ʻAno a me ke ʻano. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka mea nui loa o kā mākou grebes. Kahi loa lōʻihi 46-51 cm, nā ʻēheu 85-90 cm. He ʻāʻī lōʻihi a me ka ʻāʻī nui a me ke poʻo ākea, kahi elongated a me kahi puʻupuʻu pololei a pololei. I loko o ka lole mare, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke poʻo ma muli o ka luhika "ʻūpā" a me nā pūliki manuahi like ʻole. Makemake ʻo ia e noho i loko o ka wai ākea, dives i ka pōpilikia, lawe i ka paʻakikī a kuewa hoʻi, ma hope o ka holo lōʻihi. Ma ka lewa, akā, ka chomga i kekahi manawa i nā hipa o kahi ʻano kohu ʻano ʻano nui o ka honi wai (mai grebes kēlā mau ʻano ʻike ʻia i loko o ka sulcus). I ka hoʻoilo o ka hoʻoilo, ua ʻokoʻa ia i kahi grebe-hina i like like me ia ma ke alo o kahi mauʻu keʻokeʻo e hoʻokaʻawale ana i ka maka mai ka "pāpale" pōʻai.

ʻO keʻano. ^ E Ha yM. I ka lole ʻaina, ka ʻulaʻula ke kino (ʻulaʻula ke kino, keʻokeʻo ka ʻōpū), ʻoluʻolu ka ʻāʻī, he poli pōʻeleʻele wale ia e pili ana i kona kua, ʻo nā “whiskers” he ʻulaʻula, nā pāpale a ʻāhinahina, “ʻeleʻele ka“ alo ”, mai nā kihi o ka waha. nā kīleʻeleʻeleʻele i palahalaha nā maka. ʻUlaʻula nā maka iho, a hiki i ke kala o ka beak mai ke aniani hina ke aniani ʻulaʻula. Ma kahi manu lele lele, ʻike ʻia nā wahi nui keʻokeʻo ma luna o nā ʻēheu - ma ka lua o ka hulu manu a kū i ke alo maka o ka ʻēheu, me ke kaʻe ʻana i ka papa holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻēheu. I ka hoʻoilo o ka hoʻoilo, ua nalowale nā ​​"whiskers" a me "mau pū" inā ʻaʻole i like ka like me ke kala i ke kauwela (pono wale ke aniani a me nā poni ʻulaʻulaʻula e nā hina hina). Ma ka like o ka like me nā manu makua i ka hoʻoilo, ʻōpiopio ka mea i piha i ka laulā, akā ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou e ka neʻe ʻana o nā hōʻailona ʻeleʻele ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻāʻī a me nā pāpālina. Pālililima ʻia nā ʻōpio i lalo (a me ke kua a me ke ʻano a ka beak), me ka makahiki, ua nalowale loa nā hōʻeha ma ke kua, i luna o ke poʻo a me ka ʻā ke nānā ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ke poʻo, a hiki i ke ʻano o ka plumage makua. Na nā pēpē liʻiliʻi i holo i nā popi ʻulaʻula ma waena o nā kihi o ka waha a me nā maka, a me ka lae.

Manaʻo he leo nui ka chomga, a makemake ʻo ia e hoʻōho. ʻO ka lohe pinepine aʻe iaʻu i ka holo ʻana ʻana o "kroro", A me ke koahe -"nānā"." Hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia nā Chicks, i loko o nā hale kō i kahi o ka chomga, maʻamau kēia ʻano i ke ʻano i ke kauwela.

Ke Kūlana ʻokoʻa. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā moʻomeheu aneane ma kahi o Eurasia (ma Siberia - ʻo ia wale nō ma ka hema), ʻoihana mua ma Africa, Australia, New Zealand. Noho nā wahi hoʻoilo i ke kaha kai. I loko o ʻEulopa, ʻo ka mea pālahalaha loa a he nui ka mauʻu. Ua hiki i Karelia i ka ʻākau, a i ke kai ʻeleʻele i ka hema. Mākou manu ka hoʻoilo i nā wai o ke kahakai o ka Kūleʻa o ʻAlei a me Azov, akā, e like me nā grebes ʻē aʻe, i mua o ka wai hau ʻole, hiki i ka chomga ke hoʻoilo ma kahi āpau Ma hea a kahi āpau.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. No ka hoʻouluulu, pono ka chomge i kahi nui o ka nui waiʻi i waiwai i ka iʻa. ʻAno ʻoluʻolu ʻo ia e noho ma nā wahi wai, nā loko wai o nā lawaiʻa o ka iʻa, a me nā loko kūlohelohe. Pili loa ʻo ia a kokoke i waho (ʻo ia hoʻi, ke alo ʻana i ka palena o ka mohe ʻohe, ʻo ka pūnana kahi papa wai o ka umu, a me ke koena o ka mea kanu lepo. Aia i kahi chomg nui, keʻoluʻoluʻole i ka pilina o kā lākou ʻano, a i kekahi manawa aia kahi honu i kahi mau mika mai kekahi mai kekahi. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole e hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau ʻaluna palupalu. Ma hope o ka haki ʻana i nā pōpoki, nā mākua, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, e neʻe me lākou ma ko lākou kua, e wehe i ka wai, kahi e noho ai a hiki i nā ʻōpio ke piʻi aku. ʻO ka meaʻai nui no ka chomgas ka iʻa liʻiliʻi (ʻaʻoleʻoi aku ma mua o 15 cm lōʻihi), ke hāʻawi nei lākou i kekahi manawa i nā mea kanu aku i nā moa liʻiliʻi.

Chomga, a i ʻole Grebe (ʻO nā kāpalē nā Podiceps)

ʻO keʻano

ʻAukui. Kane a wahine i ka lole mare. ʻEleʻele ka lae, ka lei, a me ke kua o ke poʻo, nā hulu a me nā hulu paha. Ke waiho nei ke kaula keʻokeʻo ma waena o ka ʻeleʻele o ke poʻo a me ka maka. ʻAʻole hulu i ka hulu. Ke keʻokeʻo nā pipi. ʻO ka pepeiao a me ka hulu o ka buccal he elongated chestnut-ʻulaʻulaʻula, hana i ke kola, nāʻaina i ka ʻeleʻele, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka wā e hauʻoli. ʻEleʻele ka kua o ke kua. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao a me ke alo o ka ʻāʻī he keʻokeʻo me kahi kikoʻī o kahi kalaʻulaʻula. ʻO ka ʻili o luna ke brownish-ʻeleʻele me nā pale oval oish i ka kihi o nā hulu. ʻUlaʻula nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino. ʻO ka ʻōpū o ke kino, ka umauma, nā lalo a me ka ʻaoʻao mua o ka ʻēheu ke keʻokeʻo. ʻO ka mea lele nui ka brownish-hina, ʻoi aku ka māmā ma lalo o nā waihona keʻokeʻo, ʻo loko o loko nā pika o ke keʻokeʻo. ʻO keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo a keʻokeʻo paha nā flywheels me nā wahi ʻeleʻele ma nā pūnaewele waho. Aneane kaʻulaʻula piha ka nukau; he keʻokeʻo kona pili ʻana. ʻUlaʻula ʻia ka mea i ulana, puni ka ʻōpū i ke aniani ʻulaʻula kukui. ʻO ka huluhulu a me nā lehelehe o nā manamana lima ma waho, he ʻula-hina, i loko o keʻokeʻo-ʻōmaʻomaʻo, kokoke i loko o ka ʻulaʻula.

