ʻO nā pilikia kai kūlohelohe nui o ke Kai Caspian

ʻO nā pilikia kaiapuni o ke Caspian a me kāna mau kahakai he hopena ia o ka moʻolelo holoʻokoʻa o ka hoʻomohala waiwai nui ma nā ʻāina o kēia ʻāina. ʻO nā loli maoli ka lōʻihi a me nā pilikia o ka socio-economic koʻikoʻi o kēia lā ua superimposed i kēia.

Hiki i ka hopena o nā pilikia pili kaiāulu no ke kaiāulu i ʻelua mau māhele - pololei a kū ʻole. Hōʻike ʻia nā hopena kūloko, no ka laʻana, no ka nalowale ʻana o nā waiwai kūlohelohe (nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā mea e hana ai lākou) a hiki ke hōʻike ʻia i nā huaʻōlelo kālā. No laila, ʻo nā nalowale o nā'āina o ka Caspian wahi mai kahi hōʻemi mau ʻana i nā moku stabilgeon, i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kūʻai ʻana i kūʻai ʻia, hiki ke helu ʻia. Pono e komo pū me kēia nā kumukūʻai uku no ka hōʻino (no ka laʻana, ʻo ke kūkulu ʻana i nā ʻano ʻoihana lawaiʻa).

ʻO nā hopena kūlike ke hōʻike nei i ka nalowale o ka hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe ponoʻī e ka ʻenekema, ka nalowale o ko lākou kaulike a me ka neʻe wikiwiki ʻana i kahi kūlana hou. No ka ʻepekema, hōʻike ʻia kēia i ka nalowale o ka waiwai o ke aesthetic o nā ʻāina, ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kūlana noho maikaʻi ʻole o ka nohona, a pēlā aku. Eia kekahi, he alakaʻi hou o nā mea pio e alakaʻi, e like me ke ʻano he kānāwai, e alakaʻi pono i ka hoʻolilo waiwai (ʻoihana holomua, a pēlā aku).

No ka hoʻomau i manaʻo ʻia no ka nupepa, ua hāʻule ka Caspian i ka "kahaha o" ka ʻāina, ʻo ka manaʻo, ke hāʻule nei kēia mau ʻāina i ka mana o ka Caspian. No ka laʻana, e pili ana i ke kua o 10-50 mili kālā o nā alakaʻi i ke Komohana o Caspian oil, ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena waiwai o ka make nui o Caspian sprats ma ka nui o "mau" 2 miliona mau kālā. Eia naʻe, i ka mea maoli, ua hōʻike ʻia kēia pōʻino i ke kiʻi o ka 200 mano tons o kaʻai a me ka mea ʻala momona. ʻO ka hemahema, nā kuʻikepili a ka hopena ma o ka hapa ʻole o nā huahana i loaʻa i ka Caspian hiki ke hoʻokumu i kahi hana hoʻoweliweli maoli i nā mākeke aila o Western, a me ka mea i hoʻonāukiuki i kahi pōʻai ʻai ākea.

ʻO kahi mahele nui o ka pōʻino i kumu i ka kūlohelohe o ke kanaka e kū ma waho o ke kūpaʻa o ka helu kālā. ʻO ka nele o nā ʻoihana no ka loiloi loiloi waiwai o nā kaiāulu a me nā lawelawe kaiāulu e alakaʻi i nā alakaʻi hoʻolālā o nā ʻāina Caspian e makemake i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻoihana waiwai a me ka "ʻoihana ʻoihana mahiʻai" i ka hōʻino ʻana i ka hoʻohana mau ʻana i nā waiwai kūlohelohe, nā kaiapuni a me ka ʻoluʻolu.

ʻO nā pilikia a pau i hōʻike ʻia ma lalo nei e hoʻopili pono ʻia a i kekahi manawa hikiʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou iho i ko lākou ʻano maʻa maʻamau. ʻO kēia, ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i kahi pilikia hoʻokahi, hiki ke wehewehe iā ia ʻo "ka luku ʻana o nā meaʻala kūlohelohe o ka Caspian".

1. Polika kai

ʻO ka mea koho maʻamau o ke kai, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi aila. Hoʻopā ka nalo hinu i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā phytobenthos a me phytoplankton o ke Caspian, i hōʻike ʻia e nā aniani-ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka diatoms, e hōʻemi ana i ka hoʻouluʻana o ka oxygen, a hōʻiliʻili i ka hoʻomau i lalo. Hoʻonui pinepine ʻia ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka wela, kaomi, a me ka loli o ka ea ma waena o ka wai o ka wai a me ka lewa. Ma muli o ka pālahalaha ʻana ma luna o nā wahi nui o ka kiʻi ʻaila aila, emi ka nui o ka hoʻomaha ʻana i kekahi mau manawa.

ʻO ka hopena nui loa e pili ana i ka hoʻoemi waiū ma luna o ka wai wai. I ka hoʻopili ʻana me ka aila, nalowale nā ​​hulu i kā lākou wai hoʻōla wai a me nā mea hoʻomehana wela, ka mea e alakaʻi koke ai i ka make o nā manu. ʻO ka make nui o nā manu ua haʻi pinepine ʻia ma ka ʻāina ʻo Absheron. No laila, e like me ka nūpepa ʻo Azerbaijani, ma 1998, he 30 tausani mau manu i make ma ka mokupuni i pale ʻia ʻo Gel (kokoke i ke kauā o Alat.). Ma kahi kokoke i nā wahi hoʻonaʻauao holoholona nui a me nā pūnāwai hoʻoulu i ka hoʻoweliweli mau ʻia e nā kulu Ramsar ma nā ʻaoʻao komohana a me nā kahakai o Caspian.

He mea koʻikoʻi nō nā hopena o ke aila o nā aila mai nā holoholona aku ʻole, inā ʻaʻole naʻe e maopopo. Ma keʻano pilikino, hoʻohui ʻia ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana o nā kahakai me ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka helu o nā kao kai moana a me ka nalowale ʻana o kāna waiwai waiwai (nā kolo o nā ʻano o kēia ʻano i pili me nā pae hana hinu). ʻOi aku ka pōʻino i ka wā o ka pehu, ʻaʻole i hāʻule kekahi o nā ʻano, akā ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana.

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona ka inoa ʻo Soymonov Bay ma Turkmenistan, nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ke kahakai komohana o ka Caspian Hema. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻo South Caspian, hānai i nā wahi no ka iʻa o ka ʻono ka nui o ka hui a me nā wahi a me nā wahie, a ʻo ka ʻāina Marovskie e pili kokoke ana iā lākou.

Ma North Caspian, hoʻopōʻino ʻia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana mai ka aila a hiki i nā makahiki i hala iho nei; ua hana ʻia kēia e ka nāwaliwali nāwaliwali o kahi mākaʻikaʻi ʻana a me kahi aupuni hoʻomalu i kēia wahi o ke kai. Ua loli ka ʻano me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana ma ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka mahina ʻo Tengiz, a laila me ke ʻike o ka lua lua - Kashagan. Ua hoʻololi ʻia nā hoʻololi i ke kūlana mālama ʻana o ka ʻĀpana ʻĀkau, e ʻimi ana i ka ʻimi ʻili a me ka hana ʻana i nā aila (ʻĀina o ka ʻĀina o nā Kuhina o nā Repubalika o Kazakhstan Helu 936 i ka lā 23 Kepakemapa, 1993 a me ke Aupuni o ka Lūkini Lūkini No. 317 i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka lā Malaki 14, 1998). Eia nō naʻe, eia ka hopena o ka hoʻopuʻi ʻana i kiʻekiʻe loa ma muli o ka wai pāpaku, ka nui o nā koikoi kiʻekiʻe, a pēlā aku. E hoʻomanaʻo he hoʻokahi wale nō pōpilikia i ka makahiki 1985 ma ka maʻa Tengiz. 37 ua alakaʻi iā ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o 3 miliona mau aila a me ka make o kahi 200 tausani manu.

Hoʻolaha ka mea i hōʻike ʻia i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hana ʻoihana waiwai ma ka South Caspian i ka manaʻo o ka manaʻo nui ma kēia wahi o ke kai. Ke ʻike ʻia nei he ʻano nui ʻole ka nui o ka hana ʻana i ka hana ʻaʻa ma nā ʻāpana ʻo Turkmen a me Azerbaijani. Ua hoʻomanaʻo ka liʻiliʻi o nā wānana o 1998, e like me ka 2002 wale nō i manaʻo ʻia e Azerbaijan e hana e 45 miliona mau aila aila i kēlā me kēia makahiki (ma ka manawa maoli, ma ka 15). I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua lawa ka hana i ʻaneʻi e hōʻoia i ka hoʻohana ʻana o 100% e hoʻohana ai i nā mea hoʻoponopono hou i loaʻa. Eia nō naʻe, e hoʻomohala hou ʻia nā waihona hōʻaiʻē ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻonui ai i ka hōʻeha a me nā pilika nui i ke kai. He ʻoi aku ka pilikia o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka waihona ma ka North Caspian, kahi e loaʻa ai nā pae makahiki i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana ma kahi o 50 miliona mau miliona me ka waiwai o nā kumuwaiwai he 5-7 mili. I kēia mau makahiki i hala, ua lilo ka North Caspian i alakaʻi ma ka papa inoa o nā kūlana ulia.

