ʻAno a me ke ʻano. ^ E Ha yM. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā subspecies ma ka ʻāina ma mua o ka ʻāpana keʻokeʻo, ka lōʻihi o ke kino 34-39 cm, nā ʻēheu 51-60 cm, ke kaupaona 243-610 g, ka ʻāwīwī a ʻoi loa ka pōpoki ma mua o ka ʻōpū keʻokeʻo.

Mokupuni mokupuni L. m. pālahalahaʻu ʻokoʻa nā ʻāpana nui - ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o kahi ʻāpana keʻokeʻo.

E alakaʻi nui ana i kahi nohona terrestrial. E neʻe me ka neʻe wikiwiki a i ʻole nā ​​ala pōkole me nā neʻe pinepine, e hoʻonaninua ana ia. He maʻalahi a he wikiwiki ka holo, he like ia o ke ʻano me nā hale ʻē aʻe: e pili ana i nā lepa flap me ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā ʻēheu e hoʻolaha. Ma ka holoʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole i hilahila ma mua o kahi mākeke.

ʻO keʻano. ^ E Ha yM. I ka hoʻoilo, aneane ke keʻokeʻo ʻē aʻe wale nō no ka hulu o ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele (kūpaʻa keokeo o ka hulu wili ma keokeo). Eia kekahi, i ke kāne, kahi poli ʻeleʻele e pani mai ka kihi o ka waha ma o ka maka. Ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka currenting, ke keʻokeʻo nei ke kāne, keʻokeʻo wale nō nā hulu ʻulaʻula ma ke poʻo a me nā poʻohiwi, nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻulaʻula ulaula e pale mau ʻia ma mua o nā maka. ʻO ke kumu o ke kauwela o ke kauwela ka melemele-hina me kahi pākēnē (streaky) i hoʻohuli ʻia i ke ʻano ʻeleʻele. ʻO ka ʻōpū a me ka hapa nui o ka ʻēheu e keʻokeʻo. Ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo, ʻoi aku ka luhiʻeleʻele maʻamau a emi ʻole ke koʻikoʻi ma mua o ka plumage pili ʻana, ma ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka ʻūhā i ʻike ʻia i ka māmā - keʻokeʻo. ʻO ka lohi ʻana o nā manu i ka ʻuliluli lole o ka pale like ia, akā me ke ʻano hoʻohalike a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka manu ma muli o ke ʻano o ka manu ma kahi mamao. E lilo ka ʻāʻī. I ka hāʻule, ʻoi aku ka pili o ke kala o ke kane a me ka lole.

ʻAʻohe ʻano wahine i ka wahine o ke kaohi; ʻo ke kala o ke kauwela o ka contour plumage o nā wahine i kahi ʻoni a ʻoni-melemele i pālahalaha me nā pihi ʻōpala nui a me nā pihi ma ke kua, ʻoiai he ʻano like ʻole ka palahalula.

ʻO ka hoʻonaninani o nā manu ʻōpio i ke ʻano a me ke kala he like ia me ke kapa o ke kauwela o kahi kāne - ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kumu hoʻohuli ʻokoʻa ma mua o nā wahine. He keʻokeʻo ka ʻōpū, me nā ʻāpana ʻole o nā ʻōpala. Kahi like ka like o ka waihoʻoluʻu o nā moa moa, a ʻo ke kāula ʻeleʻele ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ke kino e ʻike a me ka laulā.

ʻO nā ʻanā mau ʻāina nui o kēia ʻano ʻano like ʻole i ka ʻāpana keʻokeʻo ma nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka puhupulu a me kahi puaʻa ʻīwī liʻiliʻi. I ka hoʻoilo, kahi hōʻailona o ke kāne ke kapa ʻeleʻele i ka maka. ʻO ke kauwela a me ka hopena, ke nānā ʻia nā kāne o ka lehulehu ma nā ʻāpana ʻāmaʻomaʻa o ke kala melemele. He kapa kapa e like me ka ʻāpana keʻokeʻo, ʻaʻole pili ʻia kēia ʻano. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā wahine o nā moʻomeheu ʻEulopa e kekahi ʻano hoʻohālikelike hou o ka plumage a me ka ʻike ʻole ʻana i kahi leo ocher ʻona. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā manu ʻōpio e kahi kala pāula, kahi ʻāpana ʻōpala liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me kahi kala keʻokeʻo o ka ʻōpū.

He leo leo. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ke kani kāne a ke ʻano kūloko ʻano lāʻau.kohrrrau"." ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ke mele a me ke mele a nā kāne. ʻO ka leo o kahi wahine ʻano like ia me kahi ʻāpana keʻokeʻo.

Ke Kūlana ʻokoʻa. ^ E Ha yM. Aia ka noho ʻana o nā tundra a me nā kiʻekiʻe o Eurasia a me ʻAmelika Hema (Alaska, ʻĀpana Kanada). Ma ka hapa o ʻEulopa e noho ana ʻo Lūkini ma Kola Peninsula, nā ʻĀkau Komohana, a ʻo nā mokupuni o Franz Josef Land i loko o ka moku kahawai.L. m. pālahalahaʻu) Hoʻokahele ʻia ia i ka sporadically a hiki i ka nui o nā wahi, ka helu i ka fluctuations nui. ʻOkoʻa nā ʻano o nā neʻe i ke ʻano o nā ʻōiwi like ʻole. ʻO kekahi o nā wahi, i ka palena nui ma Franz Josef Land, i noho. Ma ke kūkulu ʻākau o Siberia, hiki iā ia ke lele a 500 km lōʻihi. Ma nā kuahiwi no ka hoʻoilo e hoʻoilo ai i nā awāwa wai.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. He ʻōpū ia i nā puʻu i waena o nā kaohi pōhaku pohō me nā mea kanu mosaic, ma nā kuahiwi, a ma ke kūkulu hema, i luna o ka palena kai. I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻoili ʻia ka hoʻoili ʻia e nā wahi noho ʻole i ka loaʻa o ka hānai. I ka hoʻoilo a me ka hoʻoilo, mālama ʻia i loko o nā ʻohana liʻiliʻi, nā ʻāpana a i ʻole o nā ʻaina, e ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hua ʻana e lilo ia he teritorial. Hoʻokomo pū ka ʻaila i ka lele ma o kahi kaʻao paʻakikī me ka piʻi a me ka iho, a me nā hōʻike hōʻike kokoke i ka wahine ma ka ʻāina. I ka hoʻoilo, hiamoe i loko o ke keʻena hau. Hoʻokomo ka kāne i ke koho a me ka pale o ka wahi hana, a komo ka wahine i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka pili a i ka incubation. Hoʻokomo ʻia kekahi mau kāne i ka hoʻokuke ʻana i ka brood.

Noi - kahi laha liʻiliʻi me ka laka scanty mauʻu a me nā hulu o ka moa i loko o kahi ākea me nā pua liʻiliʻi a me nā mea kanu haʻahaʻa, ma waena o nā pōhaku a i ʻole nā ​​mea liʻiliʻi, nā lāʻau nui a me nā popo moss. Ka ʻili ʻo ka lālani he 69 huaʻai, uhi ʻia, e like me ke keʻena keʻokeʻo, me nā wahi ʻulaʻula. Hoʻoponopono i ka hua hua hoʻokahi i hoʻokahi makahiki. ʻO ke kumu o ka hoʻoilo ka ʻeleʻele a me nā wana o nā ʻano like ʻole o nā wailele a me nā ʻōpala, nā wana a me nā lau o nā ʻōpala, me nā alder a me nā kinipiki birch. I ke kauwela, ʻai nui ia i nā greens a me nā hua he nui (hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka ʻōpū keʻokeʻo), ʻo ia hoʻi ka pulupulu sibillary mauʻu, nā pua pua, nā kulu, nā lau a me nā hua o ka ʻōkohu.

Hoʻoikaika pahu (He kime Lagopus)

NA MANAO O KA AHAHUI

Ma nā wāwae nui i uhi ʻia i nā hulu, hoʻoneʻe ka ʻāweau ʻo tundra i loko o ka hoʻoilo hohonu. I ka hala ʻana o ke kauwela kauwela e hoʻopau ai i ka hoʻoilo - ke hoʻololi nei lākou i ke kāhiko o ke kauwela i ka hoʻoilo-keʻokeʻo ke keʻokeʻo, aia wale nō ka hope o ke huʻu iʻeleʻele, a ʻo ke kāne ka paliʻeleʻele mai ka beak a ka maka. I ka pūnāwai, hoʻomaka nā ʻāpana o nā partridges ma hope o nā ʻāpana o nā ʻēheu a me ka ʻaoʻao lalo o ke kino e waiho lā keʻokeʻo, a uhi ʻia ka ʻāpana holookoa me nā hulu ʻulaʻula me nā ʻulaʻula a me nā ʻōpala. I ka hopena o ka pūnāwai, e hoʻomaka ana ka wahine i ke kolu o ka molt - ʻo kona ʻōpala e lilo i kukui ʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula me nā peka transversʻeleʻele. I loko o kēia kāhiko, ua ʻike ʻia ka manu ma ka noke.

HE MEA KUKAI

ʻO nā partridges, e like me nā hui ʻelima o nā moa, he mau manu hānai, akā i kekahi manawa ua ʻai pū lākou i nā invertebrates. Loaʻa ka ʻānai manu i ka ʻāina. I ka hoʻoilo, inā ma nā makahiki heʻeʻe, ke hele nei lākou ma nā wahi nahele a lawe pinepine i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā meaʻai no nā lāʻau. ʻIʻi nā manu i ka hau, a hoʻāʻo hoʻi e noho i nā wahi o ka hānai ʻana i ka hoʻoilo. I ka hoʻoilo, ʻai lākou i nā ʻōpala, nā lālā, a me nā pepeiao. I ka pūnāwai - nā hua mua a me nā lau ʻōpiopio i ke kauwela, i ke kauwela - nā wahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā mea kanu, nā hua a me nā hua. I ka hoʻohālikelike, ʻo ke kumu o ka meaʻai o ka partridges tundra he huaʻai.

Nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau a me nā hiʻohiʻona kula

ʻO Partridge tundra kahi noho maʻamau o ka Arctic a me ka mauna stony-lichen tundra o ke ʻĀkau o ke USSR a me kekahi mau mauna mauna o Siberia, e alakaʻi ana i kahi ala o ke ola maʻamau. ʻO kēia kekahi o nā manu ʻuʻuku loa o ka ʻohana (ʻo ia wale nō ia o kahi ʻāpana keʻokeʻo, ʻae ʻo L. leucurus, he kanaka noho o nā subalpine a me nā ʻāpana alpine i nā Pihi Kōkua ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, ʻo ia ka keʻokeʻo a ʻulaʻulaʻula na ka hapa no ka hapa nui o ka makahiki a he kākahu wale ia. He ʻano like loa ia me kahi ʻāpana keʻokeʻo, a ma nā wahi cohabitation nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā hue. ʻO ko lākou mau ʻokoʻa nui ka mea i wehewehe ʻia ma luna, i kahi ʻatikala ma kahi ʻaoʻao keʻokeʻo.

ʻO ka ptarmigan, e like me ka moku keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, alakaʻi nui i kahi ʻano ʻāina e hānai ana, e hānai ana i ke kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi a hoʻomaha i ka wa i waena o ka lā ma lalo o ka uhi o nā pōhaku a i ʻole nā ​​lāʻau. Ke neʻe nei ʻo ia ma ka ʻāina i nā wāwae a i ʻole pōkole pōkole, hoʻomau mau i ka manawa a me ka hoʻā ʻana no ka manawa lōʻihi me ka ʻole o ka neʻe, ka mea me ka kala pale e lilo ia i mea ʻole. He maʻalahi a maʻalahi ka lele, akā, o ke ʻano like me ke koena o ke kaahu ʻeleʻele - he mau puʻupuʻu wikiwiki o ke ʻano o ka lele ʻana i luna a lele i lalo. He manu ʻolua kēia, a aia wale nō i ka māla manawa e hoʻopuka pinepine ke kāne i kāna mau burr, keʻike ʻia o ka ʻūhū leo, me ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ka puʻukū o nā pani o ka pani ʻana i hoʻopiʻi ʻia.

ʻO keʻano

ʻAukui. Kanikau kāne. I ka hoʻoilo lole - ke keʻokeʻo a pau, me ka nā ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele (keʻokeʻo wale nō i ke kime waena), he kapa ʻeleʻele e hele mai ana mai ka kihi o ka waha ma o ka maka, nā ʻeleʻele a me nā ʻaki. I nā hulu manu e waiho ai ke keʻokeʻo apical ma ke keʻokeʻo, ʻo ka wahine nui loa i ka lā 2 a ua nalowale loa i ka 8. ʻO ka lole o ka pūnāwai i ke kāne i ka wā o ka moena (mai ka ʻ latepelila a hiki i ka hopena o Mei) ʻokoʻa ia i ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo wale nō ma mua o nā lei ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ma ke poʻo a me nā poʻohiwi, e uhi wale ana i ka nape a me ka ʻāʻī. Ma waena o kēia mau motto uliuli, lilo ka pelepelu ʻōuli oloko ma o ka maka i ʻike ʻole ʻia. Hoʻomoe ka lole lole kauwela i ka hopena o Iune a hiki i ka waena o Kepakemapa. ʻO kēia ka lole i hoʻolaha nui ʻia e uhi kokoke i ke kino holoʻokoʻa o ka manu. ʻO ka ʻūhā wale nō a ʻo ka hapa nui o nā hulu o ka ʻēheu e keokeo wale ʻia, me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole o nā 4wila liʻiliʻi waena, nā uhi ākea i loko, a aneane nā pale liʻiliʻi, koe wale nō. He hina hina ka laulā o ke kino o luna o ka ʻili, me nā wahi ʻeleʻele a me nā ʻāpana keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā kīpa ʻala ʻeleʻele a me nā palena keʻokeʻo o ka nui o nā hulu.

ʻO ka hapa nui o ka hulu e lawe ai i kahi kaila penikala ma nā kaila melemele ma luna o kahi hina. Kūpono a me nā ʻāpana o ka ʻāʻī - ma nā wahi liʻiliʻi keokeo a me nā melemele i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā kui transverse ma ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o nā hulu. ʻO ke kala hina ka peʻe melemele keʻokeʻo kekahi e lūlū ʻia ma ka umauma, akā ʻo ka lehulehu o nā hulu hulu ka mea ʻē aʻe a ʻoniʻoni ʻeleʻele a me ka keʻokeʻo ka pehu keʻokeʻo. Hoʻolālā ʻia nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino. ʻO nā hulu o ka hulu o ka huelo he ʻelua mau ʻāpana - hina me kahi kaʻe melemele keʻokeʻo a kahi keehi, a me kahi loli o ka ʻoniʻoni ākea a me ka hāhā i nā pihi ʻoniʻoni-keʻokeʻo, i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka hulu. Ke kupanaha ke kiko nani wale nō i ka hulu e ulu mua ana i ka mahina o Iune - Iulai, a me ka hulu i ulu ai ma hope e hali ʻia e ke ʻano ʻokoʻa. ʻO ke kime waena o nā kūmole a me nā hulu e uhi ana i ka hina, he hina hina, me ka palena o ka vertex keʻokeʻo a me ke kumu corain liʻiliʻi, i kekahi manawa hoʻohui ʻia i loko o ke kula ʻeleʻele i ka waena o ka ʻaoʻao o ka hulu. ʻO ka kala o nā hulu ʻulaʻī o ka ʻēheu ka hina, me nā ʻōpala keʻakeʻa a me nā peahi keʻokeʻo paha. ʻO ka pale wale i loko o nā ʻaoʻao ākea i loko ke kumu hoʻohālike i ke kao ʻalani a me nā kaila ʻulaʻula i hoʻomohala ʻia. ʻO ke kāne i ka lole keokeo (Kepakemapa - ʻOkakopa) i pena like i ka pena like ʻole, i loko o ke kala kala melemele-hina me ke kumu ʻōpala a i ʻole a me nā kumu i loko o ka ʻeleʻele. ʻO kēia kapa lole i kāwili ʻia a lanakila wale ka hulu laula ma ka kua a me ka umauma. Ma ke poʻo, aia kahi ʻano kālai lāʻau coarser, nā hulu o ke kauwela, a ma ka ʻōpū o nā hulu keʻokeʻo o nā hoʻoilo i ka ulu ʻana. ʻO keʻokeʻo nā kumu o nā hulu lulu.

Wahine i ka hoʻoilo lole. ʻO ke keʻokeʻo hoʻi ia a ʻaʻole i loaʻa ke kaula ʻeleʻele ma o ka maka. Aia wale nō ma ka hapa nui o nā ʻāpana ʻākau (ʻākau o Greenland, Svalbard), ʻo ka hapanui o nā wahine i ke kapa hoʻoilo no ka hoʻoilo, ʻoiai ʻaʻole maopopo, ʻike ʻia me ke keʻokeʻo a ʻaʻole i ka hahai ʻana i ka maka (Salomonsen, 1939, Johnsen, 1941). Ma ke kuahiwi ʻo Alaska a me Scandinavia, he 21.1-34.3% wale no nā wahine i loaʻa i kēia ʻano band (Weeden, 1964, Pulliainen, 1970a). ʻAʻohe wahine i ka lole o ka puna a ma ka manawa o ko lākou ulu ʻana, ua hoʻokomo koke lākou i ke kākahu kauwela o kahi kala like ʻole. Ma ke kua, ua makemake i ka waiho ʻeleʻele me ka hui ʻana me ke keʻokeʻo o ke aniani o ka vertex a me ka melemele - nā pali pre-peak. Hoʻokumu nā kālaila pre-apical i kahi kala ʻeleʻele, me ka luna o ke poʻo a me ke kua ke nānā pono ʻana i ka uliuli. Kūleʻa maikaʻi ʻia nā kaila ʻokoʻa ma ka kua o lalo, nadhvostu a me ka ʻāʻī. ʻOi aku ka māmā o ke kino haʻahaʻa ma muli o nā ākea keʻokeʻo ākea a ke hoʻololi i nā ʻōpala melemele i nā hulu, kū i ke kahakaha nāhele ʻeleʻele. Hōʻike ka ʻāpana o ka goiter. No ke kauwela, mau keokeo nā hulu ʻē aʻe e like me nā kāne a me ke kikowaena waena o nā hulu manu i keʻokeʻo. Ma ke kaʻina hana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā pīpī, ʻaʻo nā ʻōlelo keʻokeʻo o ka hulu i ka ʻala a keʻokeʻo paha ke kala o nā wahine i ka hala o Iulai, a ʻo ka piko o ke poʻo a i hope hoʻi ʻeleʻele. ʻO ka lole o ke kolamu, e like me nā kāne, kahi hui o ke kauwela, ka hoʻoilo a me nā hulu o ka hoʻoilo. Kahu nui nā hulu manu ma ke kua, ke kua a me ka umauma. Kau kaomi o ko lākou kukui māmā i ke kua o ka plumage kauwela o ke kauwela. ʻO ka hulu hipa i lawe ʻia i kahi hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa o nā kaila ʻoniʻoni a i nā pihi paha ma kahi ʻulaʻula-hina. ʻAʻole nā ​​hulu keʻokeʻo āpau ke loaʻa nā papa keʻokeʻo.

ʻŌpio manu (male a wahine). I ke kāhiko kahiko (ke kulu mua) ke pena ʻia, ua pena ʻia i ka pena ʻulaʻula. E keʻokeʻo ka ʻōpū, ka melemele hina-ʻulaʻulaʻula ma luna o ka umauma a me ka ʻāʻī, a ke hoʻololi ʻia i ka keʻokeʻo, a wale nō ma ka ʻū o lalo o ka umauma a a ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao ʻuʻu i ka hulu o ka hulu lulu ke ulu, ka ʻaoʻao luna o luna o ka pale me ka uhi piha iā lākou. ʻO kēia mau hulu e lawe i ke ʻano kūpono o nā kaila transvers brown brown i ke kāla melemele-hina a me ke kahua ʻeleʻele ma luna o ka pā.

