ʻO ka moku (hina) kahi ʻoniʻo Urocyon littoralis * Nā Pākuʻi

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Pūnaewele ʻepekema Littoralis unuhi ʻia mai ka ʻōlelo Latin "kahi ʻia, ulu a pili a kokoke paha i ke kai", a i ʻole he mea e noho ana ma ka mokupuni. Kahiki manu Urocyon littoralis ka pili kokoke o nā ʻōiwi like ʻole o ka ʻalaʻula hina (Kanalena Urocyon).

Hoʻopili ʻia ka lehelehe o ka mokupuni hina pua i ka palena o nā mokupuni ʻeono (Channel Islands), nona 19-60 mile ma ke kahakai o Kaleponi hema, USA. ʻO kēia mau mokupuni o Santa Catalina, San Clement, San Nicholas, San Miguel, Santa Cruz, a me Santa Rosa.

KahilehuaUrocyon littoralis) - Eia nō nā ʻōkuhi liʻiliʻi loa i ʻike ʻia e ka ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. A hiki i kēia manawa, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo kahi ʻōleʻa mokulele he subspecies o ka hina hina. He liʻiliʻi ʻia a loaʻa iā ia kahi pōkole, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā vertebrae ʻelua ma mua o nā ʻalopihi hina mai ka ʻāina nui. Ka ʻupu o ka palu hina o ka Continental, ua ulu ka ʻalā mokupuni i ulu i kahi ʻano kūlike i ka 10,000 mau makahiki, ʻoiai e hoʻomau ana i nā hiʻohiʻona ʻano o kona kūpuna, akā i ke ʻano o ka ʻōhala, ua emi mai kona nui a i kēia manawa wale nō hapa-hapakolu ka nui o ka kūpuna.

ʻO ka manaʻo holistic o ka mokupuni o ka moku, ua kūkulu ʻia i ʻeono mau ʻāpana kū aʻe, hoʻokahi ma kēlā me kēia mokupuni ʻeono a lākou e noho ai. Hiki i nā wīwī mai nā mokupuni ʻē aʻe ke hoʻopiha i ka lewa, akā he nui nā ʻano kūʻokoʻa a me nā kūlohelohe e lawa ana e ʻike ai i ke kūʻokoʻa o kā lākou subspecies. No ka ʻokoʻa, ʻokoʻa ka nui o ka caudal vertebrae mai ka mokupuni a hiki i kēia mokupuni. Ua kapa ʻia nā inoa āpau i kapa ʻia ʻo ka moku kahi e noho ai: Urocyon littoralis littoralis - fox o ka mokupuni o San Miguel, U. littoralis santarosae - holx o ka mokupuni o Santa Rosa. U. littoralis santacruzae - fox o ka mokupuni o Santa Cruz, U. littoralis dickeyi - ka ʻeke o ka mokupuni o San Nicholas. U. littoralis catalinae - fox o ka mokupuni o Santa Catalina, U. littoralis clementae - 'fox o ka mokupuni o San Clemente.

Kāleka

ʻO ka hulu o ka pua hina hina hina-keʻokeʻo me nā ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele a me nā ʻenemona undercoat ma ka ʻaoʻao dorsal, a me nā keʻokeʻo a ʻulaʻula a me kaʻulaʻula ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ventral. ʻEleʻele ka hāpū, lehelehe, ka ihu, a me ka maka o ka maka, aʻo nā ʻaoʻao o nā ʻāpana ka hina. Kūleʻa ka pepeiao, ke kua a me nā ʻaoʻao o nā wāwae. ʻO ka huelo ka mea ʻoniʻoni ʻeleʻele e nānā i ka ʻaoʻao dorsal me ka mane o ka lauoho lauoho. ʻAnoʻalaha ka palena o lalo o ka huelo. ʻOkoʻa ʻē ka ʻalani o ke kapa i waena o nā ʻalopona ma nā mokupuni ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai he ʻano iki ia i waena o nā poʻe like ʻole, mai ka ʻomeni hina a i kaʻulaʻula a ʻulaʻula.

Kahiki manu molt hoʻokahi makahiki i: i ʻAukake a i Nowemapa.

He paler opi palalā o nā ʻōpio'ōpiopio i ko lākou mau kua i mua o nā pākeke, a ʻoi aku hoʻi, ʻeleʻele ka pepeiao o ka pepeiao.

ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino kūpono me ka ʻili i nā kāne he 716 mm (mai 625 a 716 mm), i nā wahine 689 mm (mai 590 a 787), nona ka huelo he 11 a 29 cm. ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kāne.

Ke noho maʻamau

Kahiki i ka mokupuni, e like me ko lākou poʻe kūpuna ʻāina kiʻekiʻe, piʻi pono nā lāʻau.

I ke pio ʻana, hōʻike mua nā alopeke i ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā kānaka, akā e ʻohi lohi ʻia lākou. Maalea, ʻoluʻolu, pāʻani a me ke leʻaleʻa nā mea i loko o nā ʻalopeke e noho ana i ka noho pio ʻana.

Aia ka ola i ka ola ma kahi o ʻehā a ʻeono paha mau makahiki, akā ke ola nei kekahi mau alopeke i 15 mau makahiki.

ʻO nā mokupuni i noho ai nā mika hina hina i loaʻa i ke anuanu e ka wela a me ka maloʻo i ke kauwela, a ʻo ka maloʻo a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (lohi) i ka hoʻoilo. ʻOiai ke ʻano o ka hoʻonaninā ʻana o nā ʻalopona a i hoʻoholo ʻia e ko lākou mau wahi, ʻaʻohe mea kūpono no ka noho ma waena o lākou. Ke nui ka nui o ka ʻalopō i loaʻa i nā ʻalā, ʻike ʻia a ʻike ʻia kekahi wahi o kēlā mokupuni. Noho ʻo Foxes i nā awāwa a me nā mahina ʻai, nā mākia kahakai, ma nā pāpū ʻōpala, nā mokupuni o nā pua ʻalā, nā ʻalā o nā kapakai a me nā kumulāʻau, i nā pulu.

ʻO kekahi o nā ʻenemi nui o ka ʻeke moku mokupuni. ʻAʻole i noho mau ʻia nā kaʻe gula ma nā mokupuni, akā ua lawaiʻa ʻia ma laila e ka nui o nā puaʻa puaʻa ma kahi o 1995, i make ai nā aeto ma ʻaneʻi. ʻO ka nalo ʻana o ka ʻaeto i hana i nā kūlana maikaʻi no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā mokupuni ʻākau me kahi ʻaeto gula liʻiliʻi. Ua hoʻomaka ka huluhulu gula e alualu i ka ʻōpio mokupuni a i nā makahiki ʻehiku e hiki mai ana ka lono mokupuni i ka lihi o ka luku loa. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi ʻana, i ka makahiki 2000, ua hōʻemi ʻia ka 95% o ka heluna o nā ʻalopeke ma nā mokupuni ʻākau.

Urocyon littoralis (Baird, 1858)

Rangi: Santa Catalina Islands (194 km²), San Clemente (149 km²), San Nicolas (58 km²), San Miguel (39 km²), Santa Cruz (243 km²) a me Santa Rosa (216 km²) i ka hui ʻo Channel Channel ma kapakai o Kaleponi (USA).

ʻO ka ʻalopilo moku, he haahaʻāina i emi mai i nā ʻalopeke hina (U. cinereoargenteus), he mea pau ʻole loa o ka Pōʻalima. Noho nā ʻalā mokupuni ma nā mokupuni ʻeono o ka mokupuni ʻo Kanalona a ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia he mau ʻāpana kūʻokoʻa ma kēlā me kēia mokupuni, i ʻike ʻia e nā ʻokoʻa morphological a me ka māhele genetic.

U. l. catalinae - mokupuni o Santa Catalina, U. l. clementae - moku o San Clemente, U. l. dickeyi - Kapena San Nicholas, U. l. littoralis - mokupuni o San Miguel, U. l. santarosae - mokupuni o Santa Rosa a me U. l. santacruzae - mokupuni o Santa Cruz.

He ʻokoʻa nā kahele ʻālepa moku i nā ʻalopeke hina a uaʻoi loa ia me ka lehulehu o nā kaila hina hina i Kaleponi, a ʻaʻole i nā kaila hina hina ma ka hema o Mexico a ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻia.

ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻalopeke ma nā mokupuni ʻeono a mamao loa mai ke kahakai o Kaleponi hema, ua hoʻomāhuhū nui ʻia nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ka mea i ʻae ʻia e nā ʻalopeke e haʻa i kēia mau moku. Wahi a kekahi manaʻo, ke ʻano nui o ka nohona ʻoi aku ka lāhui o ka lāhui o ka ʻāina i hōʻemi ʻia i nā mokupuni i hōʻea i ka hopena o ka hopena o ke kai i ka wā o ka Pleistocene. Wahi a kekahi hypothesis maʻamau, like ka nui o nā pua fox o nā mea nui. Akahi i hele aku ai nā ʻeke hina i kahi o nā mokupuni o ke Komohana ʻākau ma waena o ka Pōkole Late, i ka wā i haʻahaʻa ai ke kai a ʻo ka pōkole loa ma waena o ka ʻāina nui a me nā mokupuni he 8 km ka lōʻihi. I ka wā hoʻomaha o ka noho ʻana, ua hoʻomohala lākou i ko lākou nui kino liʻiliʻi o ke kino. ʻO ke ʻano o ka moana i ka wā o ka Late Pleistocene i alakaʻi i ka hoʻoili ʻia ʻana o nā ʻōpū liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ma o ke kaulahao komohana o nā mokupuni ʻo Channel ma nā alahaka. ʻO ka ʻōlima mokupuni e noho me nā poʻe kamaʻāina o Chumash ma kahi o 1000 mau makahiki. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua lawe ʻo ka Chumash i nā ʻalopona mai nā mokupuni ʻākau a i hōʻea o ka mokupuni ʻekolu o ke Channel (San Clemente, Santa Catalina a me San Nicholas). Pēlā paha i hana ʻia kēia no ka ʻili i hoʻohana ʻia i nā hanana kuʻuna a me nā ʻalopeke e like me nā holoholona semi-domestic.