ʻO ka mōʻaukala o ka noiʻi ʻana i ka aila ka Caspian i kahi manawa i ka mōʻaukala o kona haumia, a me kēlā me kēia "ʻekolu booms" kōkua. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka ʻenehana hana like ʻana, akā ʻo ka hopena maikaʻi i ke ʻano o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka haumia i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka nui o nā aila i hana ʻia. Ka mea ʻike, ʻo ka pae o ka lepo i nā wahi i hana ʻia ai ka ʻaila (Baku Bay, etc.) he like like me ka mua (ma mua o 1917), ka lua (40-50s o ka XX ken) a i ke kolu (70s) nā kihi. ʻōnaehana aila.
Inā kūpono he mea e kāhea i nā hanana o nā makahiki i hala aku nei "ʻo ka ʻehā ʻehā o ka aila", a laila e kali mākou i ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o ke kaohi. Ma kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe manaʻo i hōʻemi ʻia i nā hoʻoiho ma muli o ka hoʻolauna ʻana i nā ʻenehana loea e nā multinationals Western. No laila, ma Rusia mai 1991 a 1998. nā hoʻokuʻu a nā meaʻino i loko o ka lewa i hoʻokahi pā o nā aila i hua ʻia he 5.0 kg. Hoʻokuʻu o ka Tengizchevroil JV i 1993-2000 kāhea ka 7.28 kg i hoʻokahi tonila o ka aila i hua ʻia. ʻO nā mea nūpepa a me nā kulekele aupuni e wehewehe i nā hihia he nui o ka hōʻino ʻana i nā koi kūlohelohe o nā ʻoihana, nā pilikia kūkaʻi o nā ʻano paʻakikī. Aneane kokoke nā hui āpau i hoʻokō ʻole i ka banʻi o kēia manawa i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā lolo ma loko o ke kai. Ma nā kiʻi kikowaena, ua ʻike maopopo ʻia ka mea ʻaila ʻaʻa nui i ka South Caspian.

ʻOiai ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi loa, me ka ʻole o nā ulia koʻikoʻi a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ke kala nui ma ka pae honua, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohewa o ke kai ma mua o nā mea a mākou i hālāwai ai ma mua. Wahi a nā manaʻo hoʻohālikelike ʻae ʻia, no kēlā me kēia miliona o ka aila o ka aila i hana ʻia ma ka honua, he awelika o 131.4 mau lilo no ka nalowale. Ma muli o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o 70-100 miliona mau lilo, e loaʻa iā mākou ma kahi o 13 tausani mau haneli i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma Caspian ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa, me ka nui o ka poʻe i hele i North Caspian. Wahi a Roshydromet nā mea e manaʻo ai, ʻo ka nui o nā ʻenehana maʻamau o nā pnle hydrocarbons ma North Caspian wai e pāpālua a ʻekolu paha mau manawa ma 2020 a hiki i 200 mcg / L (4 MPC), ʻaʻole ka hoʻokaʻawale lua ʻole.

Ma ka hana wale ʻana o ka māla Mīkini Mīkini mai 1941 a 1958 i 37 pūnāwai ua loaʻa kahi ʻano gryphon kūlohelohe (ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomoʻa ʻole ʻia ka aila i ka pū kai). Ma ka manawa like, hana kēia mau griffins mai nā lā a hala i ʻelua mau makahiki, a ʻo ka nui o ka ʻaila i hoʻoiho ʻia mai 100 mau a 500 mau māka i kēlā me kēia lā.

Ma Turkmenistan, he ʻike nui i ka hiki ʻana i nā wai make o ke kahakai ma Krasnovodsk Bay, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Aladzha Bay i ka makahiki mua a me ke kaua (World War II 1941-1945), ma hope o ka hoʻoiho ʻana i ka papa ʻana ʻo Tuapse. Ua ukali pū ʻia me kēia make nui o ka wai wai. Ma nā wahi i hoʻohuihui ʻia nā pōhaku kahakai a me nā mokupuni o Kānāwaiʻo Turkmenbashi, he haneli mau haneli o "mau alanui asphalt", i hoʻokumu ʻia mai ka ʻaihue i lawe ʻia i loko o ke one.
Ma hope o ka makahiki waena, ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi ʻoihana a me nā mīkini ʻenehana ikaika ma kahi o 250 km o ke kahakai kahiki o Western Turkmenistan. Aia ma 1979, hoʻomaka ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka pā lāʻau o Dagadzhik a me Aligul ma nā penina Cheleken, Barsa-Helmes a me Komsomolsky.

ʻO ka hoʻopiʻi nui ma nā wahi o nā Kānana ma kahi o Caspian i hoʻoiho i ka wā o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pani o LAM a me Zhdanov: 6 nā pūnāwai i wehe ʻia me nā ahi a me nā aila wai, 2 nā pūnāwai wai me nā hoʻoheheʻe a me nā wai, a me nā mea he nui nō hoʻi ʻia. "Nā Kūlike".

ʻOiai i ka 1982-1987, i.e. i ka hopena hope o ka "manawa kolohe", i ka manawa nui i hana ʻia nā hana kānāwai: nā kānāwai, nā hoʻoholo kānāwai, nā ʻōlelo hoʻohālikelike, nā hoʻoholo i nā mana o nā wahi āpau, he nui nā wahi o nā loiloi kūloko, nā limahana o ka Hydromet State, ke Komite no ka pale o ka Natura, ke Keʻena o ka ʻĀina, ke Kuhina o ke Ola, a. ʻO ke kūlana hydrochemical ma nā wahi a pau a me ke kū ʻana i ka aila.

I ka manawa o ka perestroika, i ka wā i he nui ka lohi i ka hana ʻana, hoʻomaka ka moku'āina i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe kino. No laila, i 1997-1998. ka emi ʻana o ka ʻaila i loko o nā wai o ke komohana hema-hikina o Caspian, ʻoiai ʻoi aku nō ia ma mua o ka MPC e 1.5 - 2.0 mau manawa. ʻO kēia nō ʻaʻole wale nō i ka nele o ka kāwele a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui ʻana i ka hana ma ka wai wai, akā ma o nā kaʻina i lawe ʻia e hōʻemi i nā hoʻoiho i ka wā o ke kūkulu hou ʻana i ka mīkini ʻaila hinu o Turkmenbashi. Hoʻemi koke ka hoʻoemi ʻana i ka polū i ka biota. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua uhi ka uhi o ke kumupaʻai a kokoke i ka puni kai piha o Turkmenbashi, ʻo ia ka mea e hōʻike nei i ka maʻemaʻe o ka wai. Hele mai ʻo Shrimp ma loko o ke Kaʻe Soymonov nui loa.

Ma waho aʻe o ke aila, ʻo ka wai e pili ana ka mea nui e pilikia ai ka biota. Ma ke ʻano he rula, hoʻokaʻawale ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka wai a me ka aila) ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o ka wai i loko o nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "pond evaporation", kahi i hoʻohana ʻia no ke kūlohelohe o nā mea hoʻomaha (takyrs a me ka paʻakai paʻakai, ʻaʻole ʻia pinepine ka laha i ka minamina). No ka nui o ka wai pili (100 g a i ʻole g / l) paha, loaʻa ka hinu aila, surfactants a me nā metala kaumaha, ʻaʻole ma ka evaporation, hele kahi puna ma ka ʻaoʻao, a lohi i ka ʻāina, a laila i ka moana i ke alakaʻi o ka neʻe ʻana o ka wai.
E pale aku i kēia kiʻi, heʻuʻuku ka hopena o nā pili paʻa o ka ʻāina paʻa. Aia kēia ʻōpala i nā koena o ka hana ʻoihana a me nā mea hana, nā kālai drill, etc. I kekahi mau hihia, loaʻa iā lākou nā mea e pilikia ai, e like me ka ʻaila hoʻololi, nā kaumaha a me nā radioaktif, etc. ʻO nā hōʻiliʻili Sulfur i loaʻa i ka wā hooilo ʻana o ka ʻaila Tengiz i loaʻa ka mea kaulana loa (6.9 paona paona, ʻo 5 miliona mau mea i hōʻiliʻili ʻia).

Ka nui o ka hoʻoemi (90% o ka nui) e komo i ke kai Caspian me ka kahe o ka wai. Hiki ke loaʻa kēia māhele i ka aneane āpau (hiki i nā hydrocarbons penikala, nā mea ulu, nā mea hoʻouluulu, nā mea kanu, nā mea kila, a me nā mea hou aku). I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, aia ka emi iki o ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā kahe wai e kahe ana, me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o ka Terek (400 a i ʻole MPC no ka hydrocarbons petrolea), ka mea e komo ai i ka ʻaila a me ka mauʻu mai ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o ka ʻoihana a ka moku Chechen Republic.

Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia he ʻano haʻahaʻa o ka mahele o nā kahe wai, me ka emi ʻana ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka hana ʻana i nā awāwa wai, i kahi ʻoi aku ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka hana hoʻoliʻiliʻi o kahakai. Ua manaʻo ʻia aia ma ka wā e hiki mai ana 2010-2020. ua hiki ke kahawai wai-moana a hōʻea i ka 50:50.

Hoʻohālikelike. Hōʻike ka hōʻike o ke kūlana kīpē he pili iki iki iki iki paha i ka hoʻomohala ʻia ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana kaiapuni, ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā ʻenehana kūwaho, ka loaʻa ʻana o nā lako ʻuʻuku, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻenehana, ka hele ʻana a i ʻole hemahema o nā luna kūlohelohe, etc. ʻO kahi wale nō e hōʻike ai i ka pae o ka hōʻemi o ka Caspian correlates ka nui o ka hana ʻana i ka ʻenehana i loko o kāna kīʻaha, hana nui ka hydrocarbon.

Myopathy, a i ʻole ka stratification o ka ʻiʻo uaua i loko o nā paʻa

I ka makahiki 1987-1989 i loko o nā mīkini paʻa, kahi nānā nui o ka myopathy i ʻike ʻia, ka mea e pili ana i ka stratification o nā ʻāpana nui o nā uaua o ka iwi, a hiki i kā lākou lysis piha. ʻO ka maʻi, ka mea i loaʻa i ka inoa 'epekema' āpau - "'āpilikia'ōpiopio i kālai ʻia me ka hoʻopōʻino ʻana o ka lehulehu", ke wā pōkole a me ka nui ka iwi (ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo 90% iʻa i ka "wai" i ko lākou ola, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hoʻomālamalama ʻia ke ʻano o kēia maʻi. me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka mercury ma ka Volga, pālepaʻaʻaʻaila a me kekahi mea.) ʻO ka inoa inoa "ʻōlima kālai ʻia pulupulu". ʻO kēlā me kēia mea, e like me ka nānā ʻana ma Turkmenistan, e like me ka ʻike mai Iranian a me Azerbaijani poʻe hana, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka myopathy i loko o ka lehulehu kūkaʻi Caspian Hema. kaulana ka maʻi me nā mea noiʻi ma Caspian: ua hana hou ʻia ʻo ia i nā hihia a pau o ka make nui o nā holoholona (nā sila i loko o ka puna o 2000, ua piha i ka puna a me ke kauwela o 2001).
Hāʻawi kekahi mau poʻe loea i ka ʻike maopopo loa e pili ana i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka nui o ka nui o nā ʻōpio Nereis i loko o kaʻai me ka nui o ka maʻi i nā ʻano stabilgeon. Hōʻike nui ia iā Nereis e hōʻiliʻili i nā mea olakino. No laila, ʻo ka stellate stabilgeon, e hoʻopau i ka nui loa o ka nereis, ʻoi aku ka ʻili o ka myopathy, a me ka beluga, e hānai nui ana i nā iʻa, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi. No laila, aia ke kumu e manaʻoʻiʻo ai i ka pili o ka myopathy pili i ka pilikia o nā kolo ʻana o ka kahawai kahawai a hiki ʻole i ka pilikia o nā ʻano ʻē.

ʻO ka make o nā puna i ka pūnāwai a me ke kauwela o 2001

ʻO ka helu o nā pūpū i make i ka manawa o ke kauwela-kauwela o 2001 ka manaʻo he 250 tausani tons, a 40% paha. Hāʻawi ʻia i ka ʻikepili ma ka overstatement o nā makana o ka ichthyomass i nā makahiki i hala, he paʻakikī ke manaʻoʻiʻo i ke ʻano o kēia mau kiʻi. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole 40%, akā ua kokoke loa ka sprat (ma kahi o 80% o ka heluna o ka lehulehu) i make ma Caspian.ʻAno ʻike ʻia ke kumu o ka make nui o nā sprats ʻaʻole i maʻi, akā he kuleana kīnā ʻole o kaʻai. Akā, nā hōʻike hoʻonā i hōʻike ʻia "hōʻemi ʻia ka pale ʻana ma ka hopena o" kumulamu kālai ʻia politika "kumulatif.

Hōʻailona ʻo Caspian seal karnivore

E like me ka hōʻike a ka poʻe hoʻolaha, ʻo ʻApelila 2000, ua loaʻa kahi make nui loa o nā sila me ka North Caspian. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻona o nā holoholona make a nāwaliwali kekahi mau maka ʻulaʻula, he ihu clogged. ʻO ka hypothesis mua e pili ana i nā kumu make o ka make, ʻo ia ka mea make, ka mea i hōʻoia ʻae ʻia e ka loaʻa ʻana o ka piʻi nui ʻana o nā metala kaumaha a me nā mea hoʻomau kūlohelohe organik i loko o nā kiko o nā holoholona make. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi kēia mau ʻike, e pili ana i ka hypothesis o "politoxicosis kumulative". ʻO nā loiloi Microbiological i mālama ʻia "i ka huli wela" hāʻawi i ke kiʻi maopopo a me nā mea ākea.

No hoʻokahi mau mahina ma hope iho, hiki i ka hana ke nānā i ka loiloi virological a hoʻoholo i ke kumu koke o ka make - carnivore epid morbillevirus (canine distemper).

Wahi a ka hopena ma hope o CaspNIRKh, ʻo ka impetus no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka maʻi hiki ke noho i ka maʻi ʻalopika "kumulā politika kālele" a maikaʻi hoʻi i ka hoʻoilo hoʻoilo. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona haʻahaʻa e like me nā kumukūʻai o kēlā me kēia mahina ma Pepeluali, 7-9 kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka maʻamau, ka hopena o ka hau. Noho ka honu nāwelo no kahi manawa pōkole wale nō ma ka māhele hikina i ke Komohana ʻĀina. ʻAʻole i hana ʻia ka hū holoholona me nā hau hemo, akā no nā hana kaʻi nui ʻana o nā puʻu wai hikina, ʻo ia hoʻi ka lōlō ʻana o kēlā me kēia, a me ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana i nā loina.

Kekahi epizootic like (koe naʻe ma kahi liʻiliʻi) me ka neʻe ʻana o 6,000 mau kaula i kahakai i kū ʻia ma 1997 ma Absheron. A laila ʻo kekahi o nā kumu hoʻopiʻi o ka make ʻana o ka hōʻailona, ​​ua kapa ʻia ʻia hoʻi ka maʻi o nā karnivores. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o ka ulia ʻo 2000 ke hōʻike ʻia i loko o ke kai (i ka holoʻokoʻa, ka make ʻana o nā sila i kau i ke kahakai Tureke i ka 2-3 mau pule ma mua o nā hanana ma ke North Caspian).
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia e noʻonoʻo i ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i kahi hapa nui o nā holoholona make he mea kūʻokoʻa ʻole, ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai ka maʻi mai.

ʻO ka hapanui o ka hapanui hōʻailona ka momona i ka manawa wela, a neʻe i ka ʻākau i ka manawa anuanu, kahi e ulu ai ka hua a me ka molting ma ka hau. I loko o kēia manawa, hele ka hōʻailona i ka wai me ka haneli nui. Hōʻike nā anuanu i kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka hana ʻai. No laila, i ka manawa o ka hana a me ka molting, ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hapalua o ka ʻōpū o nā holoholona i nalo, kī ʻole, i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā kūlana o ke kino wale nō o ke kino, akā, na ka ʻilihune o ke kumu hau (ʻo nā mea nui i nā bipi a me nā pu).

I ka wā hānai, hiki i ka 50% o ke kaupaona o ka nui o ke kino i pau i ka hoʻoilo o ka hoʻoilo. ʻO ka pono o ka makahiki kau palena o ka hōʻailona hōʻailona no ka ʻai, ʻo 350-380 mau kaukani mau makahiki, kahi o 89.4% e hoʻopau ʻia i ka manawa kīnā kauwela (Mei-ʻOkakopa). ʻO ka meaʻai nui i ke kauwela he sprat (80% o kaʻai).

E pili ana i kēia mau helu, ua ʻai ʻia ka 280-300 tausani mau pūneka o ka nui i kēlā me kēia makahiki e ka hōʻailona. Ma ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana e ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā hopu sprat, hiki i ka hapa o ka ʻai i ka makahiki 1999 ke manaʻo e pili ana i ka 100 tausani tons, a i ʻole 35%. ʻAʻole hiki i ka mea ʻauhau ke ʻauhau ʻia nā huahana ʻē aʻe.