2 mau ʻōlapa mua ma waho o nā maka, ma nā ʻāpana heʻe liʻiliʻi, he mau ʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi ʻia a me nā wahi i nā peaks. ʻO ka leoʻokoʻa o ka lole o ka wai i loko o ka ʻalani he melemele-hina, me nā wahi ʻeleʻele-ʻulaʻula ma ke kua. Ma ka kua ma hope, aia kahi kikoʻī ʻokoʻa loa o nā palahalaha transvers, coarser ma ka kua o lalo. ʻO ka hulu hipa kahi i hoʻomaka mua me nā peahi keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, me nā palahalaha pālahalaha ma luna o ke kaila melemele, akā i ko lākou lalau ʻana, nalo nā ʻōpū keʻokeʻo. ʻO nā mea lele liʻiliʻi - me kahi kaila o nā palahalaha ākea ākea, kahi e kāwili ʻia i nā hulu mamao i hoʻokahi wahi, e noho ana i kahi o nā mea hana o loko. Ma nā ʻōliohe kūloko kūloko kūloko he wahi keʻena kūloko keʻokeʻo a i ʻole kahi palena keʻokeʻo. ʻO ka lele ka manu lele he brown, me nā ʻanā o nā palahalaha transvers ma ka pūnaewele pūnaewele waho a me nā kukui maka i nā poʻo. Hāpai ʻia nā ʻēheu luna e kū nei me kahi keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo. Ma ka ʻaoʻao o lalo, aia kahi kala o ke ʻōpū a me kahi kaila striated maʻamau o ka ʻāʻī, ka umauma a me nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino. ʻO ka hapa ʻeleʻele pū kekahi me nā ʻāpana keʻokeʻo vertex. I nā pipi liʻiliʻi, ʻōleʻa nā hulu ʻē aʻe o kā lākou ulu a ke ʻulaʻula, ua ʻoluʻolu nā kala a ʻo nā keʻena vertex keʻokeʻo e kū mālie loa.

Downy moa. ʻO ka hoʻonaninohano e like me ka moʻo o nā pua i lalo o kahi ʻāpana.

ʻĀnō a me nā ana

Loaʻa ka lōʻihi o ke kino mai 370–400 i nā kāne a me ka 365-390 i nā wahine. Hōʻike ka moʻo dimorphism moʻokalaleo ʻo ia i ka nui o ka ʻēheu a me ka huelo, a ma nā lehulehu a me nā ʻoka nui, ʻoiai ka lōʻihi o ka metatarsus a me ka manamana waena ua like like a like me nā kāne like ʻole. Kākau. Males (n = 285, col. ZIN AN SSSR): wing 182–216, ʻili 80-1-120, lōʻihi o beak 8–13, metatarsus 27–38, waena waena 19–32. He mau wahine (n = 197, col. 'ZIN, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa o USSR): wing 175–204, ʻehā 82–103, ka lōʻihi o ka beak 7.2–12, metatarsus 26–38, waena waena o 21-30. ʻAno maikaʻi ʻole ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā makahiki a me ke kau ʻana no nā kau kaila. I nā manawa holo, ʻaʻole e loli ia e like me ka mea ma nā ʻāpana keʻokeʻo, a lele ana no ka hapa nui loa ma waena o 440-540.

Nui ka nui o nā manu i ka hopena lūlū, ʻeli e hoʻoneʻe i ka puna a me nā kāne, e hoʻonui iki ana i ka wā ma mua o ka nuptial, e hōʻemi ana i ka manawa liʻiliʻi ma ka waena o ke kauwela, ma hope e hoʻomaka hou ai e ulu e ia ma ka ʻālaʻi. I nā wahine, hoʻonui nui ke kaumaha i ka wā e waiho ana i ka hua o ka hua, ma hope o ka emi iki ʻana i ka liʻiliʻi e ulu ana i ka wiki mua loa o nā moa holo kaʻa. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā manu o nā laulā ʻākau i ka nui o ka nui a me ka nui. Ma kēia hihia, nā ʻāpana o nā tundra e noho nei i nā hale pilipelagos o Franz Josef Land a me Spitsbergen, ʻo ia hoʻi. Hōʻike a loaʻa nā ʻōmaʻikaʻi ʻē aʻe: e hiki ana i kā lākou papala ke 880, i.e., kokoke i ʻelua mau manawa like me nā iwi maʻamau. He like me ke kahe me nā ʻāpana o ka ʻēheu e like me ka keokeo keʻokeʻo, akā inā e noʻonoʻo mākou i ka nui o ka nui a me ke kino o nā partund o tundra, ua liuliu i ka lōʻihi o ke aniani. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā māhele i koe o ke kino e like me ka ʻāpana keʻokeʻo, me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole o ka beak, kahi mea ʻilihune a he kiʻekiʻe. Eia nō naʻe, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻimi i kēlā me kēia like me ka pā like like o ka beak lōʻihi a me ke kiʻekiʻe e like me kekahi mau partridges keʻokeʻo.

Hoʻololi

Hoʻomau ia ma kahi o ke ʻano like like me ka pahu keʻokeʻo, aia wale nō ka molting spring e hōʻike iki i nā kāne, ka hopu ʻana i nā wahi liʻiliʻi o ka plumage ma ke poʻo, ka ʻāʻī a me nā poʻohiwi, a ma nā ʻāpana ʻāinana nui ʻaʻole paha ia ma mua, a hele nā ​​kāne i ka lole hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo. (Salomonsen 1950). Hoʻoulu ia ka puna wai ʻole me kahi hoʻomaha i ke kauwela, ʻo ka pau ia i ka wā mua o Iulai, ʻoiai ʻo ka wā e ulu mau ana nā hulu manu i loko o ke kala. Hemp me nā hulu lūlū ka hopena a hiki i ka wā o ʻAukake, ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ulu ʻana o ka hulu keʻokeʻo, e puka mai ana ma lalo o nā hulu manu i Kepakemapa. Mai kēia manawa ke hoʻomaka nei ke keʻokeʻo e pālahalaha i loko o ke kino o ka manu.

ʻO nā hulu manu i hala i hala i ka hopena o Kepakemapa a i ka hoʻomaka mua ʻana o ʻOkakopa, akā, ma ka hapa o ka lehulehu hema, ʻo ia hoʻi ma nā mokupuni moana, hiki i kēia hana ke holo a hiki i Dekemaba. Ma Skotlandia, ʻo ka hapanui o nā manu e mālama i nā hulu lehelehe a hiki i ka molting wai., E hoʻomaka ana ma Pepeluali (Salomonsen, 1939). ʻAʻole like ka wahine i ka puna molting, loli koke lākou i loko o ke kauwela kauwela e uhi ai i ke kino holoʻokoʻa a me ka umauma i ka manawa a lākou e pīpī ai. I nā manu mai nā kalapu ʻākau, ʻoiai me ka hoʻomohala holo ʻana o ka lole kauwela, kahi kahua me nā hulu keʻokeʻo e mālama koke ʻia i mua o ke alo o ke perched. Hoʻomaka ka hila molting i ka hapalua mahina ma mua o nā kāne, a ʻano nui ka ʻōlelo.

I nā wahine mai nā hapa nui o ke ʻākau, ʻaʻole iʻoi loa i ka 10% o nā ʻāpana ʻāpana. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hulu kauwela a hiki i ka hāʻule a hoʻoili koke ʻia e nā hulu keʻokeʻo. Kūkulu ʻia nā hulu hulu i ka wā pōkole ma mua o kahi ʻāpana keʻokeʻo, a lōʻihi ʻo 2.5-3.0 mau mahina ma ke kāne a me ka wahine. I loko o nā moa, hāʻule ka lole pono mua, ʻoiai mai ka lā nui 7 he he 7 a me ka 5 (mai ka hōʻike o ka 3 a hiki i ka 7) mea lele e hōʻike ʻia he mauʻu hemp manamana. ʻO lākou āpau, me ka nui o nā hulu uhi hulu, wehe i ka hopena o ka hebedoma mua o ke ola a hana i ka pae ʻana o ka ʻu, kahi e hiki ai i ka peʻa i lele hou i nā mamao mamao. Hōʻailona nā hulu a nā ʻaoʻao a me ke kua, ma ka umauma a me ka lei. Mālohi ka ʻāʻī. ʻOiai ma mua o ka pau o ka ulu o ka hulu manu, i ka makahiki o 4 mau hebedoma, hoʻomaka ka molting i ka wā o ke kuʻekuʻe mua: e hoʻomaka ana ka ulu ʻana o nā hulu manuahi me ka loli o ka lele mua ma ka keʻokeʻo ʻōpiopio. I kēia manawa, ʻike mau ke koena o ka lole downy i ke poʻo. Hoʻomaka ka ulu ʻana o nā hulu o ka lole i ka hoʻoilo ma ka manawa like me ka ulu ʻana o ka holomua o ka hulu manu. Hōʻike mua ka ʻalaʻeleʻele keʻokeʻo ma luna o ka ʻōpū ma nā makahiki he 1,5 mau ka palahalaha mai ʻō a i nā ʻaoʻao, ʻaoʻao o ka ʻōpū a ma hope loa, i ke kino o luna. ʻO ka hulu lōʻihi ka lōʻihi i paʻa ʻia ma ke poʻo, ke kua a me ka umauma.

ʻĀina kalepa

Hana ʻia nā ʻano he nui e ka helu o ka mokupuni a me nā kuahiwi mauna, ʻoi ka pae pae subspecies, a ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia ka ʻano subspecies a hōʻike ʻia i loko o ke ʻano o ke kala o nā kapa kauwela o nā kāne. ʻO ka wehe wale ʻia ka subspecies L. m. ʻO hyperboreus Sundevall, 1845, e noho ana ʻo Svalbard, ʻo Francisz Josef Land a me ka mokupuni ʻo Bear a kū i waho, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei, i nā nui ʻokoʻa ʻole. ʻĀpana hoʻēmi ʻia hoʻi nā lepuni mauna Kepani L. m. japonicus Clark, 1907, Mea ʻimi ma L. m. ridgwaui Stejneger, 1884, Kuril L. m. kurilensis Hartert, 1921, a me Aleutian L. m. evermanni Elliot, 1896, ka mea e noho ana i ka mokupuni o Attu - ka ʻāina mamao loa loa o ka ʻauʻau o Aleutian. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia kēia mau subspecies e kahi uea kauwela maikaʻi loa o ke kāne.

