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ʻO keʻano
Ma 80 a 95 cm (31 a 37 mau ʻāniha) ka lōʻihi, he ʻōpū ma waena kahi e like me ka nui o kona mau kaikuahine, ʻo ka ʻōpala o India. ʻO ka hulu manu he hina hina me ka croup pale a me ka uhi ʻili hina. Haki nā ʻūlū. He lōʻihi ka ʻāʻī, ke kapa ʻole, ʻokoʻa a ʻeleʻele. ʻEhā ke poʻo ʻeleʻele ke poʻo keʻokeʻo me kahi polō ʻeleʻele e kū mai ana i ka waena. Kūpuka ka pepeiao pepeiao a wehe ʻia.
Nā hōʻailona kūwaho o kahi ʻōpala pīpī lahilahi
He nui ka nui o ka puaʻa Tokokljuvy e pili ana iā 103 cm. He nui - mai 2 a 2.6 kg.
ʻO ka pua ʻinipūwili (Gyps tenuirostris).
He ʻōleʻa ka nui o kēia ʻōpio a ke nānā ʻia ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o ka ʻōpio o India (Gyps indicus), akā heʻuʻuʻuʻu loa ka ʻēheu a ʻaʻole ikaika loa kona beak. Pōʻele ka poʻo a me ka ua. I ka plumage aia kahi ʻike ʻole o ka fluff keʻokeʻo. ʻOi ke kua a me ka beak ʻeleʻele hoʻi i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kino. Aia nā helehelena a me nā lau hohonu ma ka ʻāʻī a me ke poʻo, kahi mea e ʻike ʻole ʻia ai i ka ʻāʻī ʻānia. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā pepeiao a ʻike ʻia.
ʻEleʻele ka iris. ʻEleʻele loa ka Waxwort. ʻO nā ʻeleʻele ʻōpio'ōmaʻomaʻo i paʻi ʻia i like me nā manu makua, akā ua pale i ka kua o ke poʻo a i hope o ka ʻāʻī. ʻEleʻele ka ʻili o ka ʻāʻī.
ʻO ka ʻāwīwīwīwīwīwīwīwī ʻūleʻa i kahi laulā a nānā ʻē aʻe hoʻi
Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo ʻAla Pū ʻIla Pūnaewele
Noho nā ʻōkeke liʻiliʻi ma nā wahi ākea, ma nā ʻona, kahi i nā kai nāona a me nā mauna i kahi kiʻekiʻe a hiki i 1,500 mika ma luna o ke kai. Hiki ke nānā pinepine ʻia iā lākou ma kahi kokoke i ke kaiāulu a me ka hale ʻahaʻaina. Ma Myanmar, hiki i kēia mau manu mauʻa ke loaʻa i nā "hale ʻaina manuahi," kahi i waiho ʻia ai ke kalikona e hāʻawi i ka ʻai no nā manu inā ʻaʻole lawa nā meaʻai o ke ʻano. ʻO kēia mau wahi, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, aia ma kahi mamao o 200 a 1,200 mika, a ma laila lākou e hānai pinepine ai i nā holoholona make no ke ola ʻana o nā manu carrion.
Noho nā ʻōnohi polū i nā ʻāina maloʻo ma kahi kokoke i nā wahi kanaka, akā pili nō hoʻi i nā wahi ākea ʻē aʻe i nā wahi nui.
Noho nā vultures pīkeihoi i ka poʻe ākea
ʻIliʻili ʻōlelo pākētini
Kolo i ka wīwīwī ʻeke ʻia i loko o kahi puʻu i nā kaahiwi o ka Himalaya, ma ke komohana ʻākau o India (Haryana state), a hiki i Kūkēleka, Nepal, Assam a me Burma. Aia ma India, ma ka ʻākau, ʻo ia hoʻi me ka pāpū Indo-Gangetic, ma ke komohana, aia ka poʻe noho me Himachal Pradesh a me Punjab. Aia ka laulima ma ke kūkulu hema - i South West Bengal (a i ʻole paha ʻo North Orissa), ma ka hikina ma nā pāpū o Assam, a ma waena o ka hema o Nepal, ʻĀkau a me nā kikowaena o Bangladesh. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻonaninani o ka ʻōpala ʻoki āwili.
He ʻano like loa ke ʻano o ka ʻeke ʻāwīwīwīwī i ke ʻāʻiwa ma lalo o ke ʻano o nā ʻano manu ʻē aʻe e noho nei ma ka ʻākoakoa o India.
