ʻO ka ʻōiwi honu ka ʻohana he ʻohana nunu, nona nā mea he 25 tausani mau mea o ka honua a ʻoi aku ʻoi aku ma mua o 3 tausani mau ʻano ma Russia. Aia i ka iniseti i ke ʻano o nā pīpī, a he 60 mm ka lōʻihi, e like ʻole i nā koho waiho like ʻole mai ka uliuli a hiki i ka metallic tint. ʻAʻole he nui nā ʻelele o kēia ʻano ʻano e lele ʻole, akā holo wikiwiki lākou, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i kēia kaha mai nā hanauna a kekahi hanauna.
He aha nā mea pīpī e ʻai ai, pehea e ʻike ai nā ʻelele o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, e lawe mai i ka pono a i ʻole ka pōʻino? E pili ana i lalo.
ʻAuhea e noho ai nā pōpoki lepo?
ʻO kahi pīhoihoi māla lau o nā kula, he mau ʻano o nā ʻano he nui, e noho ana ma luna o ka puʻu ʻoi aʻe, ʻoi aku kekahi, hiki i ka mea ke hiki ke holo i nā lāʻau. Me kahi helu haʻahaʻa, eʻoluʻolu ka neʻe ʻana o nā pūpū me nā ʻano like ʻole.
Hiki i ka pā i nā ʻano nui o nā pīpī, kekahi o kēia ma lalo o ke koʻikoʻi o ke kaumaha, hiki iā ia ke hūnā i nā wai ʻona. He ʻike maoli nō hoʻi ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻōleʻe o ka ʻāina. Loaʻa lākou a pau i kahi poʻo hoʻokaʻawale, nā wāwae lōʻihi, antennae a me nā manawa caudal ʻelua. Noho ka ʻōkuhi ma lalo o nā mea kanu a pāpū paha i ka lepo.
ʻO nā mea e ʻai ai nā pīpī a me nā hiʻohiʻona o kā lākou hoʻomohala ʻana
ʻO ka manawa pinepine, ʻai ka pīpī lepo i ka nui o nā mea inikini a me nā mollusks. E pili ana kēia:
Hoʻokomo pū ʻia i loko o ka papa meaʻai nā meaʻai kanu a me nā ʻano o phytophages.
Kūkulu nui kahi papa liʻiliʻi a me nā pīpī lauma Crimean, e hōʻea i ka nui o nā makahiki i hala. Koho liʻiliʻi nā ʻano o nā ʻano - he nui i loko o ka nui o ka pīhoihoi ma loko o hoʻokahi makahiki.
I ka awelika, noho mau nā pīpī no ʻelua mau makahiki, ʻo ka hoʻoilo i nā mea kanu i koe mai ka manawa, e kau ana i nā hua 100 ma loko o ka hale a maikaʻi i nā mea waiwai maikaʻi.
Pōleʻele lepo - mea hoʻohana a luku aku: nā ʻano
He ʻano ʻē aʻe nā ʻano o nā ʻano pīpī. ʻEkolu mau makahiki he ʻelua, ʻo kekahi ʻelua. Hoʻonui ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻōkuhi no ʻekolu mau pule ma nā ʻano liʻiliʻi a hiki i kekahi mau mahina i nā nunui.
Loaʻa nā pīpī makehewa i ka hana maʻamau me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pouli, ʻoiai ka lā a lākou i uhi ʻia ma ka malu o nā mea kanu. E lilo nā mea inikua i hana ikaika i ka ua ao.
E like me ke ʻano o ka hana wā, ua mahele ʻia nā pōpoki:
ʻO ka mea mua - puna-liki ke hōʻike nei i ka hana i hoʻonui ʻia i ka wā kōkōlani. ʻO nā mākela kauwela-kauwela o nā pīpī he hana ikaika i ka pūnāwai a me ke kauwela, ma ia manawa, ʻo ke kauwela ʻo ia ka manawa kūpono loa o ka makahiki no nā pīpī i ke kauwela.
ʻO nā ʻano kumuhana kahi e pili ai i nā pōpoki he hilinaʻi nui i ka neʻe a me keʻano o ka hoʻohālikelike.