No kekahi hui kumumanaʻo subspecies - nominative, North Ural L. m. comensis Sserebrowsky, 1929, alpine L. m. helveticus Thienemann, 1829, a me ka mea e ʻike ʻole ʻole ai ʻo Pyrenean L. m. pyrenaicus Hartert, 1921, me Scottish L. m. milliaisi Nartert, 1923 - ka hina hina o ke kapa moe kāne i ka wahine. ʻO kēia pūʻulu pū kekahi me L. m. sanfordi Bent, 1912, ka noho ʻana o ka mokupuni ʻo Tanaga ma ka Lele Aleutian. ʻO ke kolu o ka hui nā subspecies me nā wai kekeʻe o ke kauwela o nā kauwela o nā kāne: Altai subspecies L. m. nadezdae Sserebrowsky, 1926, South Siberian L. m. transbaicalicus Sserebrowsky, 1926 a me Tarbagatai L. m. macrorhynchus Sserebrowsky, 1926. ʻO nā koina ʻē aʻe - aneane kokoke i Aleutian, ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Greenland, ʻĀpana Akerona L. m. pleskei Sserebrowsky, 1926, Kamchatka L. m. krascheninnikovi Potapov, 1985 a me Svalbard subspecies no ke kauwela o ke kauwela o nā kāne i hōʻike ʻia e kahi'āpana melemele. ʻIclani L. m. Islandorum Faber, 1882 noho i kahi noho waena ma waena o nā hui 2 a me 4. Mālama kēlā me kēia hui i nā kiko kokoke, akā no kēlā me kēia ʻae i nā ʻokoʻa: subspecies, kahi hoʻoili ʻāina ʻae ʻole i ʻae ʻia iā mākou e kiʻi i kā lākou ʻike maoli i nā pae subspecies o kēia pūʻulu.

Kahele

He paʻakikī loa ka laulā o ka ptarmigan. Aia ka hapanui o ka hapa ma northeast Asia, kekahi hapa ma Alaska a me ʻĀpana ʻEulopa. He ʻano ʻumpnapa ia, akā ʻo ka laha ʻana o kēia mau ʻano ma ke kahakai a me nā mokupuni o ka Moana ʻAlika ua mamao loa mai ka hoʻomau.

Kiʻi 34. Range o ptarmigan
1 - Lagopus mutus mutus, 2 - L. m. milUaisi, 3 - L. m. helveticus, 4 - L. m. comensis, 5 - L. m. pleskei, 6 - L. m. nelsoni, 7 - L. m. rupestris, 8 - L. m. welchi, i m-saturatus, 10 - L. m. pio, 11 - L. m. mokupuni, 12 - L. m. nadezdae, 13 - L. m. macrorhynchus, 14 - L. m. transbaicalicus, 15 - L. m. krascheninnikowi 16 - L. m. kuruensis, 17 - L. m. evermanni, 18 —L. m. kūlanakauhaleendi, 19 - L. m. chambertaini, 20 - L. m. sandorfi, 21 - L. m. atkensis, 22 - L. m. gabrielsoni, 23 - L. m. yunaskensis, 24 - L. m. dixoni, 25 - L. m. hipehu, 26 - L. m. huakaʻi.

Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ke keʻokeʻo, ka noho ʻana o kahi ʻāpana tundra i ka hapa nui o nā mokupuni o ke kula Polar: ʻoi loa ka puni honua Arctic archipelago, kokoke i ke kahawai holoʻokoʻa o Greenland, ʻū ʻole mai nā glaciers, a hiki i kona ʻaoʻao ʻākau (Peary Land - Lockwood Island, 83 ° 24 ′ N .), Svalbard archipelagos and Franz Josef Land. Ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, ua komo ʻo ia i ka palena hema ma ke Kaiā Pōhaku (a hiki i 49 ° N) a me ke kahakai hikina o Labrador Peninsula (54 ° 30 ′ N), kahi e noho nei ʻo Alaska a me kahi wahi paʻa ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kaona o Kanada. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka Pakipika e noho ana ia ma Aleutian, Komikela a me Kuril Nā Mokupuni, a ʻo ka moku ʻo Honshu. I Europa, e noho ana ma ke ʻākau o Scandinavia, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Nui Pelekane, i nā Alps a me Pyrenees. Ma ka ʻĀinapuni komohana e noho ana ma ka mokupuni o Islandia a me Greenland. Aia ka aneane ʻikepili i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka noho i ka wā kaʻao. Ma ʻEkalakia wale nō mai ka hopena o ka makahiki XVIII. Ke kahuli nei ka palena hema ma lalo o ka mana o nā mea anthropogenic.

I ka hoʻoilo, ua hoʻololi iki ka palena hema ma ke kūkulu hema, akā aia wale nō ma nā wahi o ke kaha tundra. Ma nā ʻāpana ʻEulopa o ka USSR, ka ʻāpana tundra e noho wale ana ma ka Kola Penola a me nā Northern Urals wale nō.

Kiʻi 35. ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana o ka ptarmigan ma USSR
1 - Lagopus mutus mutus, 2 - L. m. milUaisi, 3 - L. m. helveticus, 4 - L. m. comensis, 5 - L. m. pleskei, 6 - L. m. nelsoni, 7 - L. m. rupestris, 8 - L. m. welchi, i m. saturatus, 10 - L. m. pio, 11 - L. m. mokupuni, 12 - L. m. nadezdae, 13 - L. m. macrorhynchus, 14 - L. m. transbaicalicus, 15 - L. m. krascheninnikowi 16 - L. m. kuruensis, 17 - L. m. evermanni, 18 - L. m. kūlanakauhaleendi, 19 - L. m. chambertaini, 20 - L. m. sandorfi, 21 - L. m. atkensis, 22 - L. m. gabrielsoni, 23 - L. m. yunaskensis, 24 - L. m. dixoni, 25 - L. m. hipehu, 26 - L. m. huakaʻi.

Ma ka moku ʻo Kola, ua kahele ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā kahawai ʻoi ʻo ke kahakai komohana a hiki i ka hikina i ka ʻāina ʻo Sosnovets (col. ZIN AN USSR) a me nā kākela o Khibin Alpine, akā ʻaʻole i maopopo ka palena o nā ʻaoʻao hema o kona hoʻoili ʻana. ʻAʻole loaʻa a Kanin i ka Penina. I nā ʻāpana ʻĀkau Nui, e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā ʻĀkau loa loa (Lake Minisey, kā ʻo Pai-Khoy Range) hema a Mount Konzhakovsky Kamen (59 ° 40 ′ N). ʻO aku ka hikina, noho i nā ʻāpana ʻākau o ka Yamal Peninsulas ma ka hema a hiki i ka 68 ° C. N, Gydan i ka hema i 71 ° C. w lu. (Naumov, 1931) a me Taimyr, kahi e hele ai ka palena hema ma ke komohana i 71 ° 30 ′ s. N, a i ka hikina ma 73 ° (ka waha o ka muliwai Khatanga). Noho ia ma kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ma nā kuahiwi o Putorana. I ka māhele Soviet a ka ʻAliki, loaʻa wale nō nā mokupuni ʻo Franz Josef Land, kahi i ʻikea ʻole ai ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana o kēia ʻano. ʻO nā manu makua wale nō i hui a haki ʻia mai Pepeluali a ʻOkakopa (Demme, 1934, Rutilevsky, 1957) a ʻike maoli ʻia na manu lele ma nā mokupuni o Novosibirsk. Ke komohana o ka waha o ka muliwai. Ua iho ka palena hema o Khatanga i ka 72 ° C. w lu. i ko ka wai ʻO Popigai (Sdobnikov, 1957), hele i ka ʻaoʻao ma ke kahawai o Alazei a hiki i ka kahawai. ʻO Lena, a laila ma ke kuahiwi o ka mauna ʻo Verkhoyansk, ʻo Yudomo-May a me Aldan Uplands i iho i ka mauna o Lake Baikal.

Eia ʻae ke aʻo ʻia ʻana o kona neʻe ʻana, hiki nō i ka poʻe noho kaawale ke noho i nā piliona Baikal a me Barguzinsky. Eia kekahi, hele ka palena i ka ʻaoʻao hema o ke kuahiʻo Stanovoi ma ke kahakai ʻo Okhotsk, aia ma kahi o 56 ° C. sh., a mai ia mai - a i ka akau ma ke kahakai o ka uka nui ma Cape Dezhnev. Ma nā palena i palena ʻia o nā ʻāpana tundra, ʻaʻohe wahi o ke kahakai komohana haʻahaʻa o Kamchatka a me ka awāwa o ka muliwai. Kamchatka, i ka pohō Penzhinsko-Anadyr, i ka ʻohaʻu o ka pali hema o Kolyma haʻahaʻa, i nā kaona i lalo o nā Alazei a me Chroma. Ma ka manawa like, ʻike ʻia lākou i nā kiʻekiʻe a pau e kaupalena nei i kēia mau pahu a i ʻole nā ​​mea e hele i ko lākou palena, no ka laʻana, ma nā kuahiwi Kondakovsky a ma ka alawai Ulakhan-Sis. Ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o kēia ʻano e hoʻomau ʻia ana ka nui o nā wahi kaawale, ʻo ka nui ka nui o ka Pūnaewele ʻo Altai, Sayan a me Hamar-Daban.

He liʻiliʻi nā wahi i koe. ʻO kēia ka hikina Khangai (Mount Othon-Tengri - Kozlova, 1932), i ka piha o ka ʻihi. ʻO Khan-Huhei (ʻikepili a ka mea kākau), ma Mongamela Altai (Turgen-Ula, - Potapov, 1985, Munkh-Khairan-Ula, - Kishchinsky et al., 19826), ma ka hii. Saur, i ka waena o Yam-Alin a me Dusse-Alin (A. A. Nazarenko, kamaʻilio waha). Noho i ka Leka Komuni a me Kurilika hema i ka mokupuni o Simushir kulu (Kuroda, 1925).

Hoʻoilo

ʻO ke ola o ka hoʻoilo o ka ptarmigan i aʻo ʻia ma mua o ke keʻokeʻo. Ma nā Kūkulu Subpolar, ua hālāwai au iā ia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻoilo ma ka pae subalpine, ma waena o nā kuʻuna i nā wahi a pau i nā kumulāʻau birch a me nā ʻulāki larch pilikino, kahi. ʻaʻohe lua, akā he ʻeleʻele ka uhi o ka hau a ʻaʻole i huna i nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi. I loko o ka tundra o Khibiny a me Lapland, ua hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau manu i nā wahi i maʻa ai ka hau ma ka lapalapa ma muli o ka hana mau o ka makani, a ma nā wahi aia hoʻi nā wahi hāmeʻa. Ma laila lākou e hānai ai i nā lau, nā hua ʻai a me nā mea kanu o nā mea kanu alpine, akā ma ka hau kohu ua hele lākou i ka wao a me nā wao lāʻau ulu ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ulu lāʻau (Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, 1959, MacDonald, 1970).

