I ka lamellar-gill maoli (bale, niho ʻole, a laila.), ʻElua mau kaila gill lōʻihi e kau ana ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao o ka wāwae i ka lihi o ka lua mantle. Ua pāpālua ʻia kēlā me kēia pālani, trellised, me kahi ʻōnaehana paʻakikī o nā crossbars. Hoʻopili ʻia nā lattices Gill me ka citated epithelium. Hoʻopilikia ʻia ka wai i loko o ka ana mantle e ka make ʻana o ka cilia o ka epithelium mantle, gills, and lobes waha. E komo ka wai i ka sipona gill, holoi i nā mea kanu, kahe ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka papa, a laila ma loko o ka lua ma hope o ka ʻūhā e komo ai i ka keʻena suprajugular, a mai loko mai o ka huʻu ʻo ia e puka ai.

I kekahi mau pūʻulu o nā gillve gillsve, ʻokoʻa ka loli, a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka mea hana gill i hiki ai ke hoʻomaopopo i ka loli o ka ctenidia maʻamau i loko o nā gill lamellar. No laila, ma kahi hui liʻiliʻi o nā bivalves o ke kai - nā niho like ʻole (Taxodonta) - ʻelua mau liʻiliʻi ctenidia i hoʻololi ʻia. Ua ulu ke kiko o kēlā me kēia ctenidium ma kekahi ʻaoʻao i ka lihilihi o ka lua mantle, a he ʻelua mau lālani o nā petals gill.

Ma kahi pūʻulu nui o nā muscular like ʻole (Anisomyaria), ʻike ʻia kahi loli hou o ka ctenidia. Paʻi ʻia kona kiʻo a ʻili i nā kaula lahilahi, a hiki i ka lalo o ke ana a ka mane, kulou lākou i luna. ʻO ka piko o ka puʻu a piʻi i luna o kēia kaula a me nā kaula pili e pili pono i kekahi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka cilia paʻakikī. Ma muli o kēia, ke gill, ka mea o nā papa ʻelua o nā kaula, ua like ke ʻano o nā papa ʻelua. Loaʻa kahi ʻano like o nā mea kanu i ka scallops (Pecten), ʻōmio, (Ostrea), etc.

ʻO ke ʻano o ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna o nā ʻano gill lamellar-gill (Eulamellibranchiata) e hōʻike i kahi hoʻololi hou aʻe o nā kaila filamentous. Aia i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā puhaka ma waena o ka piʻi ʻana a me ka iho ʻana i nā lālā o kēlā me kēia kaula a ma waena o nā kaula e pili ana, a me ka nīʻahi i nā kihi o nā lālā piʻi ʻana o ka lau o waho ma ka ʻāʻī a me nā lālā piʻi o ka lau o loko me ka wāwae, a ma hope o ka wāwae me ka lau o ka lau ma loko o ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe.

No laila, ʻo nā loea lamellar e hele mai i ctenidia maoli, me nā ʻolua lamellar i kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao e like me hoʻokahi ctenidium, a ʻo kēlā me kēia lamella he hapalua-gill.

Ma kahi hui liʻiliʻi o nā bivalves eʻai ai holoholona, ​​e hānai ana i ka plankton a me nā polychaetes liʻiliʻi, hoʻemi ʻia ka ctenidia. Hana ʻia ka hana hanu e ka ʻāpana o ka puʻu mantle, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka septum i paʻu ʻia e nā pores (i Septibranchia).

