ʻO nā ʻĀmio, a ʻo nā ʻīmia paha (Amphibia) - nā holoholona aloha ʻehā mau wāwae ʻehā me ko lākou mau poʻo, ʻaʻole i nui ka pale pale e puni ana i ka emime. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "amphibian" hiki mai ka Greek amphi, ʻo ia ka "ʻelua" a me "bios", ʻo ia ka "ola", no laila, "pāālua ke ola". Hōʻike kēia i ka mea nui o ka amphibians he biphasic, loaʻa kahi wai wai, kahi lākou e hoʻopau ai i kahi hapa o ko lākou manawa, a me kahi papa ʻāina. ʻO ka hapanui, akā, ʻaʻole nā ​​amphibians a pau, loli i ke ʻano o ka larval aquatic, kahi lākou e hoʻohana ai i ka oxygen mai ka wai a me ka hapa ʻole o nā ʻōpū, a hiki i nā ʻehā, nā hau hanu, nā ea hanu, nā mea pākeke i hoʻoponopono ʻia i ke ola ma ka honua. Aia ma kahi o ʻeono kaukani mau mea ola o amphibians. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona ka palaka, nā ʻūlū, nā salamanders, nā mea hou, nā protea a me nā ʻōpala.

Kāleka

ʻAʻohe mea ʻokoʻa mai nā lālā maʻamau o ka papa. ʻO ke kino o ka frog viviparous he 3 cm lōʻihi, brown in color, me ka wai me ka pihi tuberous i hōʻike ʻia.

Ma nā ʻaoʻao, ma ke kua, he kaula māmā. ʻAʻole nui ka poʻo, e hoʻopuni ana nā maka me kahi iris ʻeleʻele. Kūleʻa ʻia nā wāwae he nui, kēlā me kēia me nā manamana lima elongated ʻehā. Aia i ka huelo. He ʻano maoli nō ia i loko o nā ʻōpū. ʻAʻohe mea niho.

ʻĀkau ola, meaʻai

Hoʻonui ka hana o nā amphibian viviparous i ka maloʻo nui inā hele ka thermometer ma luna o 20 tikelika. Holo lākou. ʻO ka papa ʻai nā mollusks, nā pepeke a me nā invertebrates ʻē aʻe.

E hōʻeha i nā pōpoki me nā pilikia ʻole. ʻAi nā wahine, hoʻomākaukau no ka gestation lōʻihi. Ke hāʻule ka hāleʻa i ka 12, ua lilo nā paka i ka viviparous (maʻamau no ka mahina hoʻoilo, mai Dekemaba a Pepeluali), ʻoi aku e hūnā ma nā piʻi pōhaku a i ʻole burrow i ka lepo.

Pono lākou i nā ua. Malaki, ʻApelila o ka malama o ka lā hānau, ʻo nā kāne ka mea e ala i ka hake. I ke kauwela, ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ka holo 'ana o ka hoʻomehana.

Ka hana ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana i ka hoʻolālā

ʻO ka mea kaulana loa. Hoʻomaka nā pāʻani pāʻani i ka ʻAukake. Kāne kāne kāne ʻōlohi i ka uē. Hoʻomau kēia manawa a hiki aku i ka mahina o ʻOkakopa. ʻO ka lōʻihi ka lōʻihi ma kahi lā holoʻokoʻa. Ke neʻe nei nā kāne i ka manawa like, a neʻe ka wahine i ka wāwae mai ka wāwae. Ma hope o ka kanu ʻana, haʻalele ʻo ia no ka wahi.

Ma hope o nā mea a pau, pono ʻo ia e hānau i nā keiki no 9 mau mahina! Hoʻopili ʻia ka hoʻomohala i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka manuahi viviparous, ma nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi i hoʻolōʻihi ʻia i nā oviducts, hoʻopiha ʻia me kahi wai hoʻokaʻawale (protein, yolk), e lawelawe nei i nā palaka liʻiliʻi, a komo ka oxygen i loko o kahi huelo ʻoi loa e waiwai i nā kahe koko.

I ka hoʻomaka mua o Iulai, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hānau hānau. He hiki i ka 22 mau pepe i hānau ʻia. Akā e like me ka ʻike haʻahaʻa - ʻoi aku kēia mau helu i ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ke ʻano 4 - 12. Ma ka huina, ua lawe mai ka ʻepila ʻApelika i mau keiki 2 mau manawa i loko o kona ola. Ua hānau ʻia lākou, e like me kāu i hoʻomaopopo ai. Nā keiki ʻōpio ʻōpio ma hope o 15 mau mahina, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka makahiki aʻe ma hope o ka hānau ʻana.

Kanikau

Nui ka nui o lākou. Aneane nā holoholona hihiu āpau o ka ʻāpana ʻāina i kū ʻia ma luna o lākou. Mālama i ka frog viviparous wale nō i kona kala. Aia i ʻike ʻia, ʻo kekahi o nā nectophrinoids i like me nā chameleons.

ʻO ia, aia lākou ma ke kāʻei kau ma muli o ke kala ka lanakila. Ua ʻike lākou e kūlou i ke kua o ko lākou kua me ka hump, ala i kahi kūlana manacing. Akā ʻo ka mea kaua e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi loa, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka camouflage a moe i ka pākū.

Nā Kūlana Kūʻai

1. Ke nīnau nei ka poʻe he nui i ka nīnau banal - aia nō anei nā rana e ola nei? Pane: ʻae, aia ma!
2. ʻO nā wēlau āpau he poʻe wānana.
3. Ua hoʻolako ʻia kekahi mau ʻano holoholona i nā lepaona manuahi no ka pale aku, ʻaʻole maikaʻi loa i nā kānaka.
4. Ke kū nei ka wahine, i ʻike ʻia ka caviar ma kona ʻōpū.
5. ʻĀwili ʻia ka wī pāpole.
6. ʻO ka hewa kuhi hewa ʻo ia ka mea nui o ka manawa i loko o ka wai, no ka mea makemake ʻole lākou e lele.

ʻIke anei ʻoe i kēlā.

Ke loli mau nei ka nui o nā pōpō momona. ʻO ka helu i hoʻokahi manawa ke kiʻekiʻe loa i kekahi ma ke ʻano o ka pauahi?

No ka hoʻonui ʻana i kou mau horona a kākau aku i kahi hōʻike a me ka moʻolelo, a koʻikoʻi mākou e heluhelu i nā ʻatikala ma lalo nei. Uaʻike mākou i ka ma hope o ka heluhelu ʻana i kēia mau moʻolelo, e aʻo nō ʻoe i ka ʻike nui a me ka ʻike. Makemake mākou iā ʻoe i kahi kūpono maikaʻi i kā mākou hui aloha!

Amur a Ussuri tiger wehewehe wehewehe ʻikepili memo photo video video

E nā hoa malihini! I mea e loaʻa ai ka ʻike holoʻokoʻa e pili ana i nā holoholona hihiu a i ʻole nā ​​mea hihiu, pono ʻoe e ʻike i kā lākou ʻano ʻepekema. ʻO ka papa helu ʻepekema nui o nā holoholona nā:

Manaʻo mākou iā ʻoe e hahai i ka loulou ma lalo nei a hoʻohui i kāu ʻike me nā ʻike ʻepekema. Mahalo nui iā ʻoe me mākou!