He kāne a he wahine i ka lole hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo. He puli ʻeleʻele ka poʻo o ke poʻo, ma. aia he ʻelua wahi keʻokeʻo ma luna o ka nape, pōkole nā ​​pu, ʻike ʻia kahi pale kukui ma luna o ka maka a me ka frenulum. Hoʻokaʻawale a hele iki paha ka poli e nā ʻeleʻele a me nā hulu ʻulaʻula. Lipi, pepeiao pepeiao a me ka hunchbacked. Keʻokeʻo ka ʻāʻī, ma kona ʻaoʻao ma kahi ʻalani hina hina. ʻEleʻele ka ʻaoʻao luna me nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa loa i nā hulu. Ke keʻokeʻo loa ka kino haʻahaʻa a me ka umauma. ʻUlele ka ʻaoʻao o ke kino. Ma ka holoʻokoʻa, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine a i ke kapa moe moe ka nui a me nā pū.

Kōkā iho. ʻO ke poʻo keʻokeʻo ia ke poʻo, ka holo keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo e holo ana ma luna mai ka waena, ʻelua mau keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ʻē aʻe "i hala ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo i ka pūnaka a me ka alapiʻi me ka maka. He mau wahi pōkole ma ka ʻūhā keʻokeʻo o nā ʻāpana like ʻole. ʻO ka ʻāʻī e lei me nā kihi keʻokeʻo a me ke kaula ākea. Aia nā ʻeleʻele brown-brown me nā mālamalama ka lōʻihi ma ka pālani pōkole, ʻoi aku ka nui o kahi ʻeleʻele uliuli, a he keʻokeʻo ka lalo o ke kino a me ka umauma, aia nā ʻili poloka i loko o ke alaloa, ma luna o ka lei a me nā maka. peaks a nui Bani, hoʻopuni piha: Bobbin kauoha a e ʻāʻī i nā manamana kila-hina me ka kaomkami māwele, ma nā kihi o nā kīʻaha ..

ʻAhuʻula chick. Pēlā me ka hoʻoilo hoʻoilo o nā pākeke. Noho nā wahi keʻokeʻo ma ka lae ʻeleʻele, ʻōloheloʻo nā kukui ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo ma hope o ka maka a ma ka pae o ka maka. Kahi ʻia ka poli e nā hulu ʻulaʻula a me ka ʻulaʻula. ʻO ka lele ma ka ʻoloka mau ʻōlima, he keʻokeʻo ko lākou mau kumu, he keʻokeʻo ko lākou a puni, he keʻokeʻo nā flywheels me nā kolamu ʻōpala ma nā pūnaewele waho a he brown i ka kumu. Ke keʻokeʻo ka ʻaoʻao mua o ka eheu, i kulu ʻia me nā wahi hina. He ʻulaʻula a hina hina ka beak i nā ʻaoʻao. ʻĀpana kukui.

ʻO ka lole o ka hoʻoilo mua. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ia me ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, akā ke keʻokeʻo me nā ʻeleʻele hina hina i ke kala o ka ʻaoʻao mua o ka ʻēheu. Ua luhi pono i ka ʻaoʻao o ka mua o ka mua a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka māhele i ʻelua mau faile file. ʻO ka pinepine, mau ka fluff i ke poʻo a me ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ke kino.

ʻO ka lole mare mua. ʻOkoʻa ka ʻokoʻa ma ka pau aʻe e ka mea i lilo ai kahi kola liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole i kahi kala keʻokeʻo ma ke keʻena mua o ka lele.

Hoʻololi

E like me nā toadstools, pālua nā kāne i ʻelua mau manawa i ka makahiki - mai kahi lole mai ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo (ke kauwela - ʻulu - ke hoʻoilo i ka wā kahiko) a mai ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻohālikelike (ka hoʻoilo i ka puna) Hoʻomaka ka hana piha i ka makika, i ka kiʻekiʻe o ka pā nui ʻana i ka mahina o Iune, i ka lā ʻo Dekemaba, e kūpaʻa ana i ka manawa o ka lawaiʻa o kēlā me kēia kanaka, e maʻamau i ka hopena o Kepakemapa a i ka hoʻomaka mua ʻana o ʻOkakopa, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā manu i loko o kahi hoʻoilo [Birds of the Soviet Union, 1951-1954, Gordienko. 1978, Nanzak, 1952]. Ua hoʻololi ʻia ʻo Flyworms i ka manawa like i ka hopena o Iulai [Gordienko, 1978], i ʻAukake [Hanzak, 1952, Elkin, 1970]; hikiʻole ke lele e pili i hoʻokahi mahina [Hanzak, 1952, Cramp, Simmons, 1977]. Hoʻomaka nā aliʻi mahe a ʻelua a ʻekolu mau pule ma mua o nā wahine [Cramp, Simmons, 1977].

ʻO ka mea mua, hoʻoheheʻe liʻiliʻi nā hulu ʻōwili liʻiliʻi, a laila e hāʻule ka hope o nā hulu manu, nā pū a i pū ka pū me ka hope. Hoʻomaka ka pre-molting i ka hoʻoilo ma Dekemaba a i Pepeluali paha, e hoʻopau i ka pākeke i ka hopena o Malaki a i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ʻApelila [Birds of the Soviet Union, 1951–1954, Dementyev, 1952, Cramp, Simmons, 1977]. I nā manu ʻōpiopio, kauo ʻia ia a hiki i Mei. Mālama ʻia kēia ʻāpana molt i ka plumage o ke poʻo, ka ʻāʻī, kahi ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna. ʻO ka loli keʻokeʻo o ka ʻaoʻao o lalo o ke kino e loli i hoʻokahi makahiki i ka makahiki. I nā manu ʻōpiopio, ua hoʻohui ʻia ʻelua mau molts - mai kahi lole mai downy a i kahi kahu pīpī a mai kahi hulu pipi i ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo. Hoʻopili ʻia ka lole o ka pēpē i ka iwakālua o ʻAukake - i ke waena o Kepakemapa [Kozlova, 1947]. Loaʻa ka lole lole hoʻoilo ma mua o ʻOkakopa - Nowemapa, a i kekahi manawa i Dekemaba wale nō, ʻoiai ke loli nei ka plumage liʻiliʻi ma ke kino holoʻokoʻa, koe wale nō ka pihi a me nā ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa o ke kino [Cramp, Simmons, 1977]. No laila, i ka makahiki mua a me ka hapalua o ke ola, ka chomga molt kokoke i ka lōʻihi.