I ka pili me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ke poʻo a me ka mode passive o ke kīnā, ua pau ka anterior ectodermal o ka digestive tract: pharynx, kelima pōpoki, ʻālā, radula. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka waha i mua o ke kino ma waena o ka uaua aʻala ākea a me ka wāwae. Aia ka ʻōpiopio waha ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka waha. Hoʻopili ʻia nā pā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e kahi ʻōnaehana o ka cilia e hoʻopuni ana i nā ʻōpū, hoʻopuni i ka ʻili e komo ana i nā puʻu gill i loko o ka waha, e komo ana i ka esophagus, e kahe ana i ka ʻōpū. Hoʻopuka nā papa kumu o ka puʻu tubular pālua a me ke ʻeke o ka ʻākio i loko o ka ʻōpū. Mai ka ʻōpū, hoʻomaka ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi, hana i kekahi mau puka ma ke kumu o ka wāwae a hoʻolilo i loko o ka rectum. ʻO ka "hope" e hōʻoki ana i ka "ventricle o ka puʻuwai" (ma kahi kokoke i nā bivalves) a wehe ʻia me kahi anus kokoke i ka siphon cloacal. Hoʻopiʻi ka ʻōnaehana pale holoʻokoʻa me ka citated epithelium, ka neʻe o ka cilia kahi e lawe ai i ka neʻe o nā ʻāpana meaʻai.

Kūpono i kahi ʻāpana o ke kūmole i ka huna ʻana i kahi mea o ka gelatinous i ke ʻano o ka protein, me nā enzymes e hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale wale i nā huamona. Hoʻokaʻawale kēia mea i ke ʻano o kahi lāʻau i ʻō i loko o ka ʻōpū. Hoʻolaha, a maloʻo kona hopena a hoʻōla i nā kinipona meaʻai i ka ʻai mea kanu.

ʻAʻole kuhi ka mea momona o nā mollusk i nā huakaʻi, aia ma kāna mau lālā keʻokeʻo ka hoʻoheheʻe a me ka hana ʻana o ka intracellular i kahi pānaʻi meaʻai. Lawe ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ʻo Intracellular e ka phagocytes kelepona hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā protein a me nā momona. ʻO ke kumu o ka meaʻai bivalve ka phytoplankton, detritus a me nā meaola.

Kūkulu nā lālā i nā pūʻulu o nā biofilters, hala i nā haneli o ka wai o ka wai i ka lā. Hoʻokani lākou i ka hana nui i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā alapine lalo (silts).

Ma muli o ka puʻuwai he ventricle a ʻelua mau atria a aia nō ia ma ka lua o pericardial - ka pericardium. ʻElua aorta, anterior a me nā keiki, haʻalele mai ka naʻau. ʻO ka anterior ka wāwahi i loko o nā ʻalala e hāʻawi ana i ke koko i ka ʻōpū, nā pohaʻehā, nā wāwae, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ua wāwahi ka mauʻu liʻiliʻi, a komo ke koko i nā ʻeha ma waena o nā mea ola - nā māka, a mai laila ua hōʻiliʻili ia i loko o ka sinus venous longitudinal. Mai ka sinus, hele kekahi hapa i ke keiki, kahi i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ai i nā huahana metabolic. A laila, ma o ka lawe ʻana mai i nā moku gill, ua komo i loko o nā gills, ua hoʻohili ʻia ka puka a hiki i ka atria ma o nā moku efferent (ʻo kekahi ʻāpana o ke koko mai nā moku mantle e hele i laila, e kahe ana i nā gills). I ka hapa he nui, hele ka ʻili o ka ʻili i ka mahele o ka puʻuwai. ʻO kēia no ka mea ua waiho ʻia ke ʻano o ka puʻuwai e like me ka hana paila ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka pūpū. ʻO kekahi mau mollusks (Area), i kā lākou pākeke makua, ʻelua mau ventricles e kū pono ma luna o ka iwi.

ʻElua hale nui i kapa ʻia ʻo organususus. Moe lākou i lalo o ka lua pericardial a ʻōmaʻi V-like. Ma ka mahele kiko o ke ana pericardial, hoʻomaka kēlā me kēia lōlani i kahi funnel ciliary. Ua wehe ʻia ka puka i waho i loko o ka ana mantle. Hoʻohui ʻia i nā ʻāpana, hana ʻia ka hana excretory e nā kelepa pericardial, i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o Keber, ka mea i noho kaʻawale ʻana i nā paia o ka lua pericardial.