Loaʻa ʻia lākou, ma ke ʻano he lula, ma nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi me nā mea ʻai kino ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hapanui e noho ana nā manu ma luna o nā kumulāʻau lāʻau pāmaʻi. ʻAi lākou i ka pō ma lalo o nā hale o nā hale i haʻalele ʻia a i ʻole ma nā paia kahiko e pili ana i ka hale luku, kahi ʻōpala ʻōpala i nā ʻaoʻao o nā kauhale a me nā hale kokoke. I loko o ia mau wahi, ua hoʻohaumia nā mea āpau me nā excrement, kahi e make ai nā lāʻau, inā e hoʻohana nā manu i nā mea lōʻihi i kahi manawa. Ma kēia hihia, hōʻino nā manu ʻalani ʻōpala i nā māla mahiola, nā pā niu a me nā māla inā e moe lākou i waena o lākou.
He ʻano like loa ke ʻano o ka ʻeke ʻāwīwīwīwī i ke ʻāʻiwa ma lalo o ke ʻano o nā ʻano manu ʻē aʻe e noho nei ma ka ʻākoakoa o India.
Makaʻu nā manu ʻōiwi polu i nā kānaka a holo i kā lākou lono ʻana, e ʻoki i nā ʻēheu mai ka ʻāina. Hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia, hiki i nā ʻehā ke hele a hoʻonani i ka lewa a me nā hau me ke kaua ʻole o nā eheu. Hoʻohana lākou i ka hapanui o kā lākou manawa ke ʻimi nei i ka wahi no ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, a uhi i nā wahi mamao lōʻihi e ʻike ai i nā holoholona make. Hoʻopili i nā aikoo polū i mau hola e lele a puni i loko o nā kaʻe. He ʻike kupaianaha ko lākou i hiki ke ʻike i ke kalai koke, ʻoiai ke hūnā ʻia ma lalo o nā kumulāʻau. Hoʻonui i ka ʻimi no ka hele ʻana o nā ʻīlio a me nā ʻīlio, e hāʻawi ana i ka alakaʻi hou aku i nā manu lele me ko lākou noho ʻana.
ʻAi ʻia ke kino make i ka manawa hoʻopaʻa: mai 60 a 70 mau manu e hiki ai ke holoi i ke kupapaʻu o 125 kg i 40 mau minuke. ʻO ka komo ʻana o ka ʻai, ua ukali ʻia e nā mea pili a me ka hakakā, kahi e ʻano nui ai nā ʻano o nā manu, hoʻōho, hoʻōho, kūloe a me ka moo.
Makaʻu nā manu puaʻa ākea i nā kānaka a holo i ka wā e hoʻokokoke aku ai lākou
ʻO ka hoʻoluhi nui, hāʻule, hāʻule i nā ʻolo loiloi kahe mau i ka pō ma luna o ka honua, ʻaʻole hiki ke piʻi i ka lewa. I mea e hānai ai i ko lākou kino kaumaha, pono e hoʻopuʻi nā manu, e hana ana i nā ʻēheu nui. ʻAʻole naʻe lākou i ka ʻai a lākou e piʻi i ka lewa. Hoʻomaʻo pinepine nā ʻeleʻele i keʻakei ʻia e kali i kekahi mau lā no ka ʻai e ʻeli ʻia. I ka hānai ʻana, hana nā ʻōpū i nā ʻala nui a hoʻomaha ma ka kahe kai. ʻO kēia mau manu kaiāulu a he maʻamau ʻo ia ka hapa o ka hipa lawehala, launa pū me nā manu ʻē aʻe i ka wā e ʻai ai i nā kino.
ʻO ka hana hou i kahi ʻala kūwili pālua
Kuhihe pua ʻia e kū pono ʻia mai ʻOkakopa a Malaki. Kūkulu lākou i nā ʻuʻuku nui loa, aia ka lōʻihi mai 60 a 90 cm a hohonu a 35 a 50 cm. Aia ka pae i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 7 - 16 mika mai ka papa aku o ka honua i kahi lāʻau nui e ulu kokoke ana a kauā. Aia wale 1 hua i loko o ka puʻu, incubation a lōʻihi 50 lā.
Ma kahi wale o 87% o nā moa.
