Poho o nā Biological Science L. SEMAGO (Voronezh). ʻO ke kiʻi ʻo I. Konstantinov.

He manu olaolaola a hoihoi mai ka Sparrow, me ka waiwai a me ka launa pū. Ma waho o ia, nā mea kūloko o ke kūlanakauhale e like me ka mea i ʻā ʻia e kahi pā o ke kahe. I loko o ka pola poli Tiksi, ʻaʻole ia ka lā awakea, nā paia hiapo o nā pali i ka waena o ke kauwela, nā polar poli, akā i ka pau ʻole o nā ʻuʻuku i nā alanui e hōʻeha iaʻu. Kulanakauhale, akā, ʻaʻohe mau manu liʻiliʻi.

ʻO nā makahiki he ʻumikūmālua mau makahiki i hala, ma ka Helu 3 o ka nūpepa no 1986, ua paʻi ʻia kaʻu moʻolelo ma ka hale Sparrow. I kēia mau makahiki, ua hōʻiliʻili nā mea nānā hou, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā manaʻo hou, kahi aʻu e makemake ai e kaʻana aku me ka mea heluhelu. He aha ia - ʻo ko mākou hoahele hānai?

Aia mau ʻo ia a me nā wahi a pau, akā ʻaʻole ʻo ia i ʻike ʻia ma nā wahi he mau makahiki ma mua, ʻaʻole hoʻi ʻo ke kūkā kūikawā i hāʻawi ʻia i kiʻi piha o kona ʻohana a me kona ʻano hana. ʻAʻole ʻo ia e ʻae i ka nānā pono ʻole iā ia iho. Ua kamaʻāina mākou no nā ʻohana, akā ke aha ka ʻike o kēia manu? Ua ike ʻia i ka manawa o ka manawa e hoʻohemo ai ka wahine i ʻekolu mau a ʻehā paha mau hua eʻoi aku ai ma mua o ka mea e pono ai no ka procreation i ke ola mālie. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ke ola ma ke kūlanakauhale ma hope o kahi kanaka e piha i ka huli a me ka pōpilikia. Hoʻoikaika i kekahi mau mea kahaha, aʻo ka sparrow e kōkua i kahi nohona ʻohana koʻikoʻi. Ae, ʻae, mai ʻakaʻaka ʻoe.

Pono ka hoʻoilina o ka makua o Sparrow i ka mahalo a me ka hoʻonani. E noi mau ʻia kahi kāne ʻohana a me ka makua i ka honua o ka manu. ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke hoʻomanaʻo i ka mea nona ka manaʻo i ka wā e hoʻokumu ai i kahi ʻohana i kahi ala hou, ua hōʻaiʻē ke kanaka i ka ʻohana e pono ai ka makua a me nā ʻano makua mai nā manu, me kona hoa noho kokoke - kahi puaʻe. ʻO nā hōʻike o waho o ka aloha mare a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i loko o ka home kīwaha i ʻoi aku ka ʻū a me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia ma mua o ka māla. ʻO ke komo ʻana o ka ngahā, ke ola ka ʻohana o ka sparrow i nā pā, i ʻole like me nā mea hōʻike ʻole, nā malihini, nā hulahula, a me nā mele.

Akā he aha ke ʻano o ka haunaele, kokoke i ka makahiki āpau a me ka liʻiliʻi, me nā wahi liʻiliʻi o ke alanui, nā hoʻolalelale o nā alanui kāne ʻoi aku. Ma nā manu manuahi a me ka manuahi, ua pau ka mālama kālā i ka manawa a ma ka manawa, ʻoiai i loko o ka māla lā e hoʻomaka ai i ka kumulā mua ma hope o ka hoʻoilo o ka hoʻoilo, ulu lākou e ka wai, make i ka wā e noho ai nā wahine ma luna o kā lākou hua moa, e hoʻopiʻi ʻia me ka hoʻoikaika hou ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana o nā moa. Eia naʻe ua lilo nā ʻōwī i nā ʻōpio, inā ʻaʻole like he ʻano like like me ka manawa mua, a ʻoi aku ke ʻano o ka kāne i ka hoʻomaha. A i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o molting i Iulai, e loli ka lole, kūlulu nā kānaka a pau: ʻaʻole i mua. I loko o nā lole hou, lawe hou nā kāne i ka hauʻoli puna kūpono, kahi e kū ʻole ʻole ai i ka hoʻoilo ma mua o ka hoʻoilo.

Pākuʻi ʻia ka sparrow me ke ʻano ʻole o kahi exaggeration ke kapa ʻia ka hakakā ʻana, no ka mea e kū mau ana a puni wale nō ka wahine. Inā hoʻokahi ka mea hoʻokahi, a laila nani nā mea a pau. No ka ʻike ʻana ʻo Sparrow i kahi pūnana mehameha i ka ʻāina, ma luna o kahi lāʻau, ma luna o ka hale, pohihihi ʻo ia iā ia a, me he mea lā e lele koke ana, e hoʻolei ana i kona poʻo, e hoʻohiolo ana i kona mau ʻēheu a huki ʻana i kona huelo, hoʻomaka e holoholo a puni me kahi hiehie nui: ʻĀnō, e ʻōlelo nei lākou, he aha wau! Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi ʻano o ka laina i hiki ʻole ke ke hele ʻia: hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i kahi pāpono, ʻoi aku hoʻi, ka mea koʻikoʻi. Ia manawa ike wau i ka puaa me ka wikiwiki, lele koke ai i kahi lala kahi e noho ana ka wahine, a paa koke iho la no ia me ka ukiuki nui e haule iho ana kekahi mai o ke ana mai eono mika. Aia ʻo ia ma kona kua. A haehae ʻo ia iā ia, moe ana, me he mea lā e hoʻohiki nei me ke kaea ʻulaʻula. Ua pakele ʻo ia, akā ʻaʻole naʻe e anuanu, hoʻomau ʻo ia e hoʻopaʻa ʻana, akā ma ka huakaʻi mahalo, eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻae, ua hālāwai ʻo ia i nā hoʻoweliweli hou mai kona ʻaoʻao aku. No kekahi mau kumu, ʻaʻole loa e aloha ka Sparrow.

ʻAʻole koʻikoʻi ke helehelena o ke keikikāne. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe, e like me ka lā pīhoihoi lau, a i ʻole heʻeleʻele mai ka umu hoahu, i loko o kahi hulu pulu i ka ʻōpala, hiki iā ia ke holo i ka wahine i hoʻokaʻawale i nā manaʻo mai ke kuahiā alanui.

Hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine, ʻelua mau pīkī i ka manawa hoʻokahi i ka pīkī hoʻokahi, ʻaʻohe mālama o kekahi i kekahi, a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i kā lākou mau umauma, lele lākou, ʻokuʻumi e hopu i kā lākou mau ʻēheu hapalua. Kūʻē kekahi i mua, ʻo kekahi mai ka huelo. He ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hakakā ʻana i ʻelua, a ʻo ka wahine, kū malū a me ka hakilima ʻo menacing, kīnā. ʻO Males e hoʻohuli hou i kāna ʻili, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka mea e hopu ai i kekahi o lākou e ka mua. Ua ʻeha ʻia kā Tom, a huli i waho, lele a. Ua lele ʻo ia, akā lele ka lua ma hope, e paʻa ana ʻo kona huelo. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole ia e kōkua i kahi ala i ke kiʻi ʻana i ke aloha.