ʻAlaʻi nerbous a me nā naʻau ʻōpū

Ma nā bivalves, ʻokoʻa ka ʻōpiopio i kekahi mea maʻalahi i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā koena o nā pilikia o ka gastropod, e wehewehe ʻia ana e kaʻai loiloi a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea ʻelua o ka ganglia, ma muli o ia mau mea he ʻekolu wale nō i koe. Hoʻokomo pū ka ganglia cerebral a me ka pleural i loko o ka ganglion cerebropleural, e waiho ana ma waena o ka esophagus a me ka pani ʻana o ka ʻiʻo a me ka hana o ka pūhaka. Hoʻokahi mau ʻaina o ka pedal ganglia kokoke i pili i ka hoʻopili ʻana iā cerebropleural, ua kau ʻia ma ka wāwae. Parietal a me visceral ganglia i hoʻohui pū ʻia i ganglia visceroparietal. Noho lākou i lalo o ka papale o hope-pale kokoke a pili ʻia i ka ganglia cerebropleural e nā pili lōʻihi.

Hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia nā ʻōpū sensory e nā cellile tactile, waiwai nui loa ia na ka ʻaoʻao o ka mantle a me nā waha waha. Loaʻa kekahi mau ʻāpana maluku ma ke kihi o ka mika. ʻO ka maʻamau ka loaʻa nā statocysts ma nā ʻaoʻao o nā wāwae kokoke i ka ganglia pedal. Aia ʻo Osfradia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka lua o ka moʻo, ma ke kumu o nā kumu lāʻau.

ʻAʻohe mau maka ole ko Bivalvia, akā, ma kekahi mau ʻano luaheʻe i ʻike ʻia i nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole o ke kino: ma ka palaki, siphons, filia gill, a pēlā aku, ma nā scallops (Pecten) nui nā maka i kau ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka mantle (a hiki i 100) papa hoʻonohonoho, i wehewehe ʻia e ka hiki o nā scallops i neʻe, mea lohi i nā eheu. ʻAʻole kikowaena nā maka lua mai ka ganglion cerebral.

ʻŌnaehana nunui a me ka hana hou

ʻO ka hapa nui lamellar-gill diclinous, a me nā ʻano hermaphroditic i kēia manawa. Hana ʻia nā aniani moe moe a moe ma ka ʻāpana o ke kino, e noho ana ma luna o ka wāwae. I ka nui o nā hihia, wehe ʻia nā kumikā o nā gonads me nā hamama genital i pili i ka ʻaoʻao o ka excretory. I nā puka hermaphroditic, maheleʻokoʻa nā ovaries a me nā hoʻāʻo, a i ʻole nā ​​manawa ʻelua ke kau o nā kelepa hermaphroditic.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hua o ka hapanui me ka wai i loko o ka wai, kahi e kū ai ka lohi. I nā wai wai-hou mai ka ʻohana Unionidae (ʻaʻohe niho, pila pipi, a pēlā aku), ua kau ʻia nā hua ma luna o ka papa o waho o nā huaʻehā a honi ʻia ma laila a puka mai nā pua.

ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka embryonic o ka bivalves e like me ka hoʻomohala o ka polychaetes. Ma kahi kokoke a pau o nā kūleʻa moana, kū mai kahi ʻōlepopa mai kahi hua mai. Ma kahi o nā hōʻailona maʻamau o nā trophophores - ka hele ʻana o nā corollas mua a me ka postoral corollas o ka cilia, parietal plate, sultan, protonephridia, a me nā mea'ē aʻe - nā tropeoporo bivalve he mau puʻupuʻu o ka wāwae a me ka anga. Kuhi mua ʻia ka iwi i ke ʻano o ka pā conhiolin unpaired. Ma hope mai e hāhū ʻia i ka hapalua a hana i kahi pūhaka poʻo. ʻO kahi o ka inflection o ka pā conchiolin mālama ʻia i ke ʻano o kahi ligament elastic. ʻO ka ʻāpana o luna o ka pūʻali koa i lilo i ka holo i uhi ʻia me ka cilia (ka neʻe o ka neʻe), a hele ka larva i ka lua o ka ʻāina - veligra (boatboat). Aia kona ʻano i like me ka mollusk a pākeke.