Kālā

Nā kikowaena waena. ʻEulopa, ʻAsia, ʻĀkau a me ʻAmelika Hema, Australia a me Aotearoa. I Kona Hema, hiki i ka ʻākau ke 60 ° C. w lu. ma Norewai, he manawa iki aku ma Suetena a hiki i 65 ° C. w lu. i Finlandia.

Kiʻī 36. Māhele chomga
a - palena o ka laahi o ka puaa, b - maopopo ole i ka palena o ka laiki, c - anu anu. Nānāwaliwali: 1 - ʻO Podiceps cristatus cristatus, 2 - P. s. infuscatus, 3 - P. s. australis

Ma USSR - aneane ʻo ka ʻāpana āpau o ʻEulopa, ʻo Central Asia a me Kazakhstan, ka hema hema o Western a me Central Siberia, ka ʻaoʻao hema o ke Teritory Primorsky.

Kiʻī 37. Rela o Chomga ma USSR
a - aina o ka pihi puaa, b - ua maopopo i ka palena o ka laiki, c - na wahi e hiki ai i ka ulana, d - wahi hooilo

E hoea ka palena akau o ka laha kahakai mai Lake Onega ma ka akau o ke Vologda Oblast a hiki i ka puna Kama mua a me ka papu Vyatka, i hala aʻe o nā Urals a hiki i Ob, kahi e moe ai i ka puʻu ʻo Tyumen, Tara a me Tomsk. Eia hou - i ka ʻāina Krasnoyarsk (Minusinsk kaumaha), ma ka ʻāina Baikal [Bratsk Reservoir, Angara, Tolchin, 1979] a i Transbaikalia (Torean Lakes, Selenga Delta [Leontʻev, 1965, Tolchin, 1979]). Wahi a Amur, ʻaʻohe chomgi. Ua puka hou ia i loko o USSR wale nō i ka lalo haʻahaʻa o Iman, ma Lake. ʻO Khanka a me nā loko o Haute Primorye, kahi e pili ai i nā ʻ Birdlelo o nā Soviet Union, 1951-1919, Ptushenko, 1962, Leontiev, 1965, Spangenberg, 1965, Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968, Panov, 1973, Ivanov, 1976, Popov, 1977 , Kahikimaka, Simmons, 1977]. ʻO ka palena hema o ka palena o ka chomga ma nā wahi āpau e holo i ka hema o nā palena o USSR. ʻO nā lua nui i nā kaila ma ka muliwai deltas a me nā kahawai nui e kahe ana i nā Kai ʻeleʻele, Azov a me Caspian, ma nā Crimea ʻĀpana [Dementiev, Gladkov et al., 1951-1954], ma nā loko a me nā kaʻi wai ma Azerbaijan, ma nā loko nui a me nā kaʻe wai. ma Kazakhstan, Central Asia a me Western Siberia noho ʻo ia i nā hale noho waiwai. Ma Transcaucasia, holo hewa ʻo ia i Azerbaijan a me Armenia (Lake Sevan, nā lau nahele a me nā muliwai), ʻaʻole ia i hoka i Georgia [Leister, Sosnin, 1944, Zhordania, 1962]. Ma Kyrgyzstan, holo ʻino ma Lake. Issyk-Kul a kiʻekiʻe i ke kuahiwi ma Lake. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Sonkel (3 016 m ma mua o ke kai, i nā makahiki i hala aku nei, ma hope o ka acclimatization o nā Ottoman, peled), ma Altai ma ka loko. Karakul (2,300 m ma luna o ke kai) [Abdusalyamov, 1971, Dementiev, 1952, Strautman, 1954, 1963, Dolgushin, I960, Minoransky, 1963, Irisov, Totunov, 1972, Tuaev, Vasiliev, 1972, Oleynikov et al., 1973, Tatarinov, 1973, Kydyraliev, Sultanbaeva, 1977].

Ma ʻAsia Wū, ua huli i loko o nā loko o ka ʻĀpana Kolia, ka paha ma Kina ma nā loko Alak-Nor a me Kuku-Nor, ma Kashgar [nā kope o ka hōʻiliʻili ZIN o ka USSR Academy of Science, Sudilovskaya, 1973]. I loko o ʻEulopa ʻEulopa, i kahi mau makahiki he 100 i hala iho nei, ua hoʻonui koke ka laulā o ka chomga i ke kūkulu ʻākau, a ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o nā manu laulā. I Netherlands, ʻaʻole maopopo i ka chomga i nā 16th - 17 mau kenekulia. a ʻikea ʻia i ka makahiki XVIII. ʻO ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hapa nui o chomgs i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka lua o ka hapa o ka makahiki hope i ke hulu manu manu i alakaʻi ai i kahi poʻomanaʻo catastrophic i nā helu (a hiki i ka 42 mau paila ma ʻEnelani). Ma hope mai, i 1900-1925. ua hoʻomaka ka nui o ka chomgas ma Grand Britain ma 1931 - 2 800 mau manu, 1965 - 4 132–4 734 mau manu, ma Netherlands i 1932 - 300 mau pahikaua ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi, 1966 - 3 300–3 500 mau kihi, 1967 G. - 3 600–3 700 mau huakaʻi, ma Pelekane - hoʻomaka ka helu ma hope o 1900, i ka 1953-1954. - 40 pālua, ma 1959 - 50 mau huakaʻi, ma 1966 - 60-70 mau kime. Ke hoʻonui nei ka helu o ka pua chomgs ma Austria, Switzerland, Sepania, East Germany, a me ka Baltic republics o USSR. Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka 1900, ua hala mau ka neʻe o ka awelana i ka ʻĀkau ma Finlandia, ma Norewai (ʻo ka pūnana mua ma ka 1904, 30 mau pakanikua i 1968). Ma ka manawa like ʻole, ʻaʻohe hali a me nā neʻe ākea i ʻike ʻia ma Farani; ua hoʻemi nui ka nui ma kekahi wahi o Kelemānia (Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia), i noke mua ʻia ma Kiki me Sicily [Oppo, 1970, Cramp, Simmons, 1977, European News, 1978 ].