ʻAe, a i ka wā he ʻelima, ʻelima, he ʻumi a ʻoi aku paha ka lele ʻana o nā kāne i kahi wahine, ʻaʻohe ʻano o ka hoʻomaikaʻi a me ka hoʻohanohano. Lawe ka poʻe i kēia papa kuʻuna o kēia manu no ka hakakā ʻana ma ke alanui. (Maanei, e kūpono nō ka ʻōlelo ʻana ke kīleʻe a nā liʻiliʻi nā manu liʻiliʻi a i ʻole ke nānā ʻole ʻia a pili ʻole ka poʻe hoalauna, a ʻaʻole hoʻi he hopena. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona o ka mea hoʻonaninani ʻole, ʻike ʻia kekahi mea i hoʻonāukiuki ʻia e kekahi hana kūpono ʻole me ka moʻo ʻana manu, ua kū ka ʻōpio puaʻa i kahi ʻalā hilahila no ka manu i loaʻa ʻole. Akā i ka hilahila a me ka hoʻowalewale, ma kahi o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa a me ka haʻahaʻa, nā kumu nui i loko o ka kīwaha i loko o ʻelima a ʻeono paha kekona mau kēlaʻi āpau a puni.

I kekahi mea ua nānā aku au i ia ʻano. Ua puni ʻia e ʻelua kāne ʻumi mau keʻokeʻo. Ua lele koke kekahi o nā wahine, e huki ana i kekahi o lākou, akā hoʻi hou nō ia - hoʻokahi - a kū me ka poʻohiwi e poʻohiwi me kahi hoalauna. ʻO ke koena ʻekolu i huli ai i ka paʻakikī, a he ʻumi ola a he ʻumi mau puʻu kahi kokoke i hoʻokahi minuke ka holo ʻana ma lalo o nā wāwae o nā poʻe hele, ma lalo o nā kaʻa e kū ana ma ka papa.

ʻO ke ʻano o ke kuʻina o ke alanui "matchmaking" i lilo lohi ma hope o nā makahiki no ka helu ʻana i nā kinipōpō hale i nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale o ka Lūkini Lūkini, ma Polani a me Bulgaria. I ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻoilo, ua hele nā ​​pōʻai ʻai ʻuā a pau ke nānā aku a hiki i ka wā e hele ai ka hōʻoluʻolu i ke ola o kēia mau manu (nā ʻalā a me nā ʻukukeke, nā kālā hou mai nā sparrows, ka puʻu manu, ʻike ʻia nā hualoaʻa, ʻo ka manawa ʻole mai ka ʻimi ʻana i ka ʻai) e helu ʻia. kane a wahine. Loaʻa i kahi mau tausani. Ma nā wahi āpau ua nui aku nā kāne. I ka awelika, ua hoʻohuli ʻia he haneli a me kanalima nā koikoi manu ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hua kanu hōʻemi no nā haneli he kanalima a me kanalima. Akā he manuahi ka manuahi, ua kūpaʻa nā manu o ka pālua i kekahi i kekahi no nā makahiki, a me ka manaʻo kuhihewa nā kāne, ʻoiai e ulu ana, e nānā, e like me nā pika flyied, no ke kaikamahine lua o ke ola, nalo wale iho ʻo ia. A ʻo ka mea ʻaʻole i loaʻa kahi ʻohana mai ka wā i hāʻule ai a i ʻole ka wahine i ka wā hoʻoilo, ua hoʻopau ʻia ʻo ia e hoʻopau i ka makahiki e hiki mai ana he bachelor, a nāna nō e hoʻohana i kēlā me kēia manawa e hoʻohuli i kahi wahine kūʻokoʻa e noho pū. Loaʻa ia, pōmaikaʻi - ka hālāwai me ke kuikahi e kamaʻilio i kahi manu i make ai. A laila, ma hope o kekahi mau kīnē o ka hulahula pōkole, lele ʻo ia i kahi a kahi āna i ʻimi ai no ka pūniki a i ʻole hoʻi e hoʻokele paha e hana, a lele ka manu ma hope. A ʻaʻohe kalepa - no laila e hele i kēia manawa.

I ka hoʻohou o ka makahiki ʻelua, i ka wā o nā ʻōpio ʻōpio o ka hanauna hou e lilo i manu kūʻokoʻa, nā bachelors kahiko (he sparrow i ka lua o ke ola ʻana ke ʻano ʻoluʻolu loa e kāhea aku i kahi ʻelemakule) ʻaʻole loa e haʻo lākou i kā lākou. Akā he mau hoaaloha o kēia mau wahine, nā manu liʻiliʻi mua e ʻike iā lākou iho i ke kūlana o ko lākou "mau ʻuhane" a e hoʻāʻo e, e like me kēlā mau mea, e hoʻowalewale i kēlā pua. ʻO ka kūʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole like kahi wahine hoʻokahi mai kahi ʻohana hoʻokahi, akā mare ʻia e kāna ʻano hoʻohālike i kona kūlana. ʻO ia ke kumu e kolo nui ai kēia "matchmaking": ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻopili piha ʻana ma mua o kahi match.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole paʻa ka manuahi i hoʻopunipuni iā ​​ia, a makehewa ʻaʻole ʻo ia e nalowale ka manawa. ʻO ia wale nō ke waiho i kahi pūnana e like me nā rula o nā ʻohana uma, ʻaʻohe ona ʻohana. ʻAʻole pau nā hau i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ʻaʻohe mea nāna e ʻohi mai ka lepo, akā ke ʻohi nei ʻo ia i ka lālā ma kahi lālā maloʻo, ʻili nei i nā hulu ma kahi o ka hakakā pigeon, he tikiki ʻōpala ma ka oki. Kūkulu nui ʻo ia, ʻaʻole no kekahi, a i ka manawa pōkole kāhea nui ia i kona kāhea ʻana - "chim-chim-chili". ʻO kāna mele punahele holoʻokoʻa. Hoʻohana pū ka kāne, a i ke kauwela, ke hoʻomākaukau nei no ka bro lua a i ʻole ke kolamu o ka male, hana pinepine ka wahine me ke kōkua ʻole o ke kāne. I ka nahele paʻa, ʻo ia ka wahine. I ka wā e haʻalele ai ʻo ia i ka nalo i ka wā hoʻolelipele ʻana, ua koe ia i kiaʻi ma ke alo o ka puka.

ʻO ka wiwo ʻole a wiwo ʻole e mālama ana i ka hale. Hiki iā ia ke hāʻawi i kahi hoʻopiʻi ikaika i ka mea paʻa a me ka weliweli o ka nalo o nā malihini a me ka mea pepehi - ʻoki ʻia ʻo ia i pakele mai nā mea nona ka inaina. E hoʻomaha wale i ka hakakā ʻana i kahi hōkū, hiki ke hoʻomāino ʻia ʻia, akā ʻaʻole naʻe e hoʻolohe i kahi mea hoʻoweliweli a nui hoʻi. ʻO nā hakakā hala ma waena o nā pōhā pono ʻole i like ʻole e like me nā manu e pale ana i ka ʻāina mokuhina, a ʻo ke kumu o ko lākou mau kumu ke maopopo wale i nā mea aloha wale nō, akā he mea like ʻole ka lili, inā e lilo ia i kumu no ka kaʻe, ka mea ma kahi mua. Ke nānā aku nei ʻo Sparrow me kahi manaʻo ʻole no ka hoʻāla ʻana o nā bachelors no kāna wahine, me ka maopopo o kona ʻono ʻole a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. Akā ʻaʻole i ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mau lole lole, holo ʻo ia e kōkua, huki i ka mea hoʻomau e nā hulu, akā ʻaʻole e hāliu i kēia kōkua i kahi hakakā. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia nā hakakā maoli no ka hānai. Inā he ʻāpana o kahi ʻāpana i ka ikaika, a laila, hopu aku ia, a lele ʻole, ʻaʻohe mea e hahai ana iā ia, e like me ka manuahi. ʻAʻohe mea e ʻalo e lawe i ka waiwai mai ka hoalauna inā mālama ʻo ia ia i kona beak: ʻo ia kāna mea waiwai. Akā inā e hoʻokuʻu ʻoe, e wikiwiki nō ka poʻe a pau. A inā he nui ka hānai nui, a laila, ʻaʻole e wikiwiki ka manu e hopu i ka millet a i ʻole ka millet wale nō - i ka manawa mua e lele i hope o kāna ʻano.

