Ma waena o nāʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa o nā manu ma ko mākou honua, e hoʻokaʻawale ka manu a me nā manu migratory. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā manu migratory e noho ana i loko o nā wahi circumpolar, kahi i ke kauwela i hoʻokumu ʻia ai nā mākeke manu maoli - nā ʻōpala nui o nā manu e ʻolo ana ma nā kahakai. I ka wā lulu, hoʻonui ʻia kēia waiwai āpau i ke kūkulu hema, e lanakila ana i nā tausani mau kilomita i nā hoʻoilo.

Akā hoʻokahi mea ʻokoʻa i waena o nā manu migratory o nā moku Arctic, pono kūpono i ka mahalo a me ka mahalo. A o Arctic Tern kona inoa.

ʻO kēia wale nō ka manu ma ka lewa e lele no ka hoʻoilo ʻaʻole e hoʻomāfanafana i nā ʻāina kai, akā ʻoi loa ka hema, i ka Pole Hema. Arctic terns nesting and breed keiki in the Arctic, kokoke the North Pole. Akā i ka hoʻoilo, lele lākou i kahi o nā nohona ola like ʻole a me kēia manawa i ke kauwela polar - a i nā kahakai o Antarctica. ʻO ka mea, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā wahi noho i nā wahi kūpono i kahi kokoke loa. Ka mea i ʻike no lākou i ko lākou ola a pau he hoʻokahi makahiki ka ʻalā puni, i ka wā e mākaukau lākou e lele i nā palena o ka honua.

I ke kiʻi: ua hōʻailona ʻia nā pūnaewele hūnā i nā ʻulaʻula, i hōʻike ʻia nā wahi hoʻoilo ma nā polū, a ʻo nā pua e hōʻike i nā ala neʻe nui o ka papa ʻāina Arctic

E lele kēia mau manu kupaianaha i nā wahi hoʻoilo i hoʻokahi mahina, a i ka pūnāwai ke hoʻohua nei lākou i ka holo ma kahi ʻē aʻe. No laila, ma ka lele ma ke kau he nui ma mua o ʻelua mau makahiki i ka makahiki. I ka manawa like, ʻo ka lōʻihi a lākou e uhi ai i kahi makahiki he 70,000 mau kilomita.

ʻOiai kekahi mau kaumaha koʻikