ʻO kahi gopher pōkole liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, kahi liʻiliʻi iʻoi aku ma mua o ka punahele spkled: ka lōʻihi o ke kino - 16.5-22.5 cm, kaʻu - 4.6-7.4 cm. Ka ʻulaʻulaʻula o ke kua o ke kua, nānā i ke ʻano kaila melemele-keʻokeʻo a ʻulaʻula paha. . ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā ʻaoʻao nā ʻāpana-melemele, ʻo ka ʻōpū, he pale ka melemele pale. He puni ke alo he mau kukui māmā. ʻO ka huelo ma ka hopena he maʻamau wahi pōmaikaʻi. He liʻiliʻi nā ʻeke cheek.

Kālā

Ke laha nei ka gopher Europa ma ka ʻaoʻao hema ma waena o Central and Eastern Europe: sheast Germany, Poland (Silesian Upland), Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slowakia, mai ʻaneʻi a hiki i ke kūkulu hema - i ka ʻaoʻao ʻEulopa o Turkey, Moldova. Loaʻa ia ma Ukraine ma nā komohana komohana (Vinnitsa, Chernivtsi, Transcarpathian rohe). I ʻEulopa, ʻaʻohe mea i kēia manawa.

Lāiau a me kaʻai kino

ʻIke ʻia ka ʻāina kalima o ʻEulopa ma ka pāpū a me nā kuahiwi o ke kula lāʻau-steppe a me nā pā ala ala. Noho ʻo ia ma nā wahi hānai, nā puʻupaʻa, ʻulupua a me nā mea hiki ʻole ke kanu i nā ʻāina (no ka laʻana, he stony), ma ka lihi o nā ʻāina ulu, nā kihi, a me nā kīhāpai i haʻalele ʻia, me nā alanui. Hōʻalo i nā ʻāina kahawai, nā kahakai o nā kaʻi wai, nā wahi me ka pala makala a me nā mea kanu lāʻau. Ma ka ʻāina hoʻopōmaikaʻi, ʻokoʻa ʻole i ka mākeke lepo spkled, ua hoʻopau wale ʻia nā ʻuʻu pōkole, ka mea i hoʻopau ʻia e ka ʻāʻī ʻana. Noho ma nā kolana liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, me ka nui o ka lehulehu ka hapanui o nā kiʻekiʻe ʻaʻole ma mua o 7-10 ap./ha.

ʻO nā ʻahā maʻamau o nā papa ʻāina Europa i loaʻa iā 1-2. Ma ka hapalua o nā holoholona, ​​ua kū wale ka neʻe i ka lua i ka lua, i ka ʻaha - e hoʻopili wale ʻia, i ka mea i koe - ke kau hoʻokahi a kau i hoʻokahi. I loko o laila he 1-2 mau lumi moe kolohe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka mauʻu maloʻo, emi iki ka 3-5. Aia nā keʻena pilikino ma ka hohonu o 65-100 cm. No kēlā hohonu o kahi o nā lumi e kūpono no ka hoʻoilo, no ka mea, ʻaʻole anuanu ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻāina i ka hohonu o ka 2035 cm ma ka papa honua. ma ka hope, ua hoʻohana ʻia lākou e nā holoholona me he mau nāanaka a i ʻole no ka hoʻomaha ʻana i ka manawa wela o ka lā a i ka wā he nui. Pēlā e lula ai nā holoholona ma nā alanui a lākou e hele ai e hānai.

ʻO ka ʻai nui nā mākele ʻāina o ʻEulopa ka mea kanu, akā nā holoholona a me nā hua manu manu i komo pū i loko o kāna meaʻai. Ma hope o ka puka ʻana i waho o ka lā hānau, ʻo kā ka mea punahele punahele ka poʻe kahe punahele nā ​​puna o ka puna ephemera. I ka lua o ka hapa o Mei, ua ʻona like kona ʻai ʻana i ka hua o ka ʻūlū me ka nui o ka meʻa, a ma ka hopena o Iune, ʻo nā hua o nā geraniums a me nā ʻano lāʻau like ʻole. E ʻai ʻoluʻolu ʻo Gophers i nā lāʻau ʻalā. I ka wā hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā hua ʻai, hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻaka ʻāina i ka mahina ʻai a ʻai i nā hua. He liʻiliʻi nā pā liʻiliʻi, ʻuʻuku hoʻi (10-15 m ākea) hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale loa.