ʻO ka hoʻohui i ka hana o ka manawa, ʻo ka pīpī lepo (ʻo ke kiʻi ma lalo nei e hana hewa ʻole) i ka māhele o ka mea kūʻai pono e māhele ʻia i kekahi mau mea liʻiliʻi:
- poni
- gula
- emerald
- nani
Loaʻa kēlā me kēia mau i kona wehewehe, ʻo ia ka mea e hiki ai ke hoʻokaʻawale i kahi inisini mai ke koena. No laila, no ka laʻana he emerald beetle i loko o ka pākeke hiki ke lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o 2 a 8 cm. ʻO ke ʻano o nā pepeke manuahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e kahi ʻano elongated elongated, ma mua o lākou he poʻe predator, i kekahi mau mea kanu.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka pīpī lepo ma ka lepo. E hānai nui ʻia i nā hua o nā mea inikua, ʻōpala a me nā mollusks. Koliʻoli kekahi poʻe o kā lākou mau lālā i nā mea kanu ma lalo o nā pōhaku a i ʻole nā papa. ʻIke ʻia kēia mau ʻano manuahi i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka honua, mai hōʻeha i kahi kanaka, me ka luku ʻana i nā mea ʻinoʻino he nui i loko o ka māla a me ka māla. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ka uka mea he mālamalama mālamalama me kahi kaila ʻala.
Pūleʻa palupalu
Loaʻa ka pīpī gula gula i loaʻa i nā ʻāina o ʻEulopa, ma Rūsia a me kekahi mau ʻāina o ʻAsia Central. Mālama ʻo ka pīpī i nā silkworms ʻole ʻole - kekahi o nā pōpoki o ka māla.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino o ka pākeke ke hiki aku 30 mm, ʻōmaʻomaʻo a i ʻole hoʻi ke keleawe ke kino o ke kino me ka paʻi ʻana o ke gula. ʻEleʻele ka hapa lalo, a he ʻalani kaila ʻōmaʻomaʻo mua. ʻO nā puna wai hoʻoneʻe pā punahele ke punahele no ka pepeke, noho nui ʻo ia ma nā māla me nā māla, a me nā wahi me nā ʻāina a me nā māla. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā hua ʻōiwi ʻo Beetle ma lalo o nā pōhaku.
E pili ana i ka makemake o ka pīpī lepo
Nā koho like ʻole o kēia ʻano ʻano i nā koho meaʻai like ʻole no lākou iho. ʻOi makemake kekahi i nā ʻōmū ame nā pōpoki pupae, ka mea ʻoi kekahi ma ka ʻai wili. Eia kekahi, nā mākaʻi o nā pōnike e hiki ke ʻai i nā ʻano o nā honu ʻino.
ʻO ka mea nui loa ka pīpī lepo, violet maʻamau a me ke gula ma luna. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻikepili iā lākou iho e kekahi o nā mea i hoʻohālikelike ʻia e nā ʻohana, e koho nui ana i nā mea ʻokoʻa me kahi kino ʻoluʻolu o ka integumentary.
Hōʻike ʻia nā kūlokoʻo Herbivorous e ka genera Amara a me Ophonus, kahi i koina ʻohana nui. E hānai nā lālā ona i ke koena o nā lau, mauʻu, ka mea kanu ʻole a i ʻimi ʻole no nā mea ola ola.
ʻO kahi koho hoihoi he ʻano hui ʻia o nā pīpī lepo, kahi e hiki ai ke ʻai i ka mea kanu a me ka meaʻai holoholona. ʻO kahi hoʻohālikelike o kahi ʻano i hui ʻia ʻo ka pīpī lepo Ophonus pubescens. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka manawa, e hānai wale ia i nā mea iniketi liʻiliʻi, a mai ka manawa e hoʻomaka ai ka palaoa, ua hoʻololi ia i ka mea kanu, e pili ana i ka pohō i nā mea kanu.
ʻO nā ʻalemona pekina
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona, ʻokoʻa ka poʻe maule o nā mea kanu a me nā mea kanu o nā meaʻai kanu. ʻO ka poʻo i mua ke poʻo a me ke kino elongated, mandibles a me nā mana o ke ʻano. Hiki i ka hoʻolālā kino ke hopu lākou a hoʻopaʻa i ka mea ʻole me ka pilikia ʻole, ʻo ka hapa ma mua o ka hele ʻana o nā wāwae hele ikaika.
ʻO ka pīpī Herbivorous, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole i emi iki ka papa o ke neʻe, ʻaʻole ka lōʻihi o nā wāwae, ʻokoʻa ka laulā a me nā mandibles me kahi ākea ākea no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā meaʻai i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi.
ʻO ka ʻano ʻakano o ka ʻōpala lepo - berena: pehea e hakakā
Kahi ʻia ka pīpī lepo no kona makemake e ʻahaʻaina i nā hua ʻai, ke kōleʻa iā lākou a kokoke i ka ʻōpū. E hiki no i kēlā mau iniseti ke kaua, a ʻike ʻia, inā ʻaʻole e hua mai nā mea i manaʻo ʻia.