Puke ʻula

Per 100 kapuai kuea m nā moʻo ʻana ma kahi o 160 mau ʻāpana. ʻO nā amphibian Viviparous, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻano Komohana Komohana, i kākau ʻia i loko o ka Red Book i mea palupalu, aia ma ka palena o ka hoʻopau ʻana, kēia no ka mea maʻamau o kā lākou hana hou ʻana. I kēia manawa ua kiaʻi nui ʻia lākou .

ʻO kekahi ʻōpala kekahi i nā mea ʻala a me nā caviar! Na Toad-aga e pili ana i kēia aloha. Kuhi ʻo ia i nā hua i nā kaula laha ma lalo o ka wai. E maʻalahi ka hilahila o ka hua-waiho ʻana o nā amphibians o kēlā me kēia mau kekona i kekahi manawa a he hopena make. ʻO ka mea ʻoi loa ma ʻAmelika Hema pinepine, inā ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka custar firmgeon, lawelawe lākou ... he haki. A aia kahi mau mea ʻona i ka wā i kuke ʻia ai ka palaoa mai ka caviar o ka toad-aga.

A hana maoli ʻo Kanaka ponoʻī i ka meaʻai: nā pōpoki a me nā ʻīlio e hoʻāʻo e hana i kēia make. ʻO nā aniani nā parotid nui, nā alahaka o ka palaka wili no ka hapakolu o kahi mika.

Awosa e hoʻoneʻe alo i mua o ka ʻaina.

Aha - ʻeleʻele-ʻulaʻula, i kekahi manawa me kahi ʻulaʻula a ʻulaʻula paha, nui - a hiki i 25 kenimika. Aia i nā mokupuni. Ma USA, ʻaʻole ia e ulu nui aʻe ma mua o 18 sentimita. Range - mai Texas a Patagonia (pili i nā mea kokoke e noho nei). Ma nā pāpū, ʻoi loa i nā māla a me nā kanu lāʻau, ʻoiai i loko o nā hale a me nā kūlanakauhale, he nui no kēia mau wāwae. Makemake lākou e noho ma lalo o nā ipukukui, e kiaʻi ana i nā iniseti e lele ana i ka mālamalama. ʻO kēia mau kukui a me nā pā hale e like me ke kumu nui o ka ākea o ke kāʻei o kēlā me kēia kanaka. Hoʻopau ʻia mai ke kukui hoʻokahi a ʻokoʻa kekahi, e hoʻi mau lākou i kā lākou. I ke ahiahi Hiki ke ʻike ʻia lākou i ka ua. A ma nā pō anuanu ʻaʻole lākou i ʻike.

ʻ --lelo - ʻo ia wale nō, e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, ʻehā amphibian, kahi metamorphosis ʻaʻole i pau loa i ka hoʻopau ʻia mai nā ʻano mea kanu. ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ia ʻano mea, no ka laʻana, he ʻano leʻaleʻa kona. Noho nā ʻōpū momona i kahi mamao mai ka ʻīlio a i ʻole ka ʻoki pōpoki mai ka ipu. I ka wā e lawa ai nā holoholona, ​​waiho nā wīwī i ke kīʻaha me nā wikiwiki wikiwiki a ʻai i nā koena.

No ka mahiʻai, ʻae pono ʻo kekahi o nā wili i hoʻohana pono ʻia. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo ia i nā ʻāina he nui e ulu ai ka kō, no ka mea paʻakikī ke loaʻa ka palekana maikaʻi loa e pale aku ai i nā pōpoki o kēia mea kanu. Ma Florida, ma Jamaica, ma Puerto Rico, a hiki i ka moku ʻo Solomona a me Hawaiʻi, ua kau ʻia kēia mau ʻaka.

A hiki i kēia manawa, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ke ʻikepili nui loa i ka honua. Akā i ka makahiki 1951, i ka wā o ka holo ʻana o ka mea ʻike Swedia kaulana o Blomberg, he kanaka Kolombiana nunui, a ʻo Blomberg toad, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka aha.

Nā ʻāpana like ʻole e noho ana ma ʻAmelika a me Asia Hema. Kokoke ʻaʻole ʻike e ʻike no nā mea he nui. ʻO nā poʻe ʻē aʻe no ka poʻe loea, he ākea, he kiko ʻole. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole pili kēia ʻōlelo i nectophrinoids ...

Ua liʻiliʻi nā wāwae. Me ke kaʻi, e like me 6 kenimika. I loko o nā kuahiwi mauna o Tanganyika, ʻike ʻoe iā lākou ma ka ʻāina a i ʻole ma nā lau a me nā nāhelehele ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe i luna o ia (akā naʻe ʻole i ka wai!). Loaʻa lākou i nā kīʻī waiʻi ma ko lākou mau manamana lima. I ka nahele o ka mauʻu, he ʻōmaʻomaʻo kēia mau ʻakaʻu, i waena o nā lau lau hina - hina. Ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe, e pili ana i ka waihoʻoluʻu o ke ʻano koke, ʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula a ʻeleʻele paha. I kahi huaʻōlelo, nā chameleons!

Ua aʻo mua ka honua ʻepekema e pili ana iā lākou ma 1905, i ka wā i wehewehe ai ka zoologist Thornier i kēia mau amphibians hoihoi. No nā zoology, kahi ʻano maoli kēia. ʻAʻole ia he mea nui e like me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka coelacanth, akā e pili ana i ke ola o kahi ʻano hou lāʻau Aferika, ua haʻi aku ʻo Tornir i kahi mea i manaʻo ʻole ʻia a he mea kupaianaha hoʻi.

He viviparous lākou! I nā wahine, ua kūkulu ʻia nā kihi lōʻihi o nā oviducts i kahi ʻano o ka wahine. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hua huaʻai ma ʻaneʻi, a laila embryos. Kuhi ʻia lākou i nā baki a me ka helu liʻiliʻi - a he 135 mau kaikunāne.

ʻO nā ʻano ʻelua o kēia ʻano ʻano, ʻo ka manuahi o Tornier, i wehewehe ʻia i ka makahiki 1906 e zoologist Rocks. ʻO nā wahi no ka like ʻole - nā nahele ʻo Tanganyika. ʻO ka ulu liʻiliʻi - a i ke 3 sentimita. ʻO nā pēpē hou - a hiki i ka 35.

ʻO ke kolu o nā ʻano ʻala mua, ua ʻike ʻia i ka ʻĀpana 1942 ma kahi o ʻelima mau tausani mau mile ma ke komohana o ʻelua, ma Guinea. He liʻiliʻi nā wailele, me kahi puʻe. A he ākea kā lākou pālahalaha, ma ka honua honua, he ʻulupulu nui: he mau kilomika mau wahi māla ākea ma nā awāwa o Nimba. Akā ma kēia manawa i ka ua nui, mai Mei a ʻAukake, ua nui kēia mau ʻupena: a hiki i ʻelima haneli ma luna o hoʻokahi anane mau mita pākahi o nā wahi nahele! A laila ua pau ka ua, a me nā kuʻu e like me ka makani a ka makani: ʻaʻohe kahi ma laila, kahi mau wahi e hele ai i nā wahi a pau. Ma hea ʻoe e hūnā ai?