Ka hoʻokūkū ola

Mai ka wā hoʻoilo o ka hoʻoilo, ma ka hapanui ʻo ka Pākīpika i ala ma ke kolu o ka lāʻei o Malaki. ʻO ka mea mua, e like me nā lāʻau poli o nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, ua hānai nā kāne, nā mea hope loa - nā holoholona ʻōpio o ka makahiki i hala. Ma hope o ke ʻano ʻana o nā wī wahine, hoʻomaka ka lāhui, ka mea i ukali ʻia e nā hakakā ma waena o nā kāne. Noho ʻo ka wahine helu 25-28 mau lā, ʻike ʻia nā cubs mua ma ka hopena o ʻApelila. Aia he 2-9 i ka ʻōpala, ʻo 4.5 ka nui o ka paona o nā keiki hou i ka lā he 4,5 g me ka lōʻihi o ke kino o 3.5-4 cm. Ma ka lā 8-9, e hoʻomaka ana nā kihi hou o ke kula i ka wā, ma ka lā 15-16 ke uhi ʻia lākou i ka lauoho. Hoʻomaka lākou e puka mai nā lua mai ka hopena o Mei. Hoʻomaka ka noho hou ʻana o nā holoholona ʻōpiopio i ka waena o Iune, i ka wā i hiki ai ko lākou huakaʻi i ka nui o 50-60 g. Hoʻohā pinepine nā wahine i nā ʻuʻu pōkole ma kahi o nā huaʻai, a ua noho nā poʻe ʻōpiopio.

Hoʻopau ka poʻe gophers i ka lā 9-10 a hiki i ka 15-16 mau hola, haʻalele nā ​​gophers i ka puʻu i ʻelua mau manawa i kahi lā - 1-2 mau hola ma hope o ka lā a me ke awakea a mai 14-15 mau hola ma mua o ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā. Ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hibernation, ua hele nā ​​ʻōpū honua lepo i waho o nā lua i nā manawa pinepine, i kekahi manawa no 2-3 mau lā me ka ʻole o ka ʻike ʻana i ka maka. ʻO nā kāne hānai a me nā wahine hānau hānau hou i ka wā mua o Iulai, ʻoi ʻia ka wahine i ka hoʻomaka mua o ʻAukake, a ʻo ka ʻōpio ua hana a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Kepakemapa.

ʻO ka hana o ke kuʻi ʻāina ʻEulopa i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana ma muli o ka emi ʻana o kona helu a me ka nalo ʻana o kekahi mau kolana. I ka manawa ma mua, ua lilo ia ka kīʻai nui no ka mamm predatory (steppe ferret) a me nā manu (steppe eagle, looney, etc.).

Kāleka

ʻO kahi gopher pōkole liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ia mea nui wale nō ma mua o ka puna pīpī me ka spkled: ka lōʻihi o ke kino - 16.5-22.5 cm, kaʻu - 4.6-7.4 cm. . ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā ʻaoʻao nā ʻāpana-melemele, ʻo ka ʻōpū, he pale ka melemele pale. He puni ke alo he mau kukui māmā. ʻO ka huelo ma ka hopena he maʻamau wahi pōmaikaʻi. He liʻiliʻi nā ʻeke cheek.

Ke kūlana ʻona

I kēia manawa, ʻo ka laulā o ka squidrel o ka honua kahi i mālama ʻia o nā "mokupuni", mai nā ʻāpana nui a he ʻumi hekena. Aia pū i loko o ka Appendix II o ka Berne Convention (1992), ʻo ka Red Book o Moldova a me ka Red Book o Ukraine. Mālama ʻia ʻo ia ma Czech Republic, Hungary a Polani hoʻi.