I nā wai kai wai hou, kūleʻa ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana. ʻO nā niho a me nā molluska hou mai ka ʻohana Unionidae mai nā hua i hoka ʻia i nā kāʻei, nā mea nānā kūikawā i loaʻa - glochidia. Loaʻa iā Glochidia ka pūlima hakakā kūloko, me nā niho koʻikoʻi ma waenakonu o nā kihi o kēlā me kēia lau, kahi paʻa o ka ʻiʻo a me ka pono o ka pōpoki. Hoʻokū ʻo Glochidia i ka hāʻule a i ka hoʻoilo i nā hōʻiliʻili o ka makuahine. I ka pūnāwai, ua kiola ʻia lākou i loko o ka wai a hoʻopili ʻia ma ka ʻili, ʻili a me nā kīʻaha o nā iʻa me ka kaula elima a me nā mea momona. A laila, ma lalo o ka mana o ka ʻili o ka ʻili o ka iʻa, hoʻomaka ʻo ka male ʻana o ka glochidia me ka epithelium o ka ʻili o ka host, a me kahi ʻano cyst me ka glochidium i loko. I kēia moku'āina, nā kupa ʻo glochidia ma ka ʻili o ka iʻa no ʻelua a ʻelua mau mahina. A laila ua hiolo ka ʻōmole keʻokeʻo, a me kahi kaʻi ʻōpio i hoʻokumu ʻia e kēia manawa mai ka glochidia a hāʻule i lalo. Kēia ʻano ahonui kūhai e hoʻolako ai i ke noho ʻana o nā mollusks.

Ma nā kīhaha wai hou, no ka laʻana, i loko o nā pōkā (Sphaerium), ulu nā embryo i loko o nā keʻena brood kūikawā ma nā mea kāʻili. ʻO nā molluska liʻiliʻi i kū mai ka puka mantle.

ʻO ka noiʻi a me ke kūpono koʻikoʻi

ʻO ka nui o nā bivalive ka nui o nā holoholona benthic, pinepine e pīhoihoi ana i ke one, a he wahi hohonu loa kekahi o lākou. ʻO Solen marginatus, ʻike ʻia i ke Kai Kūʻai, kanu iā ia iho i ke one a hohonu i ka 3 m He nui nā bivalves e alakaʻi i ke ʻano maʻalahi. I ka manawa like, ʻo kekahi mau o nā mollusks sedentary, no ka laʻana, nā mussels (Mytilus), i pili ʻia me nā kaula byssus, akā hiki iā ia, ma ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā byssus, neʻe i kahi hou, aʻo nā mea'ē aʻe - oysters (Ostrea) - ulu i loko o ka papa no ke ola āpau o kekahi o nā lau.

Nui nā kolo lamellar i pau loa. ʻO kā lākou mau mussels (Mytilus), oysters (Ostrea), puʻuwai puʻuwai (Cagdium), scallops (Pecten) a me kekahi o nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka maʻamau maʻamau ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻawaʻawa, ʻaʻole i loaʻa wale i nā kaila ʻōpala - nā wahi o ko lākou hoʻoholo nui ʻana, akā ua ulu ʻia hoʻi i nā mea kanu lāʻau kūikawā, kahi papahana o nā mea uila no nā mea ulu ulu. Loaʻa iā mākou nā waihona palaʻa i ke Kai ʻEleʻele i noho ʻia e Ostrea taurica.