Momona ka ola ʻana i ka hanana a ʻo nā hanana liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole mākou i ʻike i ka mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia e kākou. ʻO ka laʻana, ʻo "uncles", ka mea i ka pūnāwai hiki ke hakakā i nā ʻōpiopio ʻōpio, i ke kauwela mālama i nā holoholona o nā holoholona ʻōpio. ʻAʻole lākou e hoʻopaʻi i kekahi no ka hōʻole ʻole, ke aʻo aku nei lākou i nā mea a pau a ke ahonui nei lākou i ka hoʻokō koke ʻana i ke kauoha "Alarm!" a "Kau a kau!". Aia i kēia manawa, ʻoiai ʻo ka poʻe ʻōpio ke hele aku i loko o nā aʻa o nā keiki, ua mālama ʻia kēlā puʻupuʻu nui. Hiki iā ʻoe ke haehae i ka pua ʻai i kāwī aʻe ma kou lima, akā ʻo ka mea kuʻi manu, ka mea i hele ma ke kula puka pōkole e noho mau nō ia a hiki i ka hopena o kona mau lā. ʻAʻole kēia he siskin. ʻAʻole ʻike nā manu liʻiliʻi i ka mea o ka make o kekahi hoahānau, aloha ʻole i ka manu i make. ʻO ka make ʻana o kekahi a i ʻole i mua o ka poʻe a pau ʻaʻole nō hoʻi i aʻo i kekahi mea. ʻAʻole kēia nāu.

Ma koʻu kūlanakauhale ka mea e pane iki ai i kēlā nīnau ma mua o ka manawa hoʻokahi: "No ke aha ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻuʻupu pīpī i ka ʻohana?" ʻAʻole, ʻaʻole i kahi radiation. Ua emi maoli ʻo Vorobyov ma loko o ke kūlanakauhale, akā no ka mea, ua hoʻōki ka poʻe kauhale i ka hānai iā lākou me ka like like. Hoʻomaopopo, no ka laʻana, ka palahalaha a momona, akā maikaʻi ka ʻai ʻana i nā pōpoki me nā pā a me nā kiʻi, hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia kekahi me kekahi a me nā pigeons ma muli o nā ʻōpala o nā pōpoki a me nā pastie. I kēia manawa e noho mau ana ia i nā konohiki a me nā mea ʻōpala.

ʻO nā Sparrows, me ka uku nui no lākou iho, ua lawe pono i ka palekana kaulana o nā manu piʻi manuahi ma hope o ka hoʻolaule ʻana o Moscow i kanalimakumāhiku mau makahiki. Hoʻokahi mau tausani he ʻokiʻoki ma luna o lākou ma nā wahi āpau e hānai ai i nā manu. I ke ahiahi, lele ʻole lākou i lele i ka pō, lele kai lākou me ka kiʻi o nā pā kahiko me kā lākou mau tweet. I ke kakahiaka, ʻo ka palaka ma lalo o kahi o ka pō e like me ka papahele ma lalo o kahi koi i kahi hānoa moa. Akā ʻaʻole i liʻuliʻu ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā huaʻa i ka huaʻa a me ka maʻemaʻe "ʻo ka honua" a i ʻole nā ​​ʻeke palaoa, ua hoʻomaka nā lūlū e ninini pū i nā manu. A ma aneʻi, ua lilo nā ʻōpala home. A laila ua pōʻino. Akā, ʻaʻole mākou ʻike hou i nā ʻohana kahiko, ʻaʻole make ka ʻohana kuikani, a i ke kauwela he nui o mākou ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia e nānā i nā moe maikaʻi mua ma mua o nā puka.

Wahine Halima wahine

ʻO ka manu kōpaʻa kaulana i ʻike ʻia a he mea maʻamau a heʻe liʻiliʻi hoʻi i ka lehulehu. ʻOiai, ʻo kā mākou pilina me ia he mea maopopo loa o ke paʻakikī a me ka pupule no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hōʻeha a i ʻole ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi mau mea ola i kanaka.

No nā ʻōpū no ka manu manu ulana.Plocidae), i ka hapa nui o nā i noho ma ʻApelika. ʻO ka punahele punahele o nā mea ulana i ka helehelena, ʻo ia nā huaʻala o ka huaʻai, a hānai pinepine lākou i nā mea moʻomeheu o kēia mau mea kanu. ʻO nā manu, e like me ke kulekele, he manu manuahi, ka manawa ke lele wale a lele wale, akā i ka manawa like pinepine lākou e mālama i nā hipa nui a me nā ʻaihue i nā kolone. Loaʻa kēia mau hiʻohiʻona i nā loina 15-17 o nā manu liʻiliʻi maoli - nā ʻelele o nā mea hoʻohua Pākaʻi.

Mākou hale home (Pākuʻi home), paha kekahi o nā mea i kūpono loa i ke ola ma hope o nā manu manu. Ma ke ala waena, ma ʻEulopa, he hale ākea kahi mamao loa mai nā kānaka ʻaʻole i kūpono. I ka hūnā ʻia o nā kānaka mai ka wahi o Chernobyl ma hope o ka ulia i ka mea kanu mana hana i ka makahiki 1986, ua pau ka pili ʻana o ka hale kiaʻi ma laila, ʻoiai nā kaola manu ʻē aʻe e noho nei ma kēia wahi.

Hoʻolaha loa ka hale Sparrow: ma waena o Eurasia (koe wale nō ʻo ka Arctic, northeast, hikina a me waena o Asia) a me nā Pelekane Pelekane, Norway, Asia Minor, a me ka ʻĀina Hindustan. Noho ʻo ia ma Arabia, North and East Africa. I ka makahiki XIX. lawe ʻia kēia ʻano i ka ʻĀkau a me ʻAmelika Hema, i kekahi mau mokupuni o ka Moana Caribbean, ka ʻĀpelika hema, Ausetalia, New Zealand, a no ka mea ua hoʻokō ʻia ʻo ia i laila. I ka lua o ka hapa o ka makahiki XX. Hele ka hale Sparrow ma Iceland, Kenya, Senegal, a me nā Azores. Ma ʻAmelika, ua hoʻonui ʻo ia i kona ʻano i ka wikiwiki o 2050 km i kēlā me kēia makahiki: ua noho ʻo ia ma Mekiko no 40 mau makahiki, a laha mai Chili a Ecuador ma 55 mau makahiki.

Wahine wahine kāne male wahine

Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka pā o ka manu ʻana o ka hale ma Eurasia. Ma aneʻi e kū like ai i ka ʻĀkau a i ka hema, i Asia Hikina. Ma ke kūkulu hema, loaʻa paha i ka nahele ʻo ka hale i ka moku Aral a i ke awāwa Syr Darya. Ua ʻikea ʻo ia i kēia manawa ma ka Hikina Hema: ma ka ʻAina Amur, ma Primorye.