Ua luku nui ʻia nā Gophers i nā kenekulia XIX-XX. No ka laʻana, mai ka makahiki 1870, ua koi ʻia nā pākēne āpau ma ka moku o Kherson e pepehi i kahi poʻe gophers mai hoʻokahi hapa ʻumi o ka ʻāina. I ka makahiki 1885, ua luku ʻia ʻo 7 miliona o lākou ma ka moku ʻo Kherson, a mai ka 1896 ua hoʻopau ʻia ka palaoa i kā lākou. Ma nā makahiki 1930 i loko o Ukraine, ua hoʻouka hou ka hakakā ʻana me nā kēkū lepo, aia wale nō i ka makahiki 1929, nā keiki kula o Ukraine, ma ke kāhea ʻana o nā Komsomol a me ke kula, i lawe ʻia nā ola he 2 miliona o kēia mau holoholona. ʻO Yunnat o ke kula Ulyanovsk ʻehiku mau makahiki o ka moku Shiryaevsky o ka mokuʻo Odessa wahi ʻo Lenya Mikolaenko i luku maoli i ka makahiki 4,200 ka nui.

ʻO S. Belchenko, ke kuhina nui o KGB o ka USSR ma lalo o Khrushchev, e hoʻomanaʻo ana i kona wā ʻōpiopio, ʻoi aku ka naʻau o ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ka luku ʻana i nā gophers: "... ua neʻe ʻo ia i kēia wahi a ninini ka wai i loko o ka lua a hiki i ka lele ʻana mai ka pūmaka mai loko aʻe. Aia kekahi puʻupuʻu kūikawā ma ʻaneʻi - e hopu i kahi gopher ma ka ʻāʻī a ku i ka lepo. He ʻoki manu wau, pono wau e hōʻoki i kona mau wāwae, e uhaki i ka pūmaʻa a me ka kaula ma o lākou, i mea e lilo ai i mea hōʻike no ka luku ʻana i ke koʻokoʻo. "

Ma waena o nā makahiki ʻumikūmālua, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi mana kūikawā o ka mokulele AN-2 a hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā pahu pīpī, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo "The ground Gririr aircraft." Ma ʻApelila 1947, ua kau ka ʻaha kūkā o nā Kuhina o Iukure i kahi kauoha "No nā hana e hakakā ai i nā gophers," e koi ana i nā kula e komo i ka luku ʻia. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia e ʻai ana ke kime i ka 4 kg o ka palaoa i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Akā no kekahi mau kumu ʻaʻole i ʻōlelo kekahi ua hāʻule ia hu.

15.02.2018

ʻO ka squirrel lepo ʻEulopa (lat. Spermophilus citellus) kahi lāʻau liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi mai ka ʻohana squirrel (Sciuridae). ʻO ka inoa ʻepekema o kēia koʻokoʻo momona mai ka ʻōlelo Helene spermatos (palaoa) a me phileo (aloha), e hōʻike ana i kona aloha nui a me ke aloha āpau o nā mea kanu. I ka wā kahiko, ua manaʻo ʻia he mea pōʻino weliweli a make i ke aloha ʻole.

ʻĀnō, ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o kona poʻe nui, ʻaʻole i hoʻonāukiuki ka gopher i ka mahiʻai. I nā makahiki waena o ʻEulopa, ua lilo ʻo ia i mea holoholona hihiu koʻikoʻi. Ma nā makahiki 60-70 o ke kenekulia iwakālua, hele aku nā huahana mai kāna hulu. I loko o nā'āina he nui o ka Hui ʻEulopa, aia ka holoholona i lalo o ka malu o ka mokuahi; e hana ʻia ana ka hoʻoikaika ʻana e hoʻomau i kona nui.

ʻAno lawehala

Ke alakaʻi nei nā poʻe kahu gropiana i kahi he o ke ao. Hana lākou i nā kolone mai nā ʻohana he nui mai 20 a 200 i nā holoholona. I ka wā ma mua, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hui o kēlā mau kolana ʻo 2-3 tausani kanaka.