He ʻāina paʻa ka ʻāina ma lalo o kou mau wāwae, hiki i kēia mau keiki liʻiliʻi ke hele ma laila. Ka mea i hūnā ʻia i loko o nā kalana like ʻole i ka honua a noho i waho no ʻeiwa mau mahina, e kali ana no ka wela o ʻAmelika i ka hoʻomalo a hoʻomā i ka ua e ninini hou.

A ma mua o ka peʻe, hoʻokō nā kāne i ka hōʻiliʻili i nā wahine, a ua ʻani lākou i nā ʻōpū. ʻAʻohe mammals i ka placenta i loko o ka pala hānai. He mea maoli nō ia, no ka manaʻo e hānai ʻia nā embryo, e like me nā shika a i ʻole salamanders alpine: nā mea kanu i mālama i nā hua manu a me nā embryos e ulu nei i ka hopena. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻokūa nā noiʻi: ʻaʻohe "Kainism." Ke hoʻokō nei kekahi mea i ʻike ʻia e mākou - he mea e like me nā kolo a me nā stingrays: ʻo ka ʻōpū o ka makuahine ka mea i hoʻomake i kahi papipī. E hoʻomoʻowauwa ʻia nā keiki nui e ulu a ulu a ... A i ka wā i hānau ai lākou (mai ʻelua a he iwakālua mau keiki hānau), ʻekolu wale nō ma mua o ka makuahine i hāpai iā lākou.

“Kahi ʻano paʻakikī o ke ola e hana ma ʻaneʻi ma ke kino o ka makuahine: ʻoi aʻe ka nui o nā embryo, ʻo ka liʻiliʻi ka ulu ʻana o nā puʻu hānau. Hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā i kahi helu kīnā ʻole o nā ʻōpū o nā ʻōpū o nā ʻōpū, ʻōpiopio mai kahi ʻoihana liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i hānau ʻia ma mua o kahi i nui ai ka kuhi ”.Hōlua ʻo Heuser ).

ʻO Toad nectofrinoides wale nō nā amphibians i loaʻa i ka ʻepekema i kēia manawa.

Ma ke kūkulu hema-hema o US US, ma kekahi wahi ma Ukraine, i nā lāʻau marshy i ulu nui me nā lāʻau, nā wīwī, a puni kahi ʻōpala i kahi ululāʻau mauʻu i ka pūnāwai a i ke kauwela āpau a hiki i ka hoʻoilo (a hiki i ʻOkakopa). ! " Kikii. Pūmaʻikaʻi. Makemake ʻoe e pili ana ka manu i kekahi ʻano nocturnal. Hele i ka uē, hoʻokokoke a kokoke kokoke. Ke haole nei kēia, akā ʻaʻole ʻike. ʻO kahi hana hou, e like paha, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻopā i ka mea ʻakaʻī me kou lima ... Paʻa koke ʻo ia i ka leo, a noho mālie. ʻAno i loko o nā kumulāʻau, ʻaʻohe lurking, ʻaʻohe mea e hoʻopio, makaʻu, ʻaʻole i ka holo, ʻaʻole rustling, ʻaʻole i hana ia ...

ʻOiai inā i ka lā me ka mālie a pīhoihoi loa i ka ulu lāʻau a i ʻole ka lāʻau āu e lohe ai i "krak-krak-krak", ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻike i kekahi. Akā ʻaʻole ka lāʻau nui ...

No ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻīlī leo nui, a he ʻōmaʻomaʻo lā, e like me ka lau āna e noho ai, me nā manamana lima ʻehā e pili ana i nā wāwae ʻehā. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā manamana lima, i pālahalaha ʻia i nā disc, pili i nā kihi o nā kihi: kahi waiwai hou e kupanaha nei no ka jumper akamai, e kiʻi i ka luna o ke poʻo.

Aloha! Hua lāʻau. ʻO kāna kāne kāne, me ka pūpū e pīpī nei i kona ʻūhā, ke uē nui me ka ʻike aku i nā manu o ka ʻai. He leo ikaika loa kēia ʻuʻuku o kā mākou hua, a me ka mea nāna i kani ka ʻāʻī o kahi hiki ʻole: ke hoʻonui ʻia me ka ikaika piha - me ka lāʻau mauʻu iho!

He ʻōmaʻomaʻo nā rana a lāʻau, akā aia i ke kauwela nā lau. Inā pono ʻoe e noho i kahi ʻāpana ʻokoʻa like ʻole, hoʻololi ka ʻaka lāʻau i kāna kapa: hiki i kekahi manawa ke hoʻololi i ka brown i kekahi mau minuke, hina, hina a ʻeleʻele paha a ʻeleʻele. Akā he mea ʻokoʻa ia - ʻaʻole pili nā rana lāʻau i nā kumu nui o ko lākou mau mea noho. A me ka poʻe e noho nei i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, aia kahi keke, hina, uliuli, lilac, ʻōmole keʻokeʻo a ʻulaʻula.

ʻO ka pūnāwai wale nō, i ʻApelila - Mei, e ʻauʻau nei nā palaka lāʻau i ka wai. Eia a ʻano. A laila hele lākou i ka pua, i nā lāʻau a me nā mauʻu me nā lau ākea. Akā ma ka maʻamau ʻaʻole lākou e hele ma mua o hoʻokahi haneri mika mai ka wai. Hiki i nā ua lōʻihi ke hoʻolele iā lākou i waho o kekahi mau hale a lalo ʻole i ka wai. (ʻOiaʻiʻo, kekahi mau kāne, no kekahi kumu a ma ka wā maikaʻi, e ola lākou i ka wai no ka hapanui o ke kauwela.)

I ke ahiahi, lele ka lāʻau o ka lāʻau (pinepine ma ka lā pono!), Kau iā lākou ma ka ʻoihana a ma ka lau paha, e pani ana i kona mau maka a hoʻopaʻa pū ʻana i kona mau wāwae ponoʻī iā ia iho. Holo ma ke kakahiaka a i ka pō. Ma mua o ka hopu ʻana, inā kokoke ka wai a ʻaʻohe wai, ua iho ka iho o ka lāʻau a ʻauʻau a ʻauʻau. ʻO kēia mau lōkō i ke ahiahi he maʻamau maʻamau i waena o ka lāʻau lāʻau Mediterranean, kahi noho o nā ʻāina wela a me kahi maloʻo - Sepania a me Maroko.

