Sauropods (lat. Saauropodaʻo ia ka manaʻo Nā Dinosaurs) - kahi infraorder dinosaur like ʻole. ʻO ka noho ʻana o nā sauropods he 200 a i 85 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou i noho ma ka wā Jurassic, akā noho kekahi i loko o ka wā Cretaceous, e like me ka titanosaurus a i ʻole ka alamosaurus.

Kauka Kaʻai

He nui nā ʻōpū a nā ʻōkuʻu, hiki iā lākou ke kau i nā mea kanu i loko o kā lākou waha. Hiki iā lākou ke loli mākaʻikaʻi ʻanae wili i nā lau i loko o ka ʻōpū. Ua hoʻopuka kekahi mau ʻano ʻano like, e like me ka Ankhisaur i nā māka nui e nānā ma lalo o nā kumu a me nā kūmole. Ua hiki lākou i ka lāʻau me ko lākou ʻāʻī. Inā lawa ʻole ke kiʻekiʻe, hiki i ka sauropod ke kū i kona mau wāwae hind. Akā i kahi kūlana kūpono, ʻaʻole hiki i ke koko i loko o ka ʻili ke hiki ke paʻū i ka naʻau no ka manawa lōʻihi.

ʻO ka sauropod liʻiliʻi

ʻO nā dinosaur ka mea i ola 220 miliona mau makahiki i hala, he mau mita wale nō ka lōʻihi. Ua ulu nui ʻo Evolution i kēia mau reptile. ʻO ka lei a me ka pau loa o kēia kaʻina hana, ʻo ia ke kanaka nui, nona nā pūʻulu sauropods - nā huaʻehā o nā lauhala ʻehā o nā wāwae i noho mai, e noho ana mai nā Jurassic a Cretaceous manawa.

ʻO ia zauropod ka liʻiliʻi loa

ʻO ka nui loa o lākou, e like me Amphicelias (Amphicoelias) - he dinosaur nui, nā holoholona nui loa i noho ai i ka honua, ʻo Brachiosaurus a ʻo Argentinosaurus (Argentinosaurus) he ʻumi mau mika ka lōʻihi a kaupaona i nā ʻumi mau haneli.

Brachytrachelopan, Brachytrachelopan

Brachytrachelopan (Brachytrachelopan) - sauropod, kahi i lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi e pili ana i 7-10 mau mika.

Pau nā leo

ʻO Zauropods ka mea nui loa i waena o nā dinosaur. Nā nunui manuahine prehistoric e like me Hoohui a Palaeoloxodon (ʻĀpōpō ka nui o nā mammals ʻāina) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā sauropod nunui. ʻO nā kohola wale nō i hiki ke hoʻokūkū nui me kēia mau dinosaur.

ʻO kekahi o nā makana kiʻekiʻe loa a kaulana i ʻike ʻia no nā koʻī he nui a emi ʻole paha. ʻO Giraffatitan brancai. ʻIke ʻia nā koena ma Tanzania ma waena o 1907 a me 1912. Ua kiʻi nā holoholona i 12 m i ke kiʻekiʻe, ko lākou lōʻihi he 21.8-22.5 m, a me ke paona 30-60 tons. ʻO kekahi o nā dinosaurus lōʻihi loa - Versiocus hallorumua loaʻa ma Wyoming ma USA.

ʻIke pū ʻia ka dinosaur a ʻoi loa ka mea, akā, ko lākou kūkulu hou ʻana i kau ʻia no nā fossile hāpana. ʻO kekahi sauropods kaulana loa ka Argentinosaurus, a hiki i ka 39.7 m ka lōʻihi.

ʻO nā mea nui ka nui Pākuʻi ʻia, Carcharodontosaurus a ʻO Giganotosaurus. ^ E Ha yM. Hōʻike nā ʻepekema hou nei e hoʻomau mau ka nui o ke kino theropod i nā makahiki he 50 i hala iho nei o ko lākou ola ʻana, mai 163 kg a 0.8 kg, i ka wā i ulu ai lākou i nā manu.

He nui loa anei nā sauropods a nui loa?

ʻAʻole hiki i nā sauropods āpau ke nui o nā ʻumi mau mika a me ka paona o kekahi mau tonika. ʻO nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o kekahi theropod i kōkua iā lākou e neʻe wikiwiki, a no laila e maʻalahi ke hopu i kā lākou mea pio.

Skull Europasaurus holgeri

ʻO ka ʻōmole he Europasaurus holgeri, ua hōʻea iā 6 mau mika ka lōʻihi.

ʻO nā sauropods liʻiliʻi

1. Ohmdenozaur (Ohmdenosaurus liasicus) - 4 m
2. Blikanazaur (Blikanasaurus cromptoni) - 3-5 m
3. Magyarosaur (Magyarosaurus dacus) - 5-6 m
4. ʻO Europazaur (Europasaurus holgeri) - hōʻemi ma mua o 6.2 m
5. Isanozaur (Isanosaurus) - 6.5-7 m
6. Vulcanodon (Vulcanodon) - 6.5 m
7. Kamamotia (Kamelotia) - 9 m
8. Tazoudazaur (Tazoudasaurus) - 9 m
9. Antetonitrus (Antetonitrus) - 8-10 m
10. Brachytrachelopan (Brachytrachelopan) - 7-10 m
11. Shunosaurus (Shunosaurus) - 9.5-10 m
12. Amazonzaur (Amazonsaurus marahensis) - 10-12 m

ʻO Szunozaur (Shunosaurus) - liʻiliʻi ma lalo o 10 mau mika ka lōʻihi.

Inā loaʻa ʻoe i kahi hala, e koho i kahi ʻāpana a me ka paʻi Ctrl + Kākau.

Kākoʻo pāʻoihana

Ka manawa a me kahi o ka noho ʻana

Aia nā sauropods mai ka Late Triassic a hiki i ka hopena o ka Cretaceous, 231.4 - 66 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei (mai waena mai o Carnian a i ka hanana Maastrichtian). Ua pālahalaha nui loa lākou: ʻike ʻia ke koena ma luna o nā ʻāpana ʻē a pau.

He hana nui o ka nui o nā genera (kaomi e hoʻonui), i hana ʻia e ka Spanish paleo-artist Raul Martin. Hoʻolālā: Jen Christianen Hoʻolaha ʻia nā inoa ma lalo o ka dinosaurs.

ʻO ka wehewehe a me ka mōʻaukala ʻike

ʻO Zauropods (Sauropoda) - kahi kikoʻī o nā dinosaur e hōʻike ʻia e nā ʻāʻī lōʻihi a me nā huelo, nā ʻūhā liʻiliʻi, a me kekahi mau ʻano morphological ʻē aʻe, e hōʻike ʻia ma lalo nei. Ma nā papa inoa ʻē aʻe e hele ana ma ke kumu sauropodomorphs (Sauropodomorpha).

