Hoʻopilikia i nā biological * Nā pilikia pilikia

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Hoʻomaopopo ka huina biology i ke komo ʻana i loko o nā ʻenekona ma muli o ka hopena anthropogen o nā uncharacteristic ʻano ola o nā mea ola (nā maʻi, nā maʻi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) e hopohopo nei i nā kūlana ola o nā kaiola kūlohelohe a i ʻole ke hoʻopilikia i ke ola kanaka.

ʻO nā kumu kumu nui o nā hopena olaola ka wai wīwī mai ka ʻoihana ʻona a me nā ʻenekini ʻōwili, nā ʻāina ʻai ʻāina a me nā ʻoihana ʻenehana, nā hale kupapaʻu, nā ʻoihana papali, nā pāheʻe wai. Wahi a ka ʻike keʻokeʻo a me ka maʻi epidemiological, ʻike ʻia ka pathogen Escherichia coli i ka wai hohonu ma kahi hohonu o 300 m mai ka papa aku o ka honua.

ʻO ka pilikia kūikawā ka mālama kino olakino o ka pōʻaiapuni e nā mea maʻi a me nā maʻi parasit. ʻO ka loli nui o ka nohona ma muli o nā hopena anthropogenic e alakaʻi i ka hopena hikiʻole ke hana i ka hanana o ka nui o ka heluna o nā pathogens a me nā mea lawe maʻi i nā maʻi i hōʻeha i nā kānaka a me nā holoholona.

Ke hoʻonui nei ka nui o nā huʻi puaʻa maʻamau, ka ʻili liʻiliʻi ma nā hipa, nā encephalitis hōʻailona-aku a me ka maʻi hemorrhagic i waena o nā kānaka. Wahi a nā mea kākau o ka Pūnaewele State (1995), i kēia kūlana, ʻo ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka maʻi AIDS wale nō ka pilina mua loa i ke kaulahao maʻi o nā maʻi i ʻike ʻole ʻia e nā ʻatikala o mua. ʻO Cytomegalavirus, ʻaʻole i kau i kahi pōʻino koʻikoʻi i kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei, hiki ke lilo i mea hoʻoweliweli nui e pili ana i ka hui ʻana a me ke koena, a me ke ʻano he manawa kūpono i ka maʻi AIDS. Chikungunya fever virus, hemorrhagic fever virus virus with renal syndrome (Hantaan virus) a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka luku ʻia ʻana o ia mea paʻakikī loa, he pōʻino.

ʻO nā ʻikepili i loaʻa i nā makahiki i hala iho nei e ʻae iā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka pilina a me ka ʻokoʻa i ka pilikia biosafety. No laila, hoʻokumu houʻia kahi pilikia kūlohelohe hou e pili ana i ka hoʻolālāʻana o ka biotechnology a me ka ʻenehana genetic. Inā ʻaʻole mālama ʻia nā hana maemae, nā microorganism a me nā mea ola kino e hiki ke loaʻa i ka hopena maikaʻi loa i nā kai ola, ko ke ola kanaka, a me ka wai ʻauʻau e hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ke kikowaena aiʻole nā mea kanu i loko o ke kaiāulu.

Ma kahi o nā ʻenehana loea genetic, ma waena o nā pilikia biosafety topical e nui pono no ka mālama ʻana i ka nanā o ka nanea, aia pū kekahi.

ka hoʻokaʻa ʻana i nā ʻike genetic mai nā home i ka mea hihiu,

ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka genetic ma waena o nā mea hihiu a me nā subspecies, me ka nui o ka hōʻeuʻeu ʻana o ka hana genetic o ka loko wai i loaʻa i nā mea ulu a make ʻole.

ka hopena genetic a me ka pōʻaiapuni o nā kumu a me nā kuhi ʻole ʻike i nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu.

Nā kumuwaiwai o nā hōʻemi ola

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Hoʻopili nā ʻano mea kanu like ʻole, nā mea kanu a me nā microorganisms i ka papahele a i ka wai me ka lepo, e komo i ka lewa a me ka lepo, e pālahalaha a hōʻino i nā ʻenekona. ʻO nā pathogens o nā maʻi parasit a me nā maʻi he mea weliweli. Hoʻopilikia maoli kēia mau huakini i ke olakino o nā kānaka a me nā holoholona, hiki ke hopena i ka hopena hiki ʻole.

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Nā ʻano ʻoliʻoli o ke ʻano pololi

Hoʻopilikiaʻia ka biology i nā manawa like i ka wā i loaʻa mai ai nā maʻi pākē a me nā pōpoki, maʻi a me nā ʻano like ʻole o nā holoholona a me nā manu like ʻole. I nā manawa pinepine, ua hala ka maʻi i kēia mau pilikia.

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anhix,
ahulau, pōʻino
ʻikina
ʻO ke maʻi hemorrhagic Ebola,
puaʻa holoholona
huʻu ʻuapula,
ʻO virus virus
tularemia,
mea hiki keʻaolaola
ʻO ka maʻi Chimera.

ʻO kēia mau maʻi i ka momona a me nā holoholona. ʻO ka hopena, pono e hoʻāla ʻia ka hoʻopiʻi o nā pōpilikia koi. Inā ʻaʻole e pau, a laila hiki i kekahi mau virus ke hoʻomake nui a luku koke i nā miliona o nā holoholona, nā mea kanu a me nā kānaka me ka ikaika nui ʻole e like ka ikaika o ka hoʻoweliweli a i ka hoʻokalakupua a radio ole.

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Nā Palapala Uila Paʻa Kīwīwī

He maʻalahi maʻalahi i nā poʻe: hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻiliʻili i nā maʻi ʻino loa. ʻAʻole hiki ke kāohi ʻia ka flora a me nā manu me nā microorganisms a me nā pōpoki. E like me ke keʻakeʻa pale ʻana, pono e nānā pono nā mea pono a me nā maʻi epidemiological i nā wahi āpau. ʻO nā pilikia kūikawā ka ʻike o ka ʻenekema genetic a me ka biotechnology. Mai nā limahana, hiki i nā microorganisms ke komo i loko o ke kaiapuni a pālahalaha wikiwiki aku. Hoʻokomo kekahi mau mea i ka gen mutations, ʻaʻole pili i ka mokuina o ke kino o nā mea pilikino, akā pili pū kekahi i ka hiʻona o ka hana hānau, ma muli o nā ʻano o nā pua a me nā manu e hiki ai ke hoʻokau hou ʻia i kā lākou mau helu. Pili ka pili i ke ʻano o ke kanaka. Pēlā, e hiki wikiwiki i ka pololi koi nui a luku i ka nohona āpau ma ka honua, a me ke kanaka.

Nā ʻano poke

He pilikia koʻikoʻi ka hana kai i ke kaiapuni ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia i loko o ka manawa pōkole. Ke kū mai nei mai ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā hopena a me nā huahana o ke ola o ke kanaka i ka honua waho.