ʻO kahi hui like ʻole holoholona, ​​kahi mea e hōʻike maikaʻi ʻole i nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau, ʻo ka amphibians ka mea ʻāmaʻomaʻo a ʻulaʻula. Eia nō naʻe, kekahi o lākou i nā paku kaulike. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka iʻa, nā amphibians terestrial o ka wai hoʻonaninani i ka hanu ma o ka ʻili a ma o ke oʻe, ʻaʻole i loko o nā gills, a loaʻa nā limia ma o nā pua, akā hoʻohana kekahi mau amphibians i nā gills.

Ke noho nei nā hale noho ma nā wahi he nui o ka honua, ua nui nā mea ʻaumaha i nā mea kaulike o ke ʻano. Hōʻike lākou i ka hana ʻelua-wai, ʻoiai ua hoʻopau lākou i ka nui o nā pepeke a me nā invertebrates ʻē aʻe a ʻo lākou nō iho ke kōkua ʻana i nā holoholona nui, ʻo lākou ka mea i hoʻohui i nā pūnaewele meaʻai. He mea koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi nā ʻ Amphibians i ka pōʻai aʻai a me nā mea hoʻokauwā o nā loli kūlohelohe o ke ʻano.

ʻO ʻAmelia ka mea nui i ka hana o ka ʻohana kanaka. ʻO nā moʻolelo a ma kēia manawa, ʻo nā mea i hana ʻia mai amphibians he kumu nui no nā lāʻau. Ua hōʻike ʻia ua hōʻemi lākou i ka hoʻomakeke ʻia o nā maʻi i loaʻa e nā pepeke e ka hōʻemi ʻana i ko lākou helu. Ma ka hoʻomana haipule, he mau hōʻailona nui nā amphibians, inā ma ka shamanism, ke hoʻomana hoʻomana mua ʻana, a i ʻole nā ​​hoʻomana i ka mua o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.

Mai ka makahiki 1970, ua hoʻomaka ka nui o nā poʻe amphibian i ka emi, me ka nui o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia i nā kumu a anthropomorphic (kahi i hoʻomoʻa ʻia e ke kanaka). No nā kumu kūpono a me ka pono, pono e koi nā kānaka e mālama i ka mālama o kēia mau holoholona koʻikoʻi.

ʻIke ʻia ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā ʻaumua a me nā reptile e ʻike ʻia he herpetology..

Nā hiʻohiʻona ʻAmibia

ʻO ka hapanui o nā amphibians e hana i nā hua me ka ʻole a i ʻole nā ​​membrane (anamniotics), ka mea e ulu i loko o ka wai a hilinaʻi i ka humu mai ke kaiapuni. Loaʻa i nā ʻikepili ʻelemakule kahi puʻuwai ʻekolu ʻekolu.Loaʻa ka naʻau lāʻau i kahi naʻau bicameral) a maʻa mau lua māmā. ʻElua mau protrusions ma ka hope o ke kaʻe ʻana (condipital condyles), aʻo nā mea reptile ke ʻano o nā condyle o occipital wale nō.

Kiʻi ʻia e Grim Fandango flickr.com

ʻOiai ka hapanui o nā amphibians nele i nā koi kūpono no ke ola kūlohelohe loa, ʻo kekahi o lākou he ʻāina maoli maoli, he hānau ma luna o ka ʻāina, e koi aku paha kekahi i kahi ʻāpana ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa. ʻO kekahi o lākou he wai piha loa. Ke ulu nei nā mea make i ke anuanu, lehulehu nā amphibians e komo i kahi kūlana dormant, ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana pōpilikia (nā hau anuanu), e like me ka ʻūhā, a i ka wā kau (kulu), e like me ka estification.

Hoʻolālā ʻAmibia a me ka ʻokoʻa

Aia nā amphibians āpau i ka papa o ka ʻenike subtype Amphibia (Vertebrata). Aia nā amphibians i loaʻa i ka subclass like ʻole o ka non-armored (Lissamphibia). ʻEkolu mau kauoha i loko o ka subclass:

• Hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā amphibians tailless (Anura - nā baki a me nā kuʻi): Mau ʻohana 5,602 ma 48 mau ʻohana
• Hoʻomaopopo i nā amphibians i kāhea ʻia (Caudata a i ʻole Urodela - salamanders, newts, protea, sirens and amphiums): Mau ʻano 571 ma 10 mau ʻohana,
• ʻO kahi pahu o nā amphibians lehelehe (Gymnophiona a i Apoda - mau wēwau): 190 mau ʻohana ma 10 mau ʻohana.

ʻOkoʻa ka palaka a me nā ʻūhā ʻē aʻe i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ke ʻano ʻehā o ke alo o nā wāwae ʻehā ma waena o nā manamana he nui. ʻAkē nā ʻōpiopio. ʻO nā ʻaka a me nā ʻōpio ka nui o nā amphibians i loaʻa i nā wahi āpau, a me nā aboral, ka wai a me nā nesterial ʻAmelika a me nā ʻāina āpau, me keʻole ʻo Antarctica. ʻEkolu mau ʻano pae i hoʻopuni ʻia ma luna o ka ʻAliki Arctic. He mau leo ​​hoʻomalu nā mākaʻi ʻo Tailless, aʻo nā ʻōlelo ʻelua ʻehā ʻē aʻe e kaupalena ʻia e nā kani ʻana e like me ka uē a me ka haki ʻana.

ʻO Salamanders, houts, protea, sirens a me nā amphiums he mau lālā o ke kauoha o caudate amphibians, ma laila, he mau kākoʻeo lākou a pau. E like me ke kānāwai, ua like nā ʻāpana like like o nā pelahula, akā he nui iki nā wāwae o ka amphium, a ʻaʻohe haku o ka haku i nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa a hoʻemi ʻia hoʻi nā forelimbs. ʻO ka amphibian nui loa i ka honua ka moʻo, ka iʻa, ka salamander buta Kina, hiki ke piʻi iʻelua mau mika, a me kona pilina pili hoʻi, ka salamander nui Iapana i ulu nā 1.6 mika. ʻO Salamanders ka nui loa a me nā ʻokoʻa i nā zona hoʻomālamalama.

Hoʻohui pilikia like loa me nā ʻōpala maʻamau, nele lākou i nā hopena o waho. Hoʻopili ʻia nā poʻo o kēia mau amphibians no ka eli ʻana, he ʻuʻuku loa kā lākou ʻula. ʻO nā ʻōlima ka mea he amphibians wale nō me nā unahi kaulina; ua like lākou me ka ʻāpana o nā iʻa ma mua o nā reptile. He ʻona ʻokoʻa nā amphibians maikaʻi ʻole, kahi hale hoʻoneʻe retractable i loaʻa ma waena o nā ihu a me ka maka, e hana ana me ka mea he sensor kemika. Noho ka ʻōpio ma lalo o lalo, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā maka he nui, ʻike ʻino lākou i ka ʻepekema a ʻaʻole nui nā inoa maʻamau. Aia ma kahi o 200 mau mea ʻehā o nā ilo. ʻIke wale lākou ma nā ʻāina mokulele a me nā subtropical o ka honua.