E like me nā mea ulana - nā manu o nā ʻāina i ke kūkulu hema, ʻaʻohe ʻōiwi o ka manu e noho ai i ke anuanu o ke anuanu (ʻoiai ua mālama ʻia kēia manu ma nā kuahiwi - ma nā Alps Swiss ma kahi kiʻekiʻe he 2,3000 mau mika, ma ka Himalaya - 4.6 tausani m). Aka, pili ana i ka noho kanaka, ua komo koke kahi puaa a hiki i loko o ka palena o ka tundra halaʻole, a ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa ma ke ʻākau o Yakutia, ka waha o Pechora, ma ka ʻāina Murmansk. Ma nā kauhale a me nā kauhale, nā ʻōpū o ka hale a ma aneʻi, i nā wahi anuanu, loaʻa ke kūlana maikaʻi maikaʻi: hūnā ia i nā lūlū a me ka wehe o nā hale, hānai i nā ʻōpala, nā koena o ka ʻai, nā hua ʻai, ka palaoa mai nā hale wako, nā hale kūʻai, nā pahu. Noho ka pili o ka manu kōlau ma ke kūkulu ʻākau, ʻo ka ikaika a ka pilina me nā kānaka, akā ma Central Asia, i ka hema o Turkmenistan, hiki iā ia ke pili a mamao aku i kahi noho kanaka.

Ma ʻUulopa, hiki i ka nui o nā hua manu hale ma kekahi mau wahi ke hiki aku i 400 mau pālua ma ka 1 km2. Wahi a nā kumuwaiwai, 60-200 miliona mau manu liʻiliʻi i noho ma ʻEulopa. Ma Lūkia - ʻoi aku ma kahi o 30 miliona mau huina (ʻoi aku paha a hiki i 100 miliona). Ma nā kūlanakauhale o Ukraine, kahi manu i ka hale, paha, ma mua o nā manu ʻē aʻe i hui pū ʻia, ʻo ka lua wale nō i nā pigeons a me nā corvids i loko o ka biomass.

Eia naʻe, mai ka hapalua o ka makahiki he XX. ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka nui o nā manu liʻiliʻi i kekahi o nā wahi o Western Europe (ʻoi aku hoʻi i Kelemānia, Holland, Pelekane, a me Czech Republic) i ka hoʻemi ʻana. No laila, ma ʻEnelani mai ka makahiki 1970, ua emi ka nui o kēia ʻano holoholona ma mua o 2/3, a hoʻomau ʻia kēia ʻano, no laila e pale ʻia nā mea liʻiliʻi manu. ʻO ka emi ʻana o ka nui o nā manu he nui i mālama ʻia i loko o kekahi o ko mākou mau kūlanakauhale nui.

Aia kekahi mau kumu no kēia. Ke kahakaha ʻana i nā lio me nā kaʻa kaʻa ua alakaʻi i ka hōʻemi o ka helu o nā pila - nā wahi kūpono no nā meaʻai (o nā koena oat), a no ka hana ʻana. Hoʻolālā nā hale o nā hale hou, kahi kahi liʻiliʻi nā māka a me nā hamama, e hoʻoneʻe ana i nā hua liʻiliʻi o nā wahi kūpono no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā mea nalo.ʻO ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma nā kūlanakauhale, ke hōʻiliʻili mua ʻana i nā hua ʻai a ke kāohi ʻana iā lākou me nā mea kanu ʻai, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā lāʻau lapaʻau i nā mea kanu ʻai i nā ʻano kanu ʻai nui - nā hua kanu o nā mea kanu holoholona a me nā koena ʻai i nā māla no nā manu makua a me nā mea inikua. Ma Kiev, ma nā wahi e hoʻomohala ai, ʻaʻole pilikia ka hale o nā pā hale he nui no ka hana ʻana, kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai nā ʻāina lawenaʻa e nā lawehala i hūnā ʻia me nā lāʻau haʻahaʻa liʻiliʻi, ʻo ka nui o nā hua me nā lālani he nui loa: pili lākou i ke kahawai, kokoke i nā mākeke, nā wahi paʻa ʻole a i ʻole i nā wahi o nā hale haʻahaʻa o ka hale.

ʻO ke hana ʻana i nā hale ʻai, a me nā hale kūʻai kīhai ʻia, ʻo ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā pāmu hānai kahi i waiho ʻole ʻia ai nā palaoa a hemo wale nō hoʻi nā mea i ʻai a nā holoholona: ma mua o ka ʻoluʻolu ma kahi o nā mea ʻai i hānai ʻia a me nā holoholona liʻiliʻi.

ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, he ʻano piha ke ʻano o ke ʻano o nā mea hihiu, a ma ka mea maʻamau, ua kūpono lākou i ke ola ma nā kau ʻana o kēia wā. Lele kekahi mau manu i ka pa i lalo, a hiki i ke keena ʻo metro, e kokoke kokoke ana i ka ihu o ka honua. Ma nā kūlanakauhale, hoʻopihapiha maoli nā manu liʻiliʻi i ka melanilani a me nā millet huakaʻi i nā mākeke, pololei mai nā lima lima o nā mea kālepa. E wikiwiki, me ka hoʻopuka, hopu i ka palaoa a lele a lele. ʻAʻole makaʻu nā pua a nā hoʻāʻo e hoʻokuke iā lākou: a lele wale lākou i ka ʻaoʻao a hiki hou ke hoʻāʻo hou e ʻaihue i ka ʻai. ʻO kekahi o lākou, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻoilo, ke lele nei i loko o nā hale o nā mākia uhi ʻia a me nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo, kahi a lākou i manawa iki. I nā hale ulu, ua pōkole lākou i nā mea kanu a me nā mea ʻoki. I nā zoos, lele nā ​​manu i loko o nā kuʻi a ʻai i ka palaoa a me ka berena.

ʻOiai ka ʻike ʻole ʻole o ka makaʻu o nā kānaka (e ʻimi ana i ka ʻai, ke hele nei kēia mau manu i ka pololei ma lalo o nā wāwae o ka poʻe, e lawe ana i nā kaupeka 1-2) i ka wā e hoʻāʻo ai e hopu a pana paha paha iā lākou, lele koke nā lele i kahi maluhia, hoʻokūkū pono i ka piʻi kiʻekiʻe a aloha ʻole i lākou. No laila, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka paʻila o nā manu liʻiliʻi. Akā, mahele koke nā manu ʻōpio a hoʻopio maikaʻi ma ka poʻe aviaries. I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe aloha manu ma ʻEnelani, Belelika, a me ka Netherlands i nā kala keʻokeʻo (ʻokoʻa) e like me nā manu i loko o ka hale o nā manu.

ʻO ke ʻano kūlohelohe, ʻano maʻamau nā manuahi i nā hollow like ʻole, nā ʻōpala o nā hale, i nā puʻu ma nā pali, pinepine ʻia i nā paia o nā nalo manu nui - nā ʻala, nā ʻaeto, nā ʻona. Aia ma ka hema (no ka laʻana, ma Asia Hikina) nā hale liʻiliʻi i kūkulu ʻia nā kuʻekuʻe manuahi i nā lāʻau.

Ma kēia mau ʻānena mau manu ʻōpiopio, akā i kekahi mau wahi, ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekane, e hōʻike ana i ka makemake o nā pale kolone.

