No nā Oxtails nā ʻōmona Hymenoptera pepeke. He lōʻihi ko lākou kino cylindrical, kuhikuhi ma ke kua, i nā wahine me kahi wahine koʻikoʻi, kekahi ovipositor lōʻihi. Ua puni ke poʻo i ke poʻo, huʻahuʻi ka ʻaka waha, hana maikaʻi. ʻO ka umauma he cylindrical, pinepine convex mai luna. Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻēheu i nā aniani, ka melemele, hoʻonaninani ʻia i kekahi manawa i ke kumu, ma ka piko a i ʻole ka lihi o ka ʻēheu, ʻaʻole iʻeleʻele pinepine i ka lewa holoʻokoʻa, me kahi uliuli-violet tint. Holo nā wāwae, hoʻoulu nui, hoʻouku ʻia me nā niho, spurs a me nā ʻōpū. Loaʻa mau ʻia nā paws i ka 5 mau māhele. Noho ʻia ka ʻōpū, ua ʻike ʻia ka māhele mua me ka pahu ma luna o ka mokulele holoʻokoʻa o ka paukū. Hoemi ʻia ka ʻumi, a ʻo ka ʻewalu a me ʻeiwa ke kahua a me nā ʻāpana o ka ovipositor.

ʻO nā hua manu he oval-elongated me kahi pale elele translucent. Ke keʻokeʻo nei nā ʻōpio me kahi hāpana melemele, cylindrical, ʻili liʻiliʻi S-ʻano, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao ventral, me ʻekolu o nā wāwae pectoral i lalo o ka ʻōpū a me ke kaʻina hana iʻe ma ka hope o ka hope o ka ʻōpū.

Ke hoʻohana nei i ka ovipositor, hoʻomalu ka wahine i ka ʻili a waiho i nā hua i ka lāʻau no nā ʻāpana 1-3. ma kahi wahi me kahi kaula ma ke ʻala. ʻO ka ovipositor o ka tailtail ka like me ka drill i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka hana geological. Aia ia he ʻelua mau ʻēheu, aia ma luna o nā ʻili a me nā lewa hāmeʻe me nā niho ʻili a me nā alima. Hoʻokomo ka wahine i ka ovipositor i loko o ka lāʻau i kahi kokoke i ke koʻi o ka lāʻau i ka hohonu o ka 1-2 cm a hoʻomoʻi i kahi lua no ka hua manu, e hoʻolimalima ana he mau minuke 3-5 i kēia hana. Kuhi ʻia ka mea pala maoli loa mai kēia mai ke neʻe ʻana o ka uha o kēia drill kumu. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia lākou e ka "sawdust" a hoʻoneʻe koke ʻia i ka "sawdust transmitter", kahi mai lākou i hele ai i kahi "sawdust", kahi pae i waho.

Ma kēlā wahi o ka ʻoki i kahi i paʻa ai ka ovipositor o ka pōpoki, aia wale kahi hiʻona o ka resin. ʻO ka hopena, he aneane hiki ʻole ke ʻike i ke ʻano o ka hua a me ka ʻōkuhi horntail i ka lāʻau. Hana ʻia nā ʻōlapa i loko o ka ʻōpala, i hoʻopuni ʻia me ka palaoa o ka drill, a me ka pupate i 1-2 mau makahiki, ma hope o ka ulu ʻana he pepeke ʻōpiopio.

Lele mai nā mokulele mai Iune a Kepakemapa. Hānau 1-2 mau makahiki. ʻAʻole hele nā ​​pākeke i nā meaʻai hou.

Ke hana nui nei ʻo Oxtails i nā pōʻino o ka ʻenehana, kahe pinepine ʻana i ka lāʻau āpau o ka ʻōpala lāʻau. Hoʻopau ka nui o nā hua pua, akā nui nā ʻano ikaika a hiki ke hōʻeha aku i nā lāʻau olakino maikaʻi, e koho ana i ka lāʻau me ka pohihihi. He ʻano ʻēheu hiki ʻole ke ʻike ʻia e kahi ola ʻehā no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻana a no laila ʻaʻole ʻike mua ʻia ka biology o kekahi mau ʻano. Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike ʻia ua pili ʻia ko lākou ola nui i ka lāʻau me ka hopena o ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka wā (ʻo nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e hoʻolilo i ka ʻala i ka make, a pēlā aku) a me nā ʻenemi. I waena o lākou, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ichneumonids o ke ʻano Rhyssa a me ka walnut Ibalia leucospoides Hoch.

ʻEleʻele me kaʻulaʻula polū (Sirex ermak Sem.). Kūpiki kona kino, ʻōkeke. ʻEleʻele ke poʻo, ka umauma a me ka ʻōpū me kahi kui piha. ʻO 15-25 mm ka lōʻihi o ke kino o ka wahine, a ʻo ke kāne ka 15-17 mm. ʻO ke keʻokeʻo ke keʻokeʻo, cylindrical, me kahi kuʻi sclerotized ma ka hope o ka ʻōpū.