Kūkulu nā ʻano pua ʻeke i nā moʻo nui
Ke kūlana mālama ʻokoʻa o ka ʻōpala o nā ʻāwili i hala
Kīwīwīwīwīwī Kīwīwīwīwīwīwī in a ma CRITICAL DANGER. Hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kalikona me nā mea hoʻonaninani i ka pōpilikia. Ua nalowale ka bipala palupulu mai Thailand a me Malaysia, e hoʻomau ka nui o kona mau helu ma ka hema o Kambodeka, ua ola nā manu ma muli o ka ʻai i hāʻawi ʻia e nā kānaka. Ma Nepal, ʻĀsia Hema a me India, ʻo kēia ʻano manu manu e ʻai ʻole ana i ka ʻai.
Hoʻohui ʻia ka ʻōpala lahilahi nona ke ʻano he ʻano pau ʻole.
ʻO kekahi helu nui o nā manu ma ka ʻākoʻinā o India i make mai ka diclofenac anti-inflammatory, ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia e mālama pono holoholona. Ke hōʻemi nei kēia lāʻau kūleʻa i nā pōʻino o ka hopena, ma muli o ka mea e make ai nā vultures. ʻOiai nā papahana hoʻonaʻauao e hāʻawi ana i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka hopena o ka hopena o ka lāʻau i ka manu, hoʻomau mau ke kamaʻāina kūloko.
Hoʻopili ʻia nā holopū huluhulu i mau ʻano mea pau i pilikia
ʻO ka lāʻau lapaʻau ʻoihana lua e hoʻohana ʻia ana ma India, ketoprofen, he mea momona no ka ʻalopō nā toxocep. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina ʻo kona hele ʻana i ke kalepa i loko o nā ʻike paʻa e hiki ai ke make i nā manu. Eia kekahi, aia kekahi mau kumu e pili pono i ka emi ʻana o ka helu o ka toklyuvloi vulture:
- ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka māhele o ka ʻai i loko o ke ʻanoʻai kanaka,
- sanitization o nā holoholona make
- "manu lele",
- ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā pesticides.
Aia ma Asia Hema, kahi kokoke i pau loa o ka ʻōpala o ka ʻōpala i ke kino, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hopena o ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o nā wai holoholona hihiu nui.
Mai ka makahiki 2009, i mālama pono ai i ka ʻāwaai ʻāwīwī lahui, ua hana hou kahi papahana implantation o nā ʻano manu ma Pingjor a me Haryana.
Inā loaʻa ʻoe i kahi hala, e koho i kahi ʻāpana a me ka paʻi Ctrl + Kākau.
Kūʻai a me ka pale
Ua hōʻeha kēia mau holoholona i kahi emi o kona helu i loko o nā makahiki i hala. Ua emi ka nui o ka poʻe o kēia ʻano a me ka ʻāʻī ʻāhiia e 97% ma kahi āpau a ma India hoʻi ka nui o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana no kēia mau ʻano ma ke ʻano he 16% i loko o ka manawa 2000-2007. Ke noho nei nā ʻōiwi aloha i ke kūkulu ʻākau a me ka hikina o India ma ka hema o Nepal a me Bangladesh, me ka liʻiliʻi o nā kānaka ma Burma. ʻO ka kolone manu i hana ʻia ai ma Asia Hema ma ka moku ʻo Steung Treng mai Kambodila. Manaʻo kēia koloni e helu i nā manu he 50-100. ʻO ka ola ma o ʻolua ma Kambodila kekahi hapa maʻa no ka diclofenac, ka mea i pau i ka ʻehā, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i laila. Ua kau ka Royal Society no ka pale ʻana i nā manu (RSPB) i kahi helu nui o nā manu Sagittarius e noho ana ma waho o kahi o 1000 i 2009 a wānana nā manaʻo o ka hoʻopau piha ʻana ma kahi o 10 makahiki e hiki mai ana ma ka nui o ka lehulehu.
ʻO ka ʻōpala lahilahi a-ʻo ka manu i mālama ʻia i nā mea i mālama ʻia i ka papa inoa o ka Apepopo II o CITES i ka manawa i pau ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui. ʻO kona kaohi ʻana ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau anti-inflammatory non-steroidal (NSAIDs) diclofenac i ka hana ʻana i nā holoholona mahiʻai. He mea make o ka Diclofenac i ka vultures, e hoʻoiho i ka hana o ka pōpoki, a ke hoʻololi ʻia nei e nā meloxicam (kahi ʻē aʻe NSAID), ʻaʻole ia i hiki ke kuʻuna i nā ʻola. ʻO ka kūʻai kūʻai aku ʻana o ka diclofenac i pāpā ʻia e ke kānāwai ma India, eia naʻe, ke kūʻai hewa ʻia ka diclofenac a hoʻohana ʻia no nā holoholona.