Hōʻike nā data molecular a me ka archaeological e noho nā ʻalopona ma nā mokupuni ʻākau no 10-16 tausani mau makahiki, a ma ka hema - 2.2-4.3 tausani mau makahiki. ʻO ka manawa hou, ua ʻike hou ʻia ka ʻikepili archaeological, e hōʻoia ana i ka hūnā hou o nā ʻalopona ma nā mokupuni ʻākau e like me 7-10 tausani mau makahiki i hala.

ʻO Island Fox ka ʻupena liʻiliʻi loa ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. He kulu hina ke ʻano, akā he liʻiliʻi a he ʻeleʻele hoʻi. Ma ke kānāwai, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke poʻo a me ke kino he 48-50 cm, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka poʻohiwi he 12-15 cm, ka lōʻihi o ka huelo o 11-29 cm, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o nā pōpoki home. O ka huelo o ka mika mokupuni ua kokoke i kekahi hapakolu o ka lōʻihi o ke kino, a ʻo nā wāwae ua ʻoi aku ka pōkole i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ke kino ma mua o nā ʻalopeke hina. Kaumaha nā pōpoki makua ma waena o 1.1 a me 2.8 kg. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā pipi ma mua o nā wahine. I ka awelika, ʻo ka ʻalupua nui loa ma ka mokupuni o Santa Catalina a me ka liʻiliʻi loa o ka moku ʻo Santa Cruz.

ʻO ka hoʻonaninani keokeo-keʻokeʻo a ʻeleʻele, ke kumu o ka pepeiao a me nā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻāʻī a me nā wāwae i ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Ka keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo.

Ka ʻike ʻia o ka ʻano like ʻole o ka nui o nā iwi i nā mokulele hānai, akā ua ʻokoʻa nā ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻulu hina. ʻO ka pili o ka ʻauhau waiwai me ka fox hina, a me nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mokupuni pae mokupuni. Me ka ʻokoʻa o nā wehewehe kumu, ʻaʻole i hana ʻia nā ho'āʻo mua e hoʻohana i nā hana morphometric multidimensional e aʻo ai i nā pilina biogeographic a me ka taxonomic o Urocyon littoralis. ʻO kēia manawa wale nō, ua aʻo ʻia ka genetic variability o nā mokupuni mokulele i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā limahana limahana mua a me ka nānā genetic. Ma ka ʻāʻīkaukau, hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka mokupuni me ka nui o ka ihu, ka ihu a me ka mea hoʻokalakupua, me ka nui o ka caudal vertebrae. Ua hōʻoia ka ʻatikala a genetic i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā ʻano ʻano i ʻeono mau papa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hōʻoia i ke kaʻina hoʻohele.

I kēia manawa 6 subspecies.

E like me ka hapanui o nā canine, hiki i ka ʻalopeke ke holo wikiwiki a hopu i ka mea liʻiliʻi ma nā wahi nahele. Mālama loa nā Foxes a hiki maʻalahi ke piʻi i nā lāʻau a me nā pōhaku. Loaʻa lākou i kahi muzzle ākea loa, e hiki ai iā lākou ke loaʻa pio i nā kīlapa a me nā lua, a me ka hihiʻo maikaʻi. Hoʻonui ʻia ka hiki ke ʻike maka ʻia e ka dichromatic a me ka pō ʻike, ʻoi aku ka hoʻonui ʻia e ka papaluna kikoʻī kūikawā i ka kinikini o ka maka (tapetum lucidum).

E kamaʻilio nā alopio mokupuni me ka ʻike a me ka leo. Hāʻawi lākou i kā lākou ʻāina. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā Feces ma nā alanui, nā alahele, a me nā wahi kaulana ʻē aʻe.

ʻO ka holoholona ʻōlapa he holoholona maikaʻi ia, i nā manawa he nui e makaʻu iki ana i nā kānaka. ʻOkoʻa nā ʻano ʻokoʻa i ka poʻe ma waena o nā mokupuni. Ma nā mokupuni kahi maʻamau nā alopeke a me nā kānaka. Ma nā wahi e like me nā kahua hoʻomoana, hiki i nā ʻōpio ke wiwo ʻole.

ʻO ke ʻano o ka mokupuni ʻo Chennal ma waho o ke kapakai o Kaleponi he semi-arid. Hoʻonohonoho ka ua ma waena o nā mokupuni, akā ma lalo o ʻeono mau inikini ma hoʻokahi makahiki. ʻO nā mokupuni nui (Santa Cruz, Santa Catalina a me San Clemente) he mau ʻāina lawena e kākoʻo ana i ka lāʻau kanu a me nā mea kanu lāʻau. Loaʻa nā Foxes i ka hapanui o nā home, akā makemake i nā mea kanu a i ʻole nā wahi lāʻau e like me ka chapparaly, nā kahakai kahakai, a me nā nahele lāʻau. ʻO ke ʻano o nā mea kanu kūlohelohe ka nui o ke kahakai kahakai, akā ua loli nui ʻia kēia kāhea e ka lawe ʻana mai i ka nui o nā holoholona i nā mokupuni a me nā ʻano like ʻole o ke kanaka. ʻO nā mokupuni ʻākau (San Miguel, Santa Rosa a me Santa Cruz) a me ka mokupuni o San Nicholas (ma ka hema) he mau wahi nui i hoʻomāliʻi ʻia e nā mea kanu like, e like me nā mau lau mau a me nā mea kanu hau. Ua hoihoi nui ʻo Habitat i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana ma Santa Rosa a me Santa Cruz no ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o ka pōlio mokupuni. ʻO nā mokupuni hema (Santa Catalina, San Clemente a me San Nicholas) ua hoʻomohala ʻia: nā waihona no ka moana a me ke kūlanakauhale o Avalon.

He mea nui ia e noʻonoʻo i nā ʻokoʻa kūlohelohe ma waena o nā mokupuni i ka wā e hoʻohālikelike ai i ka mokupuni honu puaʻa. He wahi poʻomanaʻo kahi o nā mokupuni hema a me ke anuanu, a me ka hopena, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā cacti a me nā nāhelehele wao. He ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mokupuni ʻākau e loaʻa i ka ua. ʻAe kēia e hoʻoneʻe i nā kahawai kaila e kākoʻo ana i nā mea kanu kahakai a me nā wahi ulu ʻole i loaʻa ma nā mokupuni hema. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka lehulehu o nā ʻalopika o ke kūloko hema e hōʻoki i kahi o ka nui o ka heʻe gula. Ma kahi o nā ʻokoʻa kū i ke kaiapuni, ʻokoʻa kēlā me kēia mokupuni he ʻokoʻa ka mōʻaukala o nā noho kanaka a me nā loli. Akā ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻōleʻa milo mokupuni ma ka ʻāina o ka mokupuni nui, ʻaʻole like ʻole nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā mokupuni.

ʻO ka ʻōpio mokupuni i kāna koho i nā wahi noho i kahi honua kahi i loaʻa i loko o nā wahi kūlohelohe āpau ma nā Pae ʻo Channel, ʻoiai ʻo ia ke makemake i nā wahi me nā ʻano pākuʻi a me nā mea kanu.

Hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea i noho ʻia e ka ʻalopona mokupuni i nā wahi hānai, nā nāhelehele pua o nā kahakai, nā pala lāʻau lupine, ka hale pule, nā kāwili a me nā nahele nā kahakai, nā wahi neʻe i kahakai me nā wahi noho ʻole e like me ka mokupuni. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo ka mokupuni o ka hema he mau haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā noho ma muli o ke anuanu. ʻO nā mokupuni nunui ʻokoʻa, ʻo Santa Cruz lāua ʻo Santa Rosa, he mau ʻokoʻa like ʻole e noho ana, me nā ua nui makahiki. Hāʻawi ke kahakai ʻo Shrub a me nā wahi nahele i nā wahi hou aku i ka mālama ʻana i kahi ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻalopona ma mua o nā hale noho grazing.

ʻIke ʻia nā ʻalāʻau mokupuni i nā awāwa a me nā ʻōpala piedmont, nā pāpū hema, nā pali kahawai a me nā ʻano aniani, nā pākōkōkōlika kai, nā puʻu mokupuni hānai, nā keka lāʻau hema, nā nahele ulu, ka nahele pika, a me nā wahi pali.

Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau alopeke i nā nahele āpau i mua o nā wahi ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai naʻe ka nui o ka ʻeke manuahi i ka nahelehele. I ka manawa like, loloa nā wahi nahele a hiki ke hoʻopiʻi i ka lawe ʻana o ka meaʻai. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā wahi me nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi, e like me ka meʻa, e hoʻohālikelike ana i ka mokupuni o ka mokupuni i nā mea wānela o ka mokulele.

ʻAneʻane ākea nā ʻalāʻau mokupuni a hānai i nā ʻano mea kanu i waena o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona. Mālama ʻia kā lākou mea ʻai i ka loaʻa mau o nā pono, kahi e loaʻa ai nā mea rodents, nā pepeke, nā lizards, nā manu, nā hua, nā snails, a me nā huahana ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho a me nā kiko o ka meaʻai e hilinaʻi ana i ka noho, ka moku a me ka wā. ʻO nā mea nui i ka meaʻai ma nā mokupuni hema o nā pīpī (Coleoptera spp.), Deer hamsters (Peromyscus maniculatus), snails (Helix aspera), carp carp (Carpobrotus spp.), Nā huaʻai o ka prickly pear cactus (Opuntia spp.) A me nā crickets (Stenopalmat. ʻO nā kumu nui o ka meaʻai ma nā mokupuni ʻākau he deer hamsters, beetles, crickets a carp-beetles a me nā lizards a me nā hua o ka toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia) a me bearberry a manzanite (Arctostaphylus spp.). ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole i maʻamau maʻamau i loko o ka meaʻai e komo ai nā crustaceans, egg egg, carrion of ungulates a me nā mammals moana.

Hiki iā lākou ke huli aku i nā kiʻī i nā isika (Mus musculus) ma ka mokupuni ʻo Santa Catalina a me nā kiʻi (Rattus rattus) i nā mokupuni ʻo Santa Catalina, San Miguel a me San Clemente. He nui koʻikoʻi nā hamsters a Reindeer i ka wā mālama, no ka mea, ua nui kā lākou, nā meaʻai lakoola a me nā ʻalopeke makua e lawe iā lākou i kā lākou mea ulu. I ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā momi liʻiliʻi, ka ʻai ʻuʻuku o ka mokupuni i nā manu puhipuhi e like me ka larks horned (Eremophila alpestris) a me ka meadow cadavers (Sturnella neglecta). ʻOi aku ka maʻamau o ka meaʻai i nā amphibians, reptiles a me ke kalaiwa o nā momi kai.

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hihia pāahi i ka wā i ʻai ai ka ʻeke o nā mokupuni liʻiliʻi i nā ʻuʻuku liʻiliʻi (Spilogale gracilis amphiala) - nā mea hoʻonā endemona e noho nei ma nā mokupuni o Santa Rosa a me Santa Cruz.

Mālama ka ʻōpū o nā mokupuni i nā mea kanu maoli, me ka bearberry (Arctostaphylos), nā namu (Comarostaphylis), heteromeles (Heteromeles), nāole paliki (Opuntia), nā lāʻau lāʻau (Prunus, Rhus, Rosa), nightshade (Solanum) a me nā pua ʻoma (V). Ka hilinaʻi nui ʻana nā ʻalopō o San Miguel Island i nā hua o ka hīʻaʻa kai (Carpobrotus chilensis).

Ua ʻokoʻa ka hapa ʻana o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o nā meaʻai a hiki ke kau ʻia i ka mokupuni. Ma nā mokupuni me nā ʻano nui o nā mea kanu, ʻai nui nā ʻalopī mokupuni i kahi pakeneka kiʻekiʻe o nā hua a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i nā manawa maloʻo. ʻO nā mokupuni o San Miguel a me San Nicholas ka mea liʻiliʻi loa o nā mea kanu, e ʻae ana i nā ʻalopeke i hilinaʻi nui ʻia i nā mea i hoʻokomo ʻia. ʻO kēia ka poʻe i hōʻemi i ka nui o ka hoʻomau i ka lā lōʻihi. ʻO nā ʻalā mokupuni e loaʻa ana ka meaʻai mai nā kānaka me ka wikiwiki a lilo ʻole i aʻo i kā lākou poʻe keiki pehea e ʻimi ai a loaʻa i ka ʻai kūlohelohe.

Hiki i nā Foxes ke hana hou no kahi manawa he 24-manawa, akā ʻo ka ʻai ka mea maʻamau i hopu ʻia i ke kakahiaka nui (ka hana twilight). Ua like loa ka hana o ka mokupuni mokupuni i kēlā me kēia lā ma mua o ka fox nui, hiki i ke kumu o ka nalo ʻana o ka mōʻaukala o nā mokupuni nui a me ka hōʻino ʻana i ke kanaka.

ʻO nā manawa kiʻekiʻe o ka hana o nā ʻulā mokupuni i ʻōlelo ʻia, ʻoiai ke ʻano ka hana o ke ao. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kahi kōkōlō āka nui, ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ke hōʻike nei ka insular i kahi hana nui i kēlā me kēia lā, ʻo ia ka hopena no ka hala o nā mea nui. Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina ma ka mokupuni o Santa Cruz i ka hana a me ka neʻe ʻana i nā manawa like ʻole, nā kāne male a me nā makahiki o nā ʻalopeke e hoʻohana ana i nā kolamu telemetric radio. ʻO nā papa kiʻekiʻe o ka hana ma ka hoʻoilo, ka hana o kēlā me kēia lā - 64%. I ke kauwela, hoʻemi i ka pae o ka hana i kēlā me kēia lā i 36,8%, kahi e pili pū me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana o ka ea o kēlā me kēia lā. He nui nā wahi home o nā Males a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka neʻe i ka wā mālama o ka mahina (Dekemapa-Pepeluali) ma muli o ka ʻimi i nā wahine.

Hōʻike nā hopena o nā nānā i kahi koho o ka hana i ka pō no nā hale o nā wahi me nā wahi ākea. Hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pō ke hana ʻia e ka fodder no ka pō pōkole, e like me nā kiʻi a me kekahi mau ʻano pepeke. Inā hele ka hana ʻai pō i nā wahi ākea hāmeʻa i ka neʻe o ka fox. Ka hōʻike ʻana o nā alopeke e hele ana i ka pō ma ke ala lepo, ka mea i helu ʻia ma nā wahi maʻamau.

Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, he nui nā wahi liʻiliʻi o ka mokupuni, noho i nā wahi kiʻekiʻe loa a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o nā puʻupuʻu pōkole ma mua o nā ʻalopeke hina hina ʻāina. ʻO ka nui a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka home ka hale e pili ana i ka pae, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai, ka palena o ka lehulehu o nā ʻalopeke, ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana, ka manawa a me ka ʻano o ka holoholona. Nā helu ākea o nā papa pali home mai ka 0.24 km² i loko o nā hale i kāwili ʻia i ka 0.87 km² i loko o nā hale ma nā wahi launa ʻo Santa Cruz Island, a hiki i 0.77 km² i nā gorges ma San Clemente Island. ʻO ka nui o nā pūnaewele hôkia ma ka mokupuni ʻo Santa Cruz mai 0.15 a 0.87 km² a i hōʻea ʻia he 0.55 km² i loko o ka manawa o ka ʻōpū a me ke kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻalopeke (7 mau ʻalopona i 1 km²).

Ua ʻike ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana ma ka mokupuni ʻo Santa Cruz ʻo ka ʻalopela kūloko, e like me ka hapanui o nā alopeke, e noho ana ma nā kaona kanaka monogamous e noho ana i nā ʻāina ʻē. Hoʻololi ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ke kuina ma hope o ka make a i ke hoʻololi ʻana i kahi mau kāne, ʻaʻole naʻe ma hope o ka make a i hoʻololi ʻia i loko o kahi pānaʻi a i ʻole nā makua. Hōʻike kēia i nā kāne pākeke i komo i ka hoʻokumu a mālama i ka pae. ʻOiai ʻo ka monogamy a me ka teritoriality, ʻaʻole pono ka hui monogamous. Ma ka mokupuni ʻo Santa Cruz, he 4 mai 16 mau cubs he mau mākua i ʻike ʻia ma ka nānā ʻana i ka paternity i kahi o ka hoʻomakeke extramarital. ʻO nā pilina holoʻokoʻa āpau i hana ma waena o nā alopeke i nā wahi kokoke.

ʻOiai nā manu ʻaliki mokulele e hiki ke hoʻomanawanui ma ka hope o ko lākou makahiki mua, hoʻomaka ka hua ʻana i ka wā ʻōpio. Hiki i nā wahine ke lilo i hapai i ka makahiki mua, akā hiki pinepine lākou e hānai i nā ʻīlio. ʻO 16% wale nō o ka 1 a hiki i ka 2 mau makahiki wahine i ulu ma ka wā 5 o ka makahiki 5 ma ka mokupuni o San Miguel, e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 60% o nā wahine kahiko. ʻO nā ʻōpio ʻōpiopio ʻenemi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā pākeke ma ka mokupuni o Santa Cruz. Eia nō naʻe, ua komo ka wahine i loko o ke ano mai ka pio i ka mokupuni o San Miguel i hana ʻia i ka mea moliki i ka makahiki 1 o ka makahiki. Ma mua o ka emi ʻana o kahi pōʻino i ka nui o ka heluna kanaka i ka 1990s, ua noho ka ʻōpio mokupuni makua heʻelima mau makahiki 4-6. Ma ka mokupuni o San Miguel, ua kākau inoa ʻia he 8 mau kānaka i noho mai 7 a 10 mau makahiki i ka hihiu. Aia kahi hōʻike e noho ana kekahi o nā holoholona hihiu i 12 mau makahiki.