ʻO nā kumu no ka hoʻololi o ka nui a me ka nui o ka chomga ma ʻEulopa ma ka laulā he maʻa mua - i ka mua, ʻimi mau ʻana e ke kanaka no ke kumu o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā pelts, ma hope o ka kenekulia 20. nā hoʻololi i nā nohona wai - eutrophication o nā hale kō, nā hui o nā kaʻi wai, nā mea mālama nui ma Netherlands, ke hopohopo nei no nā mea hoʻokūkū, nā mea mākaʻikaʻi a me nā mea hānai ma nā wahi hana huna, ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o nā pesticides i nā makahiki 1940-1950, i nā makahiki he 20 i hala iho nei. E pale aku i ke ʻano o ka mahana o ka mahana i ʻike ʻia i nā makahiki he 50 i hala, ua lilo ka paʻakikī o nā kumu maikaʻi i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka chomga ma mua o ka paʻakikī o nā hopena maikaʻiʻole, ka mea i hōʻike i ka hoʻonui i ka nui a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pae. Akā ma nā wahi waena o ka māhele Europa o USSR, ua nui ka nui o ka chomg e kū nei i loko o nā wai kūlohelohe, a ma kekahi mau wahi i nalowale loa i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1940. Ma Bashkiria, aia i nā wahi he nui ma ka hopena o ka 19 a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kenekulia 20, i kēia manawa i ulu nui ʻia, ʻaʻohe mea nui [Ilyichev, Fomin, 1979]. Ma ka manawa like, nā hoʻololi nui i ka pūnaewele hydrographic a me ka hana ʻana i nā helu nui o nā kaola wai ma ka waihona ʻoga Volga kiʻekiʻe i alakaʻi ai i kahi helu nui o nā manu nui e hoʻopiʻi nei i loko o kēia mau waihona penikala nui [Ptushenko, 1962, Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968].

Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā wai ma ka ʻaoʻao o Ob a 62-66 ° C. sh., a Chukotka (Anadyr), i Islandia, i nā Azores [kope o ka hōʻiliʻili ZIN o ka USSR Academy of Science, Ivanov, 1976, Cramp, Simmons, 1977].

Hoʻoilo

Ma USSR, nā luulupulu i nā helu he nui ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Caspian, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻeleʻele ma waho o ke kapakai o ka Crimea a me ka Caucasus, ma nā wahi liʻiliʻi ma ke kai o Azov, i loko o nā hale hūnā i loko o ʻAsia Central (Issyk-Kul, 200–250 spima, nā wahi kanu ma Uzboy a me Kara-Kumsky kēne kanikela ma Turkmenistan, ma nā wahi wai ma ke kua o Syr Darya ma Tajikistan), ma nā loko a me nā kōkana i Azerbaijan, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua kūpaʻa nā kuhihewa kanaka i nā hoʻoilo hydraulic ma Latvia, Western Ukraine, ma nā kaila Dnieper [Abdusalyamov, 1971, Viksne, 1963, Vinokurov, 1965 , Tu Aev, Vasiliev,, 1972, Mustafayev, 1972, Strokov, 1974, Sabinevsky, Sevastyanov, 1975, Kydyraliev, Sultanbaeva, 1977]. No ka hoʻoilo, lele ka mokulele i ka pō ke kahakiʻi, me ka piha ʻana o nā kaila, ma ʻOkakopa-Nowemapa. Hōʻike lākou i ka hema Caspian ma kapakai o Azerbaijan i ka mahina o Nowemapa, a lele aku mai ka hoʻoilo i ka hopena o Pepeluali - waena waena o Malaki - Kozlova, 1947].

Hōʻike lākou i ke kai Caspian ma kahakai o Turkmenistan i Nowemapa, i ka mahina o Dekemaba ua lilo nā manu i liʻiliʻi ma ke kai, ma nā wai kai uka o Turkmenistan ka holo ʻana mai ka mokulele mai waena oʻOkakopa a hiki i ka hapalua o Nowemapa, ke haʻalele nei i ka hoʻoilo i ka Caspian i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Malaki, ka neʻe ʻana i ka loko o nā wai wai o loko o Turkmenistan i ka hapalua o Malaki. — I ka makahiki mua o Aperila [Dementiev, 1952, Vasiliev, 1977]. Ua hiki lākou i ka Pele ʻele ma mua - ma ka hopena o Kepakemapa - ma ka waena o ʻOkakopa, mālama ʻia lākou i loko o nā kikowaena nui, hoʻi lākou i ka hopena o Pōʻakū a lele a hiki i ka waena o ʻApelila [Strokov, 1974]. ʻO nā kahakai kūloko ma Azerbaijan ma ke kai ʻo Caspian i hoʻopuʻi ʻia, nā ulu lāʻau 98-102 no 1 km2 [Mustafayev, 1972].

Ke Komohana o ʻEulopa, ʻike ʻia lākou i loko o ka nui ma kahakai ʻo ʻAmelika-ʻ Novemberkake-Nowemapa a eia hoʻi a hiki i ka hopena o Pepeluali - ʻ earlylelo mua o Malaki, a hiki i ka 22 tausani makō chomg ma nā loko nui i kēlā me kēia makahiki (Geneva, Bodene, Neuchatel). Noho iki kekahi hapa i ka hoʻoilo ma ke komohana a me ke komohana o ka Mīkini, ma ke kahakai ʻo Pokukala, ma ke kahakai o Maroko, ʻo Palaearctic chomga ua kākau ʻia i ka Senegal delta. Kau mau tausani o ka chomg e hoʻomau ana ma ke Kaiʻula i ka hoʻoilo ʻana o ke kai ʻo Tureke, ma luna o ke Kupa - ʻo ke kahakai ʻo Iran. ʻAʻole nui ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo i ka ʻĀina Persian, ma ka hikina hikina [Cramp, Simmons, 1977].

Nā Moho

Ma nā wahi e pili ana i ka hano, ua kū mai ka chomga i ka wā mua, i ka Ciscaucasia i ka puna mua i ka waena o Pepeluali, ma ka hapanui o ka neʻe ʻana o ka hoʻokūkū nui ma ka makahiki ʻekolu o Malaki - i ka wā mua o ʻApelila [Oleinikov et al., 1973]. Ma ke Kai ʻEleʻele i waho o ke kapakai o ka Caucasus i ka mokupuni o Poti, lele ka chomgi i nā holoholona nui a hiki i ke kau waena o ʻApelila [Vronsky, Tomkovich, 1975]. Ma ke kūkulu ʻākau ʻo Priazovye (Berdyansk, Genichensk), ʻo ka lele mokulele o ka chomga e like me ka ʻike lōʻihi ʻana i ka lā Malaki 21–23 [Lysenko, 1975]. I ka makahiki 1976, ua lele ka hapa nui o ka chomg ma ka Kelepona ʻo Kanevskoe ma ka lā 26 Malaki - ʻApelila 4, lele nā ​​manu i nā hipa o 16-60 mau kanaka i ke kiʻekiʻe a hiki i 20 m, ua ʻike ʻia kēlā mau ala i ke kakahiaka mai 6 mau hola 30 mau minuke a 8 mau hola 45 mau minuke.