ʻO ka paʻakikī kahi hiki i ka maʻi me ke ʻano pale a hiki ʻole ke kaohi. ʻO ka poho o ke kūlana kūlohelohe o ka nūnū e alakaʻi i ka hoʻopauʻana o nā ʻano nui, ʻoiai ʻo ka "ʻōpala" i hōʻeha i nā hana hoʻohua o ka holoholona a me nā mea kanu. Pela no no ke kane. Ma waho o ka hoʻonā ʻana i nā pilikia kūlohelohe, ke kūpaʻa nei kā mākou mau ʻano.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano o nā maʻi pololi e kū nei:

E hoʻokuʻu i nā ʻoihana o ka meakanu microbiological. Hoʻopili kēia me nā mea i hana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau: antibiotics, vaksin, etc. I ka papa hana o nā hana me nā mea pīpī me ka waiwau o ka palewale e puka mai i waho o nā mea kanu, kahi mea momona e pono ai no nā microorganisms.
ʻO kekahi hoʻohālike pinepine ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hana i ka protein palakilele mai ka mea hū nā fodder. I kekahi mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua haʻalele ʻia kēia manaʻo, no ka mea ua hāʻule ka ua ma muli o ke kahe ʻana, no ka mea ua lilo nā kānaka. Ma nā wahi i hana ʻia ai ka waiwai nui, hoʻomaka ka poʻe noho o nā kauhale a me nā kūlanakauhale e hōʻeha pinepine i ka maʻi bronchial.
Nā mea kaua Bacteriological. ʻOiai ke ola o nā kauʻa honua, aia nā hōʻike o ka hoʻāʻo e hana iā ia i nā wahi like ʻole o ka honua. ʻO ka pilikia ma muli o nā kumu he nui. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo ka hiki ke loaʻa i nā limahana liʻiliʻi i ka hilinaʻi koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka lua ka mea paʻakikī i ka ʻike. ʻO ke kolu, hoʻomau nā koʻikoʻi i nā makahiki he 2 a keu aʻe. He kiʻi hoʻohālikelike ʻo nā microorganisms mau anthrax i komo i ka hale moʻomeheu i ke kakahiaka o ka kenekulia 20.
ʻO ka huina "genetic" pili i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana genetic. He mea paʻakikī ke hāʻawi aku i ka loiloi ʻana i ka maʻi kūlohelohe o ia ʻano hoʻomālamalama, ʻoiai ʻaʻole maopopo ke ʻano o nā mea hou. Hoʻokahi i loko o ke kaiapuni, hoʻonui ke ahonui i kahi maʻi i ʻike ʻia. Hiki i ke kīpī "genetic" ke hoʻololi i kēia ʻano loli: kahi hoʻoili a ka holoholona mai kekahi holoholona i kekahi, ka hopena o ka nānā ʻana i ka loko o nā wai i mea e pau ai nā manu a me ka manu.

Mai ka lewa, ka ʻāina a me ka wai, ʻoi loa ka mea maʻalahi loa i ka pali ʻana i ke koina. Ma muli o ka nui o nā huaʻala kino, hoʻomaka nā kino wai i ka "pua". Ma muli o kēia, ua hana ʻia nā meaʻawaʻawa, ua kū mai nā mea ʻala, maikaʻi ʻole ka wai ke inu. Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻepekema ʻepekema ma mua o 20 i nā maʻi a nā kumu e hoʻopili ai i ka pono o ka wai wai.

Nā kumu punawai

ʻO nā mea ʻemaola e hoʻopilikia i ka poʻe, nā ʻelele o nā flora a me nā manuʻai, ua kapa ʻia nā kumu haumia. Kāpili ʻia lākou e like me kēia penei:

ola ola nā meaolaola ʻole
microorganisms me ka hana infectious,
a me ke ʻano he microbes pathogen,
nā meaʻala ola koi
ʻO GMMO (ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻano microorganisms),
nā maʻi maʻamau.

ʻO nā kumu antropogen, nā pōʻino kūlohelohe, a me nā ulia ʻoihana e hoʻopau i ka biomia. ʻO nā punawai nui o nā pōʻino ola:

unahi
konohiki no ka hale no ka hale a me ka hana.
nā huikui ʻoihana
hale kanu
irrigation o nā mahina.

Hōʻike ʻia nā pathogens o nā maʻi maʻi a me nā maʻi. ʻO ka uluʻana o nā parasites e hoʻonāukiuki i ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i nā hipa, hemorrhagic fever, a me nā maʻi o ke kanaka.

Wahi a nā kānaka ʻepekema, ʻo ka puka ʻana o ke AIDS ka papa mua ma waena o nā maʻi like ʻole o ka ʻike ʻike ʻole.

ʻO ke kinipōpō ikehu

ʻO ka huina o ka ʻenehana o nā ʻenehana ʻokoʻa kahi ʻano kūʻokoʻa i ka hopena anthropogenic ma ke kaiapuni. Hoʻopili kēia i nā hopena o ka radionuclides, radiation a me ka mahina electromagnetic, ka wili uila. I waena o nā kumu kumu nui o nā kūlanakauhale, nā noho a me nā wahi ʻoihana.

nā lako hana
mea kanu lāʻau
laina lawe.

Nā ʻano maʻi ikehu

Nā ʻawaʻawa Hoʻohana ʻia nā radiadi i ka lewa uila, ʻoihana: ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻomehana ʻana o nā mea i ka wā hoʻoalulu ʻana, e maloʻo ana ʻaʻole wale nō wale nō. Ke hoʻonui nei ka nui o nā kumu kūlohelohe. Ma ka wahi kūlohelohe, hele a electromagnetic radiation.
Hiki i nā nalu radio ke hopena maikaʻi i ka pono o kahi kanaka a me ka hana nui o nā mea ola ʻē aʻe.
ʻĀlima. Loaʻa ka ikehu i hoʻokumu ʻia i loko o ka mauʻu lua. I waena o nā kumu, ʻo ka hiki ʻana o ka wahie, ka hana ʻana i nā mea kanu wai wela, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaʻa, nā mea kanu mana.
ʻAʻole maopopo i ka pōʻino o ka radiation thermal, akā ʻo ka hoʻoiho nui ʻana i ka wela i loko o kahi pāʻai e hiki ai ke hoʻomāliʻi i nā hana o ke kaola.
Kapehu. Ua hoʻomaka ka ikaika o ke kani i kahi pilikia koʻikoʻi. Ua pili ka leo o ke kūlanakauhale i ke ʻano o ke kanaka. ʻO kahi hoʻomaha hoʻomaha, ka neurosis, ʻeha ʻole - ʻo kēia a me nā hewa ʻē aʻe e hopena i kahi hopena mau o ka leo nui.
ʻAʻole hiki i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā keʻena, nā kula a me nā hale ʻē aʻe e hoʻokaʻawale i ka poʻe mai kēia ʻano ikaika. ʻO kēlā hopena e hōʻea i kahi pōʻino nui i ke olakino.
Ma nā ʻāina noho ʻole i noho ʻole ʻia, ʻaʻohe mākē kanaka i hoʻokumu ʻia i ke kani leo nui, akā ʻo ka leo o kahi mokulele a i ʻole ka helikopter hiki ke hoʻoweliweli i nā holoholona.
Aliʻi. ʻO ka pōʻino o ka maʻi o ka radiation i ka poʻe ma loko o ka ionization o nā wai, wāwahi i nā molika molekina, ke kuhi metabol, nā hoʻololi i ka hana o ke cell, ke ʻano o nā keaka maʻi a me nā mea hou aʻe. Hiki i nā loli ke ulu i nā mea kanu: hoʻopau ʻia a i ʻole mutation. Hele like ka holoholona.
ʻO ka hopohopo nui o ka lehulehu ka nui o nā mea kaua i ʻike ʻia ma ka Honua. Ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, e hoʻopau ia i nā kānaka a me ka honua. Ua luhi nei nā ʻoihana honua iā ia. ʻAʻole kau wale ka pāpā i ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o nā mea kaua, akā, aia nō hoʻi ma nā hoʻokolohua e hiki ai ke hōʻeha i ke kanaka kūpono ʻole.