Ua hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia i ka epizootic ma waena o nā sila i loko o ka pūnāwai o 2000 i hoʻāla ʻia e ka hapa ʻole o nā meaʻai (sprats), a, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi hopena o ka pāʻai a me ka, hiki paha ke hoʻopuka ʻana i ka ctenophore Mnemiopsis. I ka pilina me ka hana mau ʻana i nā kumukūʻai sprat, hiki ke hoʻomaka ka manaʻo hou o ka make nui o ka hōʻailona i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana.
Eia nō hoʻi, ma kahi mua, e nalo ana ka heluna kanaka i nā hua āpau (nā holoholona ʻaʻole i hānai i ka momona a ʻaʻole komo e hoʻokomo i ka hoʻouluulu, a hāʻule koke paha lākou i kā lākou mau lālā). Hiki paha i kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o nā wahine e hiki ke hoʻoulu a make pū kekahi (ʻo ka hapai a me ka lactation - hoʻopau ʻia, a me nā mea hou aku). E loli loli ka ʻōnaehana o ka heluna kanaka.

Pono e mālama ʻia me ka nui o ka "hoʻoweliweli data" i nā hihia a pau aʻe. Ma kahi kokoke i loaʻa ʻole nā ​​ʻikepili i ka moekolohe a me nā makahiki o nā holoholona make, ke ʻano no ka loiloi ʻana i ka huina helu, nā ʻikepili i hōʻike ʻia mai kēia mau holoholona ʻaʻole i hana ʻole a hoʻoleʻa ʻole ʻia. Hāʻawi, hāʻawi ʻia nā loiloi kemika no ka nui o nā ʻāpana (me nā metala koʻikoʻi a me nā mea kanu mea kanu), maʻamau ʻole me ka ʻike ʻole i nā ʻano ʻoliʻike, nā hana loiloi, ʻenehana, etc. I ka hopena, ua piha nā "hopena" i nā ʻano he nui ʻole. No ka laʻana, ma ka hopena o ka All-Russian Research Institute no ka kāohi, ʻAno Hoʻolālā a me Ka hōʻoia o nā ʻAla Hoʻohui Kūʻai (ua hoʻohālike ʻia e Greenpeace ma nā wahi lehulehu) he "372 mg / kg o polychlorobiphenyls" (.). Inā ʻoe e hoʻololi i nā milligrams me nā micrograms, a laila e ʻike i kahi mea kiʻekiʻe loa, ʻona, ʻano, no ka waiū umauma o ke kanaka i ka poʻe e ʻai ai i ka ʻai. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka ʻike i loaʻa ma ka epizootics o morbillevirus i nā mea hōʻailona e pili ana (Baikal, ke White White, a me nā mea āpau) i kūʻokoʻa ʻole ʻia, a me ka haʻi ʻana o nā ʻōpiopio sprat ka nui o ka mea ʻai kai nui ʻaʻole hoʻi i loiloi ʻia.

3. ka hele ʻana o nā hana o nā malihini

ʻO ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana o ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā ʻano haole a hiki ʻole i ka wā i hala ke manaʻo ʻole ʻia. Ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻohana ʻia ke kai Caspian ma ke ʻano hoʻāʻo no ka hoʻopuka ʻana o nā mea hou i hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻonui i ka maikaʻi o ka iʻa o ka basin. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua hana nui ʻia kēia mau hana ma ke kumu o nā loea ʻepekema; ​​i kekahi mau manawa, ua hoʻokomo pū ʻia ka iʻa a me ka mea hānai me nā huaʻai (no ka laʻana, mullet a me ka nereis worm). ʻO nā kūpono no ka hoʻolauna ʻana i kekahi o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe a ʻaʻole i mālama i ka hopena o ka wā lōʻihi (no ka laʻana, ka hopena o ka make ʻana o ka meaʻai, ke hoʻokūkū no ka meaʻai me nā ʻano loea ʻano nui, nā hōʻiliʻili i nā mea ʻona, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). Hoʻololi nā iʻa o nā iʻa i kēlā me kēia makahiki, i loko o ka hana no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea koʻikoʻi (herring, pike perch, carp maʻamau) i hoʻololi ʻia i nā mea waiwai nui (ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, sprat). ʻO nā mea lanakila a pau, ʻo ka mullet wale nō ka mea i hāʻawi iki i ka hoʻonui (e like me 700 tons, i nā makahiki maikaʻi loa - a hiki i 2000 tons) o nā hua iʻa, ʻaʻole ia e hiki ke uku no ka pōʻino i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hoʻokumu.

Ua hoʻouka ʻia nā hanana i ka hanana nui i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ctenophore Mnemiopsis (Mnemiopsis leidyi) ma Caspian. Wahi a KaspNIRKh, mnemiopsis i hoʻopaʻa mua ʻia ma Caspian no ka manawa mua i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka makahiki 1999. Eia naʻe, nā lā mua o ka data i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia i ka hapalua o ka makahiki 80, i ka waenakonu o 90 mau makahiki i hōʻike ʻia ai nā hōʻike mua e pili ana i ka hiki ke hiki mai ana a me ka pōʻino; . ^ E Ha yM.

ʻO ka hoʻoholo ʻana e nā ʻike hakakā, ʻo ka nui o nā ctenophores ma kahi wahi i ʻike ʻia i nā loli nui. No laila, ua ʻike ka poʻe loea Turkmen i ka nui o nā Mnemiopsis i nā ʻāina Avaza i Iune 2000, i ʻAukake o kēlā makahiki ʻaʻole kēia i kākau ʻia ma kēia wahi, a i ʻAukake 2001 ka helu ʻana o Mnemiopsis mai 62 a 550 org / m3.

He palalike ʻole i ka ʻepekema kūmole ma ke kanaka o KaspNIRKh a hiki i ka manawa hope loa e hōʻole i ka mana o Mnemiopsis ma nā kūʻa iʻa. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2001, e like me ke kumu o ka hāʻuleʻana o ka 3-4 mau pua i loko o ka hopu sprat, ua kau ʻia ka tesis e "neʻe ka mau kula i nā hohonu hou," a aia wale nō i ka pūnāwai o ia makahiki, ma hope o ka make nui o ka sprat, ua ʻike ʻia ua kuleanaʻo Mnemiopsis i kēia hanana.

ʻO Grebnevik mua i hala i loko o ke Kai o Azov he ʻumi makahiki i hala aku nei, a i ka makahiki 1985-1990. hoʻopilikia maoli ʻia ka ʻAzov a me ʻEleʻele. Ma nā manaʻo āpau, ua lawe ʻia me ka wai pōkole ma luna o nā moku mai ke kahakai o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, ʻaʻole paʻakikī ka paʻakikī i loko o Caspian. Pale nui ia i ka zooplankton, e ʻai ana ma kahi o 40% o kona momona pono i kēlā me kēia lā, pēlā e luku ai i ka waihona ʻai o nā iʻa Caspian. ʻO ka hana wikiwiki a me ka haʻalele ʻana o nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe i waiho iā ia i waho o ka hoʻokūkū me nā mea kūʻai aku o plankton. ʻO ka ʻai ʻana hoʻi i nā ʻano planktonic o nā mea benthic, ua hoʻopilikia ka ctenophore i ka iʻa momona benthophagous. Hōʻike ʻia ka hopena i nā holoholona ʻoi aku ka waiwai ma ke ʻano he kū like ʻole, ma ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hāʻawi ʻia ʻana o ka meaʻai, akā, i kā lākou luku luku ʻia. Ma lalo o ka paʻi nui ua kau nā sprats, brringish herring a me ka mullet, nona nā caviar a me nā ʻōpio i ulu i ka kolamu wai. ʻO Caviar o ka pike moana, atherin a me nā ʻawaʻele ma ka ʻūhā a me nā mea kanu e pale i nā kiko kikoʻī e ka predator, akā ma ka neʻe ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ulu e paʻa pū lākou. ʻO nā mea i hoʻohālikelike i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ctenophore ma Caspian e pili ana i ka paʻakai (ma lalo o 2 g / l) a me ka wai wela (ma lalo + 40 ° C).

Ke kū a hoʻomohala ke ʻano ma ke ʻano o ka hanana ʻana i loko o ke kai ʻo Caspian ma like me ke ʻano o ka Azov a me ʻEleʻele, a laila e pau ka lilo ʻana o ka lawaiʻa o ka lawaiʻa ma waena o 2012-2015, ʻo ka huina holoʻokoʻa he $ 6 biliona i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Aia ke kumu e manaʻoʻiʻo ai ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa nui o nā kūlana ʻo Caspian, nā loli nui i ka paʻakai, ka pā ʻana o ka wai a me nā ʻikena i ka mea kanu ma ka wā wai a me ka wai wai, ʻaʻole e hoʻopōʻino ʻia ka hopena o Mnemiopsis.