Ma nā ʻaoʻao komohana o Ukraine ua hōʻea lākou i ka hopena o Malaki - i ka makahiki mua o ʻApelila [Strautman, 1963, Tatarinov, 1973]. Holo aku lākou i Belarus mai ka hoʻomaka a hiki i ka hopena o ʻApelila [Fedyushin, Dolbik, 1967]. I ke waena waena o Volga (Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic), puka mai kahi chomga a hiki ke wehe ʻia nā waika i ka hapa mua o ʻApelila, ʻo ka hālāwai mua loa ma ka lā 6 o ʻApelila [Popov, 1977]. Ma kahi o Kursk, ʻike ʻia ka chomga mua i hilinaʻi ʻia ma ka papa o ka pūnāwai mai ka hopena o Pepeluali a ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Malaki, akā he hopena lele i haʻi ʻia i ka waena o ʻApelila. Ma kahi o Moscow ma nā makahiki heʻāina mai Malaki 15 a hiki i Mei 5, akā ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia ka span ma ʻaneʻi. Ma ka ʻāina ʻo Perm i ke awāwa wai. E hōʻea i nā ʻāina hele me 10 Mei [Kozlova, 1947]. Ma Lusiaia kahi kokoke i Palanga, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā lele chomg i ka waenakonu o ʻApelila; a lele lākou i lalo o ka wai ma luna o ke kai [Petraitis, 1975]. Ma Estonia, ʻike ʻia nā hale kupapaʻu i nā helu nui i ka makahiki mua o ʻApelila, ʻoiai naʻe i kekahi mau makahiki ke lele nei kekahi poʻe i ka hapa ʻelua o Malaki (Malaki 19, 1957, 28 Malaki 1950). E hele mai ana ka haunaele nui ma ka hopena o ʻApelila a i ka wā mua o Mei [Jogi, 1970].

Ke loko o ka loko o Kahiki ʻĀina (Naurzum a me ke kaumaha o Turgai a pau), puka mai nā chomigas a pau nā hau i ka wā i puka mai ai nā lau nui i ka lā 11 ʻApelila 2323, a hiki ka nui o nā neʻe i ka hopena o ʻApelila - mua o Mei, e lele ana i loko o nā pūʻulu o nā manu 3-9, i kekahi manawa ma nā hipa a 20 Elkin, 1975, Gordienko, 1978]. Ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Kazakhstan (Turkestan), hele mai nā chomgs mua i ka hopena o Pepeluali a i ʻole kakahiaka o ka Pōʻalua, lele i ka lā Malaki a me ka hapalua mua o ʻApelila, ʻākau - i ke Syr Darya kokoke i Kyzyl-Orda - i ka hopena o Pōʻakū a lele i ka wā āpau o ʻApelila, ma ka hopena o Ural a ma ʻIke mua ʻo Embe i ka waena waena o ʻApelila, hiki mai i ka wela Ili i ka lua o ka Pōʻalua, ma Zaysan i ka waena waena o ʻApelila [Dolgushin, 1960]. Ma Kyrgyzstan, lehulehu i ka puna i ka lele i loko o Lake. Issyk-Kul i 1958 i ka hopena o Malaki - ʻApelila, nalowale i ka lā 17 ʻApelila [Yanushevich et al., 1959]. Ilona Hele mai ʻo Sonkel Chomga i ka waena o ʻApelila, me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka loko i ka hopena o Nowemapa, hele i ka hoʻoilo ma ka hoʻoilo, aia paha ma Lake. No laila, Issyk-Kul, no laila, he mea hiki loa i ka lehulehu o Kyrgyz o chomg ke alakaʻi i kahi ala kūpono [Kydyraliev, Sultanbaeva, 1977].

I Siberia Western ma ka loko. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi ʻo Chan, ka lele ka chomgy i ke kolu o ka makahiki o ʻApelila, i ka wehe ʻana o nā loko, ʻike mua nā manu manuahi, a laila hui ʻia a me nā pūʻulu o nā pūʻulu o nā huina, nā lele hākana i kau ʻia ma nā lā he 10 o Mei, e lele ana nā chomgs i ka pō, ma luna o nā loko, i ke kiʻekiʻe o 20-50 m, i ke ao loaʻa wale ma ka wai [Koshelev, 1977].

Ma Transbaikalia, nui nā kahe Torean ma ka lele kahikilike mai ʻApelila 23 a hiki i Mei 12 [Leontʻev, 1965]. Ma Southern Primorye, lele ia ma nā wai i wahi liʻiliʻi ma ka hapa lua o Malaki - ka hapa mua o Mei [Panov, 1973].

Hoʻomaka ʻo Chomgy i ka lūlū o ka hoʻoku ʻana ma hope o ka neʻe ʻana ma mua o nā grebes ʻē aʻe. I nā hale kūʻai he nui, ua lohi lākou a hiki i ke kaʻawale ʻana i Nowemapa-Dekemaba. Ma Southern Primorye, he nāwaliwali loa ka hopena ma nā loko i ka lā 11 Kepakemapa, 1961, i ʻike ʻia nā mea aloha a me nā kāne a hiki i ka makahiki mua o Nowemapa, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā manu hoʻokahi. Ma nā loko o Torean ma Transbaikalia, hele mai ka hopena o ka wā lūlū mai ʻAukake 10 a Sepatemaba 15 [Leontyev, 1965]. Mai ka Ua lele ʻo Sonkel i ka hopena o Nowemapa, e hiki paha i ka hoʻoilo ma Issyk-Kul [Kydyraliev, Sultanbaeva, 1977]. Ma nā loko o Baraba, hoʻomaka ka neʻe ʻana i ka wā lohi i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ʻAukake, i ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai ka chomga ma nā wahi wai ʻole no ka wai ʻole o ka wai, hoʻomaka ka haʻalele ʻana mai ka hopena o ʻAukake, hiki i ka hopena o ka hapalua o Sepatemaba, mau a hiki i ka hopena o Kepakemapa, hālāwai ka hopena a hiki i ka 20 o ʻOkakopa, noho mau ka ʻōpio me ka haʻalele manu ʻōpiopio a, manaʻo paha, hapa ʻāpana o ka chomg i nā ʻohana ʻehā o ʻelua a ʻehā mau manu, akā he nui ka neʻe ʻana wale nō a hapa iki nā pūʻulu ʻehiku a keu paha manu Shchechelev, 1977].

Hele pū ka lele i ka pō, i ka lā o ka manawa e hele ai ka neʻe ʻana o ka lele ʻana ma nā muliwai a me nā kēne. Aia i nā loko o Naurzum, e noho nā manu makua me nā pipi a hiki i ka hoʻomaka - hope o Kepakemapa, a laila lele ka lele, noho wale ka poʻe ʻōpio, lele a hala i ka hopena o Kepakemapa - ka hoʻomaka o ʻOkakopa [Gordienko, 1978]. I nā loko o ka hoʻohemo o Turgai, ʻo ka lele nui o ka lele ʻana o ka chomg i ka waena waena o ʻOkakopa [Elkin, 1970]. Ma ke kai ʻo Caspian, kokoke i Mangyshlak e lele ana lākou ma nā hui liʻiliʻi i waena o ʻOkakopa [Zaletaev, 1962]. I ka hapalua ʻelua o Kepakemapa - ma ka hapa mua o ʻOkakopa e lele ana lākou i nā helu nui ma ka hema o Kazakhstan ma ke kahawai kahawai. A i ʻole, ma Balkhash, ma ke kahakai ʻo Syr Darya, ma nā kahawai o ka moana ʻo Aral a me Caspian, i kēia manawa lele lākou e lele nui ana i nā poʻe hipa o 10-15, a ma North Caspian e hōʻuluʻulu ʻia lākou i ka helu nui a mālama ʻia i nā ʻohana nui ma ka kahawai. Ua nānā ka Urals i ka neʻe ʻana e ka ʻauʻau [Dolgushin, 1960]. Ma Turkmenistan, lele lākou mai ka waena oʻOkakopa a hiki i ka waena o Nowemapa ma Amu Darya a ma Uzboy, a ma ke kahakai ʻo Caspian - ʻoiai ma Nowemapa [Dementiev, 1952, Vasiliev, 1977].