I loko o kahi litter he awelika o 3 cubs. ʻO kēlā me kēia līlī hou a i ʻole kānana i ka nui o nā kolone. Noho nā ʻōpala ʻāina ʻōiwi i nā ʻuʻu kahiko a i ʻole nā ​​eli i nā mea hou 300-500 m mai ka pūnana makua. I loko o kēia manawa, lilo lākou i mau pio o nā mea wānana a i ʻole nā ​​mea hoʻoponopono i ka loli o ka wā i ka nui o nā waika a i ʻole ke kaumaha.

I ka pūnāwai a me ke kauwela, noho nā holoholona i nā hola 11 i kēlā me kēia lā no ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, a ma ka hoʻoilo ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 7 mau hola.

Me ka hoʻoilo mua o ka ngahulu mua, hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻomākaukau no ka hoʻoilo. ʻO nā komo komo i ka lalo o ka hale i uhi ʻia e ka mauʻu a me ka lepo. E hoʻomaka ana ka hānau ʻana mai ʻOkakopa a Malaki Malaki.

Hoʻohui ka poʻe gopher Europa i loko o kahi kaawale hoʻoneʻe, kēlā me kēia ma kahi kaʻawale. I ka wā o ka hānau ʻana, e hāʻule ana kona kino kino mai 37 ° -38 ° C i ka 1.8 ° -2 ° C, a ʻo ka puʻuwai o kona puʻupuʻu ʻaʻole i emi iki i kekahi mau minuke i hoʻokahi minuke. Ua hoʻoneʻe ke kahe koko ma kahi o 70 mau manawa.

No nā mahina he nui, ola ke kino ma muli o ka momona i mālama i ke kau kauwela-gugur. Me kahi maʻamau o 3 a 20 mau lā, ala ka holoholona i kahi manawa pōkole a ma kēia mau awakenings pōkole e hoʻohana ana a hiki i 90% o nā momona a pau ma ke kino. ʻO ka wahine ʻoi aku ka hānau ʻana ma mua o nā kāne, a ala a ma hope.

I nā lā mahana, mālama nā gophers i ka palapu ʻana i ka lā, me ka neʻe ʻole ʻana e haʻalele i kā lākou mau home. Hoʻomaʻa pinepine lākou i ke kū ʻana, e kū ana ma nā wāwae hind a kau ʻia i ke kiʻekiʻe piha. No laila ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka ʻike ʻana i ka pilikia e hiki mai ana. Me kahi hoʻomaha kauwela pōkole, moe nā rodents i nā lā he nui a ʻike i nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole o ka wā i ko lākou hiamoe.

E kamaʻilio nā holoholona me kekahi me ke kōkua o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana a me nā kani uila.

Ke loaʻa mai kahi hoʻoweliweli, hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻelua o ka hōʻailona o ka hōʻailona. Hana kekahi i nā lālā o ka ʻohana hipa, a kāhea ʻia ka lua no ka holo koke ʻana i ka mea hoʻopakele.

Kūkā ka holoholona i kona pono iho, ʻo ka corridor kahi e hiki ai ka 8 m a ʻo 2-2,5 m ka lalo. Hoʻololi ka nui o nā keʻena kūleʻa mai ke ala ʻana i nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole (maʻa mau ma kahi o ʻelima). Kuhi ʻia nā komo lōʻihi i kahi kihi i loko. ʻO ka pōkole ʻoi aku ka pōkole a kokoke i ke kū. I nā wahine wahine, hohonu loa nā lumi e noho ai ma mua o nā kāne a nui ka luhi i ka mauʻu. Hāʻawi ka hohonu hohonu iā lākou me ka hoʻomehana thermal maikaʻi loa a me ka emi o ka ikehu i ka wā o ka hānau ʻana.