ʻO ka Courtship a me ka pairing e hana pinepine ʻia mai Kekemapa a Pepeluali, helu liʻiliʻi mai Pepeluali a Malaki. Hoʻokomo wale nā wahine i ka estrus no 40 mau hola, hoʻokahi i hoʻokahi makahiki, a aia wale nō ke kokoke i ka kāne. Ua nānā ʻia nā male ma ka mokupuni ʻo San Miguel ma nā hebedoma mua o Malaki 2000, a ʻo ke kope o nā male kūleʻa e hana ʻia ma waena o Pepeluali a me ka mua o Malaki. Ma hope o ka hāpai ʻana, ma kahi o 50-53 mau lā, hānau ʻia nā ʻalopeke. Hoʻomohala kēia mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana a hiki i ka hopena o ʻApelila, i kekahi manawa a hiki i ke waena o Mei. I ka makahiki 2015, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā haumāna ma nā mokupuni hema ma Pepeluali. Mai ʻApelila 1 a me ʻApelila 25, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hānau hānau i nā pōlio mokupuni pio pio.

E hānau ana nā ʻalāleʻa mokupuni i ka hua ma nā ʻoka maʻalahi, ma lalo o ke kumu lāʻau a i ʻole nā ʻaoʻao he pali. Loaʻa ka loaʻa o ka hānai i ka nui o ka litter, e hoʻohālikelike ʻia i 1 a 5 paha, ma ka awelika 2-3. Hiki i ka wahine me nā waiwai momona mea hiki i ʻelima mau haumana, a ʻo ka nele o nā kumu waiwai ma ka mokupuni ʻo San Miguel i ka makahiki 2013 a me 2014 ua alakaʻi ʻia ka hana like ʻole ma ka moku holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka nui o ka ʻōpī litter no 24 mau hānau ma Santa Cruz Island ʻo 2.17. ʻO ka ʻōpū o nā ʻalopelo mokupuni i ka pio ʻana mai 1999 a 2004 (51 mau hānau) he 2.4 mau ʻalopeke. E like me nā ʻano pōkole o nā alopeke, hōʻike nā mākua i ka hopohopo no nā hua o nā ʻalopona mokupuni. Hoʻohana ka kāne i ka wahine no ka manawa mua, a laila e kōkua pū i ka hānai i nā ʻalopona e haʻalele ai i ka lua i Iune.

I ka wā hānau, ua makapō nā pehu, a mai ka hina hina a ʻeleʻele ka waihoʻoluʻu. I ka hopena o Iulai a i ʻole ʻAukake, ua kahuli ʻia ke kala mua e ka pākeke me ka nui o ka ʻiʻo, a ua kokoke nā pēpē i ka nui o nā pākeke. Mālama ka mālama ʻana i nā mākua i ka mōʻī o ke keiki, a kākoʻo pū kekahi i nā paʻu o nā pā o nā kāne. Hoʻokahi ʻia ka territoriality i ka manawa o ka wā e ulu ana nā hua. ʻAʻole maopopo e pili maopopo ana kēia pākana i nā wahi haʻahaʻa o nā alaka.

I nā makahiki 2, e noho nā ʻōpio ʻōpio i ka hapanui o ke ao ma waho o ka pu, akā e noho pū me ko lākou mau mākua a hiki i ke kauwela. Hoʻomaka nā ʻōpiopio i ka ʻimi ma ka ʻāina ʻoi aku me ko lākou mau mākua i ke kauwela o ke kauwela, a hoʻomaka ka lulu ʻana i ka hopena o Kepakemapa me ka haʻalele hope o ka ʻāina makua i ka lā Dekemaba. ʻO kekahi mau keiki noho i ka ʻāina natal e ka hoʻoilo, ʻoiai ʻo ka mea ʻē aʻe e noho i ko lākou mau wahi waiwai no ka makahiki ʻelua.

Pono nā hiʻohiʻona pālahalaha e noiʻi hou. Ua ʻike ʻia e hoʻonui nui ʻia nā mākua i kā lākou wahi mai ka natal i ka hāʻule, i ka wā e lilo ai nā keiki i ka ikaika. Noho ka pipi i ka wahi o ka natal a hiki i Dekemaba, ma hope o ka hūnā ʻia ʻana. Hāʻawi kēia iā ʻoe e hoʻonui i ke ola o nā pēpē ma muli o ka hopu mua i ka mahele wahi. Hōʻike ka nānā ʻana i ka hana mua o nā wahine mua i ko lākou mau pūnaewele i kahi kokoke i ka natal, ʻoi aku ka wā e hoʻokaʻawale pinepine ʻia nā kāne mai ka natal a hiki paha ke hoʻēmi i ka wahine me ka wahine e pili ana. ʻO ka lōʻihi ma waena o ka līlū ʻana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka mokupuni ʻo Santa Cruz he haʻahaʻa loa (1.39 km) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻaluna hina a me nā lālā o ka ʻohana. Ma muli o ka nui o ka mokupuni, ʻaʻole hiki i ka hoʻolaha lōʻihi.

ʻO ka wī e pili ana i ka ʻaila gula i alakaʻi ʻia ai ka hopena i ka hopena o ka makahiki 1990 o nā huakaʻi o nā pōlio mokupuni ma nā mokupuni o San Miguel, Santa Cruz a me Santa Rosa. Ke hoʻomau nei ka ʻimi ʻana i nā aʻe gula gula i kumu nui loa o ka make ʻana o nā ʻalopona ma nā mokupuni o ke Kanaka.

ʻO ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā aeto ma waena (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) ma nāʻaoʻao Channel ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) ua kōkua i ka koloni ʻana o kēia ʻāina me nā aeto gula. Aʻe ʻo Bald i ka mōʻaukala i nā mokupuni a me ko lākou hoʻouka ʻana, ʻoiai hoʻi i ka wā hānau, kahe ʻana o nā aila gula i ʻole e ʻae iā lākou e noho ma ʻaneʻi. Eia naʻe, a hiki i ka 1960, ma muli o ka hopena o DDT, ʻaʻole i luku ʻia nā ʻaeto ma nā mokupuni. ʻO ka ʻai ʻana o ka ʻaeto kūpaʻa e hilinaʻi i nā waiwai o ke kai, a ʻo ka ʻalā gula mauʻauhau e noʻonoʻo pono i nā waiwai ʻāina. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mokupuni ʻākau, ua hoʻololi nā hipa i ka ulu ʻana mai o nā mea kanu mai nā mea kanu i nā nahele, kahi e waiho ai i nā alopeke i kahi nui i ka poʻe loea manu.

ʻO nā mea ʻē wale nō i hōʻoia ai i ka wao o nā mokupuni o ka mokupuni, ʻo ia ka ʻalani ʻulaʻula (Buteo jamaicensis), ka mea nui i pio a nā pua ʻōpio a ʻaʻole nā holoholona ʻōpio makua. Aia nā lōʻihi lōʻihi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka pau ʻana o nā ʻaeto lōlio, akā ʻaʻohe mea hou a i kēia manawa paha ke hōʻike nei ua lilo nā pōlio i mea nui.

ʻO nā mea hou e pili ana i ka make ma nā mokupuni mokupuni e make ma nā alanui, nā maʻi ʻē aʻe a me nā pilisa. Ma ka liʻiliʻi o ka hihia o ka make moha ma muli o ka lawaiʻa e kahi kanaka ʻike ʻole ʻia, ua hōʻoia ʻia i ka 2007 ma ka moku ʻo Santa Catalina. ʻO ka hoʻokūkū me nā kaʻa e lilo i mea hoʻoweliweli i nā ʻalopupuni mokupuni i nā mokupuni o San Nicolas, San Clemente a me Santa Catalina. Ma ka mokupuni ʻo Santa Catalina mai 2002 a 2007 i ka make he 4 mau ʻupena i pepehi ʻia i kēlā me kēia me ke alanui. Ma mua o 30 mau ʻalopiha e make ai mai nā kaʻa mai kēlā me kēia makahiki ma ka mokupuni o San Clemente. Ma ka mokupuni o San Nicholas mai 1993 a hiki i 2013, he awelika o 17 mau ʻalopeke i make mai ka halihali i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ma 2013 22 mau mea make. Kui kēia helu helu i nā ʻalopeke nui i pepehi koke ʻia. He mea make paha kekahi mau holoholona a make loa, a i ʻole he poʻe ʻolua nā mea i ola ʻole ma hope o ka make o ka makuahine. No laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka make mau makahiki mai nā kaʻa.