ʻElua wale nā bika atomika i hōʻea ʻia ma ka honua: ma Hiroshima a me Nagasaki. A hiki i kēia manawa, hoʻomanaʻo ʻia kēia hanana e like me kahi pōʻino nui. I kekahi mau sekona, ua nui nā haneli i ka lepo.

ʻO ka hopena o nā mea ʻona a me nā mea e koʻikoʻi ai i ka luaʻihe e hoʻohuli i nā loli maikaʻi ʻole. No kēia kumu, kūkulu ʻia nā ala e hakakā ai i nā emthogenogen e hoʻokūkū.

Nā Palapala Uila Paʻa Kīwīwī

I mea e pale ai i ka komo ʻana o nā maʻi i loko o ke kaiapuni a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā maʻi i kumu e kū ai nā mutations a me nā maʻi, nā mea āpau e hiki ai.

ʻO nā kaʻina pili o kēia e pili ana i ka luku ʻana:

lālau laulā kanaka
quantine (inā pono),
nā mākaʻikaʻi maʻamau o ka ʻike kūlohelohe a me ke ʻano epidemiological,
ka hōʻemi ʻana o nā maʻi maʻi kino a me ko lākou kaohi,
hiki ke hoʻemi ʻana i nā maʻi ʻōiwi manuahi o nā ʻano ʻiliʻī i helu ʻia ma ka puke ʻulaʻula,
ke hoʻomau nei nā mākaʻikaʻi e nā epidemiologists i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā maʻi,
pale ʻana i ka māʻemaʻe.

ʻAʻole lawe mai nā ʻaoʻao i hōʻike ʻia i ka hopena kūpono, inā ʻaʻole i pau nā kumu. Pono e kūkulu i kahi papahana e pale aku i nā maʻi kūlohelohe o ka biosphere. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wahi wai kūlohelohe o ke kaiāulu, kahi noi a nā uku i nā hana waiwai e hoʻolei i ka pala i ka hana. Pono ka mahalo ʻana i ka maka o ka honua i ka poʻe a pau o ka honua.

Hoʻopilikia ahonui

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona kino a me nā mea kemu ka mea weliweli loa. ʻO ka huakaʻi Anthropogenic ma Lūkini ma mua o ka pākaukau. He ʻeha loa no nā kānaka.

Hoʻopilikia kūlohelohe - maikaʻiʻole i ke kauwela, ke kino, ka radiation a me nā hōʻailona ʻē aʻe. Hiki iā lākou ke wela, electromagnetic, radioactive, kaiapuni.

Hoʻololi nā ʻōnaehana kūwaho i ka wā o ka puka o ka wela i ka hale a me nā lawelawe kaiāulu, ka hoʻomālamalama o ka wai ʻauʻau i ka wai waho. I waena o nā punawai he mea kūpono ke hōʻike aku i nā mea ʻohi o nā prefabricated a me nā ala wela, nā paila ʻenehana mīkini ma lalo o ka hale.

ʻO ka electromagnetic kumu e hoʻoili ai i ka uila, nā laina uila kiʻekiʻe o ka mana uila, radiation mai nā mea hoʻohana uila. Hoʻopilikia ka hope i ka hana o ka puʻuwai a me ka puʻuwai, e hoʻonā ai i nā ʻōpū, hana i ka hormonal, nā hanana degenerative o ka pūnaehana nū waenakonu. ʻIke ʻia nā kelepona a me nā lako kamepiula kahi mea hoʻopilikia o ka hoʻolaha ʻana.

ʻO ka hōʻeha o ka radioactive i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka piʻi nui o ka radiation ma muli o nā mea i hōʻeha ʻia i nā mea ikehu nuklea, ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o nā mea kaua kaua nukini, ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka radionuclides.
ʻO kekahi ʻano ʻano pololi kaiāulu, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke ʻano kūlohelohe.

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hāmeʻawa kino e nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻeneki i nā wahi hewa. Hiki iā lākou ke kumu o nā maʻi like o ke kanaka: ke kuapoʻe, nā pilikia kīnā, nā kime.

Hoʻopilikia maoli nā mea hoʻouluulu i ka moku'āina, ka ea a me ka lepo.
Hoʻolaha ka ʻōhulu makani ma muli o ka nui o nā kaʻa, nā hale ʻawaʻa, nā hale wela, ʻōpala hoʻomehana. Hoʻololi pinepine ʻia ka lewa no nā kumu kūlohelohe: ke kuhi ʻana o ka lua pele, nā mea ahi ahi, nā puʻu lepo.

Hoʻopilikia ʻia ka pale kaulike o ka wai e ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā moku, hoʻopiʻi i nā mea kila momona, ʻaʻole e hoʻonele nāu, akā hōʻiliʻili i nā meaola kino o nā kai moana.

ʻO nā kumu o ka luku ʻana i ka lithosphere ma kahi mua, ka hale home a me ka ʻāina mahiʻai, nā ʻoihana ʻenehana, ka mana o ka wai a me ka lawe.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā luku luku ʻoihana pahu, ma muli o kahi ʻano hoʻohua a me nā ʻōnaehana ōlima. ʻO ka luku ʻia ma muli o ka hana maikaʻi ʻana o nā kumu kūlohelohe: deforestation, urbanization, regulation of watercourses and others.

Pono ke kuleana o nā pilikia kūlohelohe. ʻO ka make ʻole o nā hana e pale ai i ka hopenaʻino o ke kanaka ma ke kaiapuni, e pili ana i nā pali kūlohelohe i ka nalo ʻana o nā ʻelele he nui o ka Honua. E hiki mai ana ka loli i ke aniani, e hiolo ana ke ʻano o ka lepo, ka wai a me ka ea. ʻO kahi hemahema o kēia mea mea pilikia no ke kanaka ponoʻī iā ia, no laila, pono e hana ʻia nā hana e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke ʻano o ka honua.

Hoʻomaloʻa kūlohelohe

Hoʻopuka i nā biology - nā wai hoʻohālikelike e nā microorganisms pathogenic, nā maʻi, nā maʻi, nā protozoa, nā fungi, nā algae liʻiliʻi, etc.