ʻO ke ola o ka waiwai nui o ka moana ke lilo pinepine i ka ʻenemi kūlohelohe o kona ʻenemi kūlohelohe, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki i kēia kaha ke hoʻihoʻi i ka ʻōpala i luku ʻia. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻokahi wale nō contender no kēia ʻano hana - ʻo ka beroe comb. Eia, loaʻa nā kānalua nui e pili i ka pono o ka beroe ma Caspian, ʻoiai he mea maʻalahi loa ia i ka mahana a me ka paʻakai ma mua o Mnemiopsis.

4. Ka hauʻoli a me ka poimana

Kahiʻike nui ʻia ma waena o ka poʻe lawaiʻa lawaiʻa ma muli o ka haunaele o ka ʻoihana ma nā Caspian littoral state i ka makahiki 1990s, ʻo ka nui o nā ʻano iʻa like ʻole o ka nui o nā iʻa (koe ʻole ka stabilgeon). Ma ka manawa like, ʻo ka loiloi ʻana o ka ʻano makahiki o nā iʻa i hopu ʻia e hōʻike ana i kēlā manawa kēia manawa he nui ko ka mea make ma ka liʻiliʻi loa (ma ka liʻiliʻi loa). No laila, ma nā kaha o nā puna o 1974, ʻoi aku ma mua o 70% iʻa he mau makahiki 4-8 mau makahiki. I ka makahiki 1997, ua emi ka kaʻana o kēia pūʻulu o ka makahiki i ka 2%, a ʻo ka nui he iʻa no nā makahiki he 2-3 mau makahiki.
Ke hoʻomau nei ka pākuʻi Catch a hiki i ka hopena o 2001. Ua loaʻa ka nui o ka hopu ʻāpono (TAC) no 1997 no ka 210-230 tausani mau lilo, 178.2 tausani mau lilo, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻokoʻa i ka "pilikia paʻakikī". I ka makahiki 2000, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ʻo TAC ma 272,000 mau tonona, nona ka haku - 144.2 tausani tons. I nā 2 mau makahiki i hala o 2000, ua hāʻule nā ​​kiki he sp 4-5, akā ʻaʻole naʻe kēia i komo i ka nui o ka nui o ka iʻa, a ma ka 2001 Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka ODU i 300 mau mau ton. A ma hope o ka make nui o nā sprats e KaspNIRKh, ua emi iki ka wana wana no 2002 (ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka kuʻuna o Lūkia mai 150 a 107 tausani mau). Kūpono loa kēia mākaʻikaʻi a hōʻike wale aku i ka makemake e hoʻomau i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waiwai a hiki i ke kūlana hanana pōʻino.
Mālama mākou iā mākou e pili ana i ka hōʻoia ʻepekema kūmole i hoʻopuka ʻia e CaspNIRKh i nā makahiki i hala iho nei no nā ʻano āpau āpau. Hōʻike kēia i ka pono e hoʻohuli i ka wehewehe ʻana o nā palena no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā waiwai olakino i nā lima o nā hui kaiapuni.

Ma ka nui loa, nā kuhi hewa ʻana o ka ʻepekema kūpaʻa e hoʻopilikia ai i ka mokuʻāina o nā firmgeons. ʻIke ʻia ka pōʻino i ka 80s. Mai 1983 a 1992, kaomi ʻana o nā pūlima o Caspian stabilgeon i ka manawa 2.6 mau manawa (mai ka 23,5 a 8.9 ka nui o nā pū), a i nā makahiki he 8 i hala iho nei - a he 10 mau manawa hou (hiki i 0.9 tausani tons i ka makahiki 1999). .).

No ka lehulehu o kēia pūʻulu o nā iʻa, aia kekahi nui o nā mea i hoʻohui ʻia, a ʻo ia ka mea nui loa, ʻekolu: ʻo ka lawe ʻana i nā kumu spawning kūlohelohe, myopathy a me ka poaching. Hōʻike ka hōʻike 'ana kīnā ʻole inā ʻaʻole kekahi o kēia mau mea i koʻikoʻi a hiki i kēia manawa.

ʻO ka mea hope loa o ka hōʻemi ʻana o nā kānaka stabilgeon e pono ai ka nānā pono ʻana me ka mālama ʻana. Ua ulu wikiwiki ka manaʻo o ka hopu poʻi ma mua o ko mākou mau maka: mai 30-50% o ka hopu kūhelu ʻia i ka 1997 i 4-5 mau manawa (1998) a me nā manawa 10-11-14-15 i 2000-2002. I ka makahiki 2001, ua kuhi ʻia ka nui o nā mining CaspNIRKh no 12-14 tausani mau pūkaila mau ʻia a me 1,2 tausani kaukani caviar, ʻike ʻia nā helu like ʻole ma nā koho CITES, ma nā ʻōlelo o ka Komite Fishery State o ka Lūkini Lūkini. Kuhi ʻia ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe no nā caviar ʻeleʻele (mai 800 a 5,000 mau tausani i ka kg i nā ʻāina Komohana), ʻo nā lono e pili ana i ka "caviar mafia", ʻoiai ke kāohi nei ʻaʻole wale nō ka lawaiʻa, akā, ʻo nā ʻauhau lawaiʻa lawena ma nā Caspian, ua pālahalaha loa ʻia e nā pālaha. ʻOiaʻiʻo, inā he mau miliona o ka hana o ka malu o nā aniani - he mau miliona dala, hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia mau helu i ka kālā o nā ʻāina e like me Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan a me Azerbaijan.

He mea paʻakikī e noʻonoʻo paha nā keʻena kālā a me nā kaha mana o kēia mau ʻāina, a me ka Russian Federation hoʻi, ʻaʻole i ʻike i nā kahe o nā kālā a me nā ukana. I kēia manawa, ʻo nā heluʻepekema o nā hewa hana i ʻike ʻia he nui o nā kauoha o ka hanohano ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi. No ka laʻana, ma ka Russian Federation e pili ana i 300 tons o nā iʻa a me 12 tons o caviar e hopu ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki. I nā manawa a pau ma hope o ka hina ʻana o ka USSR, ua hoʻāko wale ʻia kekahi mau hoʻāʻo e kāʻei pono i ka lele ʻana i nā caviar uli ma waho aʻe.

Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole hikiʻole ke hoʻopunipuni pono i ka hana ʻana i nā lā 12-14 tausani o ka paʻa o ka sturgeon a me 1,2 mano tons o ka caviar. I nā makahiki 80, aia kahi hanahana āpau no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā waihona like ʻole i ka USSR, ka pūʻali koa o nā luna o ka ʻoihana e pili ana i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka paʻakai, nā kīʻaha, nā lako kīpili, etc.

ʻO ka nīnau no ka lawaiʻa lawgeon moana. He luhi kūpaʻa ʻo ia ka pāpā i ka lawaiʻa kūkaʻi i ka makahiki 1962 e hiki ai i ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o nā poʻe o nā ʻano āpau. I kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻelua mau palekane a pau i hui ʻia ma ʻaneʻi. ʻO ke pāpā ʻana i ka lawaiʻa a me ka lawena lawaiʻa no ka lawoʻa a me ka ʻāpana ʻai, kahi i hana nui ai ka luku ʻana i ka wai ʻano kūmau. ʻOiai, ʻo ka pāpā ʻana i ka lawaiʻa o ka lawaiʻa he mea nui ia. Mai kahi hiʻohiʻona olakino, ʻaʻole i manaʻo iki kēia pāpā, akā he nui kāna manaʻo kālepa. ʻO ka hopu ʻana o ka iʻa spawning he mea maʻalahi ia a hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa ka caviar ma mua o nā wahi ʻē aʻe (10%). ʻO ka pāpā ʻana i ka lawaiʻa o ke kai e hiki ai i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā hana i loko o nā waha o ka Volga a me nā Urals a hoʻomaʻamaʻa aku i ka mālama ʻana ma luna, me ka hana o nā kuʻuna.

Ke nānā nei i ka moʻolelo o ka hakakā me ka poaching ma Caspian, ʻelua mau lā nui e hiki ai ke hoʻohanohano. I loko o Ianuali 1993, ua hoʻoholo ʻia e hoʻopili i nā pūʻali palena, nā mākaʻi lehulehu a me nā pūʻali palekana e pili ana i kēia pilikia, ʻo ia hoʻi, he mea liʻiliʻi no ka lehulehu o ka iʻa i hopu ai. I ka makahiki 1994, i ka wā e hoʻonohonoho ʻia ai nā hana o kēia mau hana no ka hana ma ka Volga delta (Operation Putin), ka nui o ka iʻa i hopu ʻia a kokoke ʻole.

Paʻakikī ka lawaiʻa o ke kai, ʻaʻole i hāʻawi ʻia ma mua o 20% o ka hopu paʻa. Ma keʻano kūikawā, ma ke kahakai o Dagestan, ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia paha ka mea nui o ka lako o nā huahana poaching, i ka wā o ka lawaiʻa ʻana i ke kai, ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 10% o ka mined. ʻO ka hopu ʻana o Sturgeon i nā waha wai he mau manawa ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā poʻe haʻahaʻa. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka "elite" o ka pipi momona ka mea i hōʻoki ʻia i loko o nā wai, ʻoiai iʻa ka iʻa me ka home hōʻuluʻulu i nā kai.