ʻO nā ʻāpana he nui ʻāpana mai nā kenekoa ʻelua a hiki i nā salamanders ʻelua mika. ʻAne ua ʻā ʻAmelika i nā wahi āpau ma luna o ka honua mai nā wahi kiʻekiʻe loa a hiki i nā ʻāina kū maluhia o ka ʻAlikaka. Loaʻa lākou ma nā wahi āpau o kēlā me kēia wai wai i loko o ka makahiki. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ola kekahi mau ʻūlū ma nā wao nahele i loko o nā awāwa i hana wale ʻia i ka wā o nā ua nui.

Kiʻi yakovlev.alexey flickr.com

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā amphibians e pono i ka wai hou e pua. Hoʻohana kekahi mau ʻano lāʻau i ka wai brackish, akā ʻAʻohe amphibians moana maoli. ^ E Ha yM. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole pono he mau haneli o nā rana no ka wai i ka manawa āpau. Hoʻomaka lākou ma o ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻolālā ʻana, hoʻohālikelike, e ʻae iā lākou e kūʻokoʻa i ka wai. Noho aneane āpau ka noho ʻana o kēia mau bako i ka ululā o ka ʻāina, a me nā mana o nā pākeke e haki ana i kā lākou hua, a hala loa i ke kaʻina hulpole. Hoʻopili ʻia kekahi mau ʻano ʻano like ʻole i ka pā kai me nā semi-arid, akāʻo ka hapa nui e koi ai i ka wai e waiho i nā hua. ʻO ka maʻi Symbiosis me kahi nū loiloi hoʻokahi e noho nei i ka papana like-ʻula o nā hua i kēia manawa i loko o kahi nui.

Eia nō naʻe, ka hapa nui o nā amphibians e hele i ka wai wai a me ka ʻāina. Nā lāʻau Amamniotic (ʻaʻohe honu) e kau ʻia i ka wai. Ma hope o ka hika ʻana, hapai nā kime amphibian me nā ʻōpū o waho. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaka ʻana e hoʻololi lohi i waho i loko o kahi pākeke ma o kahi kaʻina i kapa ʻia metamorphosis. No ka laʻana, ka ʻuʻuku o ka frog (tadpoles) i ka ʻili o kā lākou huelo a kūkulu i nā wāwae no ka hele ma ka ʻāina. A laila haʻalele ka holoholona i ka wai a lilo i kanaka makua.

ʻOiai ka ʻike nui loa o ka metamorphosis amphibian ʻo ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā wāwae ʻehā e kākoʻo i ke kino ma luna o ka ʻāina, aia kekahi mau loli nui ʻē aʻe: ke hoʻololi ʻia nā hōʻili i nā ʻōpū hanu, i.e. i ka ʻōpū, hoʻololi ka ʻili a hoʻomohala i nā panina e pale aku i ka lepo, lilo nā maka i nā kūpeʻe a hoʻololi lākou i ka ʻike ma waho o ka wai, ʻike ʻia kahi eardrum e pani i ka pepeiao waena, lilo ka naʻau i ʻekolu aʻalopō, nalowale ka ʻili i nā baki a me nā mane.

ʻO ka hiki i kekahi mau tadpole ke hoʻoponopono hou i nā hapa hapa o ke kino (e like me ka lā a me ka wāwae paha) maʻamau i ka wā o ka metamorphosis. Eia nō naʻe, nui ka salamanders i mālama i ka hiki i ko lākou ola holo hou i ke ʻano o nā pāpaona a me nā ʻōnaehana, e like me nā ʻōpū, ka ʻili, ka ʻili, ke kaula spinal, nā ʻāpana o nā maka a me nā ʻā.

ʻOiai ma ka nui o nā ʻano amphibian, hou nā ʻōpio aquatic hou i loaʻa ka metamorphosis i loko o kahi pākeke makua, he nui nā mea ʻē aʻe o kēia ʻano hoʻomohala. Hoʻohālikelike nā kolo salamander like ʻole i nā wai a me nā pākeke, me ka ʻole o nā kiʻi iʻa e like me nā gills. Hoʻokele kekahi mau amphibians me kahi ʻano panula, me nā ʻōpio e huki pololei ana mai ka hua. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻano he nui i loko o nā pākeke, ke waiho mau nei kekahi mau māla no ka nui o nā mahina, a he mau makahiki paha, a kū pono nā kūlana kūpono. ʻO Paleomorphism ka mālama i nā ʻano o nā larvae i nā holoholona ʻoi aku ka moekolohe, a ʻo kēia ka mea maʻamau i nā ʻano he caudate.

Ke hoʻi nei kahi ʻano biphasic maʻamau i ka wai no ka hoʻoulu, ʻo kekahi mau kālā, kahi nui ka manawa i ka wai, loaʻa i ka metamorphosis lua, e hoʻohuli ana i ka pili o ke ʻano wai.

Hoʻomulipo Amphibian

Hoʻokū pololei ka ʻĀmio i nā loli i ka wā kūlohelohe. No laila, ʻo ke ola o ke ola e pili ana i nā manawa: ke ala ʻana o ka puna, ke kanu ʻana (spawning), ka hana o ke kauwela a me ka hoʻoilo.

I ke kauwela, alakaʻi nā amphibians i kahi ola kino, e hōʻohi i nā mea kanu aʻai. I ka wā hoʻoili, me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ke anuanu, ua emi iki kā lākou hana, a lilo lākou i ka hemahema. Hoʻomaka ka poʻe ʻAmibia i ka hoʻomākaukau no ka hoʻoilo a ʻimi i nā wahi kūpono no kēia. I ka hoʻoilo ma ka hoʻoilo ma loko o ka wai i loko o ke kau ko loko i ke kauwela. Nui nā rana he nui ma lalo o ka wai a ma ka ʻāina, a me nā mea hou e noho ana i ka wai i loko o ka hoʻoilo ma ka ʻāina. No ka hoʻoilo ma ka ʻāina, koho nā amphibians i nā lua i hoʻopiha ʻia me nā lau, nā ʻūhuna rodent, cellars, cellars, nā ʻōpio i poʻa ʻia, etc. Ma ka ʻāina, hiki i nā amphibians ke hōʻeha a make paha mai ka ʻike ʻana i ke kumu haʻahaʻa loa, a ma ka wai, kahi mea weliweli ʻole nā ​​haʻahaʻa, ke hōʻeha nei lākou i ka manawa ʻole o ka oxygen.

ʻO ka waiwai a me ka mālama ʻana i nā amphibians

He mea nui nā ʻAmelika no ka eʻe a me ka poʻe. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo nā amphibians pākeke ke kūʻai aku i nā mea inikini, me nā invertebrates a me kekahi mauebrebrates. Hoʻohana ʻo nā ʻaumia nunui i nā mea inikini, algae a me nā zooplankton ma ka hana kaiola. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo lākou iho ka mea eʻai ai nā iʻa, nā manu, nā mammals, nā reptiles a me nā amphibians ʻē aʻe. No laila, hana ʻo ia i ka waiwai nui i nā pūnaewele kai. ʻO ka nalowale o nā ʻōpū o nā amphibians pinepine e pili pū me ka nui o ka nui o nā pepeke, a me ka nalo ʻana i nā ʻōiwi hiki ke piʻi i nā pua algal, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a ma muli o ka make o ka iʻa. Ma ka pale ʻana i nā iniseti, kōkua pū kekahi poʻe amphibians i ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana i nā hoʻoweliweli i nā maʻi i hoʻoiho ʻia e nā pepeke.