Hoʻopilikia ʻia ka maʻi biology e ke komo (kūlohelohe a i ʻole nā hana a ke kanaka) i loko o ka ʻenohalohi a me nā hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā ʻenehana i nā ʻano o nā meaolaola kahi haole ma kēia mau kai a me nā mea kanu i kū pinepine ʻole ma laila. Hoʻokaʻawale ka huehio a me nā mea ʻawaʻawa ʻo ka microbiological. Ua pili ka pehu ʻo Biotic (biogenic) i ka hoʻoili ʻia ʻana o kekahi, ka mea maʻamau, mai ka manaʻo o nā kānaka, nā mea kanu (nā excreta, nā kino make, a pēlā aku) i ke ākaea a (a i ʻole i loko o ka wai wai kahi i mālama ʻole ʻia ai lākou. Ke huikala ʻia nā Microbiological (microbial) ma muli o ke kahe ʻia o kahi nui o nā microorganism maʻamau i ke kaiapuni, i pili pū me kā lākou hoʻouluulu ʻana i nā hana i loli i ka wā o nā hana a ke kanaka.

Hoʻolaha i ka biology - ke hoʻomaka ʻana i loko o ka pōʻaiapuni a me ka hana hou i loko o nā mea pono ʻole no ke kanaka. No ka laʻana, ka laha ʻana o nā microorganisms pathogenic (nā maʻi, nā mea make, nā mea like ʻole), nā nāhelehele, nā holoholona e hōʻino ana i nā hana a nā kānaka (nā kiʻi ʻehā, nā kiʻi, nā ʻūlū, a me nā mea).

ʻO nā mea hoʻohālikelike i nā biology (algae, bacteria, virus, a me nā mea like) e hiki ke haki nui ʻia e ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o ka wai e ka electrocoagulation a me ka electroflotation i loko o nā puna electrolytic me ka alumini a me nā mea hao uila. Ma kēia hihia, ua hoʻomāhelili ʻia nā mea nānā e ka electrochemically i hoʻopiha ʻia o ka alumini a me ka hao, a laila hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka sedimentation, flotation a me filtration. I ka pilina me ka ʻike o nā palupalu o nā mea hoʻomohala o ka manu uila, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou mai ka wai a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā electrodes inert. Ke hoʻomālamalama nei i kēia mau wahi hoihoi i ka wai hoʻomehana wai a me ka ʻenehana ʻenehana o ke Institute of Chemical Chemical Chemistry, Academy of Science o nā Ukrainian SSR.

Hoʻopili ʻia ka polū e komo ana i ka pōʻaiwai e like me nā mea pili, nā manaʻo a me nā pahuhopu. No laila, maʻamau ka hoʻoiho i ka kemikal, a me ke kino kūlohelohe. Hoʻololi nā mea hoʻohālikelike i nā waiwai kūlohelohe o ka wai me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā ʻike o nā mea ʻino i loko o ia mea, ʻelua inorganic (paʻakai mineral, aila, alkalis, pālolo pālolo) a me ka kino meaola (nā aila a me nā huahana aila, nā koena ola, nā pesticides). Nā mea hoʻohālikelike biology: nā huakino, nā huakini, nā pathogens ʻē aʻe, nā algae, ka yeast a me nā fungi fungi, ke kino: nā mea radioaktif, nā hoʻomalūʻai, nā wela, ka puʻuwai, ka pā, ka silt, ka pālolo, ka organoleptic (ʻoniʻoni, ʻāhā).

Pākuʻi ʻia nā mea hoʻohālikelike o nā biology i ka hoʻopuka ʻana i ke kaiapuni a me ka hoʻomōhala ʻana i nā mea i kūpono ʻole i nā kānaka, me ka hoʻopuka a hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mea hou hou i loko o nā mea kūlohelohe kūlohelohe, nā mea e hoʻopiʻi ai i nā loli maikaʻi i nā biocenoses.

ʻO ka huina olakino ke kumu nui o ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka microorganisms a me nā hana anthropogenic (ka mana wela, ʻoihana, ʻoihana, nā hana a nā pūʻali koa hana). Hāʻawi ka hana ʻana i nā lako kūkulu hale i ka 10% o nā palala a pau. ʻO ka nui o ka lepo e komo i ka lewa i ka wā ʻo ka cement, i ka wā o ka hoʻihoʻi a me ka hana ʻana i nā asbestos.

Hiki i nā maʻi kūlohelohe o ka wai kai ma nā ʻano microorganism - he algae, nā maʻi, nā maʻi. ʻO ka hapanui ʻo ka maʻi ma o nā pathogens i komo i ka wai i loko o nā wahi o ka kānana lōʻihi a me ka lōʻihi o ka kānana ka wai a me ka wai hoʻonaninani - mai nā kahua filtration, cesspools, stockyards, nā huakaʻi palaʻa maikaʻi ʻole, a me nā mea hoʻopuka biology hiki ke hele mai mai nā kahakai mai nā kahakai mai nā wai wai i kō ʻia e ka wai kai.

Hoʻopuka i nā biology o ke kaiapuni - hoʻonui i ka hoʻokūkū, - ka hiki ke hoʻonāukiuki i ka puna wai, ka uluʻana o nā epizootics.

ʻAʻole hiki ke hōʻemi ka pōʻino biology: hoʻomanaʻo wale nō i nā maʻi o nā maʻi e like me ka kolera, ka lolo a i ʻole ka maʻi ahulau, nā mālamalama kumu o nā mea he microorganisms. Hoʻolālā pono ʻole a hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia nā lua wai i loko o kahi kīwaha nui o nā microorganisms pathogenic e hōʻuluʻulu i ka ʻili, ka ʻōpū a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe. I kekahi mau hihia, nā holoholona a i nā mea kanu (poloka macrobiological) i hoʻopuka maoli (hoʻopuni hou ʻia) i loko o ka ecosystem hou e hiki ai i kahi pōʻino nui i ka pōʻaiʻai. Hana kēia i ka laahi, ma ʻEulopa me nā pītara kalupepa ʻAmelika Huipū ʻia, ua lilo ia i mea pōpoki nui o ka pō. ʻO "Europe" i hoʻihoʻi aku iā ʻAmelika me ka hoʻokomo mua ʻana i kahi cākana uku ʻole i loko o nā lāʻau oak, ua hoʻonui wikiwiki ʻia, loaʻa i kāna nological ecological, a lilo i mea pōʻino weliweli no nā makahiki he nui.