Ma ka ʻākau o ka USSR, ʻo nā wahi o ka tundra e hoʻopau ai i ka hoʻoilo ma nā wahi kiʻekiʻe o nā kahe o ke kuahiwi, ma nā kahe o nā kahawai a me nā kahawai ma ka palena o nā ululāʻau sparse ma waena o nā māla o ka alder a me nā pōkole kaohi ʻia, ka lāʻau cedar a me nā alapine ʻole. ʻO ka uhi hau ma ʻona nui i ka hoʻoilo, ma lalo o ka mana o ka makani, kahi pōkū koke ma luna o ia, e hoʻoikaika ana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā manu, a i ka manawa like ua nui nā wahi i loko o nā ʻili a me nā mea ulu, kahi e hoʻoiho ai ka hau i kona ulu a hiki i nā manu ke hoʻonohonoho pono i nā kāmele hau. Hōʻuluʻulu kiʻekiʻe nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka hoʻoilo ma ka mauʻu ma lalo, ma nā wai wai, kahi e ke anuanu ai ka makani, a ma kahi o ke keʻokeʻo e kū pinepine ai i ka hoʻoilo (Andreev, 1980). Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano wela i nā tundra ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe, ma ka ʻili kahawai ʻo Greenland: nā kahu hipa o kēia mau manu e mālama nei i Kepakemapa ma nā puʻu ʻo 300-100,000 m ma luna o ke kai. m., ma kahi he aho i ʻoi aku ka mahana ma mua o ke kahakai kahakai (Salomonsen, 1950). Ma ka hoʻoilo, hoʻoilo ʻia nā ʻāpana tundra i nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi o nā manu 5-9, he mau paila a he hoʻokahi wale nō hoʻi, me ka hana ʻole i nā ʻōpala nui. Mahele ʻia ma luna o kahi āpana nui, no laila makemake lākou i ka liʻiliʻi o ka mālama ʻana i nā wahi kīhaha ma kēlā me kēia ʻāpana ma kahi o nā wahi keʻokeʻo, a ʻike pono lākou i nā waiwai o nā ʻāina āpau.

ʻO ka hana o kēlā me kēia lā i loko o ka hoʻoilo he like ia me ka partridges keʻokeʻo. Ma ka waena waena o ke kau hoʻoilo, me ka liʻiliʻi o ke ao (Svalbard, Taimyr, Greenland), e hānai nā manu i nā ao āpau. Me ka hoʻonui nui o ke ao, hoʻomaka ka lōʻihi o ka hānai a me ka lā hoʻomaha. Holo pinepine ke manu i ke koho ʻana i ka meaʻai me ka hoʻomaha iki, a ma muli o kēia, ʻo ka wā net no ka hānai e hoʻomau mau nei. ʻO ka uku kālā o kēlā me kēia manawa i ka hoʻoilo ma muli: ʻo ka hoʻomaha ʻana o ka pō i loko o kahi keʻokeʻo i uhi ʻia i ka hau 16-17 h, hoʻomaha i ka lā 2–4 h, kahi hana kai (e hele ana ma luna o ka hau) 3.5-5.0 h, lele mauʻu ma kahi o 2-3 mau minuke. ʻAʻole kiʻekiʻe ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe i ka hau i ka wā e hānai ai, mai 125 a 250 m / h, i kēlā me kēia lā ka manu e ʻimi ana i ka meaʻai 600–800 m (Andreev, 1980).

Ke neʻe nei ka manu hānai ʻana ma kēlā ʻaoʻao. ʻO ka ʻimi a me ka huli ʻana i kahi hapa o ka meaʻai e lawe ana i kahi awelika o 1.5-2 s. ʻO ka awelika pana pua i ka manu goiter he 0.9 mm (0.5-11.3) me ka awelika (maloʻo) ka nui o 7.4 mg (5.0–19.0) i nā kāne a me 5.4 mg (4-16) i nā wahine. ʻO ka nui o nā ʻāpana o ka alder alima, ʻoi aku ka nui, 78 mg (51-115), e uku piha ana i ka manawa i hala no ka loaʻa ʻana. ʻO ka awelika o ka ikehu o ke ola o 442.9 kJ / lā (207.7–439.6), me ka waiwai o ka ikehu excretory o 933.1 kJ / lā. Inā ʻae ka moku'āina i ka hau, a laila i nā mahana ma lalo -20 ° C, e noho mau ana ʻo tundra i nā pō a me ke ao i ke keʻena me nā hau. Ke kanu nei i loko o ka hau a me ka hāmeʻa o nā kāmiha like me nā mea he 15 s. ʻO ka lalo o ka lumi he 25-28 cm mai ka papalula me ka pahu hau o ka ʻōmole 7-10 cm ka laulā a ʻo kahi ākea o ka keʻena ma kahi o 16 cm (Andreev, 1980).

ʻAʻole ʻike i nā kikoʻī o ka ola hoʻoilo o nā manu ma Franz Josef Land. He hiki paha ke lele lele i Spitsbergen i ka manawa pōʻeleʻele loa, no ka mea, ʻaʻole loa lākou i ʻike i kēia ma waena o ʻOkakopa 23 a me Pepeluali 12. Ma Svalbard, kahi i maʻalahi ka kūlana o ka hoʻoilo, hōʻiliʻili nā partridges i kahi momona nui i ka mahina o Nowemapa, a hiki i 280–300 g me ke kino o ke kino a hiki i 900 i nā kāne a me 850 i nā wahine (Johnsen, 1941, Mortensen et al., 1982). Pau ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o kēia momona e ka wai, hoʻopau ʻia ma ka 4 mau pule o ka pō poli, i ka wā e koi ai ke ao (ka ʻapo ma luna o 2 lux) e pili ana i nā hola 2. Uaʻai pinepine ʻo Tundra i nā mea kanu tundra i nā kālele reindeer, e komo pū ana me Svalbard . ^ E Ha yM.

Kāleka

Ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o kahi ʻāpana keʻokeʻo. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino e pili ana i 35 cm, ke kaumaha 430-880 g.

ʻO ka partr tundra, a me ke kaona keʻokeʻo, hōʻike ʻia e ka dimorphism wā.

ʻO keʻokeʻo ka hoʻoilo ma ka hoʻoilo, me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole o nā hulu huluhulu ma waho, he ʻeleʻele, a he laina ʻeleʻele ma ke kumu o ka beak a nā kāne (no laila kekahi inoa ʻē aʻe - chernouska).

ʻO ka plumage kauwela o ke kāne a me ka wahine, me ka hoʻoneʻe ʻole i nā hulu keʻokeʻo, he motley - hina hina-brown me nā poki liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me nā ʻoka, ʻo nā manu keu ma ka ʻāina. Eia naʻe, ʻokoʻa ke kala kala o ke kapa o ke kauwela a kūlike i ka kala o nā pōhaku i kahi e noho ai ka manu.

Nā ʻōpū a me Ptarmigan

He ʻono loa ka ʻiʻo o kēia manu, akā ʻuʻuku ka waiwai kālepa. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ʻo ia ka tundra partridge i ʻōlelo ʻia (ma lalo o ka inoa Lat.peregrina lagois, he tracing pepa ia mai ka Helene kahiko) i Horace i satire II.2 ka mea hōʻike kumu hoʻohālike o ka meaʻai maikaʻi ʻole maikaʻi.

ʻO Grower partridge ka manu manuahi (hōʻailona) o ka ʻāpana a ke aupuni Kanada o Nunavut. No ka hoʻohanohano ʻana i nā moa o kēia manu, ua kapa ʻia ka noho ʻana o ka moa ma Alaska ma USA. Ma Iapana, he "monument kūlohelohe" (palekana pale) a koho ʻia i hōʻailona ʻia manu he ʻekolu o nā prefecture - Gifu, Nagano a me Toyama. Ma ke kuahiwi o Honshu, ua kapa ʻia ʻo he raicho (雷鳥) laahi:Thunderbird). Wahi a ka moʻolelo, pale ia i nā kānaka a me ko lākou mau home mai ke ahi a me ka hekili.

Kahi helu

Loaʻa i 32 subspecies o ka ptarmigan:

• Lagopus mutus atkhensis Turner, 1882
• Lagopus mutus barguzinensis
• ʻO Lagopus mutus captus J. L. Peters, 1934
• Lagopus mutus carpathicus
• Lagopus mutus chamberlaini A. H. Clark, 1907
• Lagopus mutus dixoni Grinnell, 1909
• Lagopus mutus evermanni Elliot, 1896
• Lagopus mutus gabrielsoni Murie, 1944
• Lagopus mutus helveticus (Thienemann, 1829)
• Lagopus mutus hyperboreus Sundevall, 1845
• Kapua Lagopus mutus (Faber, 1822)
• Lagopus mutus japonicus A. H. Clark, 1907
• Lagopus mutus kelloggae
• Lagopus mutus komensis
• Lagopus mutus krascheninnikowi
• Lagopus mutus kurilensis Kuroda, 1924
• Lagopus mutus macrorhynchus
• Lagopus mutus millaisi Hartert, 1923
• Kuku mutus Lagopus (Montin, 1781)
• Lagopus mutus nadezdae Serebrovski, 1926
• Lagopus mutus nelsoni Stejneger, 1884
• Lagopus mutus pleskei Serebrovski, 1926
• Lagopus mutus pyrenaicus Hartert, 1921
• Lagopus mutus reinhardi Stejneger, 1884
• Lagopus mutus ridgwayi Stejneger, 1884 - ʻElima
• Lagopus mutus rupestris (Gmelin, 1789)
• Kūʻai ʻo Lagopus mutus sanfordi, 1912
• Lagopus mutus saturatus Salomonsen, 1950
• ʻO Lagopus mutus kūlanakauhaleendi Elliot, 1896
• Lagopus mutus transbaicalicus
• Lagopus mutus welchi Brewster, 1885
• Lagopus mutus yunaskensis Gabrielson & Lincoln, 1951

ʻO Tundra Partridge (Lagopus mutus ridgwayi) kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka Lūkia "Ka papa inoa o nā mea o ka honua holoholona e pono ai ka nānā kūikawā i kā lākou kūlana i ka kūlohelohe."