Kālala ʻia i nā wao taiga o Siberia. E hōʻino ana i ka larch, fir, spruce, pine. Hoʻonohonoho ʻo ia nā huahana ma nā hale kūkulu hale a ʻokiʻoki i nā wahi, hoʻokaʻawale ʻole ʻia. He like ka ola me ke ʻano o nā ʻano like ʻole.

ʻŌpala kikipiki (Xeris spéktrum L.). Hoʻopili ke kino, lōʻihi, elongated, cylindrical. ʻEleʻele ka laulā kino. He ʻeleʻele-ʻulaʻula nā wāwae, ʻeleʻele ka ʻōpū. Kōlehu nā ʻēheu me kahi palena ʻulaʻula ma ke kihi o ka ʻae. ʻOi ka lōʻihi o ka ovipositor ma mua o ke kino ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o ke kino. ʻO ka lōʻihi o nā wahine (ʻaʻohe ovipositor) ʻo 15-30 mm, kāne 12-28 mm. He keʻokeʻo, he cylindrical, ʻo ia ka larva, ka mahele anal o ka ʻōpū e hāpai i kahi ulu o ke ahulau, ikaika sclerotized outgrowth.

Kūpono ʻia nā mea ʻōleka i USSR, kūikawā i ka Carpathians, Siberia a me ka Far East. E hōʻino ana i ke ahi, ka mea kanu, ka lāʻau Siberian. Hoʻohālike ka noho like me nā ʻano ma mua. Hoʻokomo ʻo ia i ka lāʻau i ʻoki ʻia e waiho ana ma kahi mālamalama i wahi a me ka hōʻoki ʻana i nā wahi, a ua ʻae ʻole ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻenehana.

Ua aʻo hewa ʻole nā ​​kāʻei hoʻopili. No laila, ʻoiai ko lākou koʻikoʻi e like me nā pōpoki loea i hoʻohaʻahaʻa pinepine ʻia. Loa kaulana pōpō momona huawa nui (Tremex fusticornis L.). He palupalu ka maʻi ʻona. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka wahine he 20-40 mm, ʻo ke kāne he 18-30 mm mm. I pālahalaha ʻia ke kino. Poke nā poʻo a me ka umauma, he ʻano ʻulaʻula mai ka ʻulaʻula a me ka ʻulaʻula. ʻUlaʻula nā wāwae. Abdomen matte, ʻeleʻele me nā ʻāpana ʻeleʻele mua a me waena. ʻOi aku ka pōkole o Ovipositor ma mua o ka ʻōpū, me ka ʻōlelo ʻole. ʻOkoʻa ʻē ka kāne i ke ʻano o ka wahine i ke ʻano kino o ke kino. Larva melemele-keʻokeʻo, cylindrical, me ka pōkole (a hiki i 4 mm) ʻeke kikine-ʻulaʻula ulaula i ka hopena o ke kino.

Kālaha kēia ʻano i ka USSR. ʻO ka lele ke kau ʻia ʻana mai Iulai a ʻOkakopa. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia ka puu i ka lā ʻo ʻAukake. Hoʻokomo ka wahine i nā hua ma ka papakū o ka lāʻau Birch nāwaliwali. Hoʻopili nā mea aloha i ka lāʻau a, i nā wā kahiko, waiho ʻia nā kahele nui ma ka ʻala o ke kalala, i hoʻopili ʻia me ka palaoa ma ka keʻokeʻo. Holo ʻole nā ​​moemoe haumāna haumana. ʻO nā imagoes i puka mai mai ka pupa gnaw mai i ke ala ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻoni a koho ʻia ʻo ia ma loko o nā lua kahawai. Lua makahiki. He pōpilikia weliweli o ka birch i loko o nā pale, nā puʻuʻu awāwa a me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka birch me nā mea kanu kai. ʻO ia ka mea hana ʻole i ka lāʻau a wehe i ke ala no ka maʻi fungal. Eia naʻe, ʻike ka nui o ka lāʻau i lalo i nā helu kiʻekiʻe.

ʻIke ʻia o nā pōpoki

He kino lōʻihi cylindrical kēia mau pīpī. Ua kuhikuhi ʻia ke kua o ke kino. Loaʻa i nā wahine he kiko o ka ovipositor lōʻihi.

Larva o ka pōpō.

He cylindrical ma ke ʻano, ua ʻūhā iki ʻia ke ʻano o ka leka S. Ka ʻula ke keʻokeʻo. Loaʻa i nā pōkā 3 mau wāwae o ka wāwae pectoral rudimentary. Ma ke kua o ka ʻōpū o ke ana he kaʻina haneli mau haneli.