Hoʻopilikia i ka wai biologis. Hoʻopili nui ka wai maoli i nā pōʻino, algae, protozoa, mau pūpū a me nā meaola ʻē aʻe. Hoʻonui hou nā mea kanu olakino i nā mehameha, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea kanu i ka wai. ʻO ka mea maʻamau ka nui o nā microorganisms ka mea e hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kai āpau āpau. Hoʻokumu lākou i ka nui o ka silt a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, ʻo lākou ka ʻāpana o ka lehulehu lalo, hiki i nā mea kanu ke hana i ka nui o ka ʻōpū o ka wai o lalo (periphyton). I ke ʻano o ka bacterioplankton, he mau wahi o ka kaiāulu plankton pili i ka hapa liʻiliʻi o ka plankton (nannoplankton). Hoʻokomo ʻia nā Bacteria i ka pani ʻana, ʻoiai lākou e pili ana i ka pilina o ke kahe ʻana o ka wai ma muli o nā haʻahaʻa wai hohonu i loko o ka puʻupuʻu (ma kahi o 85% ka wai).

Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā pōʻino o nā biology i ke hoʻololi ʻana i nā waiwai o nā kai aku i ka hopena o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o nā ʻano o nā microorganisms, nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona (bacteria, fungi, protozoa, ʻōpala) i hoʻokomo ʻia mai waho ma waho ʻole o ia ʻano.

ʻO nā mea hoʻonāola i nā wai i loko o ka waiwawa e hōʻike ʻia e nā huakini, nā helminth hua ʻōpala (nā pehu), ka huū a me ka pālaʻi, nā algae liʻiliʻi, nā maʻi maʻi, a no laila ua kūpono ka mea kīwī i kahi pōʻino nui nui i nā kānaka a me nā holoholona hihiu.

ʻO ka huina o nā poʻomanaʻo o ke kaiāulu a i nā kaiāulu, ma ke ʻano, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka biotic (biogen) a me ka microbiological (microbial).

ʻAʻole emi iki ka paleʻana i nā lāʻau kūlohelohe ma mua o ka hoʻomehana kemika. ʻO nā mea hōʻailona o nā maʻi a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe kekahi o ka hōʻike o ka hoʻonā microbiological i kumu ʻia e nā microorganisms. ʻO ka pālahalaha ʻia o nā pathogens me nā wīwī ua pinepine a hoʻomau i ke kumu o nā maʻi maʻa.

Hōʻalo ka wai. ʻO kēia ʻano mana o nā wai wai a me nā wai wai i nā makahiki 20-30 i hala i hoʻomaka ai e hoʻonui nui ma muli o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā lāʻau loololi nui a me nā mea kanu loina. Loaʻa i nā loea mīkini nā manaʻo i ka wai i hoʻohana ʻia e nā kikowaena e hoʻolako ai i ka hoʻomaha ʻana ʻaʻole i hele i loko o nā loli / 3, 5 /. Eia nō naʻe, ʻike ʻia i ka wai e hele ana ma waena o nā ʻāpana TPP ma lalo o ke ʻano o nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e hoʻololi i kona paʻakai, ke kō a me ka hana ʻōlohelohe / 108 /. ʻO ke komo ʻana o kēia wai i loko o nā wai lawaiʻa lawaiʻa e loli nui i nā kaola hydrothermal, hydrochemical a me nā hoʻoponopono ola / 109-112 /. ʻO ke hoʻonuiʻana o ke ea i kahi kino wai e kau ana ma luna o kāna kaila ʻenehana a ma ka kaulike o nā mea kolo. I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻonui ʻia kēia hopena. ʻO ka mālama i nā wahi ākea e hāʻawi i ka hoʻōla a me ka saturation o ka wai o ka wai, e pale aku ai i nā hanana ʻōlima. Ma lalo o ka hoʻomehana o ka hoʻomehana, ka hoʻōla a me nā hana hoʻonaninani o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai ʻana mai ka polū mua, hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā microorganism, phytoplankton, hoʻākoakoa ʻikepili a me nā minerale o nā hoʻonui mea kūlohelohe. Ma ka manawa like, ʻo ka make a me ka hōʻiliʻili o nā mea hou i kūleʻa hou (algae, microorganisms) alakaʻi i ka hoʻonui o ka lua (kūlohelohe) polū a, ma ke kumu, i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o ka rehena oxygen, a ma lalo iho o nā pae i lalo / 110 /. Me ka hoʻomakeke ikaika (ʻoi aku ma mua o ka 5-6 °), ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻololi hou ʻana o ka hydrobiocenoses: neʻe ʻia ka nui o ke aloha o nā mea kanu, a hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka hua ʻana o nā flora a me nā manu, ʻoi aku ka hoʻoneʻe o ka protococcal, hoʻōla ʻia ka pua wai, a hoʻōla ʻia nā ʻano ʻano o zooplankton a me zoobenthos. Ma muli o kēia, ua emi ka nui o ka hānai a me ka pā ʻana o ka ulu ʻana o ka iʻa, ua loli ko lākou ʻano ʻano ʻano (ʻo ka nui o nā iʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa). ʻO ka hopena maikaʻi o ka wai mahana e hoʻopiʻi i ka trophicity mālama wai. hoʻonui me ka lōʻihi o ka waihona waiwai / 108, 110 /. Inā nui ka pae ʻana i ke aniani (no ka laʻana, mai 25 ° C a 35 ° C), e make ana nā mea hanu.

ʻO nā ʻōpala o nā palu waʻa wīwī a me ko lākou koʻikoʻi no ka loiloi ʻana i ka maʻi ʻeha o ka puna wai. ʻO ka hoʻoili wai ʻana i kekahi mau maʻi kūpono e pili pono ana no ka nui o ke ʻano o ka nui o nā wai wai i ke ola kanaka. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā pehu microbiological o nā wai wai e pili ana me ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka nui o ka wai puna wai, ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai, a me kā lākou hoʻohana no ke kauʻau a me nā hanana haʻuki. He nui o nā maʻi o nā maʻi (typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera, tularemia) i kahi ala wai. No nā maʻi maʻi viral (polio), ua hōʻike ʻia ka hiki ke hoʻopili ma o ka ʻona ʻana o ka pōʻai.

ʻO nā meaʻawaʻawa nā mīkini he aolsols, nā molika a me nā mea i loaʻa i ka wai a me ka lepo. Hoʻopū kūnalo - nā ʻano o ke koena, ka wai a me nā mea kanu paʻa e hoʻopili ai i ka biosphere. Nā mea hoʻohālikelike i nā biology - nā microorganisms a me kā lākou huahana metabolic. ʻO nā ikehu ka ikehu nā ʻano o nā ikehu a pau - ka wela, mechanical, māmā, electromagnetic, ionization ka ikehu.

ʻO nā mea i hana ʻia ka mīkini me nā mea kūlohelohe ʻole i ʻole i lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau i komo i ka hopena meakanu me nā mea o ka biosphere (ka wai, ka wai, ka lepo). ʻO nā palaka me nā mea kemika ka mea e hoʻopili ai i ka biosphere. ʻO nā mea hoʻomehana biology nā microorganisms a me nā huahana o kā lākou hana haʻahaʻa. ʻO ka polū o ka ikehu ka helu ʻana o nā ikehu a pau - ka wela, ka uila (ka hūnina, ka leo, ka ʻona), ka māmā (ʻike ʻia, ʻenehana, ʻĀnōlani a me ka radiation laser), nā kīlena electromagnetic a me ka radiation ionizing (alpha, beta, gamma, x-ray a me neutron) . ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kekahi mau ʻano meaʻokoʻa, e like me ka radioaktif radio, he mau mea ʻona a!