I mea e pale ai i nā mea kanu mai ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka pīpī berena, hoʻohana lākou i kahi hoʻohui hoʻohui, e hoʻohana ana i kekahi mau ala kūpono i ka manawa hoʻokahi, e hoʻomaka ana mai ka mahiʻai ʻana a hoʻopau me nā mea kemika. Hoʻouka pono ka nānā pono i ka ʻenehana o ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻano mea kanu like ʻole, ʻo ka haka ʻana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kūlana kūpono no ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu a maikaʻi ʻole hoʻi e hiki i ka ʻāina ʻōiwi larva i hiki ke hele i ka wā kanu.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke kue i ka pūlū huapalaʻi ma kēia ala:
- ke koho ʻana i nā māla kūpono no ka lūlū,
- ma ke koho i nā hua kūpono,
- me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā minela wai kūpono a me nā mea hoʻoulu.
- e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ana i ka ʻokiʻoki ʻana a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka manawa pōkole,
- e lawe pono me ka lawe ana o ka mauʻu me ka huapalaoa me ka hoʻomāe ʻole ʻana i ka mahina,
- Hoʻolālā i ka ulu ʻana i ka ʻōpala ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana.
- hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ke kanu ʻana i ke kumu hohonu hohonu.
I ka hopena, pono ʻo ia e hoʻomaopopo i ka yachting, ka māla ʻana a me ka ʻoi ʻāina gula i mea maʻamau ma Russia. ʻO lākou a pau mai ka ʻohana o ka mea hoʻolaha, no laila hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻole lākou i nā mea kanu. Ua hana ʻia e nā mea ʻepekema ʻo kēia hoʻokolohua hoihoi. Ma ke ala o ka mea e kau ai, ua kau lākou i mau pua Mei. Ma hope o kekahi mau ho'āʻo e ʻaihue i ka loaʻa, ʻike kā ka pīpī lepo ʻaʻole i hiki ke hoʻokō ke kū hoʻokahi a lawe koke ʻo ia i ke kōkua - nā like pū like.
Wehewehe
ʻO nā hua manu he ʻohana nui loa ia, ka nui o nā ʻano genera a me nā ʻano, he mea paʻakikī ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, a no laila he nui nā hōʻailona ʻē aʻe e hoʻohana ʻia no ka maʻi hoʻonaninani: ka waihoʻoluʻu, ke ʻano o ke kino, ka papaʻi o waho, ka papa ʻāina, ka nui, kahi ʻano genital a me ka hetotaxia.
He ʻokoʻa like ka kala o nā ʻūpala lau, ʻo ka mea maʻamau i nā kala ʻeleʻele, pinepine me ka paila metallic. ʻO ka pinepine ke hele a ʻeleʻele aʻeleʻele paha, kahi anuana (iridescent) i hana ʻia, kahi i hana ʻia e ke kahaki ʻai mai nā laina lihilihi.
ʻO ka taxa pilikino, ka nui ma ka pae o nā subfamili a me nā ʻohana, he ʻano ʻano kino. ʻO kekahi manawaʻokoʻa loa ka ʻano kino o ke kino no nā ʻōloʻu lepo: nā ʻano o ka huaʻōlelo Omophron, e noho ana ma nā kahakai kahakai, me kā lākou neʻe like i like me nā ladybirds a i ʻole he mau piʻi ʻeleʻele, nā māka o ka genera e noho ana ma nā lau nahele Drypta, Demetrio a ʻO Odacantha he elongated, ʻanoʻano kūlike o ke kino, no ka eli ʻana i nā ʻanoʻano mai ka subfamily Scaritinae, a me kekahi mau hui ʻē aʻe, kahi ligation-lei kahi paʻa ma waena o ka anterotaxis a me ke kua o ke kino, me ka laulā, anterior tibiae me nā niho, he mau ʻano. ʻO ke ʻano kikoʻī ʻano pilikino i nā ʻano ʻano mai ka hua genera Cicindela, Elaphrus, Notiophilus a o kekahi.
Nā haona o ka imago
Kūʻai ʻia mai nā wahi liʻiliʻi loa, ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 1 mm, i kahi ākea loa, aneane 10 cm.
He ʻokoʻa loa ke ʻano o ke kino, a ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻano he elongated he ʻokoʻa a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi o ke kino oval, ʻo kekahi mau pūʻulu e hoʻohālikelike ʻia i kahi ʻano pōʻai i ke ʻano o ka lens biconvex a i ʻole he ʻāpana lau papa lau. Loaʻa i nā ʻano cua ka pūnaʻu ikaika me ke poʻo nui a me kahi puʻupuʻu hohonu ma ke kumu o ka pronotum, kahi mea e hāʻawi ai iā lākou i ka ʻano like ʻana o nā popo.
ʻO ka ʻala ka hoʻonaninani ʻana i ka ʻeleʻele a me ka metallic wale nō; Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā mea ola ʻē aʻe e ka depigmentation o ke kino.