He mea pono ia e Iran, ka mea e alakaʻi pono ai i ka lawaiʻa o ka lawaiʻa o ka iʻa, ʻaʻole ia i hoʻemi ʻia, akā me ka hoʻonui pinepine ʻia ʻana i ka hopu, a lilo ia i mea nui o ka caviar i ka mākeke honua, ʻoiai ka ʻoihana o Caspian Hema e hoʻopau ʻia e nā poʻe poʻokela o Turkmenistan a me Azerbaijan . ^ E Ha yM. I mea e mālama ai i nā ʻenemi paʻa, ua hele ʻo Iran e hōʻemi i ka lawaiʻa kutum no kēia ʻāina.

ʻO ka mea ʻike, ʻaʻole ka mana o ka lawaiʻa i ke kumu no ka pau ʻana o ka nui o ka lehulehu.ʻO ka pōʻino nui o ka iʻa e hana i kahi i kālai ʻia ai kona koʻikoʻi - i nā waha o ka Volga a me nā Urals.

5. Ke kānāwai o ka kahe wai. Hoʻololi i nā pōkole biogeochemical kūlohelohe

Kūkulu ʻia ka wai uila nui ma ka Volga (a laila ma ka Kura a me nā muliwai ʻē aʻe) mai ka makahiki 30. Ua haʻalele ka kenekulia XX i ka ikaika o ka Caspian i ka nui o kā lākou mau māka kūlohelohe (no ka beluga - 100%). E uku aku no kēia hanaʻino, ua kūkulu ʻia nā hatcheries a kūkulu ʻia. ʻO ka helu o ka pīpī i hoʻokuʻu ʻia (i kekahi manawa wale nō ma ka pepa) e lilo i kumu nui no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā kuʻuna no ka hopu ʻana i ka iʻa koʻikoʻi. Eia nō naʻe, ua kahele ʻia ka pōʻino o ka nalowale o nā huahana moana i nā ʻāina Caspian āpau, a me nā pōmaikaʻi mai ka hydropower a me ka hoʻoulu wai ʻana - wale nō i nā ʻāina kahi i loaʻa ai ka lula o nā palena. ʻAʻole hoʻonā kēia kūlana i nā ʻāina Caspian e hoʻihoʻi i nā kumu kūlohelohe, e mālama i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe - nā kīhāpai, nā rīkela paʻa, etc.

Hoʻokomo ʻia nā Culverts ma nā kālai loea no nā mea he nui o ka loea, a ʻo ka ʻōnaehana no ka helu ʻana i ka iʻa i spawned he mamao loa ia. Eia nō naʻe, me nā ʻōnaehana maikaʻi loa, ʻo ka pākī e hoʻopalike ana ma ka muliwai ʻaʻole e hoʻi hou i ka moana, akā e hoʻohua ai i nā iwi kūlohelohe i nā wahi hānai kino a maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO ia nā ʻōpala, ʻaʻole ia nā wai hoʻohua a me ke koina o ka make ʻana, i mālama ʻia ke kumu nui o ka hoʻē ʻana o nā pipi kūhelu. He mea pono ia ia ma hope o ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana hydroelectric Kargaly, ua kālele ʻia ka ikaika i ka nui o ka luna o ka Terek.
I kēia manawa, ʻo ke kūkulu ʻana i nā pahu i hoʻopiʻi hou aku ai. ʻO ka ʻĀpana Caspian kahi mua loa o ka moana. Ua lawe mai ʻo Volga i ka phosphorus mineral i aneane (ma kahi o 80% o ka nui o ka loaʻa) a hāʻawi i ka hapa o nā huahana mua (photosynthetic). I ka hopena, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo nā kaila o 70 ka mea paʻa i kēia wahi o ke kai. I ka manawa o ka hapa nui o ka phosphate ua hoʻopau ʻia ma nā hale kanu o Volga, a ua komo ka phosphorus i ke kai i ke ʻano o nā mea ola a me nā mea make. Ma muli o kēia, ua loli loli ka pōʻaiapuni o ke aniani: ka pōkole o nā kaulahao trophic, ka nui o ka luku ʻana i ka pōʻai o ka pōʻai, a. Aia nā wahi o ka waiwai nui-bio i nā wahi ākea ma nā kahakai ʻo Dagestan a ma nā wahi pahū ma nā hohonu o ka hema o Caspian. ʻO nā wahi nui o ka hānai i nā iʻa koʻikoʻi ua hoʻololi i kēia mau wahi. Kūkulu ʻia nā “puka” i nā kaulahao ʻai, nā ʻona hoʻonaninani i kū maikaʻi ʻole i ka maikaʻi o ke komo ʻana i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe (ctenophore mnemiopsis, etc.).

Ma Turkmenistan, hōʻemi ʻia ka nui o ka punawai o ka muliwai Atrek transboundary ma muli o kahi kumu o ke kumu, me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka loaʻa o ka wai, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka runoff i loko o ka Islamic Republic of Iran, a me ka siltation o ke kahawai. Ke kīhāpai ʻana o ka iʻa semi-migratory i ke kahe o ka wai o ka muliwai Atrek, kahi e alakaʻi ai i nā kūlana kūloko o nā waihona hoʻoiho o ka hui ʻo Atrek o ka ʻoihana Caspian a me ka ukana. ʻAʻole i hōʻike ʻia ka mana o ka rula o ka Atrek i ka hōʻino ʻia o nā kumu kīnā ʻole. ʻO Atrek kekahi o nā kahe lepo ʻōpala o ka honua, no laila, ma muli o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka wai, me ka wikiwiki o ke kahe.
ʻO nā Urals ke waiho wale nei ka palena o nā kahe nui o nā kahe nui o Caspian. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole maikaʻi loa ka mokuʻāina o nā kīwaha i luna o kēia kahe. ʻO ka pilikia nui i kēia lā he siltation o ke kahawai. I ka mālama ʻia ʻana o nā lepo ma ke awāwa ʻo Ural i ka ululāʻau, ma hope ua ʻoki ʻia kēia mau ululāʻau, a kokoke i ka pili o ka wai. Ma hope o ka "kāpae ʻana i ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka Urals i mālama ai i nā mea paʻa", ua pau ka hana ʻana o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke ala.

ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ke kai a me nā kahe e kahe ana i loko ua lilo ia i mea nui no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻekekeu ʻole o ka oxygen i loko o ke kai ʻo Caspian, ʻoi loa no nā wahi hema ma ke Kina o Turkmenistan, ʻoiai ʻo kēia pilikia ka helu ʻole ʻana ma ke ʻano he mea nui.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā ikepili hou loa e pili ana i kēia pilikia e pili ana i ka makahiki 80. I ka manawa, ʻo kahi hōʻolua nui i ka synthesis a me ka hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea kūlohelohe ma muli o ka hoʻolahaʻana o Mnemiopsis ctenophore hiki ke alakaʻi i ka loli nui a hiki i ka catastrophic i nā loli. Ma muli o Mnemiopsis ʻaʻole i hoʻoweliweli ʻia i ka hana photosynthetic i ka alic e pili ana i ka makana, akā no ka hopena o ka pōʻino o ka pōʻai (zooplankton - iʻa - benthos), e hōʻiliʻili ana i ka mea make kino, e hōʻemi ai i ka maʻi hydrogen sulfide o nā papa lalo o ka wai. ʻO ka hōʻino ʻana i nā benthos i koe he alakaʻi i ka holomua o ka pae anaerobic. Hiki i ka mea ke kahakaha i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana o oxygen-free loa i nā wahi āpau no ka stratification wā lōʻihi, ʻo ia hoʻi ma nā wahi e hoʻopili ʻia ai ka wai a me ka paʻakai, a me ka hoʻomohala i nā algae unicellular. ʻO kēia mau wahi i pili pū me nā pūnaewele o ke komoʻana o ka phosphorus - ma nā punawai o ka hohonu o ka Middle and Southern Caspian (upwelling zone) a ma ka palena o ka North and Middle Caspian. Ua ʻike ʻia nā wahi me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no ke North Caspian; e hoʻonui ʻia ka pilikia e ka uhi ʻana o ka hau i nā mahina hoʻoilo. Hoʻopilikia hou aʻe kēia pilikia i ka kūlana o nā mea iʻa ka nui o nā iʻa (make, nā paleʻe, i nā ala hele.

Eia kekahi, paʻakikī ke wānana e pehea e ulu ai ka ʻoihana ʻauhau ʻo phytoplankton ma lalo o nā kūlana hou. I kekahi mau hihia, me kahi kaʻai o ka meaʻaiʻai nui, ʻaʻole i mana ʻia ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o "red tides", no ka laʻana, nā kaʻina ma Soymonov Bay (Turkmenistan).