Palapala inoa Latin Saauropoda mai kekahi mai i nā huaʻōlelo Helene kahiko "wāwae o ka dinosaur" a ʻike i ke ʻano o nā manamana. ʻO kāna mea kākau ka mea pale kaulana Pelekane Charles Marsh. Ua noi ʻo ia i ka inoa i 1978 ma kahi pepa ʻepekema. "ʻO nā poʻomanaʻo nui o nā dinosaurs Jurassic ʻAmelika. Mahele I".

ʻO kekahi mau kumuhana kiʻekiʻe e hana ʻia e ka mea kākau Lūkini ʻo Dmitry Bogdanov.

ʻO ka mea maʻamau, i nā makahiki kahiko a me nā Middle Medes, ua loaʻa pinepine nā koena o nā sauropods ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa pinepine. Akā ʻo nā mea i ʻike mua ʻia i ʻōlelo ʻia i loko o ka puke nūpepa i 1699 wale nō. ʻO ka hana kēia a ka ʻepekema Welsh ʻo Edward Lluid "Lithophylacii Britannici Ichnographia, sive lapidium aliorumque fossilium Britannicorum singulari figura insignium". ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka holoholona, ​​ʻike ʻia no ka niho hoʻokahi, i loaʻa iā ia ka inoa Rutellum implicatum.

ʻO nā mea kīhili i hōʻike mua ʻia i ʻike ʻia i nā hoʻomaka o nā kenekulia 19 ma Nui Pelekane: ʻo ka haʻi ʻana o lākou mau lā i ka lā 3 o Iune 1825. ʻO ia ka dorsal vertebra a me nā hana o nā umauma o ka cetiosaurus (Cetiosaurus). I ka makahiki 1841 ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo ia e Charles Marsh. I ka manawa like, ua wehewehe ʻo ka sauropod lua, ʻo Cardiodon.

Mai ia manawa mai, nui nā ʻike ʻike ʻia. I kēia wā, ʻike ʻia o hoʻokahi haneri huahelu sauropod, a me kēlā me kēia makahiki ke ulu nui nei kā lākou helu.

ʻĀina kino

ʻO ka loa lōʻihi o ka sauropods i hōʻea iā 37 mika (pathagotitan). ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe ke 17 mika (zavroposeidon). Na kaupaona lākou a hiki i 73 tons (Argentinosaurus). ʻO ia ka nui nā holoholona nui a me nā holoholona kūloko o ka mōʻaukala holoʻokoʻa o ka honua.

Nui nā ʻōmaika nui, no ka hoʻohālikelike, ua kau ʻia e ka mea pena kiʻi paleʻāina ʻo ʻAmelika Hartman ma ka papa like. ʻAʻole paha ka mea i hoʻonani ʻia? ʻO ka mea paʻa palapala no ka lōʻihi, ʻo Supersaurus paha, ma lalo o ka leka E.

Akā ʻaʻole lākou āpau nui loa. Nui ka nui o nā ʻano. ʻO nā ʻelele mua, e like me ka Anchisaurus, kaupaona wale nō i ka 27 kilograms me ka lōʻihi o 2.4 m.ʻOi wale nō hoʻi nā lizards, e like me Panphagia.

Ua neʻe nui ʻo Sauropods ma nā wāwae ʻehā, akā hiki i nā ʻano mua ke hele i nā wāwae ʻelua. He ʻeleʻele loa nā ʻōlepe liʻiliʻi a hiki ke ʻauheʻe aku i nā ʻenemi. Ua lohi ka nui o ka poʻe nui, a i ka wā o ka pale ʻana ua hilinaʻi lākou i ke hilinaʻi nei i ko lākou nui a me nā mea kaua. Ua liʻiliʻi nā poʻo i ka pili i ke kino.

ʻO ke kiʻi mai kahi ʻatikala a Michael Taylor a me nā hoa hana ("Pahu a me ka ʻāʻī i kau ʻia ma nā sauropod dinosaurs i hoʻihoʻi ʻia mai nā holoholona nui", 2009) hōʻike i ka loli o nā ʻūhā a me ke aniani o ka wili e pili ana i ka ʻāʻī (e kaomi e hoʻonui). Hoʻololi: Matthew Wedel ʻUslelo mai ka ʻaoʻao hema a ma ka ʻākau: Massospondylus (Massospondylus), Camarasaurus (Camarasaurus), ka hoʻomakaocus (hoʻomakaocus) a me Nigerosaurus (Nigersaurus).

Hoʻopiʻi ka niho i ka ʻōlaʻi, akā ʻo ka hapanui o kēia mau ʻano ʻulaʻula a i ʻole nā ​​ʻano he chisel. Nui ka elongated ka lula cervical. Lō ka lōʻihi o ka ʻāʻī e like me ka lōʻihi loa (diplodocides a me nā mamenchisaurids) i nā manawa waena (dicreosaurids).

ʻO ke ʻano like o nā ʻāʻī o ka ʻāʻī mai kahi paʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e Michael Taylor a me nā hoa hana ("ʻAʻole i ulu nui nā ʻōpio lōʻihi o nā sauropods ma o ke koho wahine", 2011).

ʻO ke kino o nā sauropods i ka nui o ka puʻu pōkole nui a hoʻopau ʻia me kahi huelo ʻoi. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka hopena o ka hopena mai ke kaulike (no ka laʻana, ma brachiosaurids) i nui loa (diplodocides). Ma nā huaopods ma hope mai, ua lilo ia i mea kaua kūpono e mālama pono ana i ke kua.

ʻO ka kaiʻai a me ka nohona

Ma nā hōʻike āpau, ʻai nui nā huaopod i ka meaʻai kanu. Eia nō naʻe, kekahi mau pua, mua i nā poʻe mua, hiki i ka hypothetically i loko o ka ʻāpana o ka holoholona o nā holoholona (nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, mai nā iniseti a i nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi).

ʻO ka laulā o nā mea kanu i hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka nui, ka lōʻihi o ka ʻāʻī a me nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻoili. No ka laʻana, ʻo Brachiosaurus (Brachiosaurus) hiki ke hoʻokō i ka waena wale nō, akā, ʻo nā heiau o luna o nā kumulāʻau. ʻO nā lua pele liʻiliʻi (Vulcanodon) i hānai i nā lālā i lalo a i ʻole nā ​​mea i hoʻohiki ʻia.

I ka pena kiʻi ʻia e ka mea hana paleo Sergei Krasovsky, dicreosaurs liʻiliʻi (Dicraeosaurus) a me nā giraffatitans nui (Giraffatitan) kāʻili kokoke i kahi kokoke. Pēlā ka kokoke a pēlā aʻe. Nā mea ʻē loa i kūleʻa mau ʻia.

Ua ʻano like me nā ʻano o ka pale a lohi. ʻO nā sauropod liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, i ka manawa e hui pū ai me kahi mea predator nui, manaʻolana nui i ko lākou mau wāwae. Hiki i nā mea nui ke kū i ka wāwae wāwae, e hālāwai ana me ka ʻenemi me nā ʻāpana nui o nā forelimb i hoʻomohala ʻia.