ʻO nā mea make a amphibian, e hōʻalo ʻia mai ka hōʻino ʻeha i ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia, i hōʻino pinepine ʻia e nā kānaka a hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Ke kōkua nei ka poʻe ʻAmibia iā mākou e hakakā i nā maʻi maʻi bacterial, ka ʻili o ke kino a me ke kanesa, ke kaumaha, a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe he nui.

He kūlana koʻikoʻi nā ʻĀmio i ka moʻomeheu kanaka a me ka hoʻomana. ʻO ka hoʻohui i ko lākou mōʻaukala hanana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau nā kānaka, ua ʻike nui ʻia nā amphibians he mau mea hewa (ʻoi paha, i kahi ʻano, mai ko lākou ʻano nocturnal pinepine), a i ʻole he mau kuhikuhi o ka laki maikaʻi, ulu a me ka ua. ʻO Shamans, nā alakaʻi pule i ka hoʻomana o ka shamanism, i hoʻohana iā lākou i nā hōʻailona haipule a i ka hana ʻana i nā mea lapaʻau hallucinogenic.

I kekahi mau moʻomeheu, e pili pū ana me nā lāhui kanaka mua mua o ʻAmelika a me mua o Columbian, ua manaʻo ʻia ka maniki ma ke ʻano he akua, ʻo ke kumu a me ka hopena o ke ola. Ma Aigupita, ʻo ke akua o ka hānau hānai, ʻo Heket, ka mea hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke poʻo o ka raka, a ua kau ʻia nā mea me nā lālani i nā hale hupa no loko o ka lua o ka lua. Ma kekahi mau moʻomeheu ʻē aʻe, ua emi iho nā pōloli a me nā ʻūhā i nā pilina paʻa e pili ana i nā ʻikepiki a me kā lākou palaoa. Ma Guatemala, aia nā moʻolelo he nui e pili ana i ka salamanders nocturnal e ulu ana ma luna o nā pahu o nā pēpē a hoʻoulu iā lākou me ka make koke.

Hoʻomaka i ka makahiki 1970, ua hoʻomaka ke emi o ka nui o ka nui o ka poʻe amphibian, akā aia wale nō ma kahi o hoʻokahi mau pakeneka o nā ʻano amphibian ma waho o kā lākou huina i loaʻa i ka emi honua. He mau kumu o nā kumu no ko lākou hōʻemi i ʻike ʻole ʻia, a ʻo ia ke kumuhana o nā makahiki he nui o ka noiʻi.

Inā loaʻa ʻoe i kahi hala, e koho i kahi ʻāpana a me ka paʻi Ctrl + Kākau.

Manaʻo

ʻO ka hapanui kāne ʻōpio a me nā bako e huki ana i nā wahine o kā lākou ʻano ʻano me ka leo, ʻo ia hoʻi ka croaking, ʻokoʻa like ʻole nā ​​ʻano ʻano like ʻole: ʻo kekahi ʻano ʻano "kahi o kahi" kiki, a ʻo kekahi ʻē aʻe kekahi mahele "qua-qua" . ^ E Ha yM. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻimi i nā leo o nā kāne ma ka Pūnaewele. ʻO nā leo nui i loko o ka loko wai no nā kāne, a i nā wahine i kū mālie a kani ʻole paha ka leo.

Halekula

• Hōʻike a me nā kala.

Ma muli o nā ʻano leʻa like ʻole, ʻoi aku ka palaka me ka palaka i ka wā koho. I nā kāne, ʻaʻole like ka wahine nui, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā maka, ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā naʻau sensory a hoʻonui ʻia ka lolo, kēlā me kēia, nā poha ʻia me nā ʻano kuʻuna no ka mea i kapa ʻia, ʻo ia ka mea e pono ai no ka māla a hiki ʻole i ka mea i koho ʻia ke pakele.

Hiki i ka nānā ʻana o nā wahine mau ʻano ʻano like ʻole . ^ E Ha yM. Pue ka lele ʻana o Colostethus trinitatis i ka lulu ma ka lālā, a ʻo Colostethus palmatus e lilo i pali nani loa i ka ʻike ʻana i kahi wahine ma ka lewa, a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e noho nei i ka wai i kaʻe o ka wāwae o ka wahine.

ʻO Males Colostethus ke hoʻohālikelike i ka hula i ka wā hoʻokō. Holo nui ke kāne i ka wahine a pīhoihoi wikiwiki, a laila holo koke, holo a palau ke kuʻi, aʻo ka manu ʻana i nā wāwae ʻākau i kahi kū pono. Inā ʻaʻole hoihoi ʻia ka wahine i ka hana, hoʻokū ʻo ia i kona poʻo, e hōʻike ana i kona ʻākala helehiki melemele, mahalo kēia i ke kāne. Inā makemake ʻia ka wahine i ka hulahula o ke kāne, a laila nānā ʻo ia i ka hula maikaʻi, kaheʻe ʻana i nā wahi like ʻole e ʻike aku ai i ke pāʻani o ke kāne.

ʻO kekahi manawa e hōʻuluʻulu i kahi lehulehu nui: ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema, ʻike ana iā Colostethus collaris, helu ʻewalu mau wahine i nānā i hoʻokahi kāne a hoʻokahi manawa neʻe i kahi kūlana. Ma hope o ke hula ʻana, e haʻalele mālie ke kāne, a huli pinepine iā ia i ka hōʻoia e hahai a ka wahine o ka naʻau iā ia.

I nā poʻe kumulāʻau gula, ma ke ʻano, nā wahine e hakakā nei no nā kāne . ^ E Ha yM. Ke loaʻa nei i kahi kāne e pīhoihoi ana, e hoʻopili ana ka wahine i kona wāwae ʻili ma kona kino a kau i nā wāwae mua ma luna o ia mea, hiki iā ia ke lūlū i kona poʻo ma ka poʻo o ke kāne. ʻO ke kāne me ka liʻiliʻi e pane nā pane, akā ʻaʻole mau. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā mau hihia he nui i ka hakakā ʻana o kēia mau ʻaumia ma waena o nā wahine a me nā kāne no ka hoa āu i makemake ai.

ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike waho

ʻO ka hapanui pinepine, ʻo nā baki kēia ʻano o ka hoʻohua. Hoʻopili ʻo ke kāne liʻiliʻi i ka wahine me kona mau wāwae mua a hoʻomōhū i nā hua ʻānai wahine. Hoʻokomo ke kāne i ka wahine i ke kūlana o ka amplexus, kahi ʻekolu nā koho .

1. Ma hope o nā wāwae mua o ka wahine, hana ka kāne i kahi girth (koi mau maka palaka)
2. Hoʻopili ke kāne i ke kāne i mua o ka wāwae o ka hind (scaphiopus, ke kāleka)
3. Loaʻa ka lālani o ka wahine e ka ʻāʻī (mau palu).