ʻOiai i ka hala ʻole o nā kumu pōpilikia o ka make, hiki i ka nui o nā mokulele mokupuni ke loli nui aʻe i ka wā i hala. I kekahi manawa, ua ʻike nā kānaka o ka mokupuni o Santa Cruz i nā manawa pōkole a me ka nui o nā pōlio mokupuni. He haʻahaʻa ka nui o ka heluna nui o ka mika ma Santa Catalina Island ma 1972 a me 1977. Eia nō naʻe, ma ka makahiki 1994, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka ʻohana ʻelemakule o Santa Catalina ma kahi he 1300 mau kānaka. I nā makahiki mua o 1970, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea haʻahaʻa o ka mokupuni ʻo San Nicholas ma ka 1984, akā ma ka makahiki 1984 ua hōʻea ia ma kahi o 500 mau kānaka.

ʻEhā mau subspecies o ka mokupuni mokulele (nā alopeke o nā mokupuni o San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz a me Santa Catalina) i ʻike wikiwiki i ka heluna helu ma ka hapa lua o ka 1990s. ʻO ka heluna nui ma nā mokupuni o San Miguel, Santa Rosa a me Santa Cruz kahi i hōʻemi ʻia e 90-95%. I ka makahiki 1999, ua manaʻo ʻia ua pau nā palena o nā ʻalopona mokupuni ma nā mokupuni o ke Komohana ʻākau, e like me nā haʻahaʻa o Santa Catalina ma ka makahiki 2000.

I ka makahiki 2004, ua 4 o 6 mau subspecies i komo i ka papa inoa o ka US Federal ma muli o ka emi ʻana o kahi poino i kā lākou heluna. Ua hāʻule ka nui o nā alopeke o ka mokupuni o San Miguel (Urocyon littoralis littoralis) mai 450 mau a hiki i 15, nā mokupuni o Santa Rosa (U. l. Santarosae) i hoʻoneʻe ʻia mai ka 1750 mau kānaka i ka 15, nā mokupuni o Santa Cruz (U. l. Santacruzae) mai aneane 1,450 mau kānaka i emi iho i kahi paha o 55; nā mokupuni o Santa Catalina (U. l. catalinae) i hoʻoneʻe ʻia mai 1300 a 103. ʻO nā ʻeke o ka mokupuni o San Clemente (U. l. clementae) a me ka mokupuni o San Nicholas (U. l. dickeyi) ʻaʻole i kū. ua komo pū ʻia ma ka papa inoa o ka federal, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i ʻike ko lākou lehulehu i kēia mau hāʻule. Eia nō naʻe, helu helu ʻia nā 6 subspecies i hope no ka mokuʻāina o Kaleponi.

ʻO nā manaʻo kaulana ʻelua i alakaʻi i ke ʻano o nā huaʻehā ʻehā o ka mokupuni a ʻoi ka weliweli.

1) ke ʻano o ka aila gula (Aquila chrysaetos) (Nā Mokupuni ʻo San Miguel, Santa Rosa a me Santa Cruz),

2) hoʻoili ʻia o ka canine distemper virus (Santa Catalina Island).

Eia kekahi, ʻoiai liʻiliʻi ka liʻiliʻi o kēlā me kēia mokupuni o ka mokupuni, he mea āpau loa lākou i nā hanana hanana ma muli o ka hoʻoliʻi haʻahaʻa genetic. ʻO nā hoʻoweliweli ʻē aʻe i lilo i hoʻopiʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka nui o nā mokupuni i mokupuni a i ʻole e pili ana i nā pōpoki mokupuni a me ko lākou wahi noho, heʻano pau ʻole i ka ʻohiʻohi, ka maʻi, a me nā aniani.

Ma muli o ka emi nui ʻana o ka heluna kanaka i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma kekahi mokupuni, ua hoʻokō ʻia kahi papahana hoʻoulu pio i ka mokupuni. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kekahi pūʻulu huahelu he 20 mau pālua no kēlā me kēia subspecies ma ke ʻano o ka papahana hopu.

Ma ka makahiki 2003, ua kokoke kokoke ka papahana hoʻoulu pio e hoʻokō nei i ka pahuhopu o nā iwakālua mau pālua o kēlā me kēia kanaka. ʻO nā helu ulu makahiki no ka nui o ka poʻe i pio mai nā mokupuni ʻo Santa Rosa a me San Miguel, he 1,2 a me 1,3.

ʻO ka papahana hopu i ka pio ma nā mokupuni e neʻe ana mai 2000 a 2008. Mai 10 a 20 mau kanaka mai ka noho pio ʻana i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki i loko o ka nahele.

Hoʻokomo ka hana hana hoʻihoʻi ma ka hoʻoiho manuahi (mai 2001 a 2008), ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i nā ʻaila gula, ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā puaʻa hihiu, nā kao holoholona hihiu a me ka eller (āpau - huni no ka ʻaila gula), a me ka hana hou ʻana o nā aeto pōkole. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka mokupuni holoʻokoʻa ka mokupuni me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lekiō a me ka helu makahiki. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā ʻōlima mokupuni ʻē aʻe mai ka lehulehu i hoʻoweliweli ʻia me nā microchips i hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma ka hopu mua ʻana. Kekahi o nā mokupuni mokupuni i kēlā me kēia mokupuni mai nā canine distemper a me nā rabies.

Noho ka nui o nā mokulele mokupuni me ka nui o ka lalo a me ke ola ʻana ma ka hapa nui o nā mokupuni, a aia kekahi o nā subspecies i ke ala e hoʻōla ai. Hiki ke hui ʻia e 2013, ʻo Santa Rosa - hiki i ka makahiki 2017 ke hoʻohuli ʻia nei nā laikini no ka hoʻolaʻa ʻana i ke ola olakino o nā mokupuni o San Miguel, Santa Cruz a me Santa Catalina.

I ka makahiki 2013, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka nui o nā ʻalopuni mokupuni i 1000 mau kānaka ma nā mokupuni o Santa Catalina a me Santa Cruz, a kokoke ʻo 900 i ka mokupuni ʻo Santa Rosa a ma kahi o 600 ma ka mokupuni o San Miguel. Eia kekahi, ʻo kēia manawa i nā manawa āpau o ka mokupuni o ka mokupuni he hapa ola o kēlā me kēia makahiki ʻoi aku ma mua o 80%.

ʻO ke kūlana o ka lehulehu lehulehu i 2015: kūpaʻa (San Clemente), hoʻihoʻi (Santa Cruz, Santa Catalina), hoʻihoʻi (Santa Rosa). ʻO nā hopena o ka lāhū i hōʻemi iki i nā mokupuni o San Nicholas a me San Miguel, akā paʻa mau nā kānaka ʻelua.

[hoʻoponopono] Kahiakau

Urocyon littoralis catalinae - Mokupuni o Santa Catalina.
Clocae Urocyon littoralis - ka mokupuni o San Clemente.
Urocyon littoralis dickeyi - ka mokupuni o San Nicholas.
Urocyon littoralis littoralis - ka mokupuni o San Miguel.
Urocyon littoralis santacruzae - ka mokupuni o Santa Cruz.
Urocyon littoralis santarosae - ka mokupuni o Santa Rosa.

[hoʻoponopono i ke ʻano

ʻO nā holoholona ʻalihi ka holoholona mokupuni. ʻO ka wahi o ka papa hoʻomalu o nā kāne i uhi ʻia i nā ʻāpana wahine a he 0.5-1 mile ka 2. Hoʻomaopopo ʻo Males i ka ʻāina, a waiho i ka urine a me nā feces ma luna o ka ʻōpū. ʻO ka nui o nā mokupuni o ka mokupuni, akā ua ʻike ʻia lākou i ke ao. Hiki i ka holoholona i nā pō i ke pō. Lawe ʻia nā kamaʻilio me kēlā me kēia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā leo like ʻole, olfactory a me nā hōʻailona ʻike.

He manuʻilihua nui nā alopio mokupuni, hoʻolohe, pāʻani a me nā holoholona hihiu. ʻAʻole makaʻu lākou i nā kānaka. Hiki ke hōʻike wale i ka huhū i nā kānaka ma ka hihiu.

He mau kau ʻona a ka ʻaluna mokupuni. ʻO nā huaʻala a me nā huaʻai e komo i ka manzanites, toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia), quinoa (Atriplex) a me ka hua pikaOpuntia) ʻO kekahi ʻakano holoholona i nā ʻiole ʻoihana me nā manu like ʻole, ka poʻe ʻawaʻawa, nā amphibia, nā snails ʻāina, a me nā ʻōpala i waiho ʻia e nā kānaka.

[hoʻoponopono] Hoʻopuka

Ma ka mokupuni mokupuni, ua hōʻike ʻino ʻia ka malepule wahine a me nā pilina like ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine.

ʻO ka wā hānai e hoʻomaka ana mai Ianuali a ʻApelila a hilinaʻi paha i ka latitude. Noho ʻo ka wahine hāpai ʻo 50-63 mau lā, ma hope o ka hānau ʻia ai ka nui o 1 (average (2-3)). Hoʻohana ʻia ka hānai i ka lua, hiki ke mālama ʻia he hona i nā kumulāʻau, punuʻu i ka ʻōpū, kahi puʻu o nā pōhaku, nā mea kanu lāʻau, nā ana a me nā mea hoʻonaninani. Mālama ka pale i ka pale i nā ʻalopona mai nā wā ʻino, nā mea wīwī a me nā pōʻino ʻē aʻe.