ʻO ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā puna i nui i ka mana nui, ka nui a me ka hiʻona ikaika. Ke hoʻohana nei ia e like me kahi uapo nui, ua hiki iā lākou ke hōʻeha i nā hōʻeha koʻikoʻi i nā andropod nui loa.

ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ʻelele o nā ʻohana ʻekolu mai ka mea hōʻikeʻike Finis IsisMasshiro.

Makemake wau e ʻike i nā mea āpau

Hoʻomau mākou e huki i nā manaʻo mai nā pou kauoha papa ʻĀpana. ^ E Ha yM. He mea mākou e aloha ai i kaʻu hoa aloha res_man? A eia kahi: »ʻO ka nui loa a me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o nā dinosaur. A ma hope o kēia kaula e hiki ke pupule. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia e noʻonoʻo pono i nā sauropods a me nā theropods (carnosaurs) i kahi kaʻawale. ʻAe, a inā hele kahi mea ʻē aʻe i kekahi)) "

E hoʻomaopopo kākou i kēia kumuhana o ka lōʻihi lōʻihi o ka moʻolelo o ko mākou makuahine Earth.

Akā, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka hana. ʻO ka mea mua, pehea e loiloi ai i ka dinosaur nui loa? I ke kiʻekiʻe? Ma ke paona? Ma ka wāwae? A me nā helu he nui i hōʻike ʻole ʻia kahi ʻano kūikawā ʻē aʻe. A ma ke ala, nui nā helu dinosaur e wehe i like me nā helu like. ʻĀ, e aho e hāʻawi iā ʻoe i kekahi mau kumuhana pili i kēia kumuhana, a laila e hoʻoholo pono iā ʻoe iho i hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ka nui a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi.

"Loris weliweli" - eia ke ʻano o ka unahi "Dinosaur" mai ka ʻōlelo Helene kahiko. Ua noho ka hoʻonā o kēia mau panalāʻau ʻāina i ka Honua ma ka manawa Mesozoic no mua o 160 miliona mau makahiki. Hōʻike nā dinosaurs i ka manawa Triassic hope loa (251 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei - 199 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei), he 230 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, a ua hoʻomaka ko lākou hoʻopau i ka hopena o Cretaceous manawa (145 miliona mau makahiki i hala - 65 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei), ma kahi o 65 miliona makahiki i hala.

ʻO ke koena o ka dinosaur, i loaʻa hou i ka makahiki 1877 ma Colorado, ke manaʻo ʻia nei ʻo ia nā iwi o ka nui o ka dinosaur - amphicelia. Amphicelia (lat. Amphicoelias mai ka Helene. hauhi "Ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua" a coelos "Empty, concave") he henome o ka dinosaur herbivorous mai ka hui sauropod.

ʻO ka paleontologist Edward Cope, nāna i hoʻopuka i kahi ʻatikala ma amphicelia i ka makahiki 1878, ua hana i kona mau manaʻo ma kahi ʻāpana hoʻokahi o ka vertebra (i luku koke ʻia ma hope iho o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana a ʻaʻole i ola a hiki i kēia manawa. ʻO ke kiʻi wale nō ke ola), no laila ke kānalua ka nui a me ke ola ʻana o kēia dinosaur. Inā pili ʻia ʻo Amphicelias pololei, a laila ʻo kona lōʻihi, e like me ke helu ʻana mai 40 a 62 mau mika, a me ka nui - a hiki i ka 155 ton . ^ E Ha yM. A laila ʻikea ʻaʻole ia ʻo ka dinosaur nui loa o nā manawa āpau, akā ʻo ka nui loa o nā holoholona kaulana. ʻO ʻAmphelielias kokoke i ʻelua kekona ka lōʻihi o ke kohola uliuli a me 10 mau mika ma mua o ka seismosaurus, aia ma ka lua kahi. A laila ma ka hōʻailona kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o nā holoholona ka mea i ka amphicelias level - 62 m ka lōʻihi. Eia nō naʻe, ua manaʻo ʻia e ola nui nā dinosaurs nui (no ka laʻana, ka Bruhatkayosaurus e noho nei i ka manawa Cretaceous.

ʻO Bruhathkayosaurus (Latin Bruhathkayosaurus) kekahi o nā sauropods nui loa. Wahi a nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, kaupaona he 180 a 220 paha (e like me nā hypotheses ʻē aʻe - 240 tons) . ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka Bruhatkayosaurus ʻo ia ka holoholona ikaika loa e ola ai (ma ka lua o ka mauola heʻeʻe 200-ton, ma ke kolu ʻo ia ka nui o nā kime kikowaena 155-ton. Hoʻokomo wale ʻia ke ʻano manu i nā mea nui i loaʻa ma ke kūkulu hema ʻo India (Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu). ʻAne - ma kahi o 70 miliona mau makahiki (Cretaceous). ʻAʻole ʻano loiloi hoʻokahi o ka lōʻihi o ka dinosaur i hāʻawi ʻia; ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻepekema ʻokoʻa i kona lōʻihi mai 28-34 mika a me 40-44 mika.

Kaomi

Eia naʻe, mai wikiwiki e manaʻoʻiʻo i ka manaʻo no kēia manawa. Ma muli o ka nui o ka iwi, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia kēia. ʻO nā pōpilikia wale o nā kānakaʻepekema a pālahalaha pālahalaha i nā koho. E kali mākou no nā hana hana hou - no ka mea ke hilinaʻi wale nei mākou i nā ʻike maoli. A inā he hilinaʻi ʻoe i nā ʻike maoli, a laila ʻo ia ka mea a lākou e ʻōlelo aku ai.

ʻOiai ke ʻōlelo nei nā paleontologist a loaʻa iā lākou ka mea e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o ka lehulehu. Hoʻokahi wale ka vertebra o ka Argentinosaurus ma mua o ʻehā mau wāwae kaʻe! He ʻāwī lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o kona ʻōpū ma kahi o 4,5 m, a ʻo ka lōʻihi ma ke poʻohiwi a hiki i ka hip. 7 m. Inā ʻoe e hoʻohui i ka lōʻihi o ka ʻāʻī a me ka huelo e pili ana i nā kikoʻī o nā titanosaurs i ʻike mua ʻia i nā hopena, ʻo 30 mau loa ka lōʻihi o ka Argentinosaurus. Akā, ʻaʻole kēia e hana i ka dinosaur loa. ʻO ka lōʻihi ka mea i ʻike ʻia he seismosaur, ʻo kona lōʻihi mai ke kihi o ka ihu a hiki i ke kihi o ka huelo, i manaʻo ʻia he 40 m, a ʻo ka huina he 40 a 80 mau tone, akā, e like me nā helu āpau, ʻo ka Argentinosaurus ka nui loa. ʻO kona paona ua hiki i 100 tons!