Ma Moscow, Ryazan a me Kursk mau wahi, noho ka chomga i kā lākou mau wahi huna a hiki i ka hopena o ʻAukake, a i Sepatemaba ua neʻe lākou i nā wahi hou, i ka hopena o Kepakemapa e hoʻomaka lākou e holo nui, kahi ʻōlelo i haʻi ʻia ma ka māhele Moscow ma ka lā Kepakemapa 13 - ʻOkakopa 28 - Nowemapa 23 a ʻoiai ua ʻike nui ʻia 22 –ʻOkakopa 27, ʻike nā manu hope loa a hiki i ka hopena o ʻOkakopa, a ma Kursk - a hiki i ka waena waena o Nowemapa [Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968]. Ma ke komohana-hikina o Ukraine, lele ka chomga a hiki i ka hopena o ka lua o ka makahiki o Dekemaba, ma Western Ukraine, kahi e haʻalele ai a lele aku ka hopena i nā makahiki like ʻole mai ka hopena o Kepakemapa a hiki i ka hoʻomaka o Dekemaba [Strautman, 1963, Matvienko, 1978]. I ka hema o Ukraine, e ʻike ʻia ana ka neʻe ʻana o ka wā lūlū mai ka hopena o ʻAukake a ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Kepakemapa, i ka wā o nā moeʻī, nā hipa o 3-5, ka ʻeke a hiki i 40 mau kanaka i ʻike ʻia i nā kahe a me nā kōmala kahi i hala ʻole ai ma mua, he hopena e haʻi ana i ka waena a me ka lalo o Dnieper i ka mahina o Okatoba, ka pākaukau nui - i ka makahiki mua a ʻekolu paha o kēia malama. Ma waho o ke kapakai o Estonia, holo ka mākaʻi mai chomgi mai ka Pōʻalua a hiki i waena o Dekemapa, ʻoi loa ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ʻOkakopa, akā ma ka laulā ka nui o ka lele ana o nā peni chomg i liʻiliʻi - no kahi mahina i nānā ʻia ma 1960, 112 specimens, i ka 1962 - 99, ʻo ka nui o ka chomg ka lele ma ke ahiahi ma mua o ka ʻauʻau ʻana o Yogi, 1963, Jogi, 1970].

Hōʻike nā hualoaʻa o ka chomgs ma ʻEulopa i ka pua mua o ke ola ma ʻAukake-Kepakemapa, nā manu i hūkū ʻia ma nā hale waiwai o nā ʻāpana waena o ka RSFSR, nā ʻāina Baltic, ka Repubalika Demokratika Kelemania, a me Polani neʻe nui i nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole, me 1001-120 ma ka ʻākau km [Kishchinsky, 1978]. Ma hope mai, i ʻOkakopa-Nowemapa, lele lākou i ka hema a me hema-hikina, ka puka ʻana i nā kikowaena o Ukraine, mai ke kahakai ʻo ke Kai ʻĀkau a me nā ʻāina Baltic, a me ka hoʻoilo i ka mahina o Dekemapa-Ianuali ma ka ʻaoʻao waena o Mediterranean. I ke kauwela o ʻApelila-Mei, ua kau hou lākou i kā ʻAmelika ʻāina. Kōkōhi Chomgy i loko o ke Kai o Azov, a hiki i ka hopena o hope, e noho ma ka wahi o nā wahi e pili ana, a me ka hoʻoilo ma kahi o ke Kaiʻula. Piʻi ʻia nā chomks i loko o ka Volga delta no ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo o ke Kai Kūʻai o Kaukaia.

Ka mea ʻike ʻia, ka lehulehu o Siberian a me Kazakh i ka ʻaumekema Chomg ma Caspian, ʻaʻohe hoʻi o nā kūmua e hōʻoia i kēia manaʻo, akā kā Chomg ke kani ʻana i nā ness ma ka kaikuʻu o ke Kahi o ka Honu e hōʻike ana i nā kuhikuhi komohana a me ka hema ma ke komohana o nā kahawai o ka wahi ma Kepakemapa. Okakopa. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā mea moʻomeheu Komohana Komohana i kekahi o nā manu mai Scandinavia hoʻoilo ma luna o ke kahakai hema o ka Baltic a me Netherlands, ʻoiai ke lele nui ma ka hema-hikina ma loko o Iukure a me ka Black Black a hiki i ke Mediterranean. ʻO Chomgy no Kelemania, ka Netherlands a me waena o Wīwī e lele i ke kūkulu hema no ka hoʻoilo ma ka wai Swiss, a me ka pale ʻana a me Switzerland hoʻi i ka mahina ʻo Nowemapa - Malaki ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻo Palani a me ʻAmelika, ʻo Italia, Austria a me Bavaria [Cramp, Simmons, 1977].

Helu

He kikoʻī loa ia a hilinaʻi ʻia ma ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā moʻomeheu kūpono. ʻO ka huina o ka chomg i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i Estonia he 1,400 mau kime [Oppo, 1970], i ka makahiki 1951-1919. ua like ia me 775 mau pu [Oppo, 1969]. ʻO Chomgi ka pūnaka ma ka mokupuni o kahakai, ma ke kahakai nui, ma nā loko i ke kahakai ʻo Estonia, pale aku i nā wahi noho ʻole he 20 mau kahekena me kahi pānaʻi a kokoke mau nō ka noho ʻana i nā loko me kahi he 50 mau kaeka, ka pālahalaha o ka lehulehu ma waena o 5 mau pā ma kēlā me 100 mika heʻe. Ma lalo o nā kūlana kūpono, pae ʻia nā kolone a i nā 100 mau wāwae, maʻamau i hui pū ʻia me nā loko gulls [Oppot 1970]. Ma nā kino o ka wai ma nā wahi waena o ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o ka RSFSR, ma ka ʻāina Volga-Kama, i Belarus, ʻo ka pūniki chomgi i nā hōʻokoʻa ʻelua.