Kipaku (Lagopus lagopus)

Kāleka I ka hoʻoilo, he keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ke kala o ka plumage, ʻeleʻele wale ka huelo. I ka pūnāwai, ʻokoʻa ke kāne a ka wahine i kekahi i kekahi: ua keʻokeʻo ke kāne i ka keʻokeʻo, ʻāeʻī ka ʻūhā me ka ʻōpū o ke kāne, keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ka wahine. I ke kauwela, he ʻelua-ʻulaʻula nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo, he hiʻohiʻona transverse ke nānā aku, he keʻokeʻo nā ʻōpū a me nā ʻēheu ʻulaʻula, nā maka ʻulaʻula. I ka hoʻoilo, ua keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo nā pale.

Ke noho maʻamau. Noho ka ʻāpana keʻokeʻo e nā taiga, nā ʻihi ʻihi, ke kula kiʻekiʻe, ke ʻōpala a me nā nahele-tundra. Ke alakaʻi nei i kahi kūlana nomadic a maʻalahi paha. Hoʻohui ʻia. No ka loaʻa ʻana, koho ʻo ia i nā ʻolua i uhi ʻia me ka moss me nā māla birch, nā ʻāpana puahi o nā tundra a i ʻole nā ​​pāpū me nā ʻōpala.

Aia kahi pālahalaha i ke ʻano o ka puka pāpaku e noho ana i ka lepo, e koho ana i kahi wahi maikaʻi loa a peʻe i nā lāʻau. Lawe ʻia ka Masonry mai ka waena o Mei mai ka inoa o 6 a 12 mau hua, variegated, me kahi ʻula ʻulaʻula a me nā nui o nā wahi ʻula. Noho nui ka wahine ma luna o ka pūnana, hiki iā ia ke hoʻokokoke loa, a laila hoʻomaka ka "alakaʻi", a mau nō ke kāne.

Ua like kona leo me ke kani kūwaho nui loa, ʻakaʻaka ʻakaʻaka - "kerr .. er-er-err ...", ukali koke ʻia akula e ka ʻāhane "kibeu ... Kēkē". Hoʻokomo ka kahele koa i nā manawa āpau ma luna o ka ʻāina. I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻopau ʻo ia i kona mau pō i kanu ʻia i loko o ka hau. Ua ʻike ʻo ia e lele, lele wikiwiki, pinepine i nā ʻēheu, i kekahi manawa hoʻolālā.

Lele mai ka honua me ka ʻū nui. Hoʻohana ka manu i nā mea ʻōpio o nā mea kanu, nā lau, nā ʻōpala, nā hua waina, a i kekahi manawa nā pepeke. He waiwai kālepa nui ia o nā manu.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui mai ka ptarmigan i ka hoʻoilo, ʻaʻohe ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻoloka i nā maka, a i ke kauwela aia he predominance o nā kalaʻulaʻula i ka plumage. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā wahine i kahi lōʻihi loa.

Kapaku o ka moa. Pūnaewele ʻohana. Pūnaewele.

KUMAIUAI

ʻO nā ʻāpana o Tundra he mau manu ʻokoʻa. I kēlā me kēia makahiki, noho lākou i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, koe wale nō no ka manawa makā. Hoʻokomo nā kahelehele ma ka pā maloʻo, maloʻo o nā mauna kiʻekiʻe, ma mua o ka lihi o ka nahele, kahi ulu wale nō ia e ulu ai nā mea kanu loloa. ʻO kēia mau mea mauʻu mauʻu a me nā lichens, a me nā kekona mauʻa i ʻike ʻia i kekahi manawa i loko o nā pihi o nā pōhaku. I ka hoʻoilo, ua iho nā kuʻekuʻe tundra i lalo i lalo o nā wahi, kahi e ulu ai nā lāʻau maʻamau, a nui ke kiʻekiʻe o nā lāʻau lāʻau i luna o ka hau, aia i waena o lākou i nā huna o nā tundra. ʻO ka pōkole o nā kaona tundra e noho nei ma ʻEkolekola, e hana ana i ke kaʻe lele ʻana mai nā mauna mauna a hiki i ka mahina ʻai. ʻO nā noho o ke kauwela a me nā hoʻoilo o ka hoʻoilo he mau lā ma kahi lōʻihi ma kahi lōʻihi. ʻO ka pinepine, hele nā ​​wahine i ka lepa mahana wela, aʻo nā kāne e noho mau ana i nā mauna kiʻekiʻe, kahi ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī. I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻoilo ka tundra partridges i ka pō ma kahi o nā pōhaku a i ʻole ke lua i loko o ka hau, e waiho wale ana i ko lākou mau poʻo i luna.

Hoʻopōla

I ka lā o ʻApelila, neʻe maila nā partridges mai nā wahi hoʻoilo i nā wahi hoʻoilo, aia i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. Hele mua nā Males e noho i nā pūnaewele maikaʻi loa. Koho lākou i nā wahi i kahi dome. ʻO ka noho ʻana ma kahi pōpoki, nānā nā kāne i nā hoa hakakā a me nā wahine. ʻO ka pou kiaʻi ma nā huakaʻi o kēia manawa kahi ia e kū ai ka manu i ka lewa. No kekahi manawa, lele ke kāne ma luna o ka lepo, a laila kahikina aʻe ke kani, e lana ana i ka lewa no ka manawa, a laila hoʻowalewale i lalo - nā hana āpau o kēia kāne i kau pū me nā ʻūʻū. Ke ʻike nei i ka mea hoʻokūkū, hana ke kāne, e hana ana i kahi kani me kahi pana. Ke pālahalaha nei i kona huelo, hōʻike ʻo ia me kāna mau ʻōpio i "nā maka ʻulaʻula" a kīwī mai kēlā ʻaoʻao a i ʻaoʻao, me ka hoʻāʻo ʻole e hoʻokuʻu iā ia i kāna kumumanaʻo.
ʻO Males, hoʻokūkū, hoʻokūkū i ka hoa paio me nā ʻēheu a beak. Ma hope o ka moe ʻana, kūkulu ka wahine i ka pūnana. ʻO ka nūnū kahi puka liʻiliʻi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka mauʻu a me nā pua. Aia i nā lālani mai nā 6 a 13 mau hua. Hoʻomaka ka wahine ma ka haki ʻana i ka hua hope loa. Hoʻokahi wahine wahine i hānai i nā hua. ʻO ke kāne, kaulana loa, e kiaʻi ana i ka pae. ʻEle nā ​​wahine o ka lele mai ka pūnana a liʻiliʻi ka ʻai. Ma hope o nā lā 18-20 mau lā, huki kāwī mai nā hua. Lawe nā mākua iā lākou i ka ʻāina haʻahaʻa, kahi lākou i palekana ai. Hoʻohui pinepine, ua hoʻohui ʻia kekahi mau pahu i hoʻokahi ʻohana hipa. Hoʻokū wikiwiki nā ʻōpio Partridge.

HE HOOLAHA HOOLAHA

Mālama ʻo ka kāne i nā keiki. Hoʻohana pinepine i ka hoʻoweliweli hoʻoweliweli - i ka wā i kū mai ai kahi mea kūʻai aku, e pālahalaha aku ana i ka ʻāina a hoʻopili iā ia, a laila lele koke ka leo me ka leo nui o ka ʻenemi o ka ʻenemi, ʻoiai e lele ana i kona mau eheu. ʻOiai ka mea e pāpā ai i kona mau maka, hiki ke mālama ka poʻe moa i ka peʻe, a lele ka poʻe partridge-nā mākua i kahi mamao.

ʻO ka mea noho maoli o ka Arctic. Noho ka ʻōpū ke ola i nā mokupuni polar o ka moana Artctic. ʻO ka lōʻihi o kēia manu e loaʻa iā 33 cm, he paʻa ikaika. I ka pūnāwai, i ka wā e moe ai, ua hoʻoiho nā kāne i nā uʻi kūlike. He haneli a me hapa hapa hua ma ka pipi. Mālama nā mākua ʻelua i nā moa - he ʻano maʻamau no nā lālā o kēia ʻohana. ʻAi lākou i ka paʻi, nā lau a me nā hua.

KUPONO NA INOA HUI, KAHAKUI.

• Hōʻā ka hoʻoilo ma kēia mau manu, no laila ua hoʻoponopono ke aupuni o ka hoʻoilo i ka heluna o nā tundra partridges.
• I ka manawa hou e haʻi aku ai i nā moʻolelo e aʻo nā moa o kahi ʻāpana tundra e lele i ka wā e mālama mau ʻia nā huapala o nā hua manu. I kaʻoiaʻiʻo, mai kahi mamao, ʻike nā hulu keʻokeʻo i ka plumage o nā hua egghell.
• ʻO ka weliweli nui i ka ʻokaʻāina e noho ana ma ʻEkope, ua hana ʻia e nā skiers - ua makaʻu ʻia nā manu e ka poʻe ʻona i loko o nā uaea o nā laina uila kiʻekiʻe a make wale.

Nā Moʻōlelo Mua o TUNDRA MAU LOA

Lipi: i ka pūnāwai, ke ʻōpio nei ke kāne i kahi lele i kēia manawa - lele ka ʻolo a lele i luna o ka lepo, a laila piʻi nui a piʻi i luna ma luna o ke 10-15 ka nui, kau i ka lewa.

Lōkeke kau pale ʻulaʻula me nā ʻenehana transvers black, ʻāpana o ke kino o luna ke ʻano o ka manu ma ka ʻāina, ke keʻokeʻo ka lalo haʻahaʻa.

ʻLelo: ʻokoʻa nui, ʻeleʻele melemele me nā wahiʻeleʻele nui.

Hōʻulu hoʻoilo: keokeo keʻokeʻo wale nō ka palena o ka huelo. He kāne ʻeleʻele ke kāne mai ka maka ke beak. ʻO ka hulu keʻokeʻo o nā keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo e pale i nā manu mai ke anuanu a lawelawe i ke ʻano he maikaʻi maikaʻi.

ʻAno: mau poʻe nui. I ka hoʻoilo, uhi ʻia lākou i nā hulu me nā hulu. Kōkua kēia i ka manu e neʻe i ka hau.