Eia kekahi, ʻo ka Argentinosaurus, ʻaʻohe kānalua,. ka nui o ka pangolin e kohi ana i ka mea i ʻike ʻia nā mea pale maikaʻi. ʻElua mau paleontologists, ʻo Rodolfo Coria a me Jose Bonaparte mai ka Hale HōʻikeʻikeʻikeʻAlo ma Buenos Aires, i ʻeli ʻo ia i kēia moʻo ma 1980. Wahi a kēia mau mea noiʻi, aia ka Argentinosaurus no ka titanosaurs (suborder o nā sauropod o ke ʻano o ka dinosaur dinosaurs) ka mea i ulu ʻia ma ka ʻāina ʻo ʻAmelika Hema ma ka manawa o ka Cretaceous.

ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā iwi i ʻike ʻia me nā koena o ka sauropod, ua ʻike ʻia e nā kānaka ʻepekema he lapalapa o ko ka wāwae o ka mea ʻalā he 4,5 m a me ka lōʻihi mai ka ʻāʻī a me ke kaʻe. 7 m. Inā ʻoe e hoʻohui i ka ʻāʻī a me ka lōʻihi o ka lā i kūpono i nā ʻāpana o ka titanosaurs i ʻike mua ʻia i nā hopena, a laila ka lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ka Argentinosaurus ma kahi o 30 m. ʻAʻole kēia ka lōʻihi o ka dinosaur (ʻo ka lōʻihi ka seismosaur. , a me ka nui o ka 40 mai 80 a ʻoi) he mau, akā, e like me nā koho āpau, ʻo ia ka mea kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kona paona ua hiki i 100 tons.

ZituopalouaSauroposeidon) inoa ʻia ʻo Poseidon, ke akua Helene o ke kai. I ka nui, ua hoʻokūkū ʻo ia me nā Argentinosaurus, a no paha e hiki ke keu aku, akā ʻoi wale nō ke koʻikoʻi o ke kaupaona ʻana, e like me ka paleontologists, ʻo ke kaupaona ʻana ʻaʻole he 65 mau kaukani, ʻoiai ʻo ʻAzinosaurus hiki ke kaupaona a hiki i hoʻokahi haneli tons. Akā ʻo Zauroposeidon hiki paha i ka dinosaur kiʻekiʻe loa i hele ʻē a puni ka honua, akā, ʻo wai ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua? Hiki i kona kiʻekiʻe ke kokoke i ka 18-20 mika

Hōʻike kāna ikepili olakino i kēlā me kēia lā e ʻai iā ia e pili ana i ka nui o nā mea kanu, aneane hana mau loa. No ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia "aloha", he 52 mau kānika ulaula he 52 i hōʻoki i nā mea kanu i loko o kahi i hāʻule ai kekahi. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i hoʻopāʻino i ka mea ʻai i ka ʻai, nāʻau ʻuala i nā mea kanu maikaʻi, i hāʻule koke ai i loko o kahi ʻōpū o 1 mahina, ʻo ka nui o ka loko. A laila ʻo kona wai ʻōpū, ʻo ia ka ikaika a hiki hoʻi ke hoʻopau ʻia i ka hao, ua hana i ke koena o ka hana.Ua ale nō hoʻi ka mōʻīlio i nā pōhaku i kōkua iā ia e hoʻoili ai i ka momona.

He maikaʻi maikaʻi ia i ka hana ʻana o ka digestive ma muli o ka dinosaur, ʻoiai me ka lōʻihi o ke ola o 100 mau makahiki (ʻo kekahi o nā loa loa i ke aupuni o ka dinosaurs) a me ka lilo ʻole o ia metabolism, e ulu koke.

Ua kūkā mākou a pau i nā ʻōpeʻa i kapa ʻia (sauropods), a ʻo wai o nā mea kuhi ka nui loa o ka dinosaur?

ʻAʻole paha ʻoe i manaʻo ma kēia māhele, e loaʻa ai kahi Tyrannosaurus Rex. Eia nō naʻe, ke manaʻo ʻia nei ʻo nā spinosaurus ka nui o ka dinosaur predatory nui loa. Ua like kona waha me ka waha o ka lāʻau moʻo, a ua like ka pohā nui ma kona kua me he moku nui nui lā. Ua ʻoi aku ka nani o ka holo moku. ʻO ka holo "leathery" hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe o 2 mika. ʻO ka mea hoʻohana ka mea ma mua o 17 mau mika ka lōʻihi a kaupaona ʻia he 4 ʻona. Ua neʻe ʻo ia ma kona mau wāwae hind e like me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. I ke kiʻekiʻe e hiki ke hele ma mua o 20 mau wāwae. E heluhelu hou e pili ana i ka dinosaur.

He “holo” paʻapū ka spinosaurus i kau ʻia ma luna o nā kaʻina o ka vertebrae, a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe o 2 mika. ʻO ka mea hoʻohana ka mea ma mua o 17 mau mika ka lōʻihi a kaupaona ʻia he 4 ʻona. Ua neʻe ʻo ia ma kona mau wāwae hind e like me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe.

Holoiʻo Spinosaurus wale nō, ke ʻoki nei i ka mea pio. I ka manawa like, hilinaʻi ʻo ia i kona ʻano nui a me ka ikaika o nā ʻūhā, nā elongated, e like me ka pliosaurus, a me ka pū me nā niho conical koi. ʻAi ʻia kēia mea predator i ka iʻa nui, akā hiki ke hoʻouka maikaʻi ʻia ʻo ia ka dinosaur-sauropod o kona nui. Ke kīloi nei i nā niho ma ka ʻāʻī o ka sauropod, kuʻu ka ʻāhā o ka spinosaurus, kahi i make ai ka mea wikiwiki. Hiki iā ia ke lele kūʻē i nā crocodiles, pterosaurs a me nā huaʻaka wai hou.

I ka waena o ka lā, hiki i nā spinosaurus ke huli i kona kua i ka lā. Ma kēia kūlana, ua huli ka "holo" i ka nānā ʻana i ka lā a ʻaʻole i kaʻa o ka wela, no laila, ua wela ke koko, e like me nā reptile a pau, e ʻalo i ka pilikia o ka wela. Inā ʻike koke ʻia ʻo ia ka wela, a laila hiki iā ia ke iho i loko o ka wai kokoke loa a i ʻole ka muliwai ai ka wai ʻana o kāna "holo" i ka wai e hoʻomalulu iā ia. I ke kakahiaka nui a hiki i ke ea mahana o ka Cretaceous, ʻaʻole paha like ka nui o ke ʻano o ka mahana ma mua o ke ao. Hiki paha i ka wanaʻao i kūpaʻa ka pōʻaiʻi. A laila hiki iā ia ke kū i ka hāʻule o nā lā o ka lā ma ka mokulele o ka "holo", e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma loko. Aia kekahi kumuhana ʻē aʻe, e like me ka manaʻo e hiki i ka "holo" i ka wā moe, hiki ke lilo i mea hoʻowai i nā wahine.