He makapō nā pōleʻa ʻōpiopio, ma ke kaupaona ʻana he 100 g. Ua ola nā lactation he 7-9 mau pule. I ka hoʻoilo, hiki ke ulu i nā wā'ōpiopio i ka nui o nā holoholona makua. Mālama ʻo Foxes me ko lākou mau mākua i ke kauwela, ke kūʻokoʻa nei iā lākou ma Kepakemapa.Hoʻopilikia ʻia ʻo Puberty i nā makahiki he 10, a hoʻomaka mai ka makahiki, hiki i nā ʻalā mokupuni ke mana i ka pua.

[hoʻoponopono i ka pale a me ka pale

ʻO ka waena o ka ʻōpuni mokupuni e uhi ʻeono i kēia mau mokupuni ʻewalu o ka Channel Archipelago. Noho ana ia i nā nahele, nā ʻano kai palaka, nā wao nahele, ke kule, ka ʻalā a me nā lau oak.

Ua helu ʻia ka helu o ka mokupuni ʻo ka mokupuni ʻo 2002 a i ka makahiki 1,500, aʻo ka makahiki he 4,000 paha ma ka 4 mau mokupuni ʻeono, ua hāʻule nui ka heluna kanaka i nā makahiki he 4 i hala. Ma nā mokupuni o San Miguel a me Santa Cruz, ua hōʻole ka nui o ka lehulehu ma mua o ka 90% ma waena o 1995 a me 2000. ʻO ke emi ʻana e like me ka ʻike ma nā mokupuni ʻo Santa Rosa a me Santa Catalina. ʻO ka heluna nā kānaka ma San Miguel i kēia manawa he 28 mau ʻalopeke, ma Santa Rosa - 45 mau ʻalopeke, e mālama ʻia nā holoholona ma ka noho pio ʻana ma nā mokupuni ʻelua. Ma ka mokupuni ʻo Santa Cruz, ua hāʻule ka heluna o nā mika moku mai 1312 i 1993 a 133 i ka makahiki 1999. Hōʻike nā koho no ka 2001 ma lalo o nā kūlana kūlohelohe ma ka mokupuni he 60-80 wale nō nā holoholona i mālama ʻia, mai ka makahiki 2002 ua kūʻai ʻia pū lākou. Pono nā populila ma Santa Cruz a me San Miguel e hoʻoikaika i ka hana ʻoluʻolu. Ma ka mokupuni ʻo Santa Catalina, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻalāʻau moku ma kona ʻaoʻao hikina, he hopena ia e ka hopena o ka ʻaʻa o ka canine i ka makahiki 1999. Kuhi ʻia ka lehulehu o San Clement ma 410 mau ʻalopeke makua. ʻO kekahi o nā lehulehu nui e loaʻa ana ma ka mokupuni o San Nicholas - ma kahi o 734 mau mea me ka nui o ka haʻu (5.6-16.4 mau ʻaka / km 2).

ʻO kekahi o nā mea hoʻoweliweli nui i ka mokupuni o ka mokupuni o ka mokupuni ʻo ia ka ʻike ʻia o ka ʻaila gula (Akuila chrysaetos) ʻO nā maʻi ʻoliva ʻē aʻe kekahi ʻōpio. Aia liʻiliʻi nā ʻōiwi āpau, aia kekahi i ka pōʻino, a no laila, ua hoʻoweliweli ʻia kahi ala make i ka pōpoki mokupuni, ʻo ia ka wānana o ka ʻaila gula, kahi maʻi ʻīlio a i ʻole kahi pōʻino kai kūlohelohe. ʻO kēia manawa koke, ma San Clemente, ma muli o ka hopu ʻana i nā ʻalopuni moku, i hoʻokahi o nā subspecies o ka American Julan (ʻO Lanius ludovicianus) Ua luku ʻia nā ʻīlio mokupuni e mālama i kēia manu. A ʻoiai ua pau ka pana ʻana, e hopu ʻia ana nā alopeke i ka hopu ʻia ʻana i ka wā o ka lawaiʻa ʻana o ko Zhulan ʻAmelika. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā wahi i mālama ʻia e mālama ʻia e nā pā uila i kūkulu ʻia iā lākou a puni ka pālule.

ʻO ka International Union for Conservation of Nature e wehewehe ana i ke kūlana o ka mokupuni o ka mokupuni i "ʻo ia ka mea lahilahi". CR) ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka ʻike ma nā Pūnaewele CITES.

Nā kiʻi: Urocyon littoralis Baird, 1858 = Island Grey Fox

ISLAND FOX, ISLAND FOX

Palapala Latin: Urocyon littoralis littoralis. Ua unuhi ʻia ka inoa ʻepekema ʻo Littoralis mai ka ʻōlelo Latin ma "kahi i ulu ai paha, ulu i luna a i ʻole kokoke i ke kahakai", a i ʻole he mea hana e noho nei ma kahi mokupuni. ʻO ka ʻalopilo moku ʻo Urocyon littoralis ka pili pili pili o ka Continental species o ka holopule hina o Urocyon cineroargenteus.

ʻO nā inoa ʻē aʻe: ISLAND GRAY FOX, ISLAND GRAY FOX

Hoʻohālikelike ka ʻāpana i ka ʻāina o nā mokupuni ʻeono (Channel Islands), nona 19-60 mile ma ke kahakai o Kaleponi hema, USA. ʻO kēia mau mokupuni o Santa Catalina, San Clement, San Nicholas, San Miguel, Santa Cruz, a me Santa Rosa.

ʻO nā alopeke hina hina puaʻa nā liʻiliʻi o nā alopeke i ʻike ʻia mai ka ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. A hiki i kēia manawa, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka subspecies o ka ʻalehu hina (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), he liʻiliʻi, a ʻoi aku ka pōkole ma mua, a ma laila he ʻelua mau ʻulana ma mua o nā ʻalopeke hina mai ka ʻāina nui. He ʻapu o ka palu hina hilo, ua ulu ka mokupuʻu i nā ʻano kū hoʻokahi i ka 10,000 mau makahiki, e hoʻomau ana i nā ʻano hiʻohiʻona o kona kūpuna, akā i ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana, ua emi iho kona nui a i kēia manawa wale nō nā moʻolelo ʻelua o ka nui o ka kūpuna.

ʻO ka manaʻo holistic o ka fox mokupuni i kūkulu ʻia i nā subspecies ʻeono, hoʻokahi ma kēlā me kēia o nā mokupuni ʻeono kahi e noho ai lākou. Hiki i nā wīwī mai nā mokupuni ʻē aʻe ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia, akā he nui nā ʻano kūʻokoʻa a me nā kūlohelohe e lawa ana e ʻike ai i ke kūʻokoʻa o kā lākou subspecies. No ka ʻokoʻa, ʻokoʻa ka nui o ka caudal vertebrae mai ka mokupuni a hiki i kēia mokupuni. Ua kapa ʻia nā subspecies ma ko lākou mokupuni i puka mai ai.

Mālama Island Island:
Locoralis Urocyon littoralis - Ka pokole o San Miguel Island
U. littoralis santarosae - Santa Rosa Fox
U. littoralis santacruzae - Fox o ka mokupuni o Santa Cruz
U. littoralis dickeyi - San Nicholas fox
U. littoralis catalinae - Fox o ka mokupuni o Santa Catalina
U. littoralis clementae - Fox o ka mokupuni o San Clemente

Kui: Ke hina ʻulaʻula-keʻokeʻo me nā ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele o nā lauoho a me nā kinamona undercoat ma ka ʻaoʻao dorsal, a me kahi ʻulaʻula keʻokeʻo a ʻulaʻula ma ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū. ʻEleʻele ka hāpū, lehelehe, ka ihu, a me ka maka o ka maka, aʻo nā ʻaoʻao o nā ʻāpana ka hina. Kūleʻa ka pepeiao, ka ʻāʻī a me nā ʻaoʻao hoʻi o nā wāwae. ʻO ka huelo ka mea ʻoniʻoni ʻeleʻele e nānā i ka ʻaoʻao dorsal me ka mane o ka lauoho lauoho. ʻAnoʻalaha ka palena o lalo o ka huelo. ʻOkoʻa ʻē ka ʻalani o ke kapa i waena o nā ʻalopona ma nā mokupuni ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai he ʻano iki ia i waena o nā poʻe like ʻole, mai ka ʻomeni hina a i kaʻulaʻula a ʻulaʻula.

Holo wale i ka mokupuni mokupuni i hoʻokahi makahiki i ka makahiki o ʻAukake a me Nowemapa.

He paler opi palalā o nā ʻalopeke ʻōpio a i ko lākou mau kua i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā pākeke, a ʻoi aku hoʻi, ʻeleʻele ka pepeiao o ka pepeiao.

ʻO ka lōʻihi awe kino me kahi ʻili i nā kāne he 716 mm (625-716), i nā wahine 689 mm (590-787). ʻO ka lōʻihi maʻamau o ke kino: 48-50 cm, ka lōʻihi o ka huelo: 11-29 cm. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe ma nā poʻohiwi e piʻi ana i 12 a 15 kenimika.

Kaumaha: ʻO nā paona momona kino mai 1,3 a 2.8 kg (2.2-4.4 paona), me nā kāne kau paona ʻana he 2 kg ma ka awelika, a ʻo nā wahine paona he 1.9 kg.