Hoʻomaka ka pipiʻi ʻana i ka hua ma ke kakahiaka mua, i ke kū ʻana ke ea maikaʻi maikaʻi - 6-10 ° С. ʻO ka maʻamau, he mau polipeka he 2-3 mau home - mai ka puna a i ke kauwela-kauwela. Ma nā wahi kaiāulu, kahi e hoʻopiʻi ai nā kahu o ka hale i nā makahiki āpau, he 4 mau makahiki i ka makahiki he nui, akā ʻike ʻia kēia.

I loko o ka lima o ka puaʻa i ka hale - mai 2 a 10, ka maʻamau maʻamau 3-7, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hema ma ka ʻākau. Akā, i ka laulā, ka liʻiliʻi o nā hua liʻiliʻi i ka pipiki a me nā moa i loko o ka pūnana, ʻoi aku ka make ke make ʻana mai nā kumu like ʻole a lele āpau nā mea āpau mai ka pili. I nā wahi'āina, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā moa i ʻoi aku ma ke kūlanakauhale nui, kahi nui nā mea ulana liʻiliʻi: he awelika o 2-3 mau moa ma ke kūlanakauhale a me 3-4 ma ka ʻāina.

Ma ka lua o ka makahiki o ke ola, ua lilo nā manu liʻiliʻi i ka moʻoʻai ma 5.5-8 mau mahina. ʻO ia, ke ulu nei nā pipi pīkoi i ka hāʻule, ua hoʻomaka lākou e hana i nā hoʻāʻo e hoʻoulu: e hakakā nei, hoʻāʻo lākou e kūkulu i nā nests. Akā ʻaʻole kēia ka mea i hele mai i ka hānau maoli ʻana o ka hua. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻōpū no ka ʻohi i ka hoʻoilo mai ka hoʻoilo no ka hoʻoilo ʻana i ka pō, a hoʻomaka lākou e hānai i ka pūnāwai. Hiki i nā sparrows ke hoʻohana i hoʻokahi pūnana no 2-3 mau makahiki.

Wahi a kekahi helu nānā, ʻo ka home (a me nā mahina ʻai) ʻano manuahi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia no ke ola. ʻAʻole mamao loa ko lākou ola: ʻoiai ʻoiai ua ʻike ʻia nā hua ʻai he 9 a me 11 makahiki, ʻo ka hapanui o lākou ʻaʻole i ola e like me 4 makahiki. Make nā manu ʻōpio he nui i ka hoʻoilo, no laila ʻo ka maʻamau o ke ola ʻana o nā manu he 9-21 mau mahina.

He hale ʻano noho ʻo House Sparrow; e holo lele ma waho o kona mau wahi i pae ʻia ma mua o 2-3 km. Akā i ka hoʻoilo, lele nā ​​mokulele mai nā palena ʻākau loa, i kekahi manawa no ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi, a lele hoʻi a hiki i ka Pīkole kokoke mai ka ʻaoʻao hema o ʻAsia. Hoʻopili kēia mau mea i nā ʻano o ke aniani i kekahi mau makahiki, me ka loaʻa o ka hānai.

ʻO nā manu ʻōpiopio, ua noho kekahi wahi nui e noho kokoke i kā lākou mau nutan maoli, a he mau wahi liʻiliʻi wale nō ka lele no kekahi mau mile he ʻumi. I ka hopena o ke kauwela - ke kulu mua o ka wā, ua hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻōpio o nā ʻōpio ʻōpio a nā hipa e ʻohi i nā wahi o ka hānai (hua, palaoa). I kēia manawa, hoʻopau lākou i ka pō ma nā pūʻulu nui ma nā wahi ākea, ma nā lālā lāʻau lāʻau a me nā kumulāʻau, a laila hiki wale iā lākou ke lele mai kahi i hānau ai. Pēlā, e ola ana ka noho ʻana o nā manu liʻiliʻi.

He ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ka mea ʻai i nā pōpoki. Hanai lākou i nā moa me nā mea hihiu, kahi i nui nā pōpoki. No ka laʻana, ma Moldova, ʻoi aku ma mua o 60% o nā pepeke na nā manu a nā manu i lawe ai i kā lākou mau moa i nā mea ola i loko o ke ola. Ma Ukraine, hānai nā manu liʻiliʻi i nā pua liʻiliʻi ma kahi o 103 mau ʻano o nā arthropod ʻē aʻe, ʻo 66% o lākou he mau ʻiʻo, me nā ʻuʻupaʻa, nā wīwī, a me nā nutcrackers. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā lālani i nā pēpē a me nā lele, a me nā mea ulu. Akā i ka hopena o ke kauwela, huli kū nā mea kō i ulu a kanu i nā mea kanu, me nā hua kanu kanu e ʻoki ana i nā mahiʻai. I kēia mea, ua manaʻo nui ʻia i ka pono o nā pūpū wai, ʻo ko lākou hānai ʻana i nā pōpoki me nā pōpoki pepeke, a i ka hāʻule hāʻule hiki iā lākou ke hōʻeha. ʻOiaʻiʻo, lawe mai nā sparrows i ka pōmaikaʻi nui loa i ka hopena o ke kauwela - ke kauwela o mua, nā moa o ka lua (ke kauwela), brood, ulu nui, ke hele aʻe nei e hoʻohuli i ka mea kanu mea kanu. I ka hopena o ke kauwela, hiki i ka meaʻai o nā lālani ke kūlike i ka 1/5 nā hua o nā mea kanu i kanu ʻia. Wahi a nā mea ʻike ma Moldova a me Hungary, ʻai nā kīpaha hale i nā hua o 8 ʻano o nā hua. I ka wā lohi, he ʻai ka poli hale a hiki i ka 5-6 g o ka pā i kēia lā; ʻo kā kāna hānai e pili ana i ka melemele, ka hemp, ka pākala, sima, millet, a me ka palaoa. Wahi a nā mea nānā, ma nā lālani home o Western Ukraine e hōʻiliʻili i nā hua kanu i hāʻule i ka mahinaʻai ma mua o ka peck mai lākou mai ka pepeiao o ka palaoa. Hiki i nā ʻuā ke hoʻopōʻino i nā māla waina a me nā māla hua.

I ka hoʻoilo-hoʻoilo hoʻoilo, ʻo ka meaʻai ka nui o nā huaʻai he nui nā mea kanu o nā mea kanu hihiu, nā koena o ka ʻai kanaka. No laila, i kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe hana o ka sparrow. Akā hiki iā ia ke lilo i ka mea hoʻokūkū i ka pīkoi i ka meaʻai ma nā pā huaʻai manu, kahi hiki iā ia ke lele ma o nā puna wai a me nā hamama a makemake hoʻi e hūnū ma laila, e like me ka ʻike ʻia ma nā wahi paʻa. Ma nā hale liʻiliʻi, kahi e lele ai ka manuahi i nā crevices me ka pilikia ʻole, lawe ʻo ia i nā hua kanu o nā kukama.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka "waiwai" a me ka "hana ʻino" kōpae i nā pōʻaiapuni i nā manawa like ʻole. Hoʻokomo pinepine nā ʻōpū i nā pūnāwai i ka pua ʻana i nā hua lāʻau, ʻaʻole wale nā ​​mea ʻinoʻino wale nō, akā ke kiʻi pū ʻia nā pūnāwai a me nā ladybird i nā moa. ʻOiaʻiʻo, hōʻiliʻili nā manu liʻiliʻi i nā mea ākea loa a me ka nui o nā ʻano meaʻai ola. Eia kekahi, e like me nā nānā i hana ʻia ma Moscow, hiki iā lākou ke hānai i kā lākou poʻe moa ʻaʻole me ka iniseti, akā me nā hua a me nā mea kanu mea kanu. ʻO kēia paha ma muli o ka nele o nā iniseti ola i ka waenakonu o ke kūlanakauhale nui a ʻaʻole pono ia no nā moa - aʻo kā lākou hoʻomohala a me ke ola ʻana paha ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma mua o nā kauhale, i nā kaona.