Ka mea noʻonoʻo, ʻo ka spinosaurus kekahi o nā mea wili koʻikoʻi o ka Late Cretaceous. ʻO ka lōʻihi o kona kino mai ke kihi o kona ihu a hiki i kaʻae o kona huelo he 15m ka nui - ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o kahi pahi kūlohelohe. I loko o ka moʻohelu ʻike ʻoe i kahi lālani o nā pīpī ma ka pōkā, ʻo ka lōʻihi loa ka lōʻihi o ka 1,8 m. Ua hoʻolilo ʻia kēia mau pana i kumu kumu no ka "holo" o nā spinosaurus. Aia ka puʻupuʻu lōʻihi loa i ke kikowaena, kēlā me kēia kīpē i waena o nā ʻāpana ma mua. ʻO ke kino nui o ka spinosaurus i kākoʻo ʻia e nā wāwae ʻelua-ikaika like ʻole, a hoʻopau ka wāwae i ʻekolu mauhele wīwī. Eia kekahi, aia kekahi mau mīkina lima palupalu ma kēlā me kēia wāwae. Hiki i nā puʻupuʻu nui ma nā wāwae o nā spinosaurus ke hoʻohana iā ia i mea e hoʻomake ai i ka mea pepehi i ke holo. ʻO ka pōkole luna o nā spinosaurus he pōkole, akā ikaika nō hoʻi. He ʻano like ke ʻano o ka iwi o ke ʻūhā o nā spinosaur e like me ke ʻano o ke ʻōpala o nā dinosaur karnivorous ʻē aʻe, kona ʻano hiʻohiʻona he mau niho kūpono, he ʻili i nā pahi no ka hōʻoki ʻana i ka ʻai, hiki ke hoʻomāhuʻi maʻalahi me ka ʻili mānoino. ʻO ka huelo o nā spinosaurus he lōʻihi, ākea a ikaika loa. ʻ suggestlelo aku nā kānaka ʻepekema ma kekahi mau mea, hiki i kahi spinosaurus ke hoʻohāʻule i ka waiwai ma o ka hoʻopukina ʻana i mau pūliki ikaika o nā kūpeʻe.

Eia kekahi o nā mea i ʻōlelo ʻia i hiki ke haʻi ʻia, ka mea hiki ke hoʻokūkū me ka dinosaur nui loa. Eia hou kēia ʻaʻole ʻo Tyrannosaurus Rex :-)

ʻO Tarbosaurus (Tarbosaurus), he moʻomeheu o ka dinosaurs predatory nui loa (nā superfamily carnosaurs). Pōhaku nui i ka ʻāina nui - ʻoi loa ka lōʻihi o ke kino ma mua o 10 m, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o kahi pose pālua ʻelua ma kahi o 3,5 m.hope ka nui o ka ʻōpala (ʻoi aku ma mua o 1 m), nā niho nui e like me nā keris, e hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻouka i nā holoholona nui (ʻoi aku ka nui o nā dinosaur. Hōʻemi ʻia nā pūkaha o T. a loaʻa wale i nā manamana lima piha, ua hoʻomohala nui ʻia nā wāwae huluhulu, i hui pū ʻia, me kahi huelo ikaika, a me ka ʻaoʻao kākoʻo o ke kino. Loaʻa nā ʻōpala T. i nā koʻo Cretaceous sediment o ka South Gobi (MPR).

Lit .: Maleev E.A., Gi lani carnosaurs o ka ʻohana Tyrannosauridae, i loko o ka puke: Fauna a me biostratigraphy o Mesozoic a me Cenozoic o Mongolia, M., 1974, p. 132–91

ʻO ka ʻohana Tarbosaurus maʻAmelika (Tarbosaurus bataar) kahi pili pili o ka dinosaurs mua ʻAmelika Hema o ka hopena o ka Cretaceous. ʻO Tarbosaurus kahi mea laha. Mai ka pito o ka muzzle a hiki i ka neʻe o ka huelo - ma kahi he ʻumi mau mika. ʻO ka nui o lākou ka mea ma mua o 14 m i ka lōʻihi a me 6 m ke kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka nui o ke poʻo iʻoi aku ma mua o ka mika ka lōʻihi. Na mea nā niho, he lei-like. Ua ʻae kēia mea i ka Tarbosaurus e hoʻokō me kēlā mau ʻenemi i pale ʻia kona kino e ka mea kaua ponoʻī.

Me kona kiʻekiʻe a me ka helehelena, ua nānā like ia e like me ka tyrannosaurs. Ua hele pū nō hoʻi ʻo ia ma nā wāwae huluhulu ikaika, e hoʻohana ana i kahi huelo e mālama ai i ka kaulike. Ua hōʻemi nui ʻia nā palahalaha, ʻelua mau lima ʻelua, a ʻike mālama wale ʻia ka meaʻai.

Ma waena o ka loaʻa mua o ka dinosaur i ʻEnelani kahi hapa o ka ʻaha haʻahaʻa me nā niho he nui. ʻO ka mea, he nani ia i kahi loʻi nui predatory, ka mea i make ma hope o Christ a me

megalosaurus (dinosaur nunui). Mai ka hiki ʻole ke ʻike i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kino, hiki ʻole ke hoʻonohonoho pono i kahi kiʻi kūpono o ke ʻano o ke kino a me ka nui o ka holoholona. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua nalo ka pangolin ma nā wāwae ʻehā. I ka wā i hala aku nei, ua nui ʻia nā koena fossilized ʻē aʻe, akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka maʻa. Ma hope wale nō o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā dinosaur predatory mua (carnosaurs) i hele mai ka poʻe noiʻi i ka hopena a holo ka megalosaurus ma nā wāwae ʻehā, ua lōʻihi kona lōʻihi a 9 mika a kau paona. Me ka pololei nui, hiki ke hana hou hou i ka allosaurus (kahi kīlā hou). Ma ʻAmelika, ua loaʻa ʻia he 60 o kona mau ʻeke o nā ʻāpana like ʻole. Loaʻa ka nui o nā allosaurs i ka lōʻihi he 11-12 mau mika, a kaupaʻa ʻia mai 1 a 2 mau tone. ʻO Gagant herbivorous dinosaurs kā lākou waiwai, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ka mea i hōʻoia i ka loaʻa i kekahi ʻāpana o ka huelo o kahi apatosaurus me nā mākaʻikaʻi hohonu a ua kūʻe nā niho allosaurus.