ʻO nā papahana hopu kiʻi i India e makemake e mālama i nā ʻano ʻōpiopio, a ke lana nei ka manaʻo e hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā manu i loko o ka hihiu i ka wā he manuahi ʻole ʻia ka diclofenac. ʻO nā hana hui ma waena o ka Russian Union o ka North-West Banks a me ka London Zoological Society ma muli o ka hua mua maikaʻi o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka noho pio ʻana i ka makahiki 2009, ʻelua mau hua puaʻa Thin-Billed a me kahi i hānai ʻia ma Haryana a me West Bengal.
Nā hōʻailona waho
ʻO Curlew ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka lōʻihi o kona kino e hiki i ka 40 cm, a ʻo nā ʻēheu he 88 cm.hiki i waho, he like like ia me ka curlew maʻamau (Numenius phaeopus). ʻO ka papala wale-ipo ke ʻano nani o kona kino a me kona ʻano waihoʻoluʻu. ʻO ka humuhumu o kēia manu he ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula mai luna me nā wahi a me nā ʻōpala he nui. Ma ka ʻaoʻao kahi i uhi ʻia me nā wahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. Hana like ka kāne a me ka wahine i ka mea like hoʻokahi, ʻo ka ulia o nā wahine wale nō ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ua kōkua kēia hiʻohiʻona i nā ʻelele o nā kāne like ʻole e pale aku i ka hoʻokūkū no ka meaʻai me kekahi.
Aia i hea kona hale
Curlew Curlyw - hopena i Lūkia. ʻO ka manawa hope loa i loaʻa ai ke kahe manuahi o kēia manu manu i ka makahiki 1924 ma ke kowaena o Omsk. Mai ia manawa aku ʻaʻohe ʻikepili hilinaʻi ma nā kahua papahele curlew. ʻ suggestlelo ʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻo nā manu manu i kū i ka taiga Siberian. Ua hōʻoia ʻia i ka curlews e hele i ka hoʻoilo ma nā ʻāina o ka Mediterranean.
Ke noho maʻamau
ʻO curlew Thin-billed kekahi o nā manu ʻinani loa loa i ka honua, no laila he mea liʻiliʻi ka ʻike e pili ana i kona ola a me ke ola. Ma muli o ka hoʻohālikelike, curlew e hoʻolauna i kahi pīpī palupalu a me nā leo nui o ka "bi, bi, bi, bi". Ma muli o kēia hiʻohiʻona, hāʻawi ʻo Siberia i ka manu i ka squeaky inoa inoa. ʻO kāna kani maʻamau e like me "kurli, kur-li", ʻo ia ke kumu i puka mai ai ka inoa Pelekane no Curlew - curlew. Wahi a kekahi mau mea i loaʻa, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka ʻao o ka curlew ʻo Curlw e hoʻohewa ʻia ka palupalu liʻiliʻi i ka lepo, hū ʻia me ka mauʻu. He ʻehā mau huaʻehā i loko o kahi paʻa.
Ke ʻai nei kēia ʻano manu i nā invertebrates liʻiliʻi: nā iniseti a me kā lākou huaʻī, nā ʻōpala, nā mollusks, nā mea a lākou e loaʻa ai me ka lāʻau iʻa mānoanoa mai ka lepo lepo, lepo a silt. ʻO ia ke kumu i koho pinepine ai i nā curlews i kahi keʻala maikaʻi. ʻO kekahi, i ka manawa e hāʻawi ʻia ai ka manawa iā ia iho, kākā iho kahi mea e hoʻokaʻawale i kahi curlew e kāwili ʻia ana mai ka honua aku. Ma waho o ka manawa hoʻoulu, e lilo ia i manu nui no ka mea ʻoi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i kona mau hoahānau pili kokoke.