ʻO ka manawa lūlū, a laila, ʻaʻole nā ​​mea kanu i kanu i nā mea kanu like ʻole, akā nui ka ʻano like ʻole o nā mea kanu i ka ʻai o nā kō. No laila, e like me nā nānā ʻana ma Kelemania, huehue nā hua hemo a hiki i ka 36% o ka ʻai o ka manu sparrow ka ʻai. Pēlā, ʻo ka loiloi o ka hana ʻino a maikaʻi paha paha i ka sparrow hale e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka wahi o kona wahi noho ʻole i ka manawa. Ma nā kūlanakauhale nui, ʻoi loa ma ke kūkulu ʻākau, ʻoi aku ka nui o kēia mau manu no ka mālama ʻana iā lākou, no ka mea e pale ana i nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo mai nā pōpilikia a kaupalena i ka pālahalaha ʻana o nā mea kanu manu. I ka hema, i nā wahi mahiʻai, hiki ke hoʻopōʻino nā manuahi i ka manawa. Akā, eia hou, ʻaʻole ma nā wahi āpau. Ma ke komohana o Ukraine, ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia kahi puaʻa hale he manu pōʻino maikaʻi ʻia, a ma ka hikina hema hiki ke hana ʻino i nā hua ʻai a me nā māla waina. Aia ma nā ʻāina ʻEulopa, a ma Kazakhstan hoʻi, ʻike ʻia nā kīnaha manu i nā mea e hoʻopilikia ai i nā ʻola a me nā māla: he peck cherries, currants, vine, barley, palaoa, sunflowers, etc. A ma ka hema o Asia Hikina, kahi i helu ʻole ai ka nui o nā hua manu hale, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia he maʻi ahulau.

Ma muli o ka nui o ka nui i kekahi mau wahi, ua nui ka nui o ka pīpī hale. I loko o kāna mau ihu, nā pahuhopu, ola nā ʻili - a hiki i 20 mau ʻano lāʻau o ke alapine. ʻOi aku ka 12% o nā manu liʻiliʻi i loaʻa i nā microorganisms pathogen. ʻIke lākou i nā mea kumu o nā typhoid, paratyphoid, anthrax, dysentery, tuberkulosis, tularemia, Q fever, staphylococci. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ke hōʻike mau nei ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā maʻi kanaka i nā manu liʻiliʻi. Akā hiki i ka sparrows ke hoka i nā pakano kino i loko o nā hale hānai ma ke ʻano like me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā maʻi ʻo ka heihei: liʻuliʻu, diphtheria, makapō pō, ʻōpō.

Ma nā kūlanakauhale nui, he nui nā ʻāpana o ka manu liʻiliʻi - i kekahi mau manawa a me nā manu o ka iʻa hopu iā lākou. No laila, ʻo ka mea hoʻoponopono o ka huina o ka manuahi i loko o nā kūlanakauhale e ulu nui a me nā maʻi a me nā palaai. A, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, nā loli i ke kula kūlele, ke alakaʻi nei i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hāʻawi ʻia ʻana o ka meaʻai a me ka nui o nā wahi kūpono i ka pili ʻana.

Kūpono

Eia kekahi i ka sparrow hale, ua pālahalaha a puaa (Pākuʻi montanus) ʻAʻole kaulana ia no kona liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi - ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka brownie a me nā manuahi ʻē aʻe ma ʻEulopa. He ʻulaʻula ke poʻo o kona poʻo, ke kāne male ka wahine i ʻulaʻula like (i ʻokoʻa i ka maleʻe ʻana i ke kāne ka pua manu). E like me ke ʻano o ke ola, ʻo ka sparrow he nui i nā ʻano like me ka brownie, akā loaʻa nō pū nā hiʻohiʻona. ʻO ka inoa "mahina" hōʻike maoli i ke ʻano o nā ʻano nui o kēia ʻano ma nā mahina, i nā kauhale, nā kūlanakauhale liʻiliʻi. Akā he pili nui kēia hoʻopili. ʻO ka inoa Pelekane no ka nahelehele ko "lāʻau sparrow." He ʻoiaʻiʻo nō ma Western Europe nā mea e noho nei kēia ʻano noho ma nā ululāʻau kahiko, nā māla, nā māla, a me nā pā nahele ulu. Ma ka ʻākau a ma ka hikina o ka awāwa, ka mea maʻamau i ka nalo i nā kauā, a emi ʻole i ka ulu lāʻau. Ma Primorye a me Sakhalin, e noho kaʻawale ana ka manuahi i ka ʻaoʻao e pili ana i ka poʻe. Aia ʻo ʻAiau Koko, no nā manu liʻiliʻi a pau, ua pili loa ʻo ia me kānaka, ʻaʻole pili i kahi hūnā i kona mau wahi noho, a hiki i kēia manawa ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo "brownie". I ka mokōlau o Asia Hema, makemake ka sparrow e noho i loko o nā kūlanakauhale. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma nā kūlanakauhale i loaʻa i ʻEulopa a me ka pua o ka hale, akā ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi pinepine. No ka laʻana, ma Kiev, ua nānā mākou iā ia ma waho o ke kaona, kokoke i nā hale kūʻai manu a me nā pā o ke kūlanakauhale. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ola kēia mau ʻōiwi i nā kūlanakauhale a pau o Ukraine a makemake ʻia ʻo ia ka inoa ʻo “urban. Aka ma ka manawa like me ka nalo ʻana iā ia ma nā awāwa wai, i nā nahele kahi e ulu ai nā lāʻau a me nā nāhele lāʻau, ma nā ala, ma nā ʻaoʻao o nā kauhale a me nā kūlanakauhale liʻiliʻi, i nā wahi nahele, nā kākele ma ka nahele, ʻo ia hoʻi naʻe. "hiki pū.

Kolo ʻia ka nuku ma luna o kahi ʻāina nui o Eurasia a ke hoʻolalaha ʻia nei kona kola mai ʻAsia a Europa, mai ka hema a me ka hikina i ka ʻākau a me ke komohana, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻokoʻa ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka manu. Ke waiho nei ma ka akau o ko Siberia, ma ka Akia, ma ke Akau ma ka hema a ma ke komohana hema-a o Asia, ma Inia, Arabia, ma ka hema o ka Balkan Peninsula. I ka ʻākau, ʻoi aku ka mamao o ka puaʻa ma mua o ka brownie - a hiki i 70 ° C. w lu. ma Norewai, ma waho o ke kapakai o ke Kai Keokeo, ka waha o Pechora, Kola Peninsula, ma ke komohana o na Urals, a hiki i 64 ° C. w lu. ma Yakutia (ʻo ia, like me ka sparrow hale, ʻike wale ʻia i nā kamaʻāina kanaka). Ua nānā mākou iā ia i loko o ka Pamirs a me nā Himalaya ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 3,5 tausani m.

Puku hale kāne a me ka puaa manu

ʻO ka makemake o ka Sparrow e hana i nā nests ma nā kaila ʻē aʻe, nā lua kai ma nā pali, i nā kauhale - ma lalo o nā hale o nā hale. E like me ka pīhoihoi hale, nā ʻuʻu he mau ʻōpū o nā mea kanu, nā hulu, a me ka huluhulu. Hoʻokomo nui ka wahine i nā hua hou aku, hānai wale ke kāne iā ia a me nā hua, pale i ka nalo, e like me nā mea ʻano liʻiliʻi.