ʻOi aku ka nui, ma nā manaʻo āpau, he ʻelua mau mea i noho a 80 miliona mau makahiki ma hope mai o ka manawa Cretaceous, ʻo ia hoʻi: kahi tyrannosaurus (tyrant lizard) mai ʻAmelika Mauʻa a me kahi tarbosaurus (makaʻu keu) mai Mongolia. ʻOiai ʻaʻole mālama iki ʻia nā kuʻekuʻe (ʻo ka hapanui o ka hilahila ka nalowale ʻana), manaʻoʻiʻo ua lōʻihi lākou i ka lōʻihi o 14-15 mau mika, ke kiʻekiʻe he 6 mika, a ua hōʻea ke kaumaha o ke kino ma ka 5-6 tons. Ua pīhoihoi nā poʻo: i ka ʻōpala o ka tarbosaurus ka 1,45 mika lōʻihi, a ʻo kahi ʻūhā nui loa o ka tyrannosaurus - 1,37 mika. ʻO nā niho-ka manu e pale ai i ka 15 cm ka ikaika loa i hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i ka holoholona kūʻē. Akā ʻaʻole e ʻike ʻia inā hiki paha i kēia mau kanaka ke hahai i ka pio a i ʻole ka nui no ka mea. ʻAi paha lākou i ka kalima a i ʻole nā ​​koena o ka mea i hoʻopili i nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole paʻakikī i ka hoʻokuke ʻia. ʻO nā wīwī mua o ka dinosaur i kupaianaha a nāwaliwali, me nā manamana lima ʻelua wale nō ma luna. Akā i loaʻa kahi manamana lima nui me ke kāʻei iā 80 cm ka lōʻihi i loko o kahi tercinosaurus (ʻo ka launa pūhaka ʻano crescent) ʻaʻole naʻe i ʻike he hoʻokahi wale nō ka manamana lima a me ka nui o ka holoholona holoʻokoʻa. He pīhoihoi maikaʻi hoʻi nā spinosaurus 12 mika (spiny lizard). Aia ma ke kua, ua pali ʻia kona ʻili i ke ʻano o kahi holo moana 1,8 mika kiʻekiʻe. Malia paha ua lawelawe ʻo ia iā ia e makaʻā i nā mea hoʻokūkū a me nā mea hoʻokūkū, a i ʻole hoʻi e lawelawe i kahi mea wela ma waena o ke kino a me ke kaiapuni.

ʻO wai ka "lima kūlike"? A hiki i kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe o kā mākou manawa e noʻonoʻo ai i ke ʻano o ka dinosaur predatory nunui, kahi, aia naʻe, he mau iwi wale nō o nā ʻūhā mua a me nā ʻāpana hulina i ʻike ʻia a hiki i kēia manawa, no ka mea pōʻino, i ka wā huki ʻolua ma Mongolia. Akā ʻelua a me ka hapa hapa wale ka lōʻihi o nā forelimbs, ʻo ia hoʻi ma kahi o ka lōʻihi o ka deinonychus a ʻehā paha ka lōʻihi o kona mau forelimbs. ʻEkolu mau puʻupuʻu nui i kēlā me kēia lima, me ke kōkua o ia ua hiki ke ʻoki a hōʻoki i nā mea nui lehulehu. ʻIke ʻia e kēlā me kēia mea, nā kānaka noiʻi Polenekia i kapa ʻia kēia dinosaur deinocheyrus, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo "lima weliweli".

Inā lawe mākou i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka nui o ka dinosaur ostrich, he ʻano like like me nā forelimbs, akā ʻehā mau liʻiliʻi i ka lōʻihi, hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo he mau a me ka hapa nui ka deinocheyrus ma mua o kahi tyrannosaurus! Ke nānā nei nā mea aloha a me nā mea noiʻi o nā dinosaur a puni ka honua i nā ʻimi hou ʻana o nā iwi a me ka wehewehe ʻana i ka mea huna "kupaianaha lima".

ʻO Tarbosaurs, nā koena o ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka Desiana Gobi, he mau dinosaur nui predatory. Ua hiki ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o ko lākou kino, a he 10 mika kiʻekiʻe. Ua ʻimi lākou i nā ʻai kai ʻoi nui. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka Tarbosaurs e ka nui o ke ʻano nui o ka ʻūhā - i nā pākeke ua ʻoi aku ʻo ia ma luna o 1 mika.

Wahi a nā poʻe loea, ʻo ka dinosaur, nona ka ʻōpio i makemake ke kūʻai aku e kūʻai aku, noho i ko mākou honua 50-60 miliona mau makahiki i hala.

I kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻike nā paleontologists a me nā hoʻokele honua i South Gobi i nā koena hou o ka tarbozavra.

Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā 1990s, hoʻomaka nā hōʻikeʻike pilikino e ulu lima i nā lima pilikino. Wahi a nā keʻena lawaiʻa o Mongolia e hana i kahi ʻoihana lawaiʻa e hana nei i kēia lawaiʻa lawaiʻa ʻana. I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hooki ka luna o nā mākaʻi a me nā mākaʻi i kekahi mau ho'āʻo ʻana e hoʻōla i nā koena fossilized o nā hua manu a me nā ʻāpana o ka pāʻai ʻo dinosaur ma waho o ka ʻāina.

No laila, ʻo wai ka mea o ka hoʻopaʻa leo i loaʻa iā mākou ma ka pae o nā Dinosaurs moana.

ʻO ka lei o ka paona a me ka nui i ka ʻohana o nā pliosaurs no ka lyoplervodon. ʻEhā mau ʻāpana ikaika hāmeʻe (a hiki i 3 m lōʻihi) a kahi hiʻu pōkole, ma hope mai ka hoʻopili ʻia mai nā ʻaoʻao. Ua nui ka nui o nā niho, a hiki i 30 cm lōʻihi (ʻoi aku hoʻi a hiki i 47 cm!), Ka ʻaoʻao ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻāpana. Ua hiki i ka lōʻihi o 15 a 18 mau mika. ʻO ka lōʻihi o kēia mau reptile a hiki i 15 mika. Ua hānai ʻia ʻo Liopleurodons ma nā iʻa nui, ammonite, a lele pū kekahi i nā reptile lawaiʻa. ʻO lākou nā mea hoʻolaha waena o ka Seena Jurassic Late. E heluhelu hou e pili ana i ka dinosaur.

Ua wehewehe ʻo G. Savage i ka makahiki 1873 ma hoʻokahi niho mai ka lehele Jurassic o ka moku Boulogne-sur-Mer (ʻ Francelelo Farani). ʻIke ʻia ka mea ulana i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19 ma Peterborough, ʻEnelani. I ka manawa hoʻokahi, ua hui pū ʻia ka genus Liopleurodon me ke ʻano Pliosaurus (Pliosaurus). ʻO Liopleurodon kahi symphysis pōkole o ka huki haʻahaʻa a me nā niho liʻiliʻi i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka pliosaurus. ʻO kā genera ʻelua ʻohana ka ʻohana Pliosauridae.