ʻO nā mea make a me nā mea ola nā mea he microorganisms: he rīpū a me nā fungi, nā algae liʻiliʻi a me nā mea kanu, me nā pathogens - nā kumu kumu o ke ʻano typhoid fever, paratyphoid, disentery, etc. wai o nā hale luku, nā mea kanu, nā kahu ʻahuʻula, biofactories, etc.). Wahi a ko lākou ʻano loea, komo lākou i nā mea haumia kūlohelohe, akā kū ke kūʻokoʻa i kahi hui ʻokoʻa ma muli o ka pilina kūikawā me nā ʻano haumia ʻē aʻe.

KAHIKI AGRICULTURAL (SZ) - ka hoʻokomo i ka wahi kaiāulu pūlima a i ʻole nā mea kikoʻī a me nā microorganism pathogen (e ʻike i nā kuhi Biological) i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana i ka mahiʻai. ʻO nā kumu kumu nui o S.z. nā pesticides, fertilizers, hoʻopau holoholona. Hoʻopilikia ka lepo me nā pesticides a me nā koena i ka heluna o kona noho ʻana a no laila e hoʻoluliluli i ke kaʻina hana o ka loiloi i ka wā e pau ai ke koena o ke koena. Hiki i ka hoʻomāhā aku o nā pesticides ke hōʻeha i ka maʻi kino o ke kanaka, ʻo ia pū kekahi. I ka Lūkini Lūkini, ua nānā pinepine ʻia nā huahana ʻoi lāʻau me nā pesticides 2,4-D.

ʻO nā kumu kumu nui o nā palu kūlohelohe he mau waʻa wai mai ka ʻoihana a me nā ʻenekeke, nā ʻona ʻāina a me nā ʻenehana ʻōnaehana, nā hale kupapaʻu, nā ʻoihana hulahula, nā mākē wai, me nā mea āpau, a me nā mea kikoʻī a me nā microorganism pathogenic i komo i ka lepo, nā pali a me ka wai. Wahi a ka ʻike keʻokeʻo a me ka maʻi epidemiological, ʻike ʻia ka pathogenic Escherichia coli i ka wai hohonu ma kahi hohonu o 300 m mai ka honua aʻe.

Ua palia nā ʻano like ʻole a pau a me kēlā me kēia? malia lākou he impetus no ka hopena o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka haumia. Ma keʻano kūikawā, ua hoʻoili ʻia ka pōʻino o ka lewa o nā kālā i ka hoʻonui. "" Hālima ka hana, a, pili pono i nā maʻi ʻola. ʻO nā hopena o ka maʻi o ka poloka • anthropogenic o ka bio ery.

ʻO ke kinipōpō biolo o nā lepo i pili i ka hiki ke hoʻolaha i nā maʻi epidemiological he mea nui loa. ʻO ke kumu nui o ka hoʻomakeka ʻana o nā ʻāina i nā loina ʻole i ʻāpono ʻia, nā ʻāina mahi ʻai (kākāʻau) i ka pau ʻole o ka home. Hōʻike ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe kino i kēia hāpū 'maikaʻi o ka lepo no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke ʻano o nā loina o ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana a me ka ʻano o kā lākou huina, a me nā ʻano o kā lākou hōʻiliʻili, hoʻoilina (wahi ma ke ʻano o ke kaona), ka hōʻilo a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana.

ʻO nā kumuwaiwai o ka pā anthropogen, ʻo ka mea weliweli loa no ka lehulehu o nā mea ola e hoʻomālamalama i nā ʻenekona, ʻo ia nā hana ʻoihana ʻenehana (kemu, metallurgical, pulp a pepa, nā mea kūkulu hale, a me nā mea like.) Ma lalo o ke kumu o ke kaona ʻana, ua hoʻohaumia ʻia nā wahi āpau o nā kūlanakauhale nui a me nā agglomeration hana. E like me nā ʻano o ka haumia, ka ʻemekema, a me ke kino kūlohelohe e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia (Fig. 12.1 e like me ka N.F. Reimers, 1990, e like me ka hoʻoponopono ʻia).

Hoʻokumu i ka ʻano o ka mea, hoʻokaʻawale ka lepo i ka ʻenehana (ka sangkap), ka ʻona (parametric) a me ka ikehu-ikehu. ʻO ka mea mua ka mea i nā mea hao a me ka nā kaola, ka mea i hoʻohui pinepine ʻia e ka manaʻo maʻamau - nā kīʻaha, ka lua - ka wai - wai, ka ʻohiʻoni, electromagnetic a me ka radiation ionizing, a me ka radiation optical, ke kolu - radionuclides.

ʻO ka pilikia kūikawā ka mālama kino olakino o ka pōʻaiapuni e nā mea maʻi a me nā maʻi parasit. ʻO ka loli nui o ka nohona ma muli o nā hopena anthropogenic e alakaʻi i ka hopena hikiʻole ke hōʻike i ka ʻano o ka nui o nā heluna o nā pathogens a me nā mea lawe maʻi i nā maʻi i hōʻeha i nā kānaka a me nā holoholona. . ^ E Ha yM.

Me ka hoʻomāhuahua ʻana o ka hoʻoheheʻe techno i ka wai o ka honua i ka hana o ka wai inu wai i loko o nā makahiki i hala aku nei, aia ka manaʻo e hoʻololi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai artesian (underground). Hoʻohālikelike ka wai a Artesian me ka maka: ka nui o ka pae o ka mineralization, nā mea kanu, nā bacterial a me nā maʻi biololi e haʻahaʻa loa. I kekahi mau hihia, ke hoʻokō nei nā wai i nā koi maʻemaʻe a hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia i nā mea kūʻai aku, me ka pale ʻana i ka mākaukau maʻamau.Eia nō naʻe, inā ʻaʻole hoʻokaʻawale ka oxygen i ka wai ma o kā lākou hydrochemical naturel (ʻaʻole i lawe ʻia ka oxygen), a laila hiki iā lākou ke hōʻemi i nā mea ʻala (ʻona Mn2 +, Fe2 + a me ka hydrogen sulfide) i loko o nā ʻaina i ʻoi aku i nā pae ʻae ʻia. A laila pono ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe, kahi e hoʻemi ai i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai me nā mea hoʻoikaika i ka oxidizing ikaika, no ka laʻana, potassium permanganate, ozone, nā pūhui oxygen o nā chlorine. Ma muli o ke kaʻina hana, lilo kēia mau haumia i ka hoʻoiho ʻole ʻia a hoʻohemo ʻia ma ka filtration.

ʻO ka pilikia koʻikoʻi ka pilikia o ka hoʻopailua o nā maʻi kūlohelohe o ke kaiapuni, ʻo ke hakakā e kū pono ana a me kona hopena he mea koʻikoʻi loa ia no ke olakino lehulehu, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka pale ʻana o nā maʻi maʻi like ʻole a me nā maʻi parasit.