Hiki i nā kīhāpai hale a me nā kīhāpai ke hoʻokūkū no nā wahi e pili ana i ka hana - ʻoi aku ka hale nui i ka mākaʻikaʻi i ke kula ma waho o nā wahi kūpono. Ma ka hopena kekahi, hiki i nā ʻuʻuku ke ho'āʻo e ola i nā manu ʻē aʻe - flycatcher, redstart, wagtail, titmouse - mai ko lākou mau papa. Ma kēia hihia, hana pinepine nā ʻuʻuku o ke kīpī i nā ʻaina ʻelua: e mālama pono i kahi manu manu i ka lā i pio, ʻo ka manawa āpau e noho i ka pā. Hoʻokumu ka ʻano lāʻau kīwaha i nā mea ulu manuahi no nā manu liʻiliʻi, i nā manu manuahi. Ma kekahi mau wahi, noho ʻia ka hapa nui o nā manu manuahi - ʻo ia ke kumu nui a me ke kumu nui o kā lākou pili. Ma ka māhele o Moscow, kokoke i St. Petersburg, ma Lithuania, a ma kahi o 70-80% a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kahe manuahi i loko o nā hale hoʻonaninani a me nā ʻuʻuku manu. Akā, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo Starlings i nā manu liʻiliʻi mai kēia mau puʻu. Ma ka maʻamau maʻamau hiki iā lākou ke pale i ko lākou mau home a me nā kaila nui.

Hana ʻia ka hakakā ma waena o nā manu liʻiliʻi a me nā wikiwiki, a make kekahi helu o nā manuahi i kēia mau hakakā. Aia kekahi mau hihia i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka ʻohana o ka manu i loko o ka pūnana o kahi puʻu e noho ana.

Hāpai nā Paʻu o nā kīhāpai laʻu i nā ness ma kahi mamao mai kēlā me kēia, a ma ka hopena o ke kauwela wale nō, me nā ʻōpio nui, hui pū me nā ʻohana hipa i nā wahi e hānai ai.

E honu i ka sparrow 2-3 mau manawa i kēlā me kēia makahiki (a hiki i 4 mau manawa ma ka ʻĀsia o Asia. I ka lāpake he 3-8, maʻamau ʻo 5-6 ka nui. Akā i ka wā lohi, hoʻonui ka nui o nā manu liʻiliʻi i ke kauwela a emi hou, i kekahi manawa ma o 5 a i ʻole nā ​​manawa. I ka hoʻoilo, hiki ke hoʻemi i ka nui o nā hua ʻai helapa i hoʻokahi wahi no 15% o ko lākou helu kauwela. Make kekahi mau manu (ʻoiai ke kū i ka nahele koʻo i nā wela a hiki i ka -50 ° C i ka hoʻoilo), lele kekahi mau ʻōpio i nā wahi hou.

He ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka pīpopopa ma mua o ka pua kōnua a hiki ke lele lele ma hope o ka forage no 3 km mai kahi e moe ai i ka pō. ʻO ka hele pinepine ʻana o nā manu ʻōpio hiki i 100 km, i Iapana - a hiki i 500 km a i ʻole. Ua lele kekahi mau manu mai ka ʻāina Leningrad i Pokukala no 3.5 tausani km mai kahi hānau. He neʻe kēia ʻano holoholona i ka neʻe ʻana o ka hoʻoilo.

I ka manawa like, hiki i nā ʻaina pilikino ke hoʻohana i kā lākou mau nisa no nā makahiki 2-3 holomua, no laila hoʻokahi wale nō hapa o nā manu i mea e holo ai. Ma ka māla paleka, he mau kānaka ʻōpio kēia, e ʻimi ana i nā wahi maikaʻi loa no nā nests i ka pūnāwai a ʻaʻole i noho noho i ka wā o ka hoʻoilo o ka moe kolohe.

E like me ke brownie, e hānai ana kahi māla liʻiliʻi i kāna mau pua me nā mea hihiu a me nā milo. Wahi a kekahi mau nānā, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka insectivorous i kēia manawa ma mua o kahi home sparrow. Akā lele nā ​​manu liʻiliʻi a me nā pōkiʻi mai waho o ka nalo i mea e hānai ai i nā hua kanu a me nā hua. Ma nā wahi nui o ka ulu ʻana o ka hua, ua mālama ʻia kahi kīhāpai i kahi pōʻino nui aʻe ma mua o ka pua manu. Hiki iā ia ke luku a hiki i ka 90% o ka palaoa ma ka pōkele ma ka ululāʻau, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka hua a ka millet, sunflower, hemp, etc.

Kūpono ka nui o nā lālapa lau i nā hua kanu ma ke ʻano o ka wāʻō ka lau, noho lākou ma nā pūʻulu ma nā hua a me nā pepeiao a lūlū i kahi ʻāpana o ka huina ma ka ʻāina me ko lākou paona, ma laila kahi i ka peck. Akā hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa nā hua mai nā spikelets.

Kolo nā ʻuā o nā hāhā a 'āpau' i kēlā me kēia nalu - ʻo kekahi o nā manu e hānai, a nānā kekahi a puni, a no ka pōʻino, hana kekahi ʻano leo, ʻokoʻa ka hilinaʻi mai ka honua mai ka lewa paha. A laila wehe ʻia ka ʻohana holoʻokoʻa a lele aku, ma lalo o ka honua, e hoʻololi ana i ke ala, a i ʻole, e kū kiʻekiʻe.

Mākī i nā hua

I ke kūkulu hema o Ukraine, ua ulu ikaika nā lākī i ka lā ulu i Asia, i Asia - ka laiki. Hiki i ka manu liʻiliʻi ke ʻai a hōʻino i nā hua kanu a he 11 mau palaoa i ka lā. Akā i ka pūnāwai, i ka lā e hānai ai i nā moa, lawe nā pā liʻiliʻi i nā mea hihiu iā lākou i kahi o 300 mau manawa, e komo ana i nā ʻōpū ʻehā a me nā ʻōpio kewa. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, e ʻai nā pēpē i nā mea iniketi no kahi pule i hoʻokahi pule, a laila hoʻololi i ka meaʻai huaʻai.

ʻO ka manawa pinepine i ka manawa e hānai ai i nā ʻohana i hui ʻia o ka ʻohana a me nā huaʻai manu, a ma ʻĀsia Huipuia pū kekahi pū kekahi ʻōwili manu ʻāʻeleʻele (Passer hispaniolensis), he mea hiki no e hana ino i nā mea kanu. Ma Central Asia a me Kazakhstan, ʻoi aku Pākoʻi manuʻa (Hōʻike ʻia nā mea hōʻike) Akā i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano ʻano nui o nā ʻohana lehulehu i hui pū ai i nā mākeke i nā mea ʻole i maʻalahi, a no laila ua paʻakikī ke hoʻoholo i ke kuleana o kēlā me kēia ʻano no ka hoʻopōʻino i ka hua.

E like me ka pīhoihoi o ka hale, maikaʻi ke kula ma ke ʻākau, kahi i ulu ai nā cereal e ulu ana, kahi nui nā māla. I ka hema, ʻo ka mahiʻai, nā wahi e hiki ke hoʻopōʻino, akā pono ka pono hoʻi e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ma ʻaneʻi. Ma Central Asia, no ka laʻana, hoʻohana nui nā sparrows i nā pā lole - ʻaʻole lākou he hōʻino i ka lei, akā e hōʻiliʻili i nā pōpoki. Akā kokoke loa, ma luna o nā hua ʻai, nā hua palaoa.