ʻO Liopleurodon ferox - ʻano ʻano. Ua piʻi ka lōʻihi o ka loa he 25 mau mika. ʻO ka 4 mika ka lōʻihi o ka ʻopa. I loko o nā hale noho no ka ʻĀkau o ʻEulopa (ʻEnelani, Palani) a me ʻAmelika Hema (Mexico). ʻO Liopleurodon pachydeirus (Callovian Europe), i hōʻike ʻia e ke ʻano o ka vertebrae lopa. ʻO Liopleurodon rossicus (aka Pliosaurus rossicus). I wehewehe ʻia e kahi ʻaukā piha piha mai ka Late Jurassic (Titonian era) o ka ʻāina Volga. He pili a 1 ka 1,2 m ka lōʻihi. He hapa o ka hamo o kahi pliosaurus nui mai nā waihona like ʻole i pili ʻole i nā ʻano like ʻole. I kēia hihia, ʻaʻole i emi nui ka lyopleurodon Lūkini i nā holoholona Europa. Hōʻike ʻia nā koena i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Paleontological ma Moscow. Liopleurodon macromerus (aka Pliosaurus macromerus, Stretosaurus macromerus). Kimmeridge - Titone o ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hema. ʻO ka nānā nui loa, a hiki i ka lōʻihi o ke ana o ka ʻūlike he 3 mika, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi mai 15 a 20 paha mika.

ʻO Liopleurodons he mau pliosaurs maʻamau - me ke poʻo ʻalā nui (ma ka liʻiliʻi o 1/4 - 1/5 o ka lōʻihi), ʻehā mau mana ikaika (ʻeka a 3 m mau lōʻihi) a me kahi hiʻu pōkole, mai hoʻopā ʻia mai nā ʻaoʻao. Ua nui ka nui o nā niho, a hiki i 30 cm lōʻihi (ʻoi aku hoʻi a hiki i 47 cm!), Ka ʻaoʻao ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻāpana. Ma nā ʻōlelo aʻo a nā lehelehe, hana nā niho i kahi ʻano o ka "rosette". ʻAʻole i lawelawe ʻia nā ihu e waho no ka hanu ʻana - i ka wā e ʻauʻau ai ka wai, i loko o nā pū wai i loko o nā pūpū i loko (e kū ana i mua o nā pū i waho) a puka i waho i nā puka o waho. Holo ka wai wai ma o a pūnaʻā ʻo Jacobson, a no laila, "pōā" ʻā ka ʻōmikurodon i ka wai. Ua hanu kēia mea hana i loko o kona waha i ka wā i nalo ai. Hiki ke hoʻolilo ʻo Liopleurodons i kahi hohonu a lōʻihi loa. Lawā lākou me ke kōkua o nā lapalapa nui, kahi a lākou i wālala ʻia e like me nā ʻēheu manu. He palekana maikaʻi ka Liopleurodons - he paʻa nā iwi iwi ma lalo o ko lākou ʻili. E like me nā pliosaurs āpau, he viviparous nā lyopleurodons.

I ka 2003, ua loaʻa nā koena o Li speciesurodon ferox spesies i Mekiko i ka pehi ʻia Jurassic hope. Ua hiki i ka lōʻihi o 15 a 18 mau mika. He kanaka ʻōpiopio. Loaʻa ka ʻili o nā niho o kekahi lyopleurodon ma kāna mau iwi. E hoʻoholo ana e kēia mau hōʻeha, ʻoi aku paha ma mua o 20 mau mika ka mea hoʻopuka, ʻoiai ua 7 cm ka lōʻihi o kona mau niho a he 40 cm ka lōʻihi. I ka makahiki 2007, ua ʻike ʻia nā koena o nā pliosaur nui loa o kekahi mau mea ʻike ʻole ma ka waihona Jurassic o ka hale kiaʻi Svalbard polipelago. ʻO ka lōʻihi o kēia mau reptile a hiki i 15 mika. Ua hānai ʻia ʻo Liopleurodons ma nā iʻa nui, ammonite, a lele pū kekahi i nā reptile lawaiʻa. ʻO lākou nā mea hoʻolaha waena o ka Seena Jurassic Late.

ʻAe, me ka mea nui loa i nā mea āpau, koho i ka mea āu e makemake ai a maikaʻi loa no ka hele wāwae :-) A i kēia manawa e pili ana i ka mea liʻiliʻi ...

I ka 2008, ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema i kahi ʻōpala o kekahi o nā dinosaurus liʻiliʻi loa i noho ma ka Honua. Hiki i kēia ʻike ke kōkua i ka pane i ka nīnau no ke aha i lilo ai kekahi o nā dinosaurs i lilo i mea kanu lāʻau.

ʻO ke kaʻe, ʻaʻole i emi iho ma lalo o 2 iniha (ma kahi o 5 mau kenimita) lōʻihi, no ka Heterodontosaurus cub, kahi i noho ai ma kahi o 190 miliona mau makahiki i hala a he 6 iniha ke kiʻekiʻe (15.24 kenimika) a me 18 iniha (ma kahi o 46 mau kenimika) mai ke poʻo. i ka welau o ka huelo.

Akā i ka mea nui aʻe, ʻaʻole ia ka nui o ka holoholona i hoʻokūkū i nā kānakaʻepekema, akā o kāna mau niho. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā manaʻo o nā loea e pili ana i ka ʻai i ka heterodontosaurus i mea ʻai a i ʻole nā ​​mea kanu. ʻO ka mōʻī mini mini, ʻo kona paona, e like me ke Telegraph, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ke kelepona paʻalima, aia nā ʻāpana mua a me nā niho hoʻi i maʻamau o nā ʻano mea kanu no ka huki ʻana i nā meaʻai kanu. He manaʻo kuhi hewa nā kāne ʻelemakule a hoʻohana iā lākou e hakakā ka poʻe hoʻokūkū no ke kaiāulu, akā ua hōʻole ʻia ko lākou alo i ka ʻaha kuʻuna nei. ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe, pono ʻia kēlā mau luhi no ka pale mai nā mea wānana.

I kēia manawa nā kānaka ʻepekema i ʻike i ka holoholona i ka manaʻo i ka heterodontosaurus i loko o ke kaʻina o ke hoʻololi e hoʻololi ai mai ka carnivorous a me ka holoholona hānai. He mea make ʻole paha kēia, e ʻai nui ana i nā mea kanu, akā hoʻopili i ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea ʻai me nā pepeke, nā momi liʻiliʻi, a i ʻole nā ​​mea reptile.

Ua hōʻike ʻo Laura Porro, ʻo Ph.D. mai ke Kulanui o Chicago, USA, e like me nā ʻano dinosaurs mua: Hōʻike ʻo kāna ʻūlū no ke ola ʻana o nā dinosaurs i kēia ʻano ʻōiwi. "

He ʻano kupaianaha loa nā huaʻai Heterodontosaurus: ʻelua wale nō ʻike i ʻike ʻia mai ka ʻĀpelika Hema no ke kanaka makua i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa.