Mea ʻai

ʻO kaʻai a nā meaʻai e pili ana i ka kanuʻai i ka meaʻai. ʻAi nā Gophers i nā ʻāpana o nā mea kanu, nā aʻa, nā hua, nā nati, nā pua a me nā ʻōpala. ʻO ka manawa maʻamau, i kahi liʻiliʻi, ua hoʻonui ʻia ke pākaukau e nā arthropods (Arthropoda), nā pīpī (Coleoptera) a me nā kukuna pīpī (Lepidoptera). I kekahi manawa ʻo nā manu a me nā vertebrates liʻiliʻi (Vertebrata), me nā pīpī manu manu e koʻi nei ma ka ʻāina, hiki ke loaʻa ma ka ʻaoʻao.

I ka hopena o ke kauwela, ʻaʻole i like kēia mau rodents e pili ana i nā ʻano lāʻau ʻē aʻe, mai kāla i ka meaʻai, akā e hoʻoikaika wale nō i kā lākou hānai. E loli ana kā lākou metabolism, hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻiliʻili i kahi ʻāpana māhuahua a hiki i 5 mm mānoanoa. Inā kiʻekiʻe ka nui o ka holoholona ma ka pūnāwai ma kahi o 190 g, a laila i ka hāʻule i ka hāʻule ua kū i ke 490 g.

ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe maoli o nā ʻōpū honua ʻEulopa, he mau ferrets (Mustela), nā alopeke (Vulpes), nā pōpoki manu a me nā manu he nui.

ʻAno hānau

ʻO Puberty makahiki e hiki mai ana i ka makahiki i ka puna ma hope o ke ala ʻana mai ka hānau ʻana. Pili ka mea maʻamau ma ka makahiki 300-310 mau lā. Ua pili nā ʻelele o kēia ʻano i nā pilina ʻohana polygamous. ʻO ka mālama āpau no ka hānai ʻana i nā hua, e kau wale ana i nā poʻohiwi makuahine.

Hana ʻia ka hopena māla ma ka hapa nui o nā wahi ma ʻApelila. Ala aʻe nā Males i 1-2 mau pule ma mua o ka wahine. Ke loaʻa hou ʻana o kekahi ikaika me nā lāʻau ʻōpio, hele lākou i nā mea pili i nā hoahana i ʻike pinepine ʻia nā pā hale. Ma hope o ka hana ʻana, e hele ana nā haku no ke kaikamahine hou.

Kūkulu ka wahine i loko o ka hale kupapaʻu kahi pūnana o nā lau a me nā ʻāpana palu o nā mea kanu. Noho ka kia wā ma kahi o 25-27 mau lā. Ma loko o kahi līlani aia mai 2 a 10 mau cubs. Hānau ʻia nā pēpē a mau kapa ʻole. Hoʻonui ka waiʻai e pili ana i hoʻokahi mahina. I ka hopena, hele ke keiki i ke ola kūʻokoʻa.

ʻO keʻano

ʻO ka lōʻihi loa o ke kino me ke poʻo he 20-23 cm, ʻo ke kaupaona awilika he 240-340 g. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka huelo pōkole pōkole he 6-8 cm. ʻO ka hulu ʻoi pōkole ma hope o ke ʻano i ka melemele-hina, ma ka ʻāʻī a me ka umauma he māmā. He ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula kona ʻōpū. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona ma ka kiko o kahi a me nā mea hōʻeha hōʻele. Aia kekahi wahi pohō i ka kihi o ka huʻu. I ke kauwela, lilo i mauʻele i ka hulu.

ʻO nā maka ākea kūpono e kau i luna ma ke poʻo. He puni ke alo he mau kukui māmā. He liʻiliʻi nā pepeiao, a uhi ʻia me ka hulu. Hoʻopili ʻia nā wāwae pōkole me nā ʻōpū ākea ākea, i hoʻoponopono ʻia no ka eli ʻana. Aia nā ʻōpū ma hope o nā pāpālina. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā kāne pākeke a ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā wahine.

Loaʻa ka ola olakino o kahi gopherʻEulopa ma mua o 5 mau makahiki.