- Ka pakanā o ka ʻāpana tundra
MEA LOA

Alaska, ma Kanada ʻĀina, Iceland, ka penikala Scandinavian, nā kahawai Svalbard, ʻākau Siberia a hiki i ke kai ʻo Bering, ke ʻākau a me nā kikowaena o Kuril, Japan (Honshu Island), Skotlandia, nā Pyrenees a me nā Alps.

KAUPUNI A ME KA PONO

Noho ka Partridge tundra i nā wahi paʻakikī, no laila ʻaʻole pono ke pale kūikawā. He nui loa ia i nā Alps, akā he haʻahaʻa loa ka lehulehu o kona heluna kanaka.

01.06.2017

ʻO Partridge ptarmigan (lat. Lagopus mutus) no nā ʻohana Fasanov (lat. Phasianidae). Hoʻohui ʻia ka manu e ola i nā kūlana paʻakikī o ke kāʻei subarctic. Manaʻo ka poʻe Iapana e hiki iā ia ke hoʻoulu i ka hekili, no laila mahalo lākou iā lākou me ka mahalo nui a ua lilo lākou i hōʻailona o nā prefecture o Gifu, Nagano a me Toyama aia ma ka mokupuni o Honshu.

I ka papa ʻaina Islandia, noho kahi manu nani i kahi wahi hanohano. ʻO nā makemake o nā Vikings ʻano nani e hoʻololi iā ia i ka ʻiʻo ʻawaʻī ma luna o nā lā hoʻomaha. I ka 2003, ua pāpā ke aupuni o Iceland i ka hopu no ia ma muli o ka hoʻohuli ʻana o nā kānaka. Ua hoʻonāukiuki ka pāpā i ka hoʻonāukiuki ʻana o ka mea koho balota.

Ua hoopau loa ia he mau makahiki ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka lime i kūpono i nā poʻe a pau. I kēia manawa nā kuleana o Islanders e pana i kā lākou punahele punahele maiʻOkakopa a hiki i ka hoʻomaka o Dekemaba, akā aia wale nō mai ka Pōʻalima a ka Lāpule.

Mea ʻai

I ka hoʻoilo, ua ʻai ke ʻai i nā lau a me nā hua o nā mea kanu, hiki ke loaʻa ma lalo o ka mānoʻi o ka hau. Basily he shiksha (Empetrum) a me ka kalemona wahaheʻe (Kalmia procumbres). ʻO ka hana nui i ka mea ʻai i mālama ʻia e ka polar willow (Salix polaris) a me ka dwarf birch (Betula nana).

Ma ʻākau ʻEulopa, hānai nā manu i nā pua o blueberry maʻamau (Vaccinium uliginosum), a ma Scotland heather (Calluna vulgaris) a me ka saxifrage (Saxifraga).

I ke kauwela, ua like ka meaʻai me nā hua a pau, nā hua, nā lau a me nā pua. ʻAi ʻole ka meaʻai o nā holoholona i loko. ʻO nā pēpē pēpē e makemake e hahai i kā kaʻai mea ʻai.

Hoʻoilo

Hiki i nā ʻikepili Collectivism a me ka hana ʻenehana i nā manu i ola ma o ke anuanu. Mai ka hopena o ʻAukake, ʻohi lākou i nā hipa, ka nui o lākou e hiki ke piʻi aku ma mua o 300 mau kanaka. Mālama ʻia ka hoʻopōmaikaʻi ʻana i nā kūlana kūwaho e ka ʻimi pū ʻana no ka meaʻai a me ka hoʻoli ʻana ʻaina.

I ka wā hānai ʻai, hāʻule pinepine nā ʻohana i nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi. Noho lākou kēlā me kēia mokuna ma kahi ākea nui, e hoʻonui ana i ka manawa e ʻai ai ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pūnāwai.

Hūnā nā manu mai ke anu i loko o nā keʻena o ka hau ma kahi e kūkulu ʻia ai ma waena o nā kumulāʻau. ʻO ko lākou kumu o kahi hohonu ma ka 25-28 cm mai ka papa o ka hoʻoilo. No ka kūkuluʻana i ia pālule, pono nā mea hana akamai pono i nā kekona 15-20 mau kekona.

ʻAno hānau

Hoʻokomo ʻo Partridge tundra i kēlā me kēia makahiki i ka ʻohana monogamous. ʻIke ke kāne i kahi pūnaewele kūpono no ka hoʻoili keiki, a kūkulu ka wahine i kahi pūnana ma luna a hōʻike i ka hua. ʻO nā ʻokoʻa kahi o nā wahi o ka North North, kahi e hoʻonui nui ʻia ai ka nui o nā wahine. ʻElua a ʻekolu paha mau wahine huna ma ka ʻāpana hoʻokahi.

Eia nō naʻe, nānā pono ke poʻo o ka harem i hoʻokahi mea i koho ʻia, a manaʻo pinepine ʻole i ka ʻole i ke koena. A ke hopena, hele pinepine lākou i ka inertilized a haʻalele i ka monogamous, ka hoʻohui ʻana i kā lākou kolamu male ʻole.

ʻO ka wā hele mai ka lā Aperila a Iune. I ke ahiahi a i ka pō, hoʻomaka nā hana kāne ma mua o nā wahine. Ke hohola nei i ka huelo, e hoʻoponopono i nā ʻēheu a hoʻohaʻahaʻa iā lākou. Hoʻopili kekahi o lākou i nā hana aloha, e manaʻo mālie kekahi i nā hopena maikaʻi loa o nā ʻelele o nā kāne like ʻole.

ʻO ka nūhū ka mea hoʻohemo liʻiliʻi ma waena o nā pōhaku a i ʻole nā ​​mea kanu, kahi i hoʻopuni ʻia me ka mauʻu a me ka fluff, a i ʻole e uhi iki i nā mea kanu mua o nā mea kanu lāʻau e kū aʻe.

Aia i nā kūmole mai nā 3 a 11 paha mauʻaʻula a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana ʻulaʻula me nā wahi pōkole. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka incubation ma ke ʻano o ke aniau a me kahi kūlana. Ma ke ʻākau, ua mau 21 lā, a ma ke kūkulu hema no 2-3 mau lā i ka lōʻihi.

ʻAʻole ka mea mālama i ka ʻuʻina. Pali aku ʻo ia i kahi pōhaku, kahi puʻu a i ʻole i kahi lāʻau kokoke a hoʻonohonoho i kahi pou nānā ma laila, kahi āna e nānā ikaika loa ai i nā mea āpau a puni. I ka wā e hoʻokokoke ana kahi mea hoʻokūkū, komo koke ʻo ia i loko o kahi ala, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka manawa o ka pīhoihoi, e hoʻāʻo e kau i ka mea hoʻokūkū palena.

Nui mau poʻo ma hope o ka nānā ʻana o nā moa i nele i ka nui o ia mau hana a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻokō ʻana, hele lākou i ka molt. Akā aia kēlā mau mea e kūpaʻa ana i ka hana ma ka makua a ke hoʻomau nei i ka pale i kā lākou poʻe mamo.

Nā ʻokiʻoki i nā ʻokiʻoki, ua pau maloʻo, haʻalele i ka pūnana a hele me ko lākou makuahine e ʻimi i kahi ola. Iʻelua mau pule ma hope iho ua ʻike lākou e lele i nā mamao pōkole. E lilo kūʻokoʻa lākou i 2 mau mahina, ʻoiai e hoʻomohala koke ana nā luna o nā ʻāpana ʻākau ma mua o ko lākou mau ʻaoʻao hema. E lilo lākou i kāne kamelemakule i ka makahiki o kekahi.

Nā Moho

ʻOi aku ka haʻi o kēia mau mea i ka manina, akā aia i kekahi o ke kuʻuna o ke kuʻuna o ke kuʻuna o ke ʻano he nui ka manawa nui. Aia ma ka ʻāina ʻo Lake Taimyr, holo nui nā mokulele ma waena o Kepakemapa 18 a me ʻOkakopa 4, akā ma hope o lākou he mau liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o nā manu e waiho mau ana no ka hoʻoilo. Ke lele nei ʻo Taimyr Lake, piʻi nui nā ʻohana o nā kūmaha i ka lewa. ʻAʻole wikiwiki ka neʻe ʻana i nā puna i ke kūkulu ʻākau i kahi lōʻihi.

I ke kahe ʻākau loa o Taimyr a me Gydan, ʻike ʻia nā tundra ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka lā e kū pono ma luna o ka pae, ma waena o Pepeluali 5 a me 25 (Sdobnikov, 1957). ʻO nā mokulele lōʻihi loa i loko o USSR ʻaʻole hiki i ka 500 km. I ka kikoʻī, loaʻa nā manu mai ke Gydan tundra ma ke kahawai kahawai. Loaʻa ʻo Taz i ka ʻAla Hika. Kahi ʻole nā ​​ʻāina āpau o nā mokupuni waena. Ma nā mokupuni o ka pāpū Polar, ʻo ka ʻoka paha e lele nā ​​mokulele no ka hoʻoilo (a ʻo Arctic archipelago) a i ʻole ka holo nui ʻana i loko o ka mokupuni like (Greenland), a i ʻole nā ​​archipelagos (Svalbard). Me ke kahakai o Greenland, lele lākou a hiki i ka 1,000 km a i ʻole (Salomonsen, 1950).

Hoʻaiho

ʻO nā hale noho o nā kauwela he nui loa ka hū i ka lehelehe tundra, kokoke loa i ka hakahaka, a me ka uhi mosaic a i ʻole ka uhi mossy. E koho lākou i nā wahi like i nā mauna, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai i nā ʻaluna subalpine a me nā alpine, a me nā mea i koho ʻia i nā pōhaku nui, nā ʻona a me nā pōhaku. I nā wahi like, a i nā kauwela kauwela e moe ana, e nalo wale ana ma ʻAukake. ʻO ka kala o ke kauwela o ke kauwela he kūpono kūpono i ka hina hina o nā pōhaku i uhi ʻia me nā lichen spot. Ma nā mokupuni nui (Kuril, Commander, Aleutian) ua ʻike ʻia lākou i nā wahi ʻūhā me nā mea ulu maikaʻi a me nā mea kanu lāʻau, akā makemake lākou e pīhoihoi i nā nāhelehele pihi o nā puʻu akina.