ʻAi nā manu liʻiliʻi i nā kihi o ka mahinaʻai a ʻaʻole lele ka lele ma mua o 100-150 m. No laila, ma nā pā nui he nui ko lākou hana ʻino ma mua o nā wahi liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā hua ʻai hoʻokolohua, ma nā wahi e kokoke ana i nā hale, nā alanui, a me nā kākela. wahi a hoʻomaha a me nā manu liʻiliʻi.

Ke kanu nei i nā mea kanu kūikawā o nā mea ʻuʻala a me nā cereals kokoke i nā mahinaʻai i ka nānā ʻana i ka nānā ʻana i nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi, kahi e hōʻemi ai i ka lilo o nā hua. No laila, hiki i nā hana kūlohelohe ke hōʻemi i nā hōʻeha mai nā manu, ʻoiai e luku pinepine ʻia ana ko lākou luku. Ua ʻike ʻia ma Kina waena o ka kenekulia XX. Ua mālama ʻia kahi hui lehulehu e hoʻopau i ka ʻuahi me he mea laʻala o ka millet, mea laiki, a me ka palaoa. Akā ma hope o kēlā, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka nui o nā mea inikini nā huaʻai like. Ma hope aku, i kēia ʻāina, ka hoʻāʻo e luku i nā ʻuʻu manuahi i haʻalele ʻia a ʻike ʻia i ke ʻano he mea pono, pono hoʻi i ka pale.

Ma muli o kona nui nui a me ka laulā nui, ka nui a me nā ʻōpala nui i loko o nā kaila kūlohelohe. ʻO lākou ka mea meaʻai a nā mea kai he nui. Ma ka huina, he 28 mau manu o nā manu, nā mammals, nā reptile i ʻai nā manu liʻiliʻi, a me kā lākou hua a me nā moa. ʻO kēia mau ʻōpū, nā ʻīlio, nā ʻīlio, nā pāpale, nā hihi, nā manu, nā ʻalā, nā kumame, nā lālani, nā leʻaleʻa, nāu. I kekahi mau manu manuʻa manuahi - kestrels, mau ʻaka a lōʻihi hoʻi, nā ʻānela - ka nui o nā hua kō i loko o ka meaʻai e hiki ai i 10%, a i ka derbnik - a hiki i 25%.

Kahu ʻia ka manu, like me ka manu kiaʻi i nā ʻano mea like ʻole. 6 mau ʻano o nā lehelehe, ʻoi aku ma mua o 20 mau ʻano o nā ʻalā, ʻoi aku ka 23 mau ʻano o nā parasit o loko a, ma muli o kāna helu nui, he mau maʻi epidemiological maoli, no nā manu ʻē aʻe.

Hoʻopilikia pinepine ʻia nā kānaka i ka kaohi ʻana o ka nui o nā manu liʻiliʻi. No laila ma ke ala o Palani e pili ana iā 10% o nā manu āpau i hoʻoiho ʻia e nā kaʻa he ʻai manu ʻai. Ma nā wahi mahiʻai ma ke kūkulu hema o ka laulā, e hoʻopau mau nā kaʻina kūikawā i ka 90% o nā huaʻai ʻala, a ma ke ʻano hema o ʻAsia ua ʻai pinepine lākou. Akā ma ʻEulopa, manaʻo ka poʻe ākea i nā mea pīpī manu - ua helu ʻia kēia ʻano ma ka Helu Helu 3 o ka papa inoa o ka Berne Convention no ka mālama ʻana i nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu i Europa.

Palapala palapala

Golovanova E.N. Nā manu ma luna o nā mahina. - L .: Agropromizdat, 1987.

Ola o nā holoholona. T. 5. - M .: E hoʻonaʻauao, 1970.

Ilyenko A.I. Ecology o nā hale liʻiliʻi me nā ectoparasites. - M.: Science, 1976.

Sparrow Passer montanus / Ed. G.A. Noskova. - L .: University Leningrad State, 1981.

Pane

ʻElua mau ʻano o nā puaa liʻiliʻi: mau mahina a me ka brownie - nā manu manuahi, ke kauwela a me ka hoʻoilo e noho ana ma lalo o nā hale o nā hale a hoʻokaʻawale a noho paha ma kahi pali o nā pali. ʻElua mau ʻano ʻē aʻe: India a me Black-chested - e hele mai iā mākou i ke kauwela wale nō. Hōʻike lākou i nā helu nui i ka hoʻomaka o Mei a hoʻomaka koke e kūkulu i nā nests. Kahi ʻia kā lākou ʻuʻuku ʻuʻuku mai ka lau maloʻo ma ka pūʻulu i nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi pinepine ka poʻe poplars. I hoʻokahi hebedoma ma hope o ka hōʻea ʻana, hoʻomaka ka wahine wahine e waiho i kā lākou hua, ʻelua mau pule ma hope o ka hatching, puka mai nā pua. Mālama nā mākua iā lākou me nā iniseti a me nā huaʻai o ka waiū eʻai i nā pono o nā moʻomeheu mua. Ma hope o 10-12 mau lā, haʻalele ka ʻōpio i ka pūnana a lele ma luna o lākou iho e hānai i ka berena, a hoʻomaka nā mākua e hoʻohua hua i hou.

Ma ka hope loa, i ka hopena o Iulai, e piʻi ana ka nui o nā manu he 6-7. Kahu nui nā manu o nā manu ʻinika ʻole he mau haneli a ʻumi mau poʻo i ka mahina ʻai, ʻai i ka millet, ka palaoa, ka bale a me nā hua o nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe. Kuhi ʻia ka ʻai ʻana o kēlā me ka liʻiliʻi i ʻelua mauʻa o ka palaoa i kēlā me kēia lā.

I ka puni o ka mahiʻai iā lākou. ʻO Karl Marx G.S. Umrikhin i ka hoʻoilo o ka makahiki 1955 a i hoʻopilima a me kahi mau pūnaka he 50 tausani, a ʻoi aku ka nui o lākou i kahi kokoke i kekahi mau kauhale. Hoʻopau wale kēlā ʻohana like i ka 100 aila o ka palaoa i kēlā me kēia lā. Ma ka māla aupuni like, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka hemp no hoʻokahi lā. Loaʻa nā mea pili i ke kīhāpai a i ka lā kokoke i pau ia mea i ka hua o nā hua.

A hiki i ka hopena lūlū, ola nā manu liʻiliʻi i ka hana kanaka: ʻai lākou i ka nui o ka palaoa a me nā hua o nā hua ʻai. Ka maikaʻi loa lākou nei. Hiki iā ʻoe ke makaʻu aku iā lākou ma nā mahina e me ke ʻano: ka ʻuwā, ke kī, e pana - ka lele ʻana o ka ʻohana ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ka mahinaʻai e hoʻomau i kāna hana.

ʻO nā ʻano manu kiʻi hoʻopaneʻe i loko o Asia Akipili he mau manu pōʻino ʻē aʻe a paʻa i ka luku.

Pili nā Pūnaewele me kekahi kanaka e noho ai ma hope o kāna noho ʻana. ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hālāwai i kahi puaʻa hale kiʻekiʻe i nā kuahiwi ma nā kūlana kūlohelohe, akā aia ma Chatyr-Kul, ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 4000 mau mika ma luna o ke kai, e noho ana nō ia, akā aia wale nō i loko o kahi kauhale. Ma mua ʻaʻole nā ​​ʻāpana manu ʻāwele nui o Susamyr.