Ma ka waena o ka Volga delta, ʻoi aku ka nui o ko lākou kūkaʻe, 1-3 mau pālua ma kā 100 ha [Markuse, 1965]. I nā loko o Northern Kazakhstan - ma Naurzum, hiki i ka chomgy ke kiʻekiʻe nui loa 0.2-11.5 mau pākeke pākahi i ka nui o nā mea kanu [Gordienko, 1978], he 11 mau pākeke he 100 hekahi wai i loko o nā loko i waena o ka Ubagani Ishim [Elkin, 1975]. Ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Turkmenistan, ma ka nui o ka wai i loko o ka loko. Nā Delila liʻiliʻi me kahi he 700 hekana i 1973 mau nukilima e pili ana i 45 mau pālua, ma 1974 - 5-6 mau pālua, ma 1975 - he 33 mau huina, ua ʻike ʻia ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā kolone chomg ma ʻaneʻi - a hiki i ka 8 mau pākahi no 1 ha [Karavaev, 1979 ]. I nā ʻauwai o ke kahawai. Beisug ma ka ʻāina ʻo Krasnodar i 1967 ma kahi huakaʻi o 15 km i kahi pālahalaha 40 m ākea, ua lawe ʻia nā nono chomg ʻeʻe, i nā ʻano o ka ʻāina āpau o nā kahawai (20,000 ha), ma kahi o 5 tausani mau hīmole chomg e nalo ai ma ʻaneʻi [Kostoglod, 1977]. Ma nā loko o ka pāpū ʻo Baraba-steppe kokoke i ka wai. Kūkulu ʻia ʻo Chan ka nui o ka helu chomg ma ka loko. ʻO Beluga me kahi kahi o ka hekahi he 600 heʻeka ma 1975, 15 mau pālua, ma nā pahu waiho gula 4X1 km ka nui ma 1975 - 10 mau paila [Koshelev, 1977]. Ke alo o alpine. Sonkel me kahi papa o 292 km2 i 1974-1975 ma kahi o 100 pālua o chomg i lawe ʻia ma [Kydyraliev, Sultanbaeva, 1977]. I loko o nā hale kōkoʻo o Czechoslovakia me kahi pānaʻi o 100 pākeka, ʻo ke kala pākē he 4.2 mau pulu manuahi, a ma nā wahi waiwai o kahi wahi liʻiliʻi - 8.9 mau kihi [HanzakT 1952].

Ma nā'āina he nui o Komohana ʻEulopa, aia nā ʻikepili i ka huina o ka pua chomg a me nā loli hanana. Ma hope o kona hiolo ʻia ʻana i ka waena o ka kenekulia 19, ma muli o ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka grebes pili me ka noi no ka huluhulu manu mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20, ua hoʻomaka ia e hoʻonui mai i hoʻokahi mau haneli a he mau tausani o nā pā i ka 60s. Ma ʻEnelani i ka makahiki 1860 wale nō he 32 mau kime, ma ka huina o ko Pelekane Nui i 1931 - 2 800 mau manu a ma 1965 - 4 132–4 734 mau manu, nā Netherlands ma 1932 - he 300 paha mau huakaʻi, i ka 1966 - 3 300–3 500 mau kapālua, ma 1967 - 3 600–3 700 mau kime. Ka huina o ka helu ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe: Belgium - 60-70 mau kihi (1966), Norekada - ma kahi o 50 mau huakaʻi (1968), Tenemania - 2,200–2,500 mau kihi (1960–1967), Suena - e pili ana i 500 mau kihi (ma mua o 1971), Farani - e pili ana i 5,000 mau kime (a hiki i ka 1958), Kelemānia: Baden-Württemberg - ma kahi o 1250 mau huakaʻi (1968), Bavaria - ma kahi o 800 mau kime (1968-1919), Hesse —54–62 mau hoa kāne (1964–1966), Sepania - 612 mau kāne (1960s), ma ʻApelika ʻūlau ma Tunisia ma Lake. Kelba - 60 mau kime (1968) [Cramp, Simmons, 1977], Austria - 50 mau wāwae i ka 1970, 200 mau pai ma 1978 [European News, 1978]. A no laila, mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka kenekulia 20, ua ulu mau nā mākele chomg i loko o ʻEulopa, me ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻia o ka pihi ma ke kūkulu ʻākau. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka nui o ka eutrophication o nā wai wai, i makemake ʻia i kēia mau manu, ke hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi pālahalaha nui o nā puna wai, a me ka pale o nā noho o nā manu wai, nui i nā makahiki he 20 i hala.

Mea ʻai

ʻAʻole like me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka grebes, nui ka chomga i ka iʻa. Aia kahi ʻokoʻa i nā ʻano o ka hānai ʻana i nā kino like ʻole o ka wai a ma waena o nā ʻano like ʻole o nā chomgas. Ma nā loko o Naurzum, ʻo ka chomga ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻai ʻana i ka iʻa. Mālama ka iʻa 1,2% o nā meaʻai a pau a loaʻa wale nō ka 12.4% o ka ʻōpū, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke kumu o ka hoʻopulapula i nā pōpoki a me nā pōpoki (78 a 50% o nā hālāwai), nā ʻōpala, nā ʻōpala o nā lapoʻa, nā mollusks, ua hoʻohui ʻia nā kaomi makua. , lele nā ​​lewa, nā ʻimi manuahi [Gordienko, Zolotareva, 1977]. Mai ʻApelila a ʻAukake, ka chomga ma ka hale kūo Ust-Manych ma ke Komohana Komohana o Ciscaucasia e hānai nui i nā iʻa (pike, perch, rudd, bream, a me kekahi mau mea), kahi e hana ai i ka 65.8% o ke kaumaha o nā mea i loko o ka ʻōpū, a i ʻole 42% o nā meaʻai a pau. Hoʻokumu nā pepeke i ka 23,7% o ke kaumaha o ka meaʻai (me ka 7.3% - nā mea kolo, 1,5% - mau pōpoki, 1.2% - dipterans), akā lanakila lākou i ka nui o nā mea (84.3%). I ka mahina o ʻApelila-Mei, ʻo ka pili o ka iʻa ma kahi o 50% o nā meaʻai a pau, i Iune-ʻAukake - ʻoi aku hoʻi ma mua o 70%, ua paʻa kēia ma muli o ke kī ʻana, hele ka chomga i ka wai hohonu a me nā waiwai o [Oleinikov et al., 1973]. ʻO V. K. Markuse, nāna i hana i nā haʻawina kūikawā e pili ana i ka hānai ʻana i ka grebes ma nā māla puaʻa i ulu i ka waena waena o Volga delta, ʻike ke kumu no ka hānai i ka chomga iʻa (51-90% o ke kaumaha o nā mea ʻai a ka pākeke a me ka 32% i nā moa).

I ka mahina o Mei, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka iʻa maʻamau, i Iune (ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka iʻa iʻa mai nā ilmeni), ʻo ka iʻa ʻoihana ʻōpio ka mea e 50% o ka kaumaha o ka meaʻai, i Iulai-ʻAukake ka piʻi nui ʻana o kēia mahele. ʻAi ʻO Chomgi i ka nui o ka nui o nā ʻōpū o ke kalepa maʻamau he 3-8 cm ka lōʻihi, he liʻiliʻi - pike i kēlā me 2.5-3 cm, liʻiliʻi ʻemi i loko o nā ʻōpū o ka chomg ʻaʻole i loaʻa. ʻO ia ke ʻano o ka maʻa i waho o ka lawaiʻa, ua hopu ka chomga i ka nui o ka paila he 9-16 cm lōʻihi. ʻO nā invertebrates, he māhele nui i ka hānai ʻana i ka chomg e hāʻule ma luna o nā pīpī makua a me kā lākou puna. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka pōʻino o ka chomgas ma kēia wahi, ʻo ia hoʻi i nā kūlana o nā lawaiʻa moʻomeheu, ma muli o ka huina o ka nui o ka wai o nā kalapu, nā chomgis i kai 0,04%, a me zander - 0.24%. Wahi a ka loiloi o 87 ʻōpū o nā chomgas i loaʻa i nā mahina o ka makahiki ma ke kūkulu hema, komohana a me nā wahi waena o Ukraine, ua like ka like me ka nui o nā iʻa a me nā pepeke i loko o ka meaʻai.