ʻO ke kumu no ka ʻike ʻana o nā pūhui nitrogen i ka wai, me ka hoʻohui i nā mea kūlohelohe, ʻo ke hoʻoponopono pololei i ka haukoli mai ka lewa e ka bakule nodule. ʻO ka kumu o ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka wai me ka nitrates ʻo ■ ka oxides nitrogen, i hana ʻia ma ka wā o ke kulu nui o ka hekili a hāʻule i loko o ka wai kō me ka wai.

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o nā kuʻuna, radioactive a me nā poli ololi. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka polū nui o ka wai lepo he simika. Ke alakaʻi ia nei i kahi loli i ka kemana holoʻokoʻa a me ka hoʻolana o ka wai lepo a me kā lākou hoʻoliʻiliʻi a me nā ʻano acid-base. Hoʻopili ʻia nā poke āpau me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā wai o lalo o nā ʻano mea ʻike, nā mea hou a me nā mea kanu manu. ʻO nā ʻaina o kēia mau mea i ka waʻa eleele i ʻike ʻia ʻole he ʻumi a ʻoi aku paha ke kiʻekiʻe o ka MPC.

ʻO ka hoʻopono o ka wai o loko o ka wai i loko o ka wai waʻai i alakaʻi ʻia i ka polū o ka lua o ka hopena.

ʻO ke kāohi, ka wehe ʻana i ka manawa, ka hoʻokau olakino a me ka haʻalele ʻana i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā maʻi o ke ʻano he nui e pili ana i ka pale kaua anti-epidemia o ka heluna. Eia nā hana me ka pale kino o ka wahi, ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka quarantine, inā pono, nānā mau i nā kaʻe o ka maʻi o nā virus, nā nānā kūlohelohe a me nā ʻōmala maʻi, ka nānā ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā foci o nā maʻi viral kūlū.

Inā ʻo ke kumuhana o ke kānāwai kaiapili ʻo ia ka pilina e pale ai i ka nohona mai ka pili kino, a me ke ʻano kūlohelohe a kūlohelohe, a laila kūlohelohe ka haʻalulu i ka hoʻopiʻi o ka manaʻo i nā sub-sektor nā lula kū kānāwai e hoʻoponopono ai i ka pale ʻana i nā hopena kūlohelohe, nā hopena kino a me nā hopena ola. ʻO kēia ala e hoʻonohonoho ai i ke kānāwai kaiapuni, ʻo ia kahi mea paʻakikī, hoʻohui pū i ka waiwai me ka nui o ka ʻepekema a me ka pono. No laila, ʻo nā koi no ka mālama mai o ke kaiāulu mai ka pōʻino i kūlohelohe i loko o ke kānāwai i ka Protection o ke kūlohelohe o ke kūlohelohe, ture kānāwai, nā loina holoholona hihiu, hana pono, hoʻomohala a me nā kānāwai ʻē aʻe. ʻO kahi manaʻo nui i ka nānā ʻana i ka hoʻonohonoho o ke kānāwai e hiki ai iā mākou ke hāʻawi i kahi loiloi piha o ka moku'āina o ke kānāwai ma kēia wahi, e ʻike i nā āpau a hoʻonohonoho i nā kumu kumu no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana. Inā ka mahele maoli o ka sub-branch o ka loina pili i ka palekana me ka pale ʻana i ka haumia, ua nānā nui ʻia ka ʻepekema i ka nānā ʻana i ke kānāwai kānāwai o ka palekana o ka nohona mai ka pehu ʻana a me ke kino.

Nā hōʻailona hou o ka ʻāina hoʻopulapula i nā wahi noho i nā wahi noho i loaʻa i ka genotoxicity a me nā hōʻailona o ka piʻoloke o ke ola (ka helu o nā microorganisms pathogenic ʻo ka helu o ka titers a me nā mea e pili ana i nā huahe helminth).

I ka loiloi ʻana i ka kūlana o ka honua o nā palupalu, nā hōʻailona nui o ka hōʻino o ka pōʻino o ka nohona e pili pono ana i ka hōʻino kino kino, nā mea kemik a me nā maʻi biula (Papa 67).

ʻO ka Wastewater kahi papahana heterogeneous paʻakikī o nā huapuni i hiki i ke kālepa, colloidal a me ka undissolved. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka polutala i nā minerala, ʻākala, bakiuma, ʻolaola. Hōʻike ka minuke e ke one, mau mea pālaʻi o ka pālolo, slag, ore, nā paʻakai mineral. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka pīpī pilikino ma ka puka ʻana i loko o nā mea kanu, holoholona, nā mea ʻenemi. Loaʻa nā pehu me nā pōpilikia manuahi i nā wai kai a me nā holoholona a me nā lako o kekahi ʻoihana ʻenehana. ʻO ka pā hale wīwī hale pili i ka wai mai nā wai mo ka wai, nā hale hoʻokaʻa, nā haukapila, a me nā mea e hele mai. ʻO nā mea kūpono i loko o lākou e pili ana i ka 58%, nā mineral - 42%.

Hāʻawi ʻia ka nui o ka wai kahe i loko o kekahi mau aniani (kāohi), a hoʻokahe ʻia ka wai aniani i loko o nā kīʻaha ʻē aʻe, akā hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka 1/3 me ka wai mai ka loko wai, puna wai, a i ʻole ka wai me kahi papa hana lewa, i.e. mai nā kino wai i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea organik. I ka hihia o nā hōʻemi kino o nā maʻi, pono e hoʻonui ʻia ka nui.

Koho i lalo ka papa o nā ʻano i loko o ke ʻano o ka ʻikepili o ka "8colog 'karnival" i ke ʻano o nā hopena, e wehewehe ana i nā ʻano o nā ʻano o nā ʻano a me ke ʻano o nā hana kūlohelohe kūlohelohe ma muli o nā hana kanaka, kahi e hoʻonāukiuki ai i nā pōʻino o ke kaiapuni.

Hoʻoholo ʻia ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻoi loa a me ka ʻimi ma ka noiʻi lapaʻau a apono ʻia e ka Ministry of Health o ka Russian Federation. I kēia manawa, nā MPC no ka 1000 mau mea kanu i ka wai, ʻoi aku ma mua o ka 200 o ka ea hau, a ma mua o 30 o ka lepo i hoʻokumu ʻia. Kānā ʻia nō hoʻi ke kau ʻana i nā huahana o ke kanaka. Ua hoʻokūpaʻa nā ʻōnaehana no nā hiʻohiʻona kino - kani, kani, wili, magnetic a me ka radiation electromagnetic, radiation exp, thermal poll and biological poll by pathogenic microflora.