Poʻo
Huki ʻia ke poʻo i ka prothorax a i luna, a koi ʻia i hope a hoʻopau i nā ʻāʻī ikaika ikaika, ke ʻano e pili ana i nā ʻano meaʻai. Hōʻike ʻia kekahi o nā hui predatory i nā mandibles lōʻihi mau, i hoʻoponopono ʻia e hoʻopaʻa i ka mea pio. Ma kahi kaʻawale, hiki i nā ʻano herbivorous ke loaʻa i nā ʻā nā nui a me ka alapiʻi, hoʻohuihui ʻia me ka hana ʻana o ka substrate loea.
ʻO nā maka o nā ʻāpana like ʻole, mai ka nui (i nā ʻano me nā lā a i ʻole ka hana twilight a ʻelua) (Cicindela, Elaphrus, Notiophilus etc.) i mea e hōʻemi ikaika ai (Leptopaphiamakekahi Trechus a me kekahi). Ma nā ʻano manu e alakaʻi ana i kahi nohona nocturnal, nā maka o ka nui, ma nā ʻano nui a i ʻole ka nui a me ke ana, a ʻoi aku hoʻi i emi a emi mai. ʻAʻohe maka.
Nui nā manawa e kūkulu ʻia nā lālā, a ʻo ke poʻo ma hope o lākou i kahi ʻāʻī i ke lei. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka lae ma nā ʻaoʻao, ma ka ʻaoʻao ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka mua he manaʻo: inā ka pōkole a he pālahalaha loa, a laila ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka frontal fossa, inā lōʻihi ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka pelepole mua. ʻO nā alakaʻi ʻia i nā alaka mua i ka ulu maikaʻi ʻana, i ka ʻaoʻao mua i komo lākou i nā ʻaoʻao o ka clypeus, i ka ʻaoʻao hope i ko lākou hiki i ka heiau. ʻO ka clypeus ka mea maʻamau, ma kahi kekona a i ʻole, ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale loa ʻia mai ka lae e kahi clypeal suture.
ʻO nā lehelehe kaʻe ʻo nā ʻano like ʻole, hiki ke neʻe i lalo o ka clypeus, liʻiliʻi i pili ʻole iā ia me ke neʻe ʻole. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka moa mai ka submentum, ma waenakonu o ka ʻaoʻao kūhelu mua me ka notch, e hoʻolako ʻia me ka niho waena, ka mea hope loa, a i ʻole he puki paha i ka ʻōpala, a i ʻole kuhi hewa. Kūpono nā līkoki lateral ma ke kihi o loko, me nā palena (epilobes). I kekahi manawa ma ke kao, no ka laʻana, i ka hānau ʻana hānau Kakau Hila, ʻO Dyschirius a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, kokoke i ka waena a i ʻole ma ka pae kumu ʻelua mau lua (ka lua o ka lua) o ka pūnao lipory haʻahaʻa, aia, e like me Zhannel, lawelawe i nā pīpī lepo e like me ka hui o ka lohe. ʻO ka aneane mau hoʻokahi a ʻoi paha ʻelua o nā ʻāpana palania i kau ʻia i ka māka. ʻO nā alelo ma ke kiʻi he ʻelua a he nui paha nā kamaa; paraglosses, he kapa paha a pubescent, pili i kona ʻaoʻao. ʻO nā Mandibles i ka ikaika ikaika, i kekahi manawa he nui loa, i ka puʻu lateral i kekahi manawa me hoʻokahi o hoʻokahi mau niho hou (retinacula), ma ka ʻaoʻao mua i kekahi manawa ua hali ʻia nā niho o nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻO Maxillae me kahi laina i kau ʻia ma ka piko, ʻo ka palp e like me ka galeia 2-segment a me ka pālani maxillary 4-ʻaoʻao. Nā ʻāpana pā i kā Labial i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia. ʻO ka māhele hope o nā palps i kekahi manawa i hoʻonui nui ʻia i ka apex (axiform), ax-shaped, triangular, i kekahi manawa, i ke kū'ē, ua hoʻemi ʻia i ka mea pāpili ʻano liʻiliʻi me ka nui o ka pupu penalima ma luna o ka māhele penultimate nui.
Antena (koe Paussinae , ka mea i loaʻa i nā tendrils i kahi ʻano kūlike) 11-kahele, kohoorm a ʻike maoli ʻia, ʻōmai mua ka lako me kahi ʻāpana, ʻaʻole nui nā bristles, nā koena ʻē aʻe, koe no nā mea hope loa, ua paʻa i ka corolla o kekahi mau bristles ma ka laha. He kapa huna ka nui o nā antennae basal, ua uhi ʻia ke koena ma ka ʻaoʻao a i ʻole a kokoke i nā ʻāpana āpau me nā lauoho ʻokoʻa. Lorocera i uhi ʻia i loko o kahi pānaʻi maʻamau i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka setae lōʻihi.