Ua loaʻa ʻo Laura Porro i kahi ʻāpana o kahi kōpana pipi i hoʻokahi o nā pākani me ʻelua mau pua pālua ma kahi o ka ʻohi ʻana ma Cape Town i ka makahiki 60s. ʻO Dr. Richard Butler, kahi loea ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o ka Lākana o Lākana, ua wehewehe ka mea i loaʻa he mea nui loa, ʻoiai ke hāʻawi nei i kahi manawa e aʻo ai i ka hoʻololi ʻana o kēia holoholona i ka wā ulu. ʻO ka mea mahalo, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā reptile e hoʻololi i ko lākou mau niho i ko lākou ola, ʻo ka heterodontosaurus nāna i hana i kēia manawa wale nō i ka wā o ka make, e like me nā mammals.

ʻO kekahi mea liʻiliʻi:

Akā ma 2011, hiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi fossil hou e hōʻike i ka noho ʻana o nā mea liʻiliʻi loa o ka honua ma waena o nā dinosaur e ʻike ʻia. ʻO ka nui o nā mea like manu-like i ka plumage, ka mea i ola ma mua o 100 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 15.7 mau iniha (40 kenimika) ka lōʻihi.

ʻO ka fossil, i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano o kahi iwi ʻāʻī o ka ʻāʻī, loaʻa ma ke kūkulu hema ʻo Britain, a hiki wale i ka hapaha o ke anawa (7.1 milimita) ka lōʻihi. No nā kime kanaka makua i noho i ka wā Cretaceous Period 145-100 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, e like me ka palapala o kēia manawa ʻo Cretaceous Research, he paleozoologist ma ke Kulanui o Portsmouth Darren Naish.

ʻO kēia ʻike ʻike e kau i nā rula o nā dinosaurus liʻiliʻi loa i ka honua kekahi ʻano manu e like me ka dinosaur manu, i kapa ʻia ʻo Anchiornis, e noho nei ma ia wahi i kapa ʻia ʻo Kina, 160-155 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO ka iwi i loaʻa i kēia iwi he lālā o ka maniraptoran, he hui o nā dinosaurs theropod i manaʻo ʻia he lōʻihi nā kūpuna o nā manu manuahi.

ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka fossil me ka vertebra hoʻokahi i ka lima, hikiʻole ke kuhi pololei ʻana i ka mea o ka dinosaur liʻiliʻi e ʻai ana a i ʻole ka nui o kona waiwai.

Kuhi ka vertebra i ka suture neurocentral, kahi iwi hāmeʻa hāmama a ʻaʻole i kokoke a hiki i ka dinosaur e lilo i pākeke, e like me ka Naish a me kāna hoa hana mai Portsmouth University ʻo Steven Sweetmen. ʻO kēia ka mea i make ai ka dinosaur i kahi holoholona makua.

Akā ʻo ka helu ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ka dinosaur i haʻi ʻia mai ka iwi hoʻokahi he hana paʻakikī. Ua hoʻohana nā kānaka noiʻi i ʻelua ala e hoʻoholo ai pehea ka nui o ka maniraptoran. Ua komo i loko o ke ʻano hana mua ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi hiʻohiʻona kamepiula o ka ʻāʻī o ka dinosaur, a laila ua kau ka poʻe ʻepekema i kēia lei i ka silhouette o kekahi ʻelele maʻamau o maniraptoran.

ʻO kēia ʻano ke ʻano o kahi ʻike ma mua o ka ʻepekema, e like me kā Naish i kākau ai ma kāna blog, ʻo Tetrapod Zoology, e wānana ana i kēia mau mea noiʻi. A hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻano matematika hou aʻe, i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻohālikelike i nā hoʻohālikelike o ka ʻāʻī a me ke kala o kekahi mau dinosaur e pili ana, i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ka lōʻihi o ka maniraptoran. Ua alakaʻi ʻia nā ʻano ʻelua i kēia mau helu - e pili ana i 13-15.7 ʻehā (33-50 kenimika), e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o Naish.

ʻAʻole kau inoa inoa hou i kēia inoa inoa a ua bapetizo ʻia me ka inoa ʻo Ashdown maniraptorian no ka hoʻohanohano ʻana i ka wahi i loaʻa. Inā e hoʻohuli ʻo ia ʻo Ashdown dino ʻo ia ka dinosaur liʻiliʻi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, e haehae ana ia i ka mooolelo no ka dinosaur liʻiliʻi loa ma ʻAmelika Hema e like me 6 ʻehā (15 cm) ka nui. ʻO kēia kaena holoholona, ​​ʻo Hesperonychus elizabethae, kahi mea hoʻohālikelike haki me ka cawaka weliweli ma kona wāwae. ʻO kona kiʻekiʻe he kapuaʻi a me ka hapa (50 cm) ke kaupaona nei ma kahi o 4 paona (2 kilograms).

I ka makahiki 1970 i nā mea hoʻopunipuni o ka Upper Triassic ma Newfoundland (Kanada) kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i waiho ʻia e kekahi kanaka, ʻaʻohe o ka nui o kahi kaʻe. He mea maʻamau ke ʻano o nā manamana lima no nā dinosaur karnivor o kēlā manawa. Na kēia paʻi i lilo ka lālā liʻiliʻi o ka huaʻāina dinosaur i loaʻa ma ka Honua. Eia naʻe naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo ia ke ʻano o ka makahiki o ka mea i waiho i ka hōʻailona i hiki i ke kanaka - he pākeke a mea pā paha.

A e hoʻomanaʻo mākou i kekahi o nā mana Pehea e make ai nā dinosaurs?, a e hoʻomanaʻo hoʻi i ka mea nāna Nā paila huluhulu a me ka nīnau, nā mea pili i ka manaʻo koʻikoʻi i ko mākou kumuhana o kēia manawa - He aha ka mea i hele mua, hua manu a moa paha moa?

Nā Kūlike Huihui

ʻO nā sauropods āpau nui nā hale ʻai nui. ʻO ka nui ka hiki i ka 32 mika ka lōʻihi, a ʻo ka mea ʻilikai a hiki i 6 mika. Ua like ke kino o ko lākou kino me nā kino o nā elepani ma mua o nā kino o nā lepa: He mau wāwae ākea, he kino paʻa ʻia, ke ʻū ʻūhā nui, nā ʻāʻī lōʻihi, a me nā huelo nui. ʻO nā sauropoda he kaulike o kahi giraffe. ʻO kekahi o nā sauropod he mau papa bony nā lōʻihi ma luna o ka puho o ka holoholona, ​​no ka mea, ʻaʻole hiki i kēia mau huaopota ke hāpai i nā ʻā'ī a nui, a ʻai i nā lau mai nā lāʻau a me nā kumulāʻau liʻiliʻi. ʻO kekahi, ʻoi aku, me ka ʻole o nā papa iwi ke hiki ke piʻi i nā piko kiʻekiʻe o nā kumu lāʻau. He poliki loa ka ʻāʻī iho, hiki iā ia ke hōkeo iā 40-50 degere. He mau ʻīpuka nui ko lākou. Ua liʻiliʻi nā niho, he putty-like.