Hoʻolāleʻa ke ola: ʻO ka makemake o ke ola maʻamau ma ke ʻano he lōʻihi ka lōʻihi no ka ʻalopeke no ka mea ke kaʻawale lākou mai nā mea kahakaha a me nā maʻi. I kēia manawa, aia ma waena o ʻehā a ʻeono makahiki, akā ola kekahi mau alopeke i 15 mau makahiki.

Leo: ke kamaʻilio ʻia ʻana o ka leo ma waena o nā ʻalopeke me ka hoʻoulu ʻana a me kekahi manawa ulu.

Habitat: Aia nā mokupuni i ka hiʻohiʻona e ka wela a me ka maloʻo i ke kauwela, a me kaʻoluʻolu a me ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe (i ka anu) i ka hoʻoilo. ʻOiai ke ʻano o ka hoʻonaninā ʻana o nā ʻalopona a i hoʻoholo ʻia e ko lākou mau wahi, ʻaʻohe mea kūpono no ka noho ma waena o lākou. Ke nui ka nui o ka ʻalopō i loaʻa i nā ʻalā, ʻike ʻia a ʻike ʻia kekahi wahi o kēlā mokupuni. Noho ʻo Foxes i nā awāwa a me nā mahina ʻai, nā mākia kahakai, ma nā pāpū ʻōpala, nā mokupuni o nā pua ʻalā, nā ʻalā o nā kapakai a me nā kumulāʻau, i nā pulu.

ʻEā nui: ʻO ka mea nui o nā ʻalopeke o ka mokupuni ʻo ia ka eʻe gula. ʻAʻole i noho mau ʻia nā ʻōlima gula ma nā Mokupuni, akā ua pīhoihoi ʻia e ka lehulehu o nā puaʻa puaʻa ma kahi o 1995, i ka wā i hala ʻole ai nā aeto ma aneʻi. ʻO ka nalo ʻana o ka ʻaeto i hana i nā kūlana maikaʻi no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā mokupuni ʻākau me kahi ʻaeto gula liʻiliʻi. Ua hoʻomaka maikaʻi ka ʻīlio gula a me ka holomua o ka ʻōpala moku a i nā makahiki he 7 e hiki mai ana ua lawe ʻia ka ʻōpala moku i nā lihi o ka luku loa. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi ʻana, i ka makahiki 2000, ua hōʻemi ʻia ka 95% o ka heluna o nā ʻalopeke ma nā mokupuni ʻākau.

ʻO ka hoʻoweliweli nui o ka mokupuni holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻalopeke ka weliweli o nā maʻi o ka canine i lawe ʻia mai ka ʻāina nui, e like me ka leptospirosis, rabies, kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻopau i ka nui o ka nui o ka ʻalopō. I ka makahiki hoʻokahi, ʻo ka 90% o ka lehulehu o ka pokela o Santa Catalina Island i hoʻopau ʻia e like me ka maʻi o ka canine e hoʻoiho ʻia ai ka maʻi a me ka make. Ke emi nei ka heluna ʻana, e like me ka mea e manaʻo ʻia nei a hiki i kēia lā.

Ma muli o ko lākou noho kaawale ʻana, ʻaʻohe ʻōlima kūlohelohe o nā mokupuni i nā maʻi a me nā maʻi i lawe ʻia mai ka ʻāina mai, a no nā mea āpau loa ka poʻe i lawe ʻia e nā ʻīlio kūloko. He helu nui o nā alopeke e make ma lalo o nā huila o nā kaʻa ma nā mokupuni o Santa Catalina, San Clement a me San Nicholas. ʻO ka huina o nā ʻalopuni mokupuni ua hāʻule mai 6,000 mau kānaka i ka makahiki 1994, ua emi mai ka 1,500 i ka 2002. Ma nā mokupuni ʻākau, kahi nui o ka hāʻule ʻana ma muli o ka wānana a nā aeto gula, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā alopeke i nā mea i uhi ʻia o ka puʻu mai luna aʻe, e komo pū nā lāʻau popo o nā pua a me nā mea kanu. momona dill (Foeniculum vulgare) a me nā mea kanu lāʻau-shrub ulu.

Holo ka ʻeke o nā mokupuni i ka pō, akā ikaika nō hoʻi i ke ao. Kau ka mea nui i ka wahi e noho ai nā alopeke a hoʻoholo ʻia e ka manawa o ka makahiki. Akā ke kumu o kā lākou ʻai, ʻo ka mea mua loa, nā ʻano hua a me nā hua ʻai (e pili ana i ka tan bearberry, toyon, quinoa, prickly pear a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), akā pū kekahi me nā mammals liʻiliʻi, nā manu, nā reptile, nā snails ʻāina, nā hua a me nā ʻano o nā pepona, hiki hoʻi i ke koena ʻai ʻia mai ka ʻōpala o ke kanaka.

I ka hiki ʻana i ka wā ulu, kūkulu ka ʻalopona moku i ka puha e mau ana no ka wā o ka hānau a me ka hānai ʻana i nā pēpē. I kekahi manawa ʻē aʻe o ke ola, alakaʻi lākou i kahi pō malu a i kekahi lā kahi nohona olakino a hiki i ka wā e hiki mai ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana. Noho ke kāne a ka wahine mai nā pālua i ka ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o nā wahi kokoke i ka palena o 0.5-1 mau square, ʻoiai ʻo kā lākou mau ʻāpana pilikino, e hoʻopili ʻia ma waena o lākou iho a me nā ʻāpana o nā huina pili. ʻO ke kamaʻilio ma waena o nā ʻalopona e ala i ka hihiʻo, nā leo a me nā ʻono. I ka pō, hiki i kekahi ke lohe ke lohe i nā pōkoki e ʻaka ana i waena o lākou. ʻO ke kamaʻilio kikowaena i ke ʻano o ka hele a me ka wīwī, me ka komo ʻana o nā mea hōʻike i ka facial a me nā postures kino, e kōkua ana e ʻike i nā manamana a i ʻole nā subordinate. No laila, no ka laʻana, hiki ke hōʻike ʻia i ka hālāwai me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ke poʻo, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pepeiao, ka ʻāʻī ʻana, ka līpī ʻana i ka pili a me ka ʻike ʻole ʻana o ka nānā maka pololei (e nānā ana i nā maka ma ka maka). Ke koʻikoʻi nei ka ʻala o ka puʻuwai koʻikoʻi i ka mākaʻina o nā wahi, i lawe ʻia e ka urine a me nā litter, aia ma nā palena o nā plots a me nā ala nui e neʻe ai i nā pōpoki.

ʻO nā alopeke mokupuni, e like me ko lākou poʻe kūpuna ʻāina nui, piʻi maikaʻi i nā lāʻau.

I ka hoʻo pio ʻana, hoʻomaka mua nā alopeke i ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā kānaka, akā, e māliku koke ʻia a lilo lākou i kumupaʻa. Maalea, palalulu, pāʻani a ʻike hopohopo nā ona ma nā ʻalopeke.

Hoʻokumu ʻĀpana: Noho nā pōleʻa o nā mokupuni i nā wahi kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka moliki hina, a ma kahi o hoʻokahi mile ka ʻona no ka moliko. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻāina o kahi pānaʻi ma kahi kokoke i kekahi e pili ana i ka pailima o ka ʻōpala a i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka urine. Hoʻololi pinepine nā palena o ke kaona o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine, aʻo ka hapa o ka wahine i hana i ka wahine ma ka wā hoʻoulu kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai kahi pā ʻohana maʻamau me ka kāne a pale ʻia pū kekahi.

Hana hou: manaʻo ʻia, ʻoiai i waena o ka lehulehu o nā ʻalopeke he māhele kūlike like, he monogamous lākou.

Aia nā laces i nā waihona o ka honua, nā ʻōpala lāʻau hollow, nā piles o nā pōhaku, nā lāʻau, nā ana a me nā mea hana like ʻole. ʻOiai ka mea maʻamau lākou ʻaʻole e kūkulu i ko lākou mau papa ponoi ma luna o lākou iho, akā i ka lilo ʻole o kahi lua kūpono, ʻae ʻole lākou e ʻae iā lākou iho ma ka ʻano o ka lua o ka lua. Hānau ʻia nā ʻīpī ma loko o kahi lua i mālama maikaʻi ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā lepo lepo maloʻo.

E like me nā canine ʻē aʻe, nui nā kuleana a nā kāne i ka hana ʻana i ka poʻe ʻōpio. Nā ʻōpio ʻōpio, ma hope o ko lākou haʻalele ʻana i ka ʻina a lilo i kūʻokoʻa, maʻa pinepine e kokoke kokoke ana i kā lākou lua, ma ka pūnaewele o ko lākou mau mākua i kekahi manawa hou aku. Ua hiki lākou i ka nui piha o ka pākeke i ka hopena o kēia makahiki, akā ke waiho maʻamau i nā mākua i ka hopena o Kepakemapa.

Ka manawa hoʻopau / ka hānai: ʻO ka manawa o ka moena a me ka lawaiʻa i ka lā o Ianuali - ʻApelila a hilinaʻi ma ka latitude o ka wahi.

ʻO Puberty: E lilo kūʻokoʻa ʻo Foxes i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hopena, hiki i ka wā ʻōpiopio ma kahi o 10 mau makahiki o kona mau makahiki, a hānau keiki nā wahine i hoʻokahi makahiki o hoʻokahi makahiki.