Kōkua
Pronotum o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa loa. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia ka hoʻonaʻauao kūlohelohe i ke ʻano o ka pronotum, ke ʻano o kona ʻano me ka elytra e hoʻoholo i ke ʻano o ka kao o ka mahele ʻāpana o ke kino - ke kīhāpai ʻana o ke kumu o ka pronotum, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ka neʻe ʻana. No laila, ʻo nā ʻano loiloi kūikawā a me nā ʻano o nā pūnāwai i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e kahi ʻano kino ʻokoʻa. Kūpono ʻia ka pale ma ka ākea o nā ʻano he nui, he mau ʻokoʻa wale nō ka hoʻēmi ʻana - no ka laʻana, i kekahi mau ʻano hana ana.
Nā Limbs
Uwila nā wāwae a loloa ka lōʻihi, kūpono ia no ka hele a holo ʻana; ma ka eli ʻana, ua ikaika nui lākou a ʻōkuhi ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao o waho a hana pinepine ʻia nā niho a me nā kūloko. ʻO ka papahele he 5-segmented, ka hind coxae me nā kaʻi ʻāhine, maʻa pinepine i ka midline a e hele ʻana i ka māhele mua o ka ʻōpū. Hoʻokumu maikaʻi ʻia nā Swivel i kekahi manawa i kekahi manawa lōʻihi, ma nā hihia koʻikoʻi ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o nā hope. Ma nā wāwae mua o ka hapa nui o nā pīpī lepo aia kahi mākeke - kahi hui kīnā kūikawā i hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka antennae. ʻO ka mahele ʻehā o nā wāwae i nā ʻano epiphytic, kahi kīwī hohonu, kahi i hoʻopili ʻia ai ka mahele o ke claw, no laila e hoʻokumu pū ana i kahi hui kūikawā no ka hopu ʻana i nā mea kanu. ʻO ka ʻāpana like i nā ana o ke ana ka mea like me ke kaʻina filamentous e kōkua ai e hoʻopili i ka substrate ke piʻi aku i nā paia o nā ana.
Elytra a me nā ʻēheu
ʻO nā maka me kahi ʻano, ka inoa i kapa ʻia caraboid. ʻO ke kumu o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻēheu ʻaʻole wale nō i ka pūʻulu ʻauhau, akā ua ʻokoʻa pinepine ʻia i loko o nā ʻano ʻano. I ka hopena hope loa, e pili ana i ka lula o ka hua e pili ana, nā ʻano ʻēheu e ʻike ana i nā ʻano ʻēheu polymorphism like ʻole. E like me nā mea inikini ʻē aʻe, nā manu lele lele lele ʻole lele a me / a i ʻole nā pōʻaiʻi i hōʻike nui i nā mokupuni, nā mauna, nā ana, a no nā kaiāulu maikaʻi loa a paʻa i kēia pae. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano o ka pālahalaha manuahi ellididate i ke ʻano o nā nīnau o ka genesis o ka hui, ka hana ʻana i nā pāpale glacial, a pēlā aku. Pogonini, pēlā nō nā ʻōnaehana ʻohu palupalu. 'Oi aku ka nui o kēia mau mea' ano lele like lākou i ka lele ma mua o ka holo 'ana mai. Eia naʻe, lele ʻilihue ka hapanui o ka ʻāina a hoʻohana i ka lele no ka hoʻopulapula ʻana, a lele ʻole nā mea ʻē aʻe.
E paʻa paʻa loa ʻo Elytra, no ka hapa nui, aneane piha i ka ʻōpū, aia wale ka ʻokiʻoki i kekahi manawa. I nā ʻōiwi lele ʻole, hiki iā lākou ke ulu pū ma ka ulana, ʻo ka mea maʻamau o ko lākou helehelena me nā puʻupuʻu longitudinal, i hiki ke hōʻhewa ʻia. I ka pinepine o ka nui o nā puʻukū he 9, akā hiki ke hoʻonui ma muli o ka bifurcation a i ʻole, i ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi, hoʻololi, hoʻololi pinepine kēlā ʻano hoʻololi i kēia mau kumu.
Kuhihewa
Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Abdomen ma kahi hui me 6-8 sternites ʻike ʻia. ʻO ka edeagus he asymmetric, e waiho ana ma ka hoʻomaha ma kona ʻaoʻao, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka tube sclerotized uniana, ʻoi aku ka nui o kona helehelena i ka poʻomanaʻo a i ʻole nā kalana o nā ʻāpana lōʻihi e hoʻomau ma nā ʻaoʻao. Parameres a manuahi, hilinaʻi ma ka pūʻulu, symmetrical a i ʻole.