Hōʻalo ʻia nā puʻu ʻōpala a me nā hummocky moss tundra, aloha ʻia e ka ʻōpala keʻokeʻo a me ka tundra, a ke kāohi ʻia wale nō ma nā ʻano ʻo Ipsona e hana mau ai lākou i ka ulu lāʻau keda liʻiliʻi e ulu nei. I ka hoʻoilo, he loli nui i loko o ka noho ʻana, i hele pū ʻia ma kekahi mau wahi e nā huakaʻi maoli. Akā ma ka hapa nui o nā māhele o ka neʻe ʻana o ka manawa ma mua o ka nui. ʻO ka koho i nā wahi noho i ka hoʻoilo ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mea ʻai - nā ʻano lāʻau like ʻole ma nā wahi i ʻike ʻia i ka hau (ka mea i kapa ʻia "blows"), a i ole nā ​​lāʻau lāʻau lāʻau i loko o ka nahele-tundra a i ʻole subalpine zone.

Hōʻailona o nā kāne

ʻO ka male hoʻoilo ma ka hoʻoilo hau-keʻokeʻo. ʻO nā hulu huluhulu wale nō e waiho i ka uliuli (me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole o ke kūpaʻa waena), a me ke kaula mai ke kihi o ka beak a nā maka, nā ʻokiki iho a me nā pipi. I ka pūnāwai, ma ke kua o ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka hulu keʻokeʻo e kahi ʻeleʻele-ʻulaʻula, a lilo ke kaʻe ʻeleʻele i ʻike ʻole. Ua uhi ʻia hoʻi ke poʻo me nā poʻohiwi e hoʻopuehu ʻia ana i ka pulu ʻulaʻula a ʻulaʻula.

Hōʻike piha nā waihoʻoluʻu o ke kapa o ke kauwela kāne i nā makahiki heʻumi i ka makahiki o Iulai. I loko o kēia manawa, aneane nā manu e uhi i nā ʻeleʻele-ʻulaʻula, hina-ʻulaʻula a me nā ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula. Ma ke kua, ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ke ao o nā pololewa. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi hulu hoʻoilo keʻokeʻo ma ka ʻōpū.

Ka lole o nā wahine

ʻO ka lole keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo. ʻO nā wahine wale nō ke noho nei ma Greenland a me Svalbard. Mālama lākou i kahi kaula pale mai ka beak a i nā kihi o nā maka. ʻO ka hulu hulu kauwela kahi kala kala. ʻEleʻele ka hope, a he keʻokeʻo ka palena o kēlā me kēia hulu.

Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā kāpili apical i ke one melemele. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona nā kālai-kālai ʻia e hōʻike ʻia ma nā kuʻuna o ka lumbar, nā ʻāʻī a me nā wahi epigastric. Ma lalo iho o ke kino ʻoi aku ka māmā ma muli o nā palena keʻokeʻo a keʻokeʻo a palahalaha nā kaila ʻalani.

ʻO kahi meaʻeleʻele kahi pihiʻeleʻele o ke kino. ʻOiai i ke kala kala kauwela, mālama nā wahine i nā hulu o ka hoʻoilo keʻokeʻo ma ka ʻōpū a me nā wāwae. Heterogeneous ka lole lahilahi. ʻO ka hoʻoilo, ke kauwela a me nā hulu hulu. Kahu nui nā hulu lūlū ma ka kua, i ka umauma a me ka ʻāʻī. ʻOi aku ka nui o lākou ma ka ʻoi aku ma mua o nā kauwela, me nā ʻōkuhi polū o ke kaila o ke aniani a i ʻole ke kala kiʻi.

ʻO ka plumage o nā mummies ʻōpio

ʻO ka lole hulu pua o nā holoholona ʻōpiopio mua loa. He hina-ʻeleʻele ka umauma lalo a me ka ʻāʻī, a ua keʻokeʻo loa ka ʻōpū. ʻO ka ʻōpū o lalo o ka umauma a me nā ʻihi e paʻapū i ka ʻeleʻele hulu. Kokoke nā hulu āpau he pālahalaha ʻulaʻulaʻula a kekahi i ka hina a i ʻole taupe latar. I ka ʻāʻī a me nā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻāʻī, lei ka pale o ka hulu me ka laha ʻana o nā keʻokeʻo a me ka ʻomaʻawa. Kūkākūkā ka ʻāpana o luna o ke ʻākau ma luna a me hope i lalo i ke kua.

He ʻelua mau ʻāpana ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele:

1. ʻO ka mea mua - hina, me kahi kākuhi liʻiliʻi o nā melemele.
2. ʻO ka lua ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā pālahalaha ākea, hina, ʻeleʻele a me ke kapa ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo a keʻokeʻo-keʻokeʻo.

Ma nā hulu manu e ulu mua, ua rougher ke ʻano. Ma hope e loaʻa nā palena ʻāpana palupalu. Hoʻolaha ka ʻēheu nā ʻēheu me kahi pale liʻiliʻi a me kahi palena keʻokeʻo. I loko o ka hūnā mau hulu manu i loko o ke kaila melemele a me ka ʻulaʻula ma kahi kaila melemele-hina.

ʻO nā hōʻike maoli mai ke ola o nā kīʻaha

Nui kekahi mau ʻike kūpono i ke ola o nā tridra partridges. ʻO ka mea mua iā lākou, me kā lākou mau wāwae ikaika, hiki i nā manu ke uha i ka hau hohonu loa e ʻimi ai i ka ʻai. Makemake lākou e ʻimi i nā hua a me nā aʻa ma nā wahi o ka hau liʻiliʻi, akā inā pono hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokō me 30-40 cm o ka uhi ʻana o ka hau.

Ke ʻike ka ʻenemi, ʻaʻole lākou e ʻimi e lele. Mahele nui nā manu. Aia nō kēia ʻano inoa inoa ʻepekema - dyskinesia. ʻO ka pale kū'ē ma nā hihia he nui e mālama i ko lākou ola.

He maʻalahi ka wehewehe: i ke hoʻoilo, he mea paʻakikī ka manu make e hoʻokaʻawale mai ka hau. Hoʻohui nā kala keʻokeʻo me ka ʻili.

ʻO ke ʻano kino kino o nā manu he 45 ° C, ʻaʻole e hāʻule i lalo o kēia mau kuhikuhi a hiki i nā puʻupuʻu koʻikoʻi loa. Nui ka nui o nā huaʻai i nā hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo. He waiwai nui i nā hao a me nā waʻa momona amino.

Helu

ʻAʻole like loa ia e like me nā kūmākahi keʻokeʻo (Papa 9), ka nui o nā manu 60-80 no 1,000 ha i ka pūnāwai a me 80-120 i loko o nā hale maʻamau. Kuhi ʻia ka ulu nui ʻana o nā ʻano a me ka manawa o 10 mau makahiki, akā ʻaʻole i lawa nā ʻike ma kēia kumuhana (Jenkins, Watson, 1970, Gudmundsson, 1972, Weeden, Theberge, 1972).

Hoʻopaʻa o ka lā, hana

Kahi like ka ʻano o ka hana i kēlā me kēia lā i nā ʻano i kau mua ʻia, akā i ka wā moe e kahe ana nā kāne me ke ʻano haʻahaʻa. Ke hānai manu nei ʻo Tundra i nā manu, akā me nā mea ʻokoʻa ʻole (ka neʻe ʻana i ka manawa ma Taimyr, Greenland) ʻaʻole lākou e hana i nā ʻohana like ʻole e like me nā ʻāpana keʻokeʻo. I ka hoʻoilo a me ka hoʻoilo, mālama nā manu i loko o nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi, a i ʻole ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua ma ke kūkulu hema o ka pā, i ke kauwela kauwela ka hūnā i nā ʻāpana o nā manu molting, a mālama ʻia nā ʻano wahine me nā pipi i ka wā hoʻokahi.

Hoʻomaʻa pinepine lākou ma ka ʻāina a i ka hoʻoilo paha - ma loko he keʻena a i ʻole ke keʻena hau.

ʻO nā ʻenemi, nā mea pōʻino

He nui nā mea ākea a pau o nā tundra partridge, skuas a me nā hamika nui. ʻO ka pōʻino nui loa i ka helu o ka lehulehu i loaʻa i nā ʻatikala ʻo Arctic, ʻoiai ʻaʻole he kiʻi kūpono no kēia kumuhana. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma muli o ka nui o ka haʻahaʻa o ka lehulehu ma mua o ka pahu, ʻo ia hoʻi ka liʻiliʻi o ka hōʻino mai nā mea kuhi.

Ma waena o nā hopena maikaʻiʻole, ʻo ka hopena o nā ʻaina ikaika me ka nui o ka hau a me ke kauwela hoʻi i ka hoʻi i ke anuanu (Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, 1959) ua ʻike ʻia, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hoʻopiʻi ka uhi hau nui ma ka pā Kolyma i ka nui o nā manu (Andreev, 1980).

ʻO ka waiwai waiwai, pale

Ke hoʻonui a laulā nui ʻia i nā wahi koʻikoʻi a me ka maikaʻi o nā wahi ola ma ke kūkulu ʻākau o ka Holarctic, ʻo kēia ʻano he mea nui ia o ke kaʻe o ka ʻĀpana ma ke ʻano he wahi kai no ka nui o nā mea wānana. Ma waena o kekahi mau mea kekahi i nā mea līlika ʻē aʻe, e kaawale aku i nā mea like me ka gyrfalcon, a he mea kūʻai nui paha e like me ka Arctic fox.

E like me ka mea i waena o ka hopu a me ka hopu holoholona, ​​ʻoi loa ka hapa o ka tundra i kahi keʻokeʻo, nui ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻole o nā ʻōpala nui a me ka noho ʻana i ka hoʻoilo ma nā wahi i hiki ʻole i ke kanaka. Ma ka hapa nui o nā kikoʻī, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia, mālama nā ʻano holoholona i kona helu maʻamau, akā ma nā wahi i noho ʻia e nā kānaka, ua ʻānai koke ʻia ia. Ma ka manawa like, ʻo ka hilinaʻi i kū i ka noʻonoʻo a me ka nele o kekahi kanaka makaʻu ke hoʻohiki ʻia nei i ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻāina e waiho ana i loko o ke ʻano o ka mea hoʻonaʻauao o kēia wā.