ʻO ke kahawai: 51-63 lā.

ʻO Offspring: ʻO ka nui litter ma ka awelika he 4 pēpē, akā mai ka awelika mai ka 1 a 10. ʻO ka ʻīpū paha nā makapō a pale ʻole i ka wā hānau a kaupaona paha ma kahi o 100 mau grama. Mālama ka makuahine i nā pēpē me ka hānai i ka waiū i ka he 7-9 pule mua, ʻoiai lākou e puka ana mai ka lua a hoʻomaka e hānai i ka meaʻai a nā mākua, hoʻomaka mai ka makahiki hoʻokahi makahiki hoʻokahi.

Loaʻa / pōʻino i nā kānaka:

ʻO ka hoʻoweliweli nui ʻekolu o ka mokupuni hina hina ka make, ka hoʻokūkū me nā pōpoki hihiu ma luna o ka meaʻai, a me ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana o nā maʻi i hoʻopuka mai ka ʻāina mai. No laila, ua hōʻemi ka nui o nā alopeke ma ka mokupuni o San Miguel i ka pōʻino o ka 5 mau makahiki i hala aku nei: inā i ka makahiki 1994 ka nui o ka ʻalopeke i helu ʻia ma 450 mau holoholona, a laila ma ka 1998 he 40 mau holoholona wale nō.

Ua ʻike ʻia kahi liʻiliʻi e pili ana i nā alopeke ma nā mokupuni o Santa Rosa. Manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia he ʻano liʻiliʻi ʻole ia, a manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia nā pūlima gula i hana nui i ko lākou hoʻohemo ʻana. ʻO ka nui o nā ʻalopeke ma ka mokupuni o Santa Cruz he 100-133 mau holoholona. ʻO ke kumu nui o ka make he ʻaila gula. Ma ka mokupuni o Santa Catalina, ua make ka hapanui o nā alopeke i ka makahiki 1999 mai nā rabies i hoʻokomo me nā ʻīlio. Ua neʻe ka hopena o nā alopeke i kahi hoʻomau i ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o ka nui o nā ʻōlima o kēia wahi a ua nui loa ka nui. Ua kiʻekiʻe ka nui o nā ʻalopeke ma ka mokupuni o San Clemente, a ma San Nicolas e ulu mau ana ka lehulehu. Ua alakaʻi ʻia nā mea āpau i kēia manawa ke pale malū nei ʻo ka nū hina hina i kēia mau mokupuni ʻeono.

Mea ʻai

Kahiki i ka mokupuni huli lākou i ka pō, akā ikaika lākou i ke ao. ʻO kā lākou meaʻai e hilinaʻi nui ʻia ma kahi e noho ai nā alopeke a hoʻoholo ʻia e ka manawa o ka makahiki. Akā ʻo ke kumu o kaʻai ʻana, ka mea mua loa, nā ʻano hua a me nā huaʻai (me ka hua ʻana o ka tannic bearberry, quinoa, prickly pear a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki i kēia mea nāna e hana me ka wai ʻole o nā holoholona, e hoʻopaʻa ana ʻo ia ma luna o nā momi liʻiliʻi, nā manu, nā reptile, nā snails ʻāina, nā hua a me nā ʻano o nā mea hihiu, a me nā koina ʻai manu mai nā puʻu manu.

Koi a ʻĀpana Kai a Reproduction

Kahiki i ka mokupuni i ka hiki ʻana aku o ka ulu ʻana, hana ka ʻalopeke i mau pālua e kū mau ai no ka wā o ka hoʻoulu a me ka hānai ʻana i nā pēpē. ʻO ke koena o ka makahiki, ke alakaʻi nei nā alopeke i kahi nocturnal kahi i waiho ʻia, a i kekahi manawa ke ao, ka nohona a hiki i ka wā e hiki mai ana. Noho ke kāne a ka wahine mai nā pālua i ka ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o nā wahi kokoke i ka palena o 0.5-1 mau square, ʻoiai ʻo kā lākou mau ʻāpana pilikino, e hoʻopili ʻia ma waena o lākou iho a me nā ʻāpana o nā huina pili. Noho ka ʻeke o nā mokupuni i nā wahi kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā ʻupehu hina, a ma kahi o hoʻokahi mile ka ʻona no ka moliko. Hoʻololi pinepine nā palena o ke kaona o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine, aʻo ka māhele o ka wahine i kūkulu i ka pālua i ka wā hoʻoulu, e hui pū ʻia i loko o kahi kahua pilikino me ke kāne a pale ʻia pū kekahi.

ʻO ke kamaʻilio ma waena o nā ʻalopona e ala i ka hihiʻo, nā leo a me nā ʻono. I ka pō, hiki i kekahi ke lohe ke lohe i nā pōkoki e ʻaka ana i waena o lākou. ʻO ke kamaʻilio kikowaena i ke ʻano o ka hele a me ka wīwī, me ka komo ʻana o nā mea hōʻike i ka facial a me nā postures kino, e kōkua ana e ʻike i nā manamana a i ʻole nā subordinate. No laila, no ka laʻana, hiki ke hōʻike ʻia i ka hālāwai me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ke poʻo, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pepeiao, ka ʻūlū ʻana, ka līlī i ka hoa aloha a me ka ʻike ʻole o ka ʻike maka (maka i ka maka). Ka hana koʻikoʻi ke koʻikoʻi i ka hōʻailona o nā wahi, ka mea e lawe ʻia e ka urine a me ka hiʻona, aia ma nā palena o nā plots a me nā ala nui e neʻe ai i nā pōpoki.

ʻO ka manawa o ka moʻa a me ka maka ʻana i ka mahina o Ianuali - ʻApelila a hilinaʻi i ka latitude o ka ʻāina. Noho nā noho o nā ʻalāʻau mokupuni i nā ʻōpū o ka honua, nā ʻōpala lāʻau pohō, nā mea hoʻokalakupua o nā pōhaku, nā lāʻau, nā ana, a me nā ʻano hana like ʻole. ʻOiai ka mea maʻamau ʻaʻole lākou e kūkulu i ko lākou mau papa ponoi ma luna o lākou iho, akā i ka lilo ʻole o kahi lua kūpono, ʻeli mau lākou iā lākou ma kā lākou iho ponoʻi ma ke ʻano o kahi lua liʻiliʻi i ka lepo.

Noho ʻo ka wahine hāpai ʻo 51-63 mau lā. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā pēpē i loko o kahi pā i mālama ʻia a mālama ʻia i nā lepo lepo maloʻo. E like me nā canine ʻē aʻe, pili nui nā kāne i kā lākou hānai, pale a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā lehele he 4 mau ʻīlio, akā he mau makahiki mai ka 1 a 10. ʻO ka pēpē pēpē makapō a ʻaʻohe pono o ka wā hānau a kaupaona paha ma kahi o 100 gramu. Mālama ka makuahine iā lākou i ka waiū i ka mau he 7-9 o ke wiki mua, ʻoiai lākou e puka ana mai ka lua a hoʻomaka e hoka i nā meaʻai a ko lākou mau mākua i hoʻokahi makahiki. Nā ʻōpio ʻōpio, ma hope o ko lākou haʻalele ʻana i ka ʻina a lilo i kūʻokoʻa, maʻa pinepine e kokoke kokoke ana i kā lākou lua, ma ka pūnaewele o ko lākou mau mākua i kekahi manawa hou aku. Ua hiki lākou i ka nui piha o ka pākeke i ka hopena o kēia makahiki, akā ke waiho maʻamau i nā mākua i ka hopena o Kepakemapa. Hiki i nā Foxes i ka wā ʻōpiopio ma kahi o 10 mau makahiki o kona mau makahiki, a hānai nā wahine i nā makahiki he hoʻokahi paha makahiki.

Nā mea hoʻoweliweli i ke ola

ʻEkolu mau mea e hoʻoweliweli mokupuni hina hina - ka luku ʻana i ka nohona, hoʻokūkū me nā pōpoki hihiu ma luna o ka meaʻai, a me ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana o nā maʻi i hāpai ʻia mai ka ʻāina mai. No laila, ua emi ka nui o ka lipi i ka mokupuni o San Miguel ma 5 mau makahiki i hala aku nei: inā i ka makahiki 1994 ka nui o ka heluna o nā alopeke i 450 mau holoholona, a laila ma ka 1998 he 40 mau holoholona wale nō. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi liʻiliʻi e pili ana i nā alopeke ma nā mokupuni o Santa Rosa. ʻO ka nui o nā ʻalopeke ma ka mokupuni o Santa Cruz he 100-133 mau holoholona. ʻO ke kumu nui o ka make he ʻaila gula. Ma ka mokupuni o Santa Catalina, ua make ka hapanui o nā alopeke i ka makahiki 1999 mai nā rabies i hoʻokomo me nā ʻīlio. Ua neʻe ka hopena o nā alopeke i kahi hoʻomau i ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o ka nui o nā ʻōlima o kēia wahi a ua nui loa ka nui. Ua kiʻekiʻe ka nui o nā ʻalopeke ma ka mokupuni o San Clemente, a ma San Nicolas e ulu mau ana ka lehulehu. Ua alakaʻi ʻia nā mea āpau i kēia manawa ke pale malū nei i nā mokupuni hina pua i kēia mau mokupuni ʻeono.

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