Nā Kaleo

Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka papa bivalve i ʻehā mau kauoha, ʻo ia ka mea nui loa: 1. Equine-toothed (Texodonta), 2. Miscellaneous (Anisomyaria), 3. ʻo maoli lamellabic (Eulamellibranchiata).

Hoʻokomo ʻia. Waihoʻi Honu (Texodonta)

ʻO nā polopa mua loa. ʻO ka hale kākela he nui o nā pā kaua. Nā ʻano mea kanu o ke ʻano ktenidii maoli e hoʻopuni ana i nā lau ʻōpala i luna o kahi koi e hoʻopili ʻia ana i ka palani o ke ana mantle. Wāwae wāwae-wāwae. Kēia kauoha i ka nui walnut ʻano (Nuculidae ʻohana), nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau (Portlandia genus), nā arches (ʻohana Arcidae), etc.

Hoʻokomo ʻia. Aniani (Anisomyaria)

Hoʻopili ka detachment i kahi ʻano nui o nā pepa i hana ʻia ma mua o nā hua filamentous, no ka mea ua lilo nā lau o kā lākou ctenidia i nā kānana lōʻihi. Aia ma kahi o hoʻokahi musia o ka pale-pale paha, a i ʻole inā loaʻa kahi mua, he liʻiliʻi loa. Kēia kauoha i ka mussels, scallops: Islandicic (Pecten Islandicus), ʻĀʻele Pilikulika (P. ponticus), etc. etc.

Hoʻokomo ʻia. Lamellar-gill (Eulamellibranchiata)

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mollusks bivalve no kēia detachment. Hoʻohui ʻia lākou e ke ʻano o ke kahua o ka hale aliʻi, nā niho e like me nā papa nīnoi. Hoʻopili ka ʻōpū i ʻelua. ʻO nā kihi o nā siphons form. Nā mea kanu ma ke ʻano o nā papa lattice paʻakikī.
E pili ana kēia ʻatikala i nā wai kūloko āpau i pili i ka ʻohana o ka ʻili pearl (Unionidae): pearl barley, toothless, the family of freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritanidae), the ʻohana of bola (Sphaeriidae), and the ʻohana of zebra mussel (Dreissenidae). Loaʻa nā ʻano loea hou aku i nā neʻe like ʻole: stonecutters (Pholas), shipworms (Teredo) a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui wale.

Ka ʻai ʻana a me ka Peritoneum

I nā mollusk waʻa a me ka mollusk, hoʻoulu ʻia ka meaʻai a me ka hanu. Me kahi kahe wai, unicellular algae, crustaceans liʻiliʻi, a me nā lepo lepo i komo i ka lua gill.

Nā ʻuzzlelo Belo (Anodonta).

Hāʻawi ʻia nā mea hōʻiliʻili a me nā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻaoʻao o ka pale i ka cilia. Kāwili lākou i ke kahe o ka wai ma o ka sipona lalo. Lawe ka wai i ka meaʻai i ka waha o ka mollusk, aia ma kahi kokoke i ke kumu o ka wāwae.

ʻEkolu mau perlovka i maʻamau ma Central Europe: ʻo U. crassus, U. pictorum a me U. tumidus

Hoʻokomo nā pāʻina meaʻai i ka ʻōnaehana hana ma ka waha a laila i loko o ka esophagus, ʻōpū, nā ʻōpū, kahi i ʻike ʻia ai lākou i nā enzyme. Kiwi ʻia nā lihi o ke kīeʻu haʻahaʻa, e kū ana lākou i kahi sieve, e pale ana i ka komo ʻana o nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe i loko o ka ana. Ke waiho nei ka wai maʻemaʻe i ke kino mollusk ma o ka siphon o luna.

ʻAʻole pono ka mollusk e loaʻa i ka meaʻai, komo i loko o ka waha i ka wai e hiki mai ana ma o ka siphon.