Pēlā e ulu nei i loko

Hoʻokomo ʻia nā pōkā makeʻe (no ka laʻana, ʻo Dendrobates granuliferus, Dendrobates auratus) i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe: ʻo ka wahine a me ke kāne huli i ko lākou poʻo i nā ʻaoʻao kū'ē a pili i nā cesspools. Ma ka like hoʻokahi, ka hānai ʻana i ka maʻi ma nā amphibians o nā ʻano Nectophrynoides, ʻo ia ka mea lawe mua i ka hua a laila me ka tadpoles i ka utero a pau ka hana ʻana o ka metamorphosis. hanau hānau Frog .

Ua loaʻa i nā pōkole kāne huluhulu o ka ʻano ʻano heaphaphus truei no ka hana hou.

I ka wā hānai o nā kāne nui pinepine nā kikoʻī i kāhea ʻia i nā forepaws. Me ke kōkua o kēia mau palaoa, ua kau ke kāne ma ke kino o ka wahine. He mea kupanaha: no ka laʻana, i ka wāwae maʻamau (Bufo bufo), piʻi ke kāne i kahi wahine i mamao loa mai kahi noho nui ʻana a holo ma luna o ia mau haneli mau haneli. A hiki i kekahi mau kāne ke holo i ka wahine ma hope o ke kaʻina hana paila, ke kali nei no ka wahine e hana i ka nalo waiho maʻa i loko .

Inā hele ke kaʻina male i ka wai, hiki i ke kāne ke paʻa i ka hua i hoʻowalewale ʻia e ka wahine, ʻo ka ʻū ʻana i kona mau ʻōpū hope i ka manawa e hoʻomāmaka i nā hua (nānā - Bufo boreas). ʻO ka pinepine, hiki i nā kāne ke hoʻohui a piʻi i luna i nā kāne i ʻike ʻole ʻole ʻia. Hoʻopū hou ka "ʻenehana" i kahi leo a me ka haʻalulu o ke kino, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hope, a hoʻowalewale iā ʻoe e hoʻokahe i kou kino. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa paha nā wahine i ka hopena o ke kaʻina hōʻiliʻili, ʻoiai ʻo kekahi manawa ke hoʻokuʻu ke kāne i ka wahine i ka wā i manaʻo ai ua palupalu a ʻōpū kona ʻōpū. Hōʻalo pinepine, hūlū nā wahine i nā kāne, palaualelo i ke piʻi ʻana, e huli ana i kekahi ʻaoʻao a kau i nā ʻōpū.

ʻO nā ʻano o Amplexus

Pālulu ka huaʻa , e like me ka iʻa, no ka caviar (hua manu) a me nā embryos i hemahema no ka hoʻomohala ʻana ma ka ʻāina (anamnia). ʻO nā ʻano ʻano amphibians e waiho i ka hua ma nā wahi kupaianaha.

No ka manawa holoʻokoʻa o ka lawe ʻana i nā tadpoles, a hala mau mahina ʻelua, ʻaʻole i ʻai ka palaka i kekahi mea, ke hoʻomau nei i ka hana. I loko o kēia manawa, hoʻohana wale ʻo ia i nā koena o loko o ka glycogen a me ka momona, kahi i mālama ʻia i loko o kāna puʻuwai. Ma hope o ke kaʻina ʻana o ka bako, hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o ʻekolu i nā nui a ʻaʻohe momona i koe ma ka ʻōpū ma lalo o ka ʻili.

Ma hope o ka kau ʻana i ka hua, haʻalele ka hapanui o ka wahine i kā lākou paʻa, a me ka wai puʻu, a hele i ko lākou wahi maʻamau.

Hoʻopuni ʻia nā hua e nā wahine nui gelatinous mea . ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻokomo ka ʻili o ka hua i ka nui, me ka pale o ka hua mai ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana, mai ka hōʻino, a ʻo ka mea nui - ka mea e pale iā ia mai ka ʻai ʻana i ka poʻe kaiʻai.

Ma hope o ke kau ʻana, ma hope o kekahi manawa, kupu maila ka ʻōpū o nā hua a puka i kahi ʻāpana gelatinous i loko, kahi i ʻike ʻia nā hua manu. ʻO ka hapalua o luna o ka hua, uaʻeleʻele, a ʻo ka hapalua haʻahaʻa, ma ke ʻano he māmā ke māmā. ʻO ka ʻeleʻele kahi e hoʻomaikaʻi hou ai, no ka mea e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā hihi o ka lā. I ka nui o nā ʻano amphibians, clumps o ka caviar i kahe ʻana i ka wai o kahi nui o kahi wai, kahi nui loa ka wai.

Hoʻopau ke kauʻana o ka wai haʻahaʻa i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka male. Inā mahana ka anuanu, hoʻokaʻawale ka hua i nā manawa he nui a hoʻokomo i kahi cula multicellular. ʻElua mau pule i hala aku nei, puka mai ka tadpole mai nā hua - he ʻōpala frog.

ʻO Tadpole a me kāna hoʻomohala ʻana

Ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana i ka caviar hāʻule ka ʻōpala i ka wai . ^ E Ha yM. Ma hope o 5 mau lā, ua lilo i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā mea kanu o ka huaʻai, hiki iā ia ke kau a a ʻai ma kāna iho. Hoʻokumu ʻo ia me ka waha me nā ʻākiō horny. Hoʻomaʻa ʻo ka tadpole i nā algae maʻalahi a me nā microorganism maʻalahi.

I kēia manawa, ua ʻike nā ʻōpala i ke poʻo, ke poʻo, ka ʻili.

Nui ke poʻo o ka ʻōpala , ʻaʻohe wāwae o ka hope, ʻo ka ʻolima o ka huina o ke kino e hana i ka paupa o ke kumu, he loiloi ma hope kekahi i ʻike ʻia, a ʻike ʻia kahi kīʻaha suction ma kahi kokoke o ka waha (hiki i ka huaʻehā o ka tadpole ke ʻike ʻia e ke kīʻaha inu). Iʻelua mau lā ma hope mai, ua haki ka ʻōpū ma nā kihi o ka waha me kekahi ʻano o ka hua manu, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia i ka wā e hānai ai ka tadpole. Loaʻa i nā Tadpoles i nā hōʻola gill. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻolālā, aia lākou i waho, akā i ke kaʻina hoʻomohala ʻana e hoʻololi ʻia a hoʻopili ʻia i nā arika gill, aia i loko o ka pharynx, ke hoʻolilo nei e like me nā ʻano kūlohelohe kūloko. ʻO ka tadpole he naʻau ʻelua lumi a me hoʻokahi kahe o ke kahe o ke koko.

Wahi a ka anatomy, ua pili ka tadpole i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka iʻa, a me ka ulu ʻana, ua like ka like me ke ʻano o nā reptile.