He hoihoi
Hōʻike ʻia ʻo Curlew ma ka hōʻailona o ka Russian Bird Conservation Union. I ka wā mua o nā hana o kēia hui, ua hoʻolaha ʻia kahi hoʻokūkū no ka hōʻailona maikaʻi loa. Ua loaʻa iā 26 mau kime mai nā mea pena he ʻumi. Ma ka hopena, ua lanakila ka sketch e ka mea hoʻokūkū a me ka mea hoʻokani lāʻau ʻo Eugene Koblik i lanakila. Ka mea, ʻaʻole ia he pōmaikaʻi wale nō, akā he hōʻailona nui loa. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, e hilinaʻi ka hopena o kēia ʻano i nā loea Lūkia ma nā ʻano he nui. Manaʻo mākou e loaʻa paha lākou e loaʻa i nā kahua nīnū no nā lā liʻiliʻi o Curlew a mālama i nā ʻano liliʻu maʻamau i loko o kona wahi e loaʻa ai ka pristine!
I loko o ke Kauka ʻAmelika o Lūkia
ʻO ka momi momi a ʻo ka curlew liʻiliʻi paha ka mea like wale nō o ka Lūkini, akā nā holoholona honua. No kekahi mau makahiki, ua hoʻāʻo nā ʻepekema i ʻike e ʻike i kēia neʻe manu ʻole mai ka hihiu. Ke kiʻi ʻia nei nā hulina e nā ʻenekau ʻepekema nui ʻana a me nā poʻe hoihoi ʻoluʻolu nui, ka mea nāna i hele kahi ala i nā kihi ākea loa o Rūsia. Ma aneane ʻike pinepine ʻia kēia ʻano ʻano a ʻawale. Inā mālama ka poʻe akamai i nā mea ʻehā a ʻekolu paha nā manu, e manaʻo ʻia he mea kūleʻa nui ia. Wahi a nā manaʻo koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe, aia wale nō ma kahi o 50 mau ʻelima o kēia ʻano ʻano i ola ma ke kūlohelohe! ʻO Curlew ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ʻolopa nā holoholona manu nunui nona ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o nā wahi kanu.
ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana o ka hōʻailona SIP
No ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā huahana ʻē aʻe, ʻo kahi kelepona SIP kahi mea lawe i kēia manawa no ka lawe ʻana i ka uila, i kuhikuhi ʻia e nā leka ʻekolu o ka inoa.
- C - ʻo ia kā ke kākoʻo ʻana o ka ua.
- A - e hōʻike ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka insulasi a puni nā mea ola.
- P - e ʻōlelo ʻo ia ka mea kūpono i ke kelepona, ʻoiai ka hele ʻana o kahi kaomi insulating a branching ma ka cores, no ka mea i hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kahi kaula.
E noʻonoʻo i kekahi hiʻohiʻona o kēlā mau ʻano kiʻi - ʻo SIP-1-3 × 20 + 1 × 25-0.4, ma SIP-1 e hōʻike nei i kahi hōʻailona, 3 × 20 hōʻike i ʻekolu mau mea hoʻomalu i loaʻa i kahi ʻāpana o 20 mm 2 i kēlā me kēia, 1 × 25 ke ʻano aia ka ʻāpana kīpihi i kahi ʻāpana o 25 mm 2, 0.4 ke kaomi o ka inoa no kēia kihi.
Aia ma kahi o ka inoa kikoʻī, ʻelima mau ʻano ākea o nā wili SIP, i hōʻike ʻia e nā helu helu ma hope o ka hōʻailona palapala. I ka hope, hiki paha i kekahi mau leka e hōʻike ana i nā ʻokoʻa hoʻolālā a me nā ʻano hana. Hoʻoholo ʻia kēia mau ʻokoʻa ma nā inoa o nā kelepona i hoʻohui ʻia e ke kumu hoʻohālike, no laila ʻoi aku ka mea kūpono e noʻonoʻo iā lākou me nā hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī.
Hoʻolālā
I ka maʻamau, loaʻa i nā ʻano āpau o nā kelepona SIP nā mea hana i hana ʻia i kekahi ʻano me kahi helu i hāʻawi ʻia, hiki i kekahi ke lawelawe i ke kākoʻo kākoʻo o ka laina.
Ma ke ʻano, ʻokoʻa lākou i kēia ʻano:
- SIP-1 - kahi pahu ʻehā ʻehā a i hōʻike ʻia kēlā me kēia o nā cores e nā conductors twisted relatif to kekahi. Ma kēia hōʻailona no ke alualu ʻana i ke kūloko ponoʻi kūloko, ʻekolu o lākou i hoʻolālā ʻia no ʻekolu mau palaka a ua lako ʻia me ka insm thermoplastic, a ʻo ka ʻehā no ka hoʻoiho kūlohelohe, akā ʻaʻole ia i koi ʻia. I ka mea e lawe ai i ka paleono, hana ʻia ka kelila waena i ke kila a he mea lawe lawe kaʻa. Inā kahi leka A i ka hopena o ka hōʻailona (SIP-1A), e hoʻolako ʻia kahi kikoo lua.
