hoʻopilikia pū ana i nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻōnaehana o ke ola, e hoʻokau ana i nā mutations a me nā mea make.
Nā kumuwaiwai o nā metala kaumaha:
- nā kumu kūlohelohe - ka hoʻohelehana o nā ʻōpala a me nā lepo, ka ʻōpala, ka hana a nā lua pele,
- kumu pili kanaka i pili me ka hoʻoili a me ke kōmike o nā minerala, hōʻehu ʻana i ka wahie, nā hana mahiʻai a me nā kaʻa.
Hōʻalo ka wai
ʻO ke hoʻokuʻu i nā ehe mahana a alakaʻi i ka hoʻomehana ʻana o nā kumu wai maoli. A ʻo ke kumu, ʻike ka hydrosphere i ka wela o ka wela a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka wela. Hoʻopilikia ka pōʻino i ke ola o nā mea ola, nona ka home kahi wai kūlohelohe a me nā wahi paʻakai paʻakai.
Hōʻike ka maikaʻi loa i ka hopena o ka hoʻouluulu wai ma nā mea ola ola ʻo ke kūlana me kahi ʻāpana ākea nui. Ma muli o ke kumu o ka wai ʻana o nā kai ua lilo ka mea i mahana me ka kokoke o 1 ° C, ua hoʻomaka ka make o nā corals ma ka pahu. A ke hoʻomaka nei kēia kaʻina e lawe i kahi ʻano hikiʻole, e koi iā ia i kahi hopena koke no ka pilikia.
Polū polū
Ka kūlohelohe a ʻike i ke kaumaha o ke ola kanaka. ʻO nā kumu kumu nui o nā haumia:
- polyvinyl chloride
- polyamide
- polystyrene
- polyester
- polyethylene
- lavsan
- nā ʻalāʻau
- pohū.
Hoʻopiha i nā palaka huila ʻole maikaʻi ʻole i ke kahakai, e hoʻopau ana i nā mea ola kino.
Nā ala e loaʻa ai nā mea hū i nā wai
Hoʻopilikia ʻia ka maʻi o ka pōʻaiapū o ka Honua i kēia mau ala:
- haumia kumu mua - me kēia ʻano, komo pololei nā mea ʻino i loko o ke kino o ka wai mai waho mai.
- poke lepo maoli - i kēia hihia, komo mua nā mea ʻona i ka lepo a i ʻole ka ea, a laila komo wale i ka wai.
Kūpaʻa maikaʻi
E like me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻomehana i nā mea kanu i komo i ka wai wai, ua hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka polū o ka ʻōpio:
- ka paʻa - komo nā lāʻau i loko o ke ʻano o nā mea i ke kahawai, me ka hopena o ka wikiwiki o ka hāʻule ʻana ma lalo o ke ʻano koi.
- hoʻomau - ʻaʻole i komo nā mea kikoʻī i ka pōʻai kūlohelohe o nā mea kemikila i ka hydrros, ma laila e hōʻiliʻili ai a hoʻomau i ka hoʻomoʻe i ka wai.
I mea e loiloi i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻi, hoʻohana ka hydrochemical index o ka ʻike wai.
ʻO ka nui o ka hoʻolahaʻana o ka haumia
E like me ka ʻōnaehana māhele ʻana, aia:
- ka hoʻopōmaikaʻi ʻana o ka honua kahi i ʻike ʻia ma nā wahi a pau o ka honua.
- ka ʻōhulu kūloko o ka wai ʻona e kūloko ʻia ma kēlā wahi, ma kekahi wahi o ka honua.
- hana ka haumia kūloko i kekahi mau wai o ka wai ma nā wahi e komo ai ka hoʻopuni ʻana
He aha nā pōʻino hydrosphere no nā mea ola ola?
Nui nā ʻano ʻōnaehana kaiaulu ma muli o ka haumia o ka ʻaumekone. Aka, ua apala āpau ko lākou kino:
- ka hana kino kino
- ke ulu piha ʻana,
- hana kūpono
- ʻōnaehana a me ka hana hou.
No laila, ʻo ka palekana o ka wai mai ka hoʻopukapuka e pono ai ka nānā pono a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻōlelo holoʻokoʻa i ka pilikia o ka ʻōpala hydrac.
Nā hopena neurotoxic
ʻO nā metala kiʻekiʻe, e hāʻule ana i loko o nā mea ola ola, e hōʻeha ai i nā aʻa o nā nerve. Hoʻopau ka ʻōnaehana pono i nā hana holoʻokoʻa, ke alakaʻi ʻana i nā pilikia neurological like ʻole:
- nā maʻi kūwaho
- manaʻo kaumaha
- Hōʻikeʻike
- autism
- molekuli liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ʻole,
- nā maʻi lawelawe autism
- haka ʻaila
- hiamoe a hiamoe ʻole
- migraines
- kuʻe o ka hana vascular,
- kahe koko ma ka umauma,
- e alakaʻi ana i ka hala o nā hana noʻonoʻo.
ʻO nā maʻi hoʻohālikelike
Inā nui ke koʻikoʻi o nā pōpoki, a laila hiki koke ke make. Inā hōʻemi ka ʻōpū, a laila e hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā mea olakino i loko o ke kino, e hoʻoneʻe ana i ka mea e pono ai.
ʻO nā kīʻaha pōpilikia a me nā mea hoʻonāwī i ka radioaktif i loko o ka wai i hiki ke alakaʻi i ka nalowale o ka hiki ke hānau.
ʻO nā puʻukū kaha ikaika
ʻO ka hoʻololi kālā ka mea nui i ka hana o ke kino. Ke hana nei kēia kaʻina ma ka pae intercellular. Akā inā ʻike ka membranes i nā meaʻino, a laila e hoʻopau ʻia ke kaʻina hoʻololi o ka ikehu i loko o lākou. ʻO ke hopena, ua lohi mua nā hana ola i ke kino, a laila e kāpae a hoʻōla ke kino.
Nā ala e hoʻomau ai i ke kaohi o ka hydrophone
Pono ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka ʻoihana i ka pale o ka ʻōpū ʻana. No ka hoʻolālā hou aku e alakaʻi i kahi hoʻokuʻu ʻole i nā mea laʻawaʻawa a me nā mea make, e loaʻa ai ka hopena loa loa i ka moku o ke kaola. Pono ka mālama ʻana o ka hoʻōla ʻana i nā kānana wai.
Pono e hoʻēmi ka mana o nā kaʻa. Ua lawe kekahi mau ʻāina i nā hana e ʻoi aku ai ke alakaʻi i kēia ala, ke hoʻopili nei mākou i nā mīkini ʻoniʻoni kino me ka pihe uila.
ʻO ka pilikia o ka hōʻemi wai ka pilikia o ka honua, kahi e koi ai i kahi ala komo, e pili ana i ka nui o ka pālahalaha ʻana a me ka pōʻino o ka pono. ʻO ka pale ʻana i ka hydrospose mai ka hoʻomehana kemu o kekahi o nā pilikia nui e koi ai i nā ʻano hana like ʻole.