Hoʻopili nā kāpili mollusks i ka wai nui. I nā kaolaola i loko o nā meaola i loko o kēia koina, ua hana kēia mau mea i kahi hana nui me ka hopu ʻana i ka pakanemū maikaʻi maikaʻi a me ka wehe ʻana i ka wai maʻemaʻe hoʻi i ka wai o ka wai. Hoʻopili ʻia ka wai a "walaʻau ʻia" i loko o ia mea, no ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka algae unicellular.

Hoʻololi kēia hui o nā mea kanu aku i ka waiwai nui a me ka multifunctional i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka wai. Nui loa ka hana o nā mollusks i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai.

Hoʻokahi ʻaoʻao clam i kēlā me kēia lā i ke kino, hoʻomaʻemaʻe e pili ana i ka lita o ka wai. Hoʻokahi mau hale bivalves e kānana i 4 mau wai o ka lā.

I ka pilina me ka hoʻomohala maʻamau o nā kaʻe, ua piʻi ka pilikia me ka syntgents syntgents, ʻo ia hoʻi, me ka ʻole o ka mālama maikaʻi ʻana o ka puna wai loko, e komo i ka wai. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo SMS - e hana ana nā lāʻau lapaʻau ma nā kānana mollusk. Aia ka hoʻoweliweli koʻikoʻi i ka mālama ola olakino i ka wai. Eia kekahi, hoʻihoʻi nā bivalves i nā kumuwaiwai he nui i ke ʻano o nā popole pellet ma muli o ka filtration.

Ma ka lalo o ka waihona waiwai e hōʻuluʻulu i ka nui o ka mea o ka mea noa. I ka wai, hana pū ʻia ka photosynthesis me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā kalapona a me nā mea kūlohelohe.

Ua hoʻopau ʻia ka palaoa kolo pōkā mai ka makahiki 20.

Ke kū mai nei kahi kaulahao meaʻai paʻakikī ma ka kaolaola. Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ke kaulahao hoʻoili carbon carbon me ke komo ʻana o nā kānana e like me: carbon dioxide i ka lewa → ʻona aʻa ka wai i loko o ka wai → phytoplankton → mollusks → pellets → mau mea pilikino. Hoʻokomo nā Mollusks - nā kānana i ka ikehu carbon, e hoʻopuka ana i nā kaulahao meaʻai.

He mea nui kēlā e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka hoʻoneʻe o ka carbon dioxide i ka lewa. ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili o ke kalapona monotida i ka lewa o ka lewa ka mea i hāpai i ka hou o ka "hopena o ka home" a me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka mahana. Ma ia hopena ua hopena ka pōpilikia i ka ʻōnaehana panau o ka Honua. Hōʻike ka hōʻino ʻana i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai wai i kahi kū ʻole i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ke aniani o ka honua.

Ke lilo nei i nā kānana ikaika, kōkua ʻole ka niho i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā ola o nā wai wai.

ʻO ka pilina ma waena o nā mea ola a me ke kaiapuni he paʻakikī nui aʻe ma mua o ka hele mua ʻana. Hoʻohui pono i nā laina kihi laina, nui ka nui o nā pili o ka hoʻohui i waena o nā mea ola. I ke hopena, he mea pono e noʻonoʻo i nā ʻāpana na mea o ka honua, akā ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea ola.

Dioecious nā niho, akā ʻike ʻia ka lehulehu o nā hermaphrodites.

I kēlā me kēia hihia, pono ka noʻonoʻo e pili ana a nānā i ke pae o ka pōʻino o nā hopena anthropogenic i nā ʻōnaehana wai, ka mālama pono ʻana i ka hala o nā pilina ma waena o nā mea ola a me nā hana e mālama ai i ka maʻemaʻe o ka wai.

Inā loaʻa ʻoe i kahi hala, e koho i kahi ʻāpana a me ka paʻi Ctrl + Kākau.