Ma ka hapa nui o nā pīkoi, hoʻāla ʻia nā kāne i ka ʻāpana o hoʻokahi a i ʻole kekahi mau wāwae i ka mua, a i kekahi manawa nā waena waena, ʻo ka lalo o lalo kahi e hoʻopili ʻia me nā lauoho i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e mālama ai i ka wahine i ka wā o ka hakakā. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia i ka wahine ma o nā hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī o ka wahi o ka setae, ka mea ma ka ʻāpana anal a i ʻole nā kikoʻī kikoʻī o ka ʻatikala o ka elytra, nā hiʻohiʻona o ka mikrosculpture, a me nā mea hou i nā hiʻohiʻona qualitative, pinepine nā kāne i nā ʻokoʻa o nā wahine i nā hapa o ke kino. ʻO ka moekolohe maoli a me ka wehewehe maikaʻi, kahi i ʻike ʻia i waena o nā nāu ʻē, he ʻokoʻa ka pīpī. ʻO ka ʻōlelo kaulana loa o nā ʻāpana lōʻihi i nā ʻāpana tarsus (lat. Tarsus) i nā pīpī lepo male kāne o ke ʻano o ka hua. ʻEhaʻaka.
Hoʻoikaika morphology
Kūkulu ʻia nā ʻōleʻa o ka ʻāina ma mua o nā pākeke a ʻo kēia ke kumuhana o ka noiʻi noiʻi. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo lākou ka campodeiform, ʻoi aku ka nui a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka sclerotized, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui (ma nā symphilic a me ka parasito groundles beetles), kahi laila i hoʻopau ʻia, a pōkole loa nā limahana. Ua hui pū ʻia ka clypeus me ka lae, ua serrated kona maka mua. ʻO Glazkov ka mea maʻamau 6 ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi a ʻaʻole paha. Antennae me 3-5 paukū (ka hapanui pinepine me 4) mau māhele. ʻO nā wāwae e like me nā pākeke me nā ʻāpana 5. ʻO ka ʻōpū i 10-segmented, dependite IX maʻamau me ka ʻaina o ka urogomph maʻalahi a ʻokoʻa paha, ʻo ke ʻano o kahi mea nui o ka hōʻailona diagnostic. Ka hoʻohālikelike ka māhele 'X.
Manaʻo i nā Mana Kuhi Abiotic
I waena o nā pono āpau no ka hapanui o nā pīpī lepo, ʻo ka lepo ka mea nui ka mea nui. ʻO ka nui nui o nā ʻano ʻumi e makemake i nā biotopes māla me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Kahi mau ʻano i ia mau hiʻohiʻona o nā mea kāhiko polyphage non-ʻoihana kūikawā. I waena o nā phytophages, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea mesxerophilic spesial, no ka mea, ua hiki i kēia mau ʻōiwi, e like me nā phytophages ʻē aʻe, ke hoʻopaʻi i ka hapa ʻole o ka makue i loko o ke kino ma muli o nā kiko lāʻau. Ma waena o nā parasitoids, aia kekahi nui nui o nā ʻano pale e kū ʻole i ka wai a me ka mālama kiʻekiʻe. Kahi hui pū mau ʻāina e kū nei i ka salinization koʻikoʻi a loaʻa ʻike ʻia ma ka kahawai o nā loko paʻakai a me nā mahi paʻakai.
Hoʻaiho
ʻO ke kumu nui o ka kaila ʻoluʻolu o ka ʻohana ke kumu o ka pālahalaha o kēia mau ʻia. Noho ka nui o nā pīpī i ke anuanu o ka latnika mai ke anuanu a me nā ululāʻau kai, i nā kuahiwi e piʻi ai lākou i ke kāʻei subnival a ma ka hapa nui kekahi o nā māhele like ʻole o ka adnival ecosystems.
ʻO ka hana maʻamau i kēlā me kēia lā
Ma ka ʻāina ʻōiwi ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano nui a pau o nā hana i kēlā me kēia lā. Hoʻohālikelike ka palena ma waena o ka nocturnal me nā ʻano diurnal, ʻelua ma muli o ka intrapopulation heterogeneity a me nā loli o ka manawa i ka hana o kēlā me kēia lā. He mea nui ia e ʻike pono i ka oligothermicity, meso- a me ka hygrophilicity o ka hapa nui o nā ʻano ʻōiwi i ka nui o ke hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā mea e pili ana i nā kuʻuna pīpī pīpī polā. I ka pūnāwai, i nā kūlana o ka wai hohonu o ka lepo, ka nui o ka ua a me ke ʻano haʻahaʻa, he nui nā ʻano ʻano he ʻano nocturnal i alakaʻi i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka lā. No laila, i ka pūnāwai, i nā kula ākea o ka ala hele wāwae, ʻae ʻia nā helu ʻike ʻole, ʻaʻole wale e ʻike, akā hiki ke kauā i ka nui o nā ʻano nui a me nā ʻano subdominant. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kauwela ma nā wahi nahele ma Alpine i ke ahiahi hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā i nā mea ikaika ʻEhaʻaka, Pterostichus, Kalepoi a ʻŌpūma ke ʻano e hele pololei loa nei i ke ola nocturnal. ʻO ka mea mahalo, ʻo kēia ʻano ka mea i ʻoi aku ka nui o nā Carpathians a me nā ʻeleʻele i ka Caucasus, aʻo nā kuahiwi o Central Asia a me ka East Caucasus, ka mea i hoʻokupu wale ʻia i nā ʻano liʻiliʻi. Ke ulu nei ka nui o ka mahana o kēlā me kēia lā a hiʻona ka ʻāina, ua loli ke kaʻe o kā lākou hana i ka wā ahiahi, a laila i ka pō. Ke ʻano maʻalahi o ia mau loli, no ka mea, i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kauwela o ke ʻano nui o ke kauwela, he kiʻekiʻe loa o ka hana i ke ahiahi, a ʻo ke ʻano o nā pō i nā hola mua ma hope o ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā, a no laila, e loli ai ka hui mai ka hui like ʻole, e lawa ke hoʻololi i ke kaʻe o ka hana no nā hola wale nō.
ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ka hana diurnal o ka hapanui o nā ʻano he nui ka lā ma mua o ka napoʻo ʻana i ka lā, i hōʻike ʻia ai ka hopena nui e pili ana i ka hana o ka adaptation ma mua o ka nui o ka mahana, ʻoiai ua emi ia no ka emi ʻana o ka pā o ka pā hau i ka hapā i ke ahiahi. ka haki. Ma nā kūpono āpau, ʻo ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka lā ka mea i hoʻopilikia ʻia loa. Kākoʻo ʻia kēia e ka ʻaha metallic i ka nui o ke ao a me ka hana nui nocturnal o nā ʻano manu he nui. ʻIke ʻia kēia mau wahi kiʻekiʻe ma nā kuahiwi kokoke i ke kaʻe o nā pāheʻe hau a ua ʻike pinepine ʻia e ka depigmentation a me ka ʻiliʻili o nā uhi. ʻO kēlā mau loli morphological i maopopo loa mai ka nānā ʻole i ka nele o ka pono o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka nele o ka makika, akā hana lākou i nā ʻano adnival i mea makaʻu loa i ka radiation hihiu, a hiki paha, ke hoʻoikaika nei iā lākou e alakaʻi i ke ʻano nocturnal i nā kūlana i ka wā i nānā mua ʻole ka maikaʻi ʻole no kēia. Inā ʻoe i ka Caucasus Western puka mākou ma hope o ka lā ma ke kahakai o ka hoʻoilo, a laila ma ka mahana o 0 degere, pinepine ai i ka makani aniani, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā ʻelele he nui o nā ʻano genus scurrying pololei ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka hau ʻŌpū hui N. tenellae hōʻike ana i kēlā me kēia lua i loko o ka hau me ka poʻe hopohopo e ʻike i nā ʻūhā kūlohelohe o nā manu, hou i loko o nā mea kanu manu ʻole, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Mai kēia ʻano ʻike, ʻoiai ke ʻano o ka ʻai. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā phytophiles a me nā ʻano he nui ka mea holo i ka lā. Ma kahi hōʻokoʻa, ma waena o geobionts a me mixophytophages, ʻo ka nui o nā ʻano nui i loaʻa ka hana nocturnal.
ʻO ka pinepine, ma muli o ke ʻano o ka dinamika diurnal, ʻo ka lele ʻana o nā pīpī i ka ʻāina i ka mālamalama hoʻi i ʻike ʻia (Kryzhanovsky, 1983). Ua ikaika loa ka holo ʻana i nā ʻāina mehameha, ma nā ʻano mahana kiʻekiʻe loa. Hiki i nā pōleʻeleʻeleʻele e lele ana i ka mālamalama i hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā pūʻulu he nui. Hoʻokomo pū kekahi i nā ʻano mea e hoʻokau ai i ka lele, a hoʻōla ʻia ka hopena o nā ʻōpio i hoʻokuʻu ʻia a pōkole, a i kona ulu ʻana, ua lilo ka hiki ke lele, a hiki pū pū ʻia me ka huli hou ʻana o nā ʻuā manu. ʻO kēlā mau māla no kēlā me kēia holoholona e loaʻa i kahi ʻano noke i hoʻokahi wale nō i ka manawa. ʻO kekahi hui ʻē aʻe e pili ana i nā mea ʻehā e lele i ka māmā a ʻoi paha ka liʻiliʻi ma ka manawa holo. I kēia hihia, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā makahiki he nui i hoʻokahi manawa, hoʻonāukiuki ʻia e nā ʻano like ʻole (no ka laʻana, i nā ʻano kahakai - ke kulu ʻana i kahi waihona waiwai).