7. Pauku olelo

1. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole pili ʻia nā hoʻoweliweli kanaka a me nā mea i hoʻopilikia ʻia ma ke ʻano me ka loaʻa kālā o kēlā me kēia ʻāina i loaʻa mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā waiwai olakino o Caspian. No ka laʻana, ma lalo o ke ʻano o kēia kaila no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka quota kūkaʻi, ka poino e ʻimi ʻia ai ka ʻaila, ke kūkulu ʻana i ka wai, ka poʻo a me ka wai o ka wai a me ka moana ke kūloko ʻia e ka like me nā ʻāina a pau, ʻaʻole pololei a ʻaʻole ia e hoʻoulu ʻia i ka hana o nā hana maikaʻi e hoʻoponopono i ke kūlana.
2. ʻO ka pōʻino nui loa i ka pōʻai a me nā kumuwaiwai olakino o ke kai ma muli o ka hemo ʻana o ka nohona kūlohelohe (e komo ana i ka make ʻana o nā mea kanu), nā hana hoʻokūkū nui a me ka komo ʻana o nā holoholona ʻē. ʻO nā maʻi Mass kekahi kumu kūpono lua e nā maʻi ma luna aʻe.
3. ʻO ka maʻi kai ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka wai kahe. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o ka hana o ka ʻoihana a me ka mahiʻai i ka paina Volga e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole e pōʻino ka maikaʻi o ka wai o ka wai i loko o nā makahiki e hiki mai ana, a e hoʻopau ʻia nā hoʻoiho pōpilikia.
4. Ke hoʻohālikelike nei, ʻoi aku ka pōkole o ka pōʻai pōkole pōkole mai ka hana aila. ʻO ke ala wale nō e hoʻopili ai i kēia haumia i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka pae kānāwai, ʻo ia ka mea hiki ʻole.
5. ʻO ka pōʻino o ka pōʻino iʻa i kumu o ka iʻa ma muli o ka ʻai nui ʻana he hopena pololei ia o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hana o ka hoʻohana ʻana, ka nānā ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai ma nā lima o ka ʻāpana like (e like me ka mea i ka pūnaehana o Soviet Rybprom). ʻO ka pūnaehana ʻepekema ʻo Caspian nui loa - CaspNIRKh kahi papa hana iʻa no ka ʻoihana lawaiʻa. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke Kōmike Nui o ka honua ma ke ʻano he Aquatic Bioresources o ke kai Caspian ma 1992 ma ke kumu o kahi pūʻulu hana ma Kaspryba JSC. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā hui kaiaulu o nā aupuni ʻo Caspian i ke Komisina, e alakaʻi ana i ka manaʻo no ke kuikahi i hāʻawi ʻia i kekahi manawa nā kumu o ke kōmike ʻo CaspNIRKh.
6. I ka wā e hiki i ka wā e ʻike mua ʻia, ʻo ka nui o ka pono o nā waiwai ola o ke kai e hōʻemi ai i ka aneane ʻokoʻa, me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o nā wahi desalinated e kokoke ana i ka Volga a me nā Urals, pono ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā waiwai iʻa. He kiʻekiʻe kahi kūlana o ka nohona kūlohelohe (mineralization o nā wai, ka hoʻēʻe ʻana o nā mea waiwai nui, ka ʻio ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ke kai, a.).
7. ʻO ka hiki ʻana o ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o nā kaile pilica Caspian i hilinaʻi nui ʻia i nā hana i hoʻonohonoho ʻia o nā moku Caspian. Aia a hiki i kēia wā, me ka nui o nā hoʻoholo a me nā hoʻolālā o "kaiāulu", ʻaʻohe ʻōnaehana a me nā mana no ka mālama ʻana i ko lākou hana pono. He maikaʻi kēia ʻōnaehana i nā ʻoihana āpau o nā ʻoihana e lawelawe nei ma ka Caspian, me nā hui o ke aupuni, nā hui aupuni a me nā transnational.
8. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana o ka mālama kino a me ka noiʻi ʻepekema ma Caspian ua supercentralized, cumbersome, kūʻai nui a maikaʻi ʻole, e ʻae ana i ka hana o ka ʻikepili a me ka manaʻo o ka lehulehu.
9. Hiki ke ala ʻia mai kahi kūlana i hiki aku ai ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi polokalamu interethnic e hoʻohui pū ai i nā hana o ka nānā ʻana a me ka ʻike lehulehu. Pono ka laulima e like me ka hiki, koho ʻia, kūpono no ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o ka lehulehu i ka mālama ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe.

East Berkeliev,
ʻO Ecoclub СATENA, Ashgabat

ʻO ka wehewehe pōkole

I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua lilo ka pilikia o ka mālama ʻana i ke olakino olakino o kahi mea kūlohelohe kūʻokoʻa, e like me ke Caspian Sea. ʻO ke kai Caspian kahi waiwai kūʻokoʻa he nui, ka waiwai o ka hydrocarbon a me nā waiwai olakino he mau analogues ma ka honua.
ʻO ka Caspian ka mīkini ʻaila kahiko i hana ʻia ma ka honua. Ma Azerbaijan, ma ka Absheron Peninsula, hoʻomaka ka hana aila me ʻoi aku ma mua o 150 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, a ua kuhikuhi ʻia nā noiʻi haole ma laila no ka manawa mua. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻolālā ʻana ma waho ma ka 1924.

Ke Aniani ……………………………………………………………………………. 3
ʻO ka kumu a me nā wahi no ka ʻaoʻao o Caspian. ……… .... 4
Nā pilikia kūlohelohe o ke kai Caspian ... ……… .. ……………………………. 5
Kila Paila Aila ..... ……………………………………………… .6
Hōʻalo ka wai .. …………………………………………… 11
ʻO ke komo ʻana o nā mea ʻē aʻe ...................................................... 12
Overfelling a poaching …………………………………………… 13
ʻO nā maʻi ……………………………………………. …………… 14
He hao keleawe he nui ………………………………… 15
ʻĀpopopopopo …………………………………………… ..16
Ka make ʻana o nā hōʻailona. 17
ʻO nā pilikia kūlohelohe o ke kai ʻo Kazakh o Caspian Sea .... 17
Me nā hana e hoʻomau ai i ka kūleʻa i loko o ke Kai Caspian ………………… 18
Hoʻāla …………………………………………………………………………… .20
Ka papa inoa o nā puke nūpepa i hoʻohana ʻia ………………………………………………………. 21

Nā huahana aila

Ma nā kīʻaha o nā wai o Caspian i hūnā ʻia i nā waihona ʻaila a me ka hinu, ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻia e lawe ʻia ana i kēlā me kēia lā. I nā ʻōlelo o nā kauʻa, ʻo ka Caspian Sea ka lua ma ka honua ma hope o ke Kīwaha Persian. Ma muli o ka kaawale ʻana o ka waiwai kō, ʻo nā kīʻaha liʻiliʻi ʻona paha e pōʻino no ka wai o nā wai a me nā wahi e noho ai.

ʻO nā kumu kumu o ka hoʻoilo wai e komo ana i kēia:

1. Hana ʻaina. Ma kahi o 90% o nā palu e hele ana i ke kino o ka wai ma o ke kahe ʻana o ka wai ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai no ka hoʻokahe ʻia. I waena o lākou, ʻo ka hana o ka mining, nā metala, loko a me nā mea laikini ka mea maʻamau. Hoʻopuka pinepine ʻia ka lua ʻekekika ʻole i ka Volga; no ia kumu, ʻo ke kumu kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻona i nā huahana a me nā wai e kahe ana i loko o ke kai ʻo Caspian ma mua o ka ʻumi.
2. Kālai a ka aila. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka waihona kālā mai Russia, Azerbaijan a me Turkmenistan e hāʻawi ana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ke kō. ʻO nā māka lawena lawena nā kumu nui e hoʻohaumia ai i ke Kai Caspian. Mai kahi puna maikaʻi ma ke kōkuhipa loaʻa mai 25 a 100 100 lita o kāila aila.
3. Ka Hoʻouna. ʻO ka lawe ʻana i ka wai kekahi o nā kumu o ka hoʻomoʻe ʻana i ka wai ma muli o ke kahe ʻana o ka wahie. Ke lawe ʻia nei ka ʻaila ma o ka wai, ʻike pū kekahi aila.

ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka pauna aʻa e hōʻike ana i kahi pōʻino koʻikoʻi i ka pua a me nā manu o ka Moana Caspian. Ke aila, ke komo nei ia i ka wai, palahalaha pū me ia me kahi kiʻi nīpī a hōʻino i nā mea ola kino. No laila ua hoʻopau ʻia ka hana o nā pilina o ke kaulahao.