Ma waena o nā iʻa, ulu nā ʻano haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa - gobies, melts a dace; ma waena o nā iniseti - weevils, dives beetles, ground beetles, and floats (Smogorzhevsky, 1979). Ma nā loko wai i Czechoslovakia, ʻo ka ʻai nui no ka chomga ka iʻa nō hoʻi (83%), mau ana ma kahi o 8 cm lōʻihi ke ko [Hanzak, 1952]. Ma ʻEulopa Komohana, he 60-90% o nā ʻōpū o ka chomg pū kekahi i nā iʻa (roach, bleak, gudgeon, perch), a me nā wai i loko o ka wai, nā kīkoi, ka puʻu ʻana, ka manamana, ka ʻāʻī a me nā cyprinids. ʻOi pū kekahi i nā ʻano o nā mea inika iʻa no ka nui o nā mea i loko o ka wai i lalo o nā huaʻai, nā mollusks, polychaetes, nā bakoka, a me nā tadpoles. I kekahi manawa, loaʻa nā hua kanu a me nā mea kanu lāʻau ʻē aʻe i ka nui mahalo. Lawe ʻia ka iʻa nui a me ka lāʻau i ka wai a i ʻole, hele ʻia ma waena o nā ʻāʻī, ua kālo ʻia ʻia mai ke poʻo, ua ʻai ʻia kekahi iʻa ma lalo o ka wai [Cramp, Simmons, 1977].

I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻopau lākou i ka hiʻona ma luna o ka iʻa [Yanushevich et al., 1951, Abdusalyamov, 1971, Cramp, Simmons, 1977].

ʻAi lākou i ka hānai ʻana, hoʻākoakoa, hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻai mai ka wai o ka wai a me nā mea kanu aku, i loko o kā ka ʻāina semi-luberged, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ana i ko lākou poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī ma lalo o ka wai, ʻāwīwī nā i nā aheu lele i ka lewa, ʻāwīwī nā iʻa a me nā iniseti mai nā māla lau aku me nā neʻe o ko lākou mau wāwae a laila hopu iā lākou i lalo o ka wai. Cramp, Simmons, 1977, Gordienko, Zolotareva, 1977]. ʻO ka diving ʻo Chomg ke ala nui i loaʻa ai ka meaʻai. Lele lākou i nā wahi o ka wai māka (e kūʻē i ka grebe-greed grebe, ka poʻe makemake e hānai i nā pua i ka puna, i ke kauwela a me ka hoʻoilo). ʻO ka holo pinepine o ka lawaiʻa i nā loko o Naurzum i ʻelua a ʻekolu mau manawa i hoʻokahi minuke, kauʻau ʻia ma luna o ka wai 5-20 m, a ma lalo o ka wai i ka awelika 17,4 s [Gordienko, 1978]. Wahi a nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, ma ka awelika, ʻo lākou ka 26 s ma lalo o ka wai, mai 15 a 41 g, ka lōʻihi o 56 s [Hanzak, 1952], mai loko o 450 mau kumulāʻau i loko o hoʻokahi loko i ka awelika 19.5 s, mai 5 a 30 [Simmons, 1955]. ʻO ka manawa i lilo ai ma lalo o ka wai e hilinaʻi nei i ka hohonu o ka loko a me ka nui o ka meaʻai. Kūʻai pinepine i kahi hohonu o 1-4 m, ʻoiai ma ka wai. ʻIke ʻia ʻo Zempach i Switzerland no 161 mau hihia o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka chomg i ka hohonu a i ka hohonu o 30 m. ʻOiaʻiʻo, i ka hoʻoilo ke kahalulu lākou i ka nui o nā hihia ma mua o nā manawa ʻē aʻe o ka makahiki [Cramp, Simmons, 1977].

ʻO nā ʻenemi, nā mea pōʻino

ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka chomga i ka wā hana a hoʻokahi mau "manu nū" e like me nā manu ʻē aʻe e kolo ana ma ka wai, ma waena o ka hale kahi e kahe ai ka mahina a me ka mahina ʻulu, kahi haki o 20% o nā kūmole o nā chomgs. 30% o nā kau a pau e make ana ma muli o ke loli ʻana o ka wai o ka wai i loko o ke kō kōaʻa, a make kekahi wahi ʻē aʻe no nā kumu ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā make nui i lalo o nā palaka mai ka poʻe predator, e komo pū ai i ka iʻa nui, a me ka hopena o ke aniani, he mea nui nō hoʻi.E piʻi i luna o ka ʻēheu, mau ka 22.3 pipi i kēlā me nā pā o nā manu makua. Ka mea i lawa ai ka hoʻōla kūlohelohe o ka lehulehu, akā hāʻule ka chomga i kahi kūlana weliweli inā hoʻohui ʻia kekahi mau mea hou i nā mea kūlohelohe kūlohelohe, no ka laʻana, ka hōʻino e kekahi kanaka a make paha ma muli o nā paʻi kūʻokoʻa ʻole ʻia me ia.

Holo maʻa no ka toadstools i kēia manawa. Pipi hou lākou, me ka ulia ʻole, ka momona o kā lākou ʻiʻo.

I kēia manawa ua make ka nui o ka grebes i ka ʻapo ʻana i ka ʻapo, nā ma nā wahi e waiho ai i nā loko nui a i nā ʻāina hoʻoilo. ʻO Toadstools, me ka chomga, ua hoʻopilikia nui ʻia ma muli o ka hōʻino ʻana o ka iʻa iʻa ʻia i nā manu ʻelua iʻa, ua manaʻo ʻia he kumu hoʻomalu i ka kumu. E like me nā hōʻike kūikawā ma Volga delta i hōʻike ʻia, ʻaʻole hiki i kā lākou hōʻeha ke hoʻopilikia i ka nui o ka iʻa nui o ka iʻa. No laila, ʻoiai i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ʻāpana ʻāpana o USSR ma hope o 30v mau makahiki i hala o kahi kelepona nui o nā hale noho o nā mea kikowaena, chomga kokoke i nā wahi āpau i lilo i manu manu ʻole. Ke Komohana o ʻEulopa, ka eutrophication o nā kaila wai, ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi nui o nā hale kūlohelohe a me ka mālama ʻia ʻana o nā manu.