Hōʻailona nui ākea

Hoʻopilikia kēia mau pōpilikia i nā kumulāʻau o nā ʻano coniferous, akā ʻoi aku ka makemake i ka pine a puna. I kekahi manawa ke kūʻē lākou i nā kumulāʻau ʻia, e like me ka lehu, birch a me ka poplar. Noho lākou i ka lāʻau i nāwaliwali, i hāʻule ʻia e ka makani a ʻoki ʻia paha. ʻO ke hōʻino lāʻau e hoʻonā ʻia ana e ka mauʻu he alakaʻi i ka make o ka lāʻau, akā kōkua lākou i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka maʻi fungal. ʻO ka lāʻau i hoʻonani ʻia me ka pōpō coniferous nui i manaʻo ʻia he kūpono ʻole ia no ke kūkulu ʻana. He pālahalaha kēia ʻano.

ʻO nā lāʻau o nā pulupulu o nā conifers.

E ola ka hapanui kiki ʻōpiopio nona ka lā 7, akā ʻaʻole e hānai. ʻEleʻele ʻia ke kala o ke kino o ka naʻukepelu, a he melemele nā ​​ʻēheu. Ke hoʻokuʻu i ka ulu lāʻau, hoʻolā kekahi kolohe kanaka makua i ka lua i loko e pili ana iā 7 kenimika ma kēlā ʻaoʻao.

Hoʻopau ka wahine i ka lāʻau me kahi ovipositor a waiho i nā hua i ka hohonu o kahi o 2 centimeter. Hoʻokahi wahine wahine mai 50 a 350 mau hua. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hua ʻōlelo i loko o kahi papa o hoʻokahi mahina. Puka aku nā huaheo mai iā lākou, kahi e hoʻoulu wale ai i ka lāʻau i ke kauwela ma ke kauwela, a laila e hū hou lākou, a laila e piʻi hou i luna o ka ʻōpala. Hoʻopili mālie nā neʻe me ka palaoa o ka drill a hoʻopau i ka pahu.

Hana nā kipa i nā mea i loko o ka lāʻau, hōʻino ka ʻala.

Loaʻa ka mahele larval i ka 2-3 mau makahiki. ʻO ka pupule ʻana o ka palaki e hele ai i ka hopena o ke puna a i ke kauwela paha. ʻO ka pale Pupa, uhi i nā lauoho loloa. Hana ka papa i ka 7-27 mau lā.

Paipalapala ʻaila ʻaina

Hoʻokomo kēia mau pōpoki i ka lāʻau a me ka nāwaliwali wale nō, akā akā pinepine ka lāʻau kūpono. ʻO ka hopena, e maloʻo i ka makahiki e hiki mai ana, no nā ʻano mea kanu lāʻau. ʻOi aku ka pōpoki popo pōpilikia poloka larch, spruce a me nā lāʻau ʻē aʻe. E makemake ana ka mea pīpī i nā kumulāʻau me kahi ʻokiʻoki. Hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia kēia mau pīpī me nā pīkī pine. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻike maka o ka huehue mai ka ʻaoʻao ma waho, hiki ke hoʻomaopopo iā lākou mai ka pili pū kekahi o ka hua me ka pōā.

Makemake nā poʻo i nā ʻoki ʻoki.

ʻO ka hōʻino ʻia e ka popo pine blue he mea maʻamau loa. Ke lele nei i nā lāʻau ola, ʻaʻole ka ʻenehana i ka ʻenehana, akā, kahi maʻi kino physiological. Kālaha kēia mau pīpī ma nā wahi o nā lāʻau coniferous; ua ʻike ʻia lākou i ka mele me Polesie.

Lele mai ka Pula penikala mai Iune a ʻAukake. Hoʻokomo hoʻokahi wahine i nā hua he 350-480, aʻo kā lākou e waiho ana i ʻelua mau ʻāpana.

ʻO ka ʻōhule kekahi lāʻau lāʻau i nā lāʻau pohō.

ʻO nā līlī o kēia mau pōpilikia e hana i nā kaʻe a wili i ka ʻano o nā kaula i ka lāʻau Ke ulu nei nā ʻōpala i nā paukū, nā mea e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke kaʻina ʻai no ka ʻōiwi. Hoʻi hou ka larva makua i ka ʻāpana o ka ʻōpala kahi i hoʻopaʻa ai ia.

Ma nā lāʻau hoʻopunipuni, ʻaʻole i aʻo maikaʻi ʻia nā biology o kēia mau pōpilikia, a no laila, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ko lākou hōʻino. I waena o nā pōpoki pīpī, ʻo ka mea i kaulana loa, ka ʻāpana birch. Hoʻopau kēia mau cattails i nā pale haʻahaʻa nawaliwali.

Inā loaʻa ʻoe i kahi hala, e koho i kahi ʻāpana a me ka paʻi Ctrl + Kākau.