Kuhi. 1: kūkulu kāpili kelepona 1
- SIP-2 - ke kīʻaha like-ʻehā i like me ka mea ma mua, me ka ʻokoʻa wale no ka hoʻoili ʻia ʻana o ke kelepona kūloko. I ka papa kikoʻī, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka kinipona zero me ka polyethylene thermoplastic, a ma ka hōʻailona SIP-2A, polyethylene i hoʻohui ʻia, a me nā mea like. Hoʻohana ʻia ka lua o nā koho no nā wahi me ka hōʻike nui ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona hau. E like me ke brand mua, hoʻohana ʻia kēia SIP i nā laina a hiki i ka 1 kV.
Kuhi. 2: kūkulu kāpili kelepona SIP-2
- SIP-3 - ʻaʻole like me nā ʻaina mua, ʻo ia kahi kikowaena kūwaho o ke kelepona ola. Hoʻokomo i ke kikowaena o kēia SIP aia kahi kelepa lawe kila, kahi i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā alakaʻi e lawe ʻia nei i ka alumini. Hoʻohana ʻia ia ma nā laina kaha kiʻekiʻe me ka ʻike uila o 6 - 35 kV no ka waiho ʻana i nā wāwae i nā lōʻihi lōʻihi.
Kuhi. 3: Kahi kelepona SIP-3
- SIP-4 - He pūnaehana ia kahi i loaʻa ai i kēlā me kēia pūʻulu kahi like ʻole, akā, ʻaʻole e like me nā mea ma mua, ʻaʻohe mea e kākoʻo ana me kahi kaula kūlohelohe. No laila, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi hōʻailona like no ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā laina, no ka mea hiki ke wāwahi ʻia ma lalo o ke ʻano o nā ukana o ka makani. E like me ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana, hoʻohana ʻia ka polyethylene thermoplastic. Aia ʻokoʻa ka hōʻailona me ka leka H (SIP-4N), ke hōʻike ʻia nei nā mea lawe i kēia manawa i hana ʻia i kahi alima alumini, inā ua hala ka leka H, ua hoʻohana ʻia he kaula alumini pono i kahi pahu kūikawā.
Kuhi. 4: Kūkulu kelepona SIP-4
- SIP-5 - Nīa holo like ia me ka hōʻailona mua - he mau ʻāpana ia a ʻaʻole i paʻa ka mea hao me ka huina e kākoʻo ai. ʻO kahiʻokoʻa wale nō ka ʻano o ka insulation e uhi ana i nā mea lawe; i nā māka SIP-5 a me SIP-5N, ua pili kēia i ka polyethylene, kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hoʻonui i ka palena pae hana ma 30%.
Kuhi. 5: kūkulu kāpili kelepona SIP-5
Nā kikoʻī
Ke koho nei i kahi hōʻailona kūikawā o ke kaula SIP, pono e hoʻolohe nui i ka nānā ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā mea hoʻohālike me nā pono kīʻaha pilikino a me ke ala kāpae.
No kēia, ua ʻae ʻia nā ʻano ʻekekema e pili ana i kēia:
- Ka helu o nā cores - ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, nā modela me ka helu o nā mea e lawe nei i kēia manawa mai ka 1 a i ka 4.
- Pauku - no nā hiʻohiʻona like ʻole o ke kūloko hoʻāla ponoʻī ʻana, ua like kēia ʻōnaehana mai ka 16 a 240 mm²,
- Ka Papa Hoʻolaha - ʻelua mau māhele ma ka huina - a hiki i 1 kV (SIP-1, 2, 4, 5) a i ka 35 kV (SIP-3),
- Kūlana mode - ʻo ia ka hana o ka hana maʻamau, kahi e hoʻoili ai ke kelepona i ka uila no ka manawa lōʻihi me ka ʻole o ka haki ʻana i kona mau ʻāpana,
- Hiki i ka mahana wela ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia - hiki i ke ʻano he pilikia pilikia, akā ʻaʻole pono e ʻoi aku ma mua o 8 mau hola mai ka ukana makahiki,
- ʻO ka wīwī hōluae - hoʻoholo i ka hiki ke leʻa i ke kaula me ka ʻole i ka hōʻino i ka ikaika o ka mīkini a me ka waiwai dielectric.
Hōʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona ʻenehana i nā hoʻohālikelike no nā brand a pau i ka papa ma lalo nei:
Palapala hoʻohālikelike i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea inoa o ke kūloko hoʻāla ponoʻi kūʻokoʻa
Hoʻomaʻa kālā | SIP-1 | SIP-2 | SIP-3 | SIP-4 | SIP-5 |
Ka helu o kēia wā conductive veins, pcs | 1 ÷ 4 | 1 ÷ 4 | 1 | 2 — 4 | 2 — 4 |
Apana wahi, mm2 | 16 ÷ 120 | 16 ÷ 120 | 35 ÷ 240 | 16 ÷ 120 | 16 ÷ 120 |
Zero kumu lawe | alloy alumina (me ke kila hao) | alloy alumina (me ke kila hao) | nalowale | nalowale | nalowale |
Toko alakaʻi kumu | alumini | alumini | alloy alumina (me ke kila hao) | alumini | alumini |
Ka papa kaukau, kV | 0.4 ÷ 1 | 0.4 ÷ 1 | 10 ÷ 35 | 0.4 ÷ 1 | 0.4 ÷ 1 |
ʻ oflelo o ka hoʻomālamalama koʻikoʻi | polyethylene thermoplastic | stabilization māmā. polyethylene | stabilization māmā. polyethylene | polyethylene thermoplastic | stabilization māmā. polyethylene |
He hana wela | -60 о С ÷ +50 о С | -60 о С ÷ +50 о С | -60 о С ÷ +50 о С | -60 о С ÷ +50 о С | -60 о С ÷ +50 о С |
ʻAi ʻia ka hoʻomehana kikowaena maikaʻi i ka hana | +70 ° C | +90 ° C | +70 ° C | +90 ° C | +90 ° C |
kalepona bending radius | aole emi malalo iho o 10 Ø | aole emi malalo iho o 10 Ø | aole emi malalo iho o 10 Ø | aole emi malalo iho o 10 Ø | aole emi malalo iho o 10 Ø |
ʻO ke ola ʻana | aole e emi iho malalo o 40 makahiki | aole e emi iho malalo o 40 makahiki | aole e emi iho malalo o 40 makahiki | aole e emi iho malalo o 40 makahiki | aole e emi iho malalo o 40 makahiki |
Ke noi | mau lālā mai nā laina luna, - ka lako mana i ka hale noho, - hale. nā hale | mau lālā mai nā laina luna, - ka lako mana i ka hale noho, - hale. nā hale | no ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā laina overhead me ka paila o 6-35 kV | mau lālā mai nā laina luna, - ka lako mana i ka hale noho, - e kau ana i nā paia o nā hale a me nā kāpili. | mau lālā mai nā laina luna, - ka lako mana i ka hale noho, - e kau ana i nā paia o nā hale a me nā kāpili. |
Ke waiho nei i nā kūlana
Ma muli o ke kumu no ka kūkulu ʻana i nā wailele kūloko pono ʻole e pono ai i nā loea kūikawā, hiki ke hana ʻia i ka home a me kāu kaʻa ʻole hoʻi me ka ʻole o ka pūnaehana ʻana o kahi hui kūikawā. Hiki ke hoʻokau ʻia ke waiho ʻana ma nā kākoʻo a ma nā mea pili i nā hale a me nā pae. Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi ma nā paia ma mua o ke kākoʻo kūʻokoʻa.
No laila, e noʻonoʻo i nā hana hoʻonohonoho no ka uaʻa SIP ma luna o ke kākoʻo pā paʻa.
- No ka mea, ʻo ke kelepona hoʻonaʻauao pilikino ponoʻikuʻu me ka hue, he mea nui e hāʻawi i kahi mea e hoʻokaʻawale ai i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pehu dielectric. No ka hana i kēia, ua kau ʻia nā ʻōwili plastik, nā mea a me nā mea kūwaha.
- I ka wā o ke kau ʻana, pāpā ʻia ka hoʻōla ʻana i ka ua paʻa i ka mea i kākoʻo ʻia ma ke kumu a i ʻole nā lālā lāʻau, no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke hōʻino i ka hoʻowalewale ʻia.