ʻO nā hana ʻōpiopio ua hoʻomōhala ʻia nā mea hoʻohui kemu e komo i ka lepo ma o nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻO ka lepo ka mea nui a ka pono o ka huina olakino, kahi e neʻe ai ka neʻe ʻana a make me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā mea kanu ʻole i nā mea kanu ʻole o ka nui o nā mea kūlohelohe exogenous, anorganic a me nā mea hoʻomehana olakino. I ka huli ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia ka pae ʻana o ka lepo i ka pāpā e pili ana me ia: ke ea kūlohelohe, ka wai kai a me ka wai kai, nā mea kanu. I kēia hana, hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ka pōʻino o ka lepo i hoʻomohala i ke olakino o ke kanaka ʻaʻole wale ma o ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana, akā ma o nā pānaʻi pū kekahi me ia. I ka hopena hope loa, hiki i ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana i nā mea ulu i loko o ke kanaka ke kū i kekahi mau mekala koiola: lepo - ea hau ʻona - ke kanaka, ka ʻāina - wai - ke kanaka, ka ʻāina - ke kanaka, ka ʻāina, ka mea kanu - holoholona - ke kanaka, ka lepo - ka wai - iʻa - ke kanaka, a me ka kekahi

No ka hana ʻana i ka wai, hoʻohana ʻia ka wai i nā hoʻokolohua mai nā ʻano kumuwaiwai (loko, kahi ʻukuhuna, nā pūnāwai), kahi i waiho ʻia ai nā lau o nā mea kanu like o nā mea liʻiliʻi a liʻiliʻi ʻole paha. Ke hoʻohana nei i nā lau o nā ʻano ākea kūʻokoʻa (no ka laʻana, poplars), hoʻonui ʻia i ka manawa hoʻokolohua. Ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka waiʻeleʻele, ʻike ʻia ka kino i ʻike ʻia i ka wai i loko o ka wai i loko o ka wai kahi e luku nui ai nā lau.

ʻAʻole hiki i kahi ʻāpana o kēia ʻike ke neʻe mahele, a pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo ka palekana o ke kūlohelohe he kumu nui ia o ke kānāwai kaiapuni: i ke kaʻina o ke ola, hālāwai me nā ʻano like ʻole kanaka a me nā hopena kanaka i ka kūlohelohe, nā ʻano like ʻole o kona mau hewa, hoʻāliʻi, i kāna kūlohelohe, e hana. ke kino kūlohelohe a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā kumu kūlohelohe.

ʻO ka nīnau no nā hana o ke ʻano e pili ana i ke kāne he mea nui ka kānāwai. Ke kākoʻo nei i ke kānāwai kānāwai o ka mālama kaiāulu a me ka pale o ke kaiapuni mai nā hopena maikaʻi loa o ka hana kanaka. No laila, i ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka hana o ka hoʻokele waiwai o ke kūlohelohe a i ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻēmi ʻana o nā kumu kūlohelohe, hoʻokumu ke kānāwai kūlohelohe i kēia mau pono no ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i ka ʻāina, ka wai, ka nahele, a me nā waiwai kūlohelohe, e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i ke kūlohelohe, kūlohelohe a kūlohelohe i mea e pono ai ka manawa kūpono loa no ka ka ho'ōla ʻana o ka hana kūlohelohe o ke ʻano. I loko o ka hoʻolālā o ke kānāwai ma nā pae kūlohelohe kūloko kūikawā e pili ana i nā pilina e pili ana i ka leʻaleʻa o ke aesthetic, recreational, ʻepekema, kūlohelohe pono kanaka o kahi kanaka i kāna kamaʻilio ʻana me ke kūlohelohe.

ʻO Zoologist a me nā huaʻai he mea lōʻihi loa i ka ʻike pono o ka hiki ke hoʻololi i nā holoholona hihiu a me nā mea kanu i nā kūlana o ke kūlanakauhale. He meaʻokoʻa, pono e ʻōlelo e pili ana i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa a me ke ʻano synanthropic. ʻO ka manawa nei i puka mai, ua ʻike nui ʻia ka nui o nā exoticism, a ʻaʻole maʻamau kēia mau maʻamau (nā mākaʻi, nā lāʻau hālau lāʻau ʻAmelika Hema, kinkaju, a me nā mea like) a me ke ʻano he ʻano maʻamau (no ka laʻana, he bear brown i loko o kahi hale kuha ma kahi hale hau). ʻO kēia ke kumu no ka maʻa honua, kālepa kalepa ma nā ʻano heʻohana. ʻO ka pilikia koʻikoʻi o nā holoholona home ʻole. ʻO ka nui o nā mea i hoʻolaha i hoʻolauna pū me ka noʻonoʻo ʻole, he mea ʻole, ke ulu ʻole nei, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke hoʻomōlohelohe ʻana o nā mea kūlohelohe o ke kaiapuni, e hoʻoweliweli ana i nā kaiāulu kūlohelohe a me nā ʻano.

No laila, he nui ka hopena o ka lepo ma ke olakino o ka lehulehu, he mea nui i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe nui a he: 1) ka mea nui i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā ʻāina kūlohelohe a me nā mea kūlohelohe, he mea nui i ka ulu ʻana a me ka pale ʻana i nā maʻi ahulau, 2) ke kaiapuni e hāʻawi ai i ke kaʻe i loko o ka ʻōnaehana "kūwaho o waho - kanaka ”a me nā mea ʻenemi a me nā mea radioaktif, a me nā mea hoʻonaninani exogenous i komo i ka lepo me nā hoʻoiho mai nā ʻoihana ʻenehana, nā kaʻa, nā wai ʻōpala, a, a me ka pili pū me kēia mea a ka hopena e pili ana i ke olakino lehulehu, 3) kekahi o nā kumu wai a me ka hoʻonaninani kūlohelohe o ka ea hau, ka wai lepo a me ka wai kai, a me nā mea kanu i hoʻohana ʻia e nā kānaka no ka meaʻai, 4) ke kumu o ka hoʻoili ʻia ʻana o nā maʻi hopohopo, 5) ke kūlohelohe, kūpono kūpono loa no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā wai. a me ka pohala hala.

ʻO ka manaʻo o ka "mālama i ke kaiapuni" ("mālama kaiāulu") e pili ana hoʻi i nā mea kumu i ke kānāwai kaiapuni. ʻO nā pilina e pili ana i ka mālama kaiāulu i ke kumuhana o ka hoʻoponopono kānāwai i kēia ʻoihana. ʻO ka pale aku o ke kaiāulu, me ka mālama o ke kūlohelohe a me ka palekana o ke kaiāulu, e like me Art. ʻO 72 o ke Kumukānāwai o ka Russian Federation he kumuhana no ka hui pū ʻana o ka Russian Federation a me nā kumuhana o ka Federation. Ma ke kaʻina hana o ke ola, e hoʻokō i nā pono ʻokoʻa o ke kanaka a me nā hana a ke kanaka i hana ai i ke kūlohelohe, aia kahi ʻano like ʻole o kona mau hoʻololi hewa, hoʻowahāwahā, ʻano pono, ʻo ia o kona kūlohelohe, nā ʻano kūlohelohe a me ka hoʻohiolo ʻana o nā waiwai kūlohelohe. Ka mea, ʻike palekana ke kūlohelohe mai ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, mai nā loli maikaʻi loa i kāna mau hiʻohiʻona a hoʻohiolo ʻana i nā kumu kūlohelohe.

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