A hala ʻelua mau a ʻekolu paha mau mahina, ulu aʻe nā ʻōpala a laila hina nā pua, a hoʻopau ʻia ka ʻili a laila e hāʻule i lalo. I ka manawa like, ulu pū ka māmā. . ^ E Ha yM. Kūkulu ʻia no ka hanu ʻana ma luna o ka ʻāina, hoʻomaka ka tadpole i kona ala ʻana i ka wai o ke kaiāulu e hoʻopau i ka ea. Ka loli a me ka ulu ʻana e hilinaʻi i ka mahana wela.

ʻO ka Tadpoles i hana mua i ka meaʻai o ka mea kanu i kanu, akā e neʻe kaila i ka meaʻai o nā holoholona holoholona. Hiki i ka baki i kūkulu ʻia ma ka ʻāina inā he mau ʻāina ia, a i ʻole e noho ai i ka wai inā he ʻano heʻala. ʻO nā huaʻōlelo i piʻi i luna ma ka ʻāina he mau makahiki. Hoʻomoe ka poʻe ʻAmibia i nā hua ma ka ʻāina i kahi manawa e hoʻomohala ʻole me kahi kaʻina o ka metamorphosis, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma o ke kūkulu pololei ʻana. Hana ʻia ke kaʻina hoʻolālā e like me ʻelua a ʻekolu mau malama, mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka waiho ʻana i nā hua i ka hopena o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka tadpole i loko o kahi ʻaka piha.

Nā ʻĀnaka palaka Dart hōʻike i nā ʻano hoihoi. Ma hope o ka honu ʻana o ka huaʻala mai nā hua, ka wahine ma kona kua, hoʻokahi ma ka manawa, e hoʻoneʻe iā lākou i luna o nā kumulāʻau i loko o nā pua pua i hūnā ʻia ka wai ma hope o ka ua. ʻO kahi pākeke kupanaha he keʻena maikaʻi o nā keiki a nā keiki e hoʻomau ai i kā lākou ulu. Hoʻohana ka hua ʻōlelo pani ʻole i meaʻai na lākou.

Loaʻa ka hiki i ke kāpili i nā cubs i kahi kokoke i ke kolu o ka makahiki o ke ola.

Ma hope o ke kaʻina hana Noho ka baki ʻōmaʻomaʻo i loko o ka wai a i ʻole noho ai i kahakai o ke kaiāi kokoke mai, aʻo ka brown e hele i ka ʻāina mai kahi waiwai. Hoʻoholo nui ka ke ʻano o nā amphibians e ka haʻahaʻa. ʻO ke anuanu i ke anuanu, ka nui o ka palaka me ka nui o ka palaka ma ka lā. Akā ma hope o ka lā, loaʻa iā lākou ka manawa e ʻimi ai. Mai ka noho ʻana o nā huaʻala ʻōlehu i loko a kokoke i ka wai, ʻimi pū lākou i ka lā i ke ao.

Me ka hoʻomakaʻana o ka manawa anuanu, neʻe ka piʻilima aʻa i ke kō. Ke piʻi ka wai o ka wai ma luna o ke ea wela, e kulu ana ke kīkē a me nā lālala i lalo o ka pahu wai no ka hoʻoilo o ka hoʻoilo.

ʻAʻole i hōʻike nā ʻulā Viviparous i nā hana mai Dekemaba a Pepeluali, no ka mea i kēia manawa ʻaʻole lawa ka wai. I loko o kēia manawa, lohi ʻo ia i ka lepo a i ʻole kapeke o nā pali.

I ka hopena o Pepeluali, ʻo nā wahine ka mea mua i koho i ko lākou mau keʻena, a laila ma Malaki-ʻApelila mau ʻōpiopio i ʻike ʻole ʻia i ka wā ʻōpiopio e hoʻomaka i kahi hana, a ua hele hope nā kāne.

ʻO kēia ʻano holoholona wale nō ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka tailless. Hoʻoulu ka ulu ʻana i ka hua liʻiliʻi ma lalo o nā oviducts o nā wahine.

Ua hānau ʻia nā ʻōpala nui. Ma ke kino o kēlā me kēia wahine, ulu ka 1-22 embryos, akā ʻo ka manawa pinepine loa ko lākou helu he 4-12. Hoʻopau iā Embryos i ka mahalo i nā hua manu i loko o nā hua. ʻO ka hana ʻana o ka ʻōpū i ka embryo i hana ʻia e kahi huelo ʻoi ʻia me nā kahe koko.

Hōʻike ka ʻike nui o nā pēpē i ka hoʻomaka o Iune a hala ka mahina. Inā e hoʻomau ka ua, inā hānau nā keiki i loko o Iulai. Mai Iulai a ʻAukake, hōʻike ʻia nā wīwī viviparous i ka hana nui. I ka hopena o ʻAukake, e lilo ana nā liʻiliʻi o nā wahine makua, ʻo ia no ka mea makemake lākou, a ma hope o ka hānai ʻana ke makemake lākou e hūnā i nā hale i noho ai lākou i ka manawa o ka hoʻoilo. Hoʻomaka ke kaʻina hana ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ʻAukake a hiki ke hoʻomau a hiki i ʻOkakopa. E hana nā pāʻani Matrimonial i ke ao, akā hiki ke lohi a hiki i ka pō. Ke hoʻomau ʻole nei nā meli i kēia kaʻina hana, a ʻo ka wahine hoʻi, me ka hōʻa ʻole ʻana, mai kaʻe mai ka wāwae kekahi.

I ka hala ʻana o ka ua nui, e loaʻa ana i Kepakemapa-ʻOkakopa, a i kekahi manawa a hiki i Nowemapa, e lilo a ʻelima mau wahine a ʻekolu mahina. Hiki pū lāua me nā kāne kāne a laila hūnā ma nā keʻena. ʻO nā kāne a me nā ʻōpio i kū ʻole aku i ka wā ʻōpiopio e hoʻomau loa i ka hana. ʻO kēia mau kāne wahine i nā kāne no ka wā e hiki mai ana i ko lākou 15 mau makahiki. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻo nā wahine ʻōpio viviparous e lawe hua i 2 mau manawa i ke ola. I kēia manawa, hānau lākou i kahi 18-20 mau kānaka hou.

ʻO nā wele Viviparous wale nō ka poʻe amphibians e kāwele nei i ka hopena like.

ʻO nā wīwī Viviparous he mau ʻelele nui o nā holoholona viviparous e noho ana i nā ʻāpana alpine. I ka Mei, no kēlā me kēia 100 mika he 150-160 mau papale viviparous. Kuhi ʻia kēia helu ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 1400-1650 mika. I kēia hihia, ʻo 2 mau kānaka ʻōpio ʻoi aku 2 mau manawa ma mua o nā mea kahiko. Loaʻa i kēlā me kahi helu kiʻekiʻe no nā makahiki 5, ʻaʻole loli nui. ʻO ka helu o ka huela viviparous e hōʻemi wale nō i nā makahiki maloʻo nui, no ka laʻana, no ka mea, i ka makahiki 1946, i ka helu ʻana o kā lākou helu ma kahi o 2 mau manawa.