Nā hana lehulehu
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā pīpī lepo nona nā ʻano monovoltine a hāʻawi wale i hoʻokahi hanauna i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Ma nā wahi polar a ma nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻohe o kēia mau ʻano lāʻau i ka wā e hoʻokō ai i ka hoʻomohala i hoʻokahi manawa a laila mau ka hoʻomohala ʻelua mau makahiki. Hōʻalua nā pīpī hoʻoilo i nā makahiki ʻokoʻa a ʻo kekahi o lākou i ka hoʻoilo i ka lua o ka manawa. Pākuʻi mau kekahi mau ʻano i hoʻokahi makahiki. ʻO kahi liʻiliʻi i ʻike ʻia i nā hihia i kūkulu ʻia ai nā ʻelua o nā pīpī lepo ma kahi o hoʻokahi makahiki. Ka laulā ākea, ʻike ʻia nā pīpī lepo e ka diapause endogenous. ʻO ka hoʻohuihui a i ʻole ka photoperiodic reactivation, i ka lua o ka manawa, pinepine ka lua o ke ʻano, kahi hana o kahi kauoha pōkole a me nā hana lōʻihi o ka lā. I kekahi mau ʻano, ʻokoʻa ka controlivivation no nā kāne a me nā wahine. ʻIke ʻia ka kauwela kauwela no kekahi mau ʻano ʻano.
Ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, e like me ke ʻano o ka dinamics pākino, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pīpī lepo i 3 mau pūʻulu nui: nā pākeke puna wai me ka hana o ka hopena mai kahi kuli haumana) a me nā ʻano pālule (overwinter larvae, hoʻopōmaikaʻi ʻia nā pākeke i ka hapalua o ke kauwela a me ka hoʻoilo). Ua koho ʻia kēia hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma ke kumu o nā waihona puke ma Larsson, 1939). Ma hope o nā haʻawina ma hope mai ua hoʻonui i ko mākou mālamalama i nā ʻano ʻano o nā ʻano kīmina o nā wā kūlohelohe, akā ʻo ka māhele i loko o ka pūnāwai a me ka lūlū ua kū i ka hōʻike o ka manawa. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana holomua o nā kuʻuna makahiki, me ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o ka diapause, i ʻōlelo ʻia e Thiele (Thiele, 1977). ʻO ka hapanui pinepine, ʻano hilahila nā pupu ʻāina i loko o ke ʻano o ka wā nui - ke hoʻoilo i nā ʻāina māla a me ka wā o ka monsoon i nā ʻāina pākihi No nā ʻano nui o nā nāhelehele lepo, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā mika makahiki.
Mau kumu pono
ʻO ka hapanui o nā pīlehu lepo e pili ana i ka poʻe predyp polyphages, ka mea i hui pū me ka helu nui e hoʻoholo i ko lākou mea nui. Ma muli o ka hala ʻole o ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hilinaʻi i ka mānoanoa o ka mea hoʻomake, hiki i ka pīpī o ka ʻāina ke pani i ka ulu o ka pōpilikia a hiki i ka hopena i hōʻea loa i ka paepae koʻikoʻi. Ma muli o ka paʻakikī o ka hānai, ʻaʻole paha e ʻae ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ala o nā kahe, nā hana wā kolala ʻana, a me nā mea pīpī ʻāina pono, akā, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana palekana palupalu, kahi hoʻolālā maikaʻi ʻia o nā ʻano hua like ʻole, a ʻo nā wīwī kūpono e hiki ai ke hoʻonui i ka hana pono o kēia mau ʻonekele ma ke ʻano he ʻano ʻano. ʻāina e hoʻohana.
Loaʻa nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi o ka acclimatization o kekahi mau ʻano o nā pīpī lepo (ma ke ʻano kūikawā, nā pīpī) ma ʻAmelika Hui ʻia. Ma waena o nā nāhelehele a nā phytophages a me nā mixophages, aia nā pōʻino koʻikoʻi, kahi nui o nā ʻano kīlaha lau o ka ʻenehana. ʻO Zabrus).
Kahi helu
ʻAʻole paʻa i ka nui a me nā palena o ka ʻohana e pili ana i ka mea kākau a me ke kula ʻepekema pili. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana ʻoi loa e hoʻopili ʻia e nā entomologist Farani e hoʻokaʻawale i nā pīpī lepo i kahi ʻumi kanalima ʻohana kūʻokoʻa, ka hapanui o ka pili ʻana i nā ʻohana subfamilies a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana o nā poʻe kākau ʻē aʻe.
Ka papa inoa ʻōnaehana o ka hoʻokūkū ʻai (Carabidae) ma Rūsia he 3,293 taxa (5 subfamilies, 40 mau ʻohana, 184 genera, 289 subgenera, 1959 species, a 592 subspecies).