- No ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ke kūloko hoʻāla ponoʻī, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā clamp type type. Mahalo i kēia hoʻolālā, hiki iā ia ke hoʻololi i ka laina mai ka mea e noho lā ma lalo o ke ʻano uila.
- Ma mua o ka kau ʻana i ke kākoʻo, pono e huki ʻia ke kelepona SIP ma o ka waeʻina. (No nā papa SIP 1 a 3 ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka dinameter a hiki i ke kau ʻana i nā ukana maʻamau. Ma hope o ke kau ʻana ua hoʻoponopono ʻia ia ma nā wahi hoʻoponopono.
Hana ʻia nā mea hoʻohana a pau, no laila e hiki ke loaʻa a piha me kahi kaula hoʻopono e kākoʻo ana iā ia iho, e hōʻoluʻolu maʻalahi i ka hana.
Kuhi. 6: He kumu hoʻohālike i ke kī ʻana i ke kī SIP i kahi kākoʻo
Ke noi ʻana, nā pono a me nā pono ʻole
Ma muli o ka heleʻana o ka insulasi, kahi pālahalaha nui o SIP. Hoʻohana pinepine ia e komo i ka uila i ka hale, a mahalo i ka layer insulation o waho, ʻaʻole pono nā hana hou a me nā mea uila ke hele ʻana i nā paia. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i kahi mea hoʻopihapiha kākoʻo ponoʻī no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wili kūloko ma o ke ʻāpana o ke kahua a i ʻole ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea kūʻai aku i nā laina o ka ʻĀpana hoʻolālā. ʻO kahi mahele ʻokoʻa o ke noi ʻana o SIPs he mau laina ʻoki e hāʻawi i ka mana i nā kauhale a pau i ʻole ke kahakaha ana i nā hoʻohālikelike.
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā huahana ʻē aʻe o ke kelepona a me nā hua ʻea, he nui nā pono o SIP, ʻo ia hoʻi:
- ʻO ka wili o SIP ka haʻahaʻa hoʻohaʻahaʻa loa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā uaea wili.
- ʻAʻole ia e kau i ke hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā mea insulators hou i nā wahi e hoʻopili ai i ke kākoʻo, nā paia a i ka wā e komo ai i ka hale ma muli o ka hele ʻana o kahi papaha.
- E lilo ana i liʻiliʻi ma muli o ka nui o ka hui pū ʻana o nā wili,
- ʻAʻole ia i ka pōʻino i ka pōʻino o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana o kahi papa pale.
- ʻAʻole makaʻu i ka hoʻopiha nui ʻana i nā ʻōpū ma lalo o nā makani ikaika.
- Hōʻike paʻakikī ka hana lawaiʻa ʻole ma o ke kaula kolo
ʻO nā hemahema o ka kaula SIP ka ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o ka mita kahe ʻana, no ka mea pono e hoʻemi ʻia ka nui a paʻa nā kākoʻo. E like me ka pono o ka insulation no kekahi mau ʻāpana o nā hale a me nā mea kūʻai aku.
ʻO nā mea hana nui
I mea e hōʻalo ai i ka pilikia i ka wā e kūʻai ai i ke kelepona a i ʻole nā kaula, pono ʻoe e makaʻala ʻaʻole ʻaʻole i nā kumu koʻikoʻi o ka huahana, akā no ka mea hana. Mai ka mea hiki i nā hiʻohiʻona haʻahaʻa ke loaʻa i kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ka paʻa dielectric haʻahaʻa i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, etc. Inā ʻoe i kūʻai kūʻai i kahi kelepona kākoʻo kūʻokoʻa a ʻaʻole maopopo i kona ʻano, e nānā inā pili paha ka ʻāpana ke ka palena i ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka passport. Pehea e hoʻoholo ai i ka ʻāpana kea ma ka home i wehewehe ʻia ma ka ʻatikala e pili ana - https://www.asutpp.ru/kak-opredelit-sechenie-provoda-ili-zhil-kabelya.html.
Inā ʻoe e kūʻai wale i ka SIP, e hoʻolohe i nā mea hana like:
- Kama kālele
- Rybinskkabel,
- GC "Sevcable,
- Moskabel.
Ke hoʻohana nei i nā wires o nā mea kanu i luna, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaopopo i kā lākou hoʻokō me nā ʻano i haʻi ʻia.