Hoʻemi ka pae wai

ʻO ke kai ʻo Caspian, ʻoiai ka inoa, ʻo ka loko ka nui loa ma ka honua. I nā makahiki i hala aku nei, ua emi iki ka nui o ka wai i loko, e loaʻa ana i ka hoʻoweliweli o ka make. Ua kākau nā kānakaʻepekema i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o kahi hōʻemi makahiki i nā pae reservoir ma 6-7 kenimika. Pākuʻi ʻia i nā wahi pāpaku o Caspian.

Ke alakaʻi nei ke kūlana i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole:

1. Ke piʻi ka kiʻekiʻe o ka paʻakai o ka wai. ʻO ka hopena, make nā mea kanu i hoʻoponopono ʻole ʻia i nā kūlana like.
2. Ke emi nei ka nui o nā iʻa i ka loko.
3. Hoʻomaʻa ka pilikia o ke kāʻei o nā wahi pāpaho - hoʻi ka wai kahe i nā kūlanakauhale me nā awa.

I ka like o ka emi ʻana o ke kahe o ka wai, i kekahi mau haneli i ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ke Kai Caspian e lilo ai i ʻāina.

Nui kekahi mau kumu no ka maluhia o kahi wai.

ʻO ka mea mua, ua komo lākou i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke ʻano ma ka ʻāina, ma ka lalo o Volga basin, ʻo ia ka kumu nui o ka mālama pono ʻana no ka waiwai. I nā makahiki i hala aku nei i 15-20 mau makahiki, ua hoʻonui ka nui o ka ea ea ma ka Caspian Sea i ka 1 kiʻekiʻe.

ʻAʻole ʻike iki ke kai o Caspian me nā kai a me nā kai ʻē aʻe, no laila ua pāpaʻi ʻia kona pae kiʻekiʻe ma ka nui o ka ua, a me ka hoʻoilo a me nā kahe wai. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana o ke ea i alakaʻi ʻia ai ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka wai mai ka wai o ke kō.

I kēia mau lā, he waiwai maikaʻi ka nui o ka wai o Caspian - e kahe a ʻoi ke ʻoi aku ma mua o ka puka ʻana i waho.

Nā lawaiʻa

Ke kaulana ka Caspian no nā ʻano nui o nā iʻa. Ma aneʻi ma luna o kahi o ka 80% o ka hoʻokō paʻa e hoʻopaʻa ʻia nei ka honua. I kēia lā ma kahi o Caspian aia ma kahi o nā ʻano iʻa 130. ʻO ka ʻūhā o ka ʻikepili a me ka waha o ka Volga i waiwai nui ia - ma kēia mau wahi aia kahi i ʻike nui ʻia o ka kūkaʻa, stellate stellate a beluga. Ma kēia ʻāpana o ke kino o ka wai he nui nā hōʻailona. No kēia kumu, ʻoiai i ka Soviet Union, ua manaʻo ʻia kēia wahi i wahi mālama.

ʻO ka lawaiʻa ʻana o ka iʻa kūkaʻi ʻo ia kekahi o nā pilikia nui o ka kaiapuni ʻo ka Caspian. Manaʻo ʻia kēia iʻa no ka caviar (kapa kekahi iā ia he "gula ʻeleʻele"). Hāʻawi ka Caspian ma kahi o 90% o kona waihona honua.

ʻO ka hāʻule ʻana o ka USSR i alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o ka monopoli i ka lawaiʻa firmgeon ma Azerbaijan a me Turkmenistan. I ka hopena, hoʻomaka ke hopu ʻana i kēia iʻa. I kēia lā, aia nā mea paʻa i ka palena o ka hoʻopau ʻana. Ua luku ʻia nā poʻi ma kahi o ka 90% o nā hoʻopaʻa paʻa.

Aia nā hana no ka mālama ʻana i ka iʻa i koe, akā hiki wale nō ke ʻano kūlohelohe no ka nalowale.

ʻO ke Kai Caspian kahi kino wai kūʻokoʻa. E nānā kokoke i ia, e hoʻonā i nā pilikia o ke kaiapuni.

ʻO ke kahe mau o ka moana

ʻO kekahi pilikia ke ʻano o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o ke kai, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ana i ka wai, kahi hōʻemi ma kahi o ka wai o ka wai a me nā ʻāpana pā. Ua emi ka nui o ka wai e kahe ana mai ka wai i loko o ke kai. Ua hana ʻia kēia me ka hana ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana hydraulic a me ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana i ka wai o ka wai i loko o nā hale noho waiwai.

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Hōʻike nā ʻōpū o ka wai a me ka waiʻala mai lalo mai o ke Kai Caspian e hoʻopili ʻia ai ke ʻano o ka wai me nā meaʻala a me nā metala like ʻole: mercury a lead, cadmium and arsenic, nickel and vanadium, barium, keleawe a me ka zinc.Hoʻopaha ka pae o kēia mau ʻenehana i loko o ka wai ma mua o nā ʻano āpau i ʻae ʻia, ka mea e hōʻeha nui i ka moana a me ka poʻe i noho ai. ʻO kekahi pilikia ka pilikia o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā ʻeleʻele ʻole o ka oxygen i ke kai, ka mea e hiki ai i nā hopena pōʻino. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka komo ʻana o nā mea hanu o nā holoholona ʻē i hōʻino ʻia i ka ʻōpū o ka Caspian Sea. Ma mua, aia kahi ʻano o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻāina no ka hoʻopuka ʻana i nā ʻano hou.

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Nā kumu pilikia o ke kaiapuni o ke Kai Caspian

Ua kū aʻe nā pilikia kai ma luna o ke kai ʻo Caspian no kēia mau kumu:

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• ka lawehala
• ke kūkulu ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole ma ka wai.
• ka wai o ka wai ma o ka hoʻomehana hale a me ka home,
• hoʻoweliweli mai ka aila a me ke ahi, kemikena, metallurgical, ka ikehu, ka māla ʻona o ka ʻoihana,
• mea hana
• nā hopena ʻē aʻe i ka ʻenekona ʻōwili,
• ka ʻae ʻole o ka ʻae ʻana o nā ʻāina Caspian i ka palekana o ka wai wai.

ʻO kēia mau hiʻohiʻona hoʻonāukiuki ua alakaʻi i ka manaʻo o ke Kai Caspian i nalowale ka hiki o ka hoʻoponopono piha a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe iā ia iho. Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e pae i nā hana i kuhikuhi i ka mālama ʻana i ke kaona o ka moana, e nalowale ia ka huahana a lilo i loko o kahi kō i koe me ka palaʻi palu.

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Ua puni ʻia ke kai loko o Caspian e kekahi mau mokuʻāina, no laila, ʻo ka hoʻonā i nā pilikia o ke kaila o ke kaila nui ka mea i lilo i mea maʻamau o kēia mau ʻāina. Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e mālama i ka mālama o ka mālama honua o Caspian, a laila ma muli o ka waiwai ʻole o nā waiwai wai e nalowale ana, akā, he nui nō hoʻi o nā mea kanu kai a me nā holoholona.

ʻO nā pilikia kai kūlohelohe nui o ke Kai Caspian

Ua kū mai nā pilikia o ke kaiapuni o ka Caspian a hoʻomohala koke i nā kumu no kēia mau kumu:

• ka mea ʻole i hoʻolako ʻia, me ka ʻimi ʻana, ka lawaiʻa,
• ka hana ʻana o nā kahua kūlana wai uila a me nā ʻōpena ma nā muliwai e ʻai ana i ka moana,
• nā wai maʻemaʻe ma ka huehue a me ka mālie paʻa,
• hoʻohemo ʻana i nā aila,
• ke komo i ka moana o ka umauma e hana ai i nā māla,
• ka ʻae ʻole o ka ʻae ʻana o ka poʻe Caspian littoral i ka hihia o ka mālama a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka wahi wai.

Inā ʻoe e hoʻomohala i nā hana hui e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka ka wai, i nā makahiki he mau makahiki o ka Caspian e nalowale ka huahana o ka iʻa a lilo ke ʻano o kahi ʻōpala lepo piha ʻia i ka ʻihi.

Hoʻopili kaʻili

Hoʻomoe ʻia nā wai Caspian ʻaʻole wale nō ma muli o nā kīʻaha wai ʻole i hōʻeha ʻia. ʻO ka Volga a me nā muliwai ʻē aʻe, e lawe ana i ko lākou wai i ke kai ʻo Caspian, lawe mai me lākou i nā hua o nā hana a nā kanaka, a me nā wahi paʻa ko ka hale.

ʻAʻole he nui o nā kūlanakauhale kahakai i nā mea kanu lapaʻau a me ka huki wai - nā hale a mai nā hale waiwai hoʻi - pololei i loko o ke kai.

E kulu ana nā wai lepo i loko o kahi o Caspian i nā ʻāpana ʻole maikaʻi o ka oxygen - ua ʻike ʻia lākou ma ka hema o ka ʻāina. ʻO kēia mau māhele o ka moana kahi, no ka kiʻekiʻe o ka haumia, nā make o nā kai a pau e make ai nā oxygen, a make nā ola kai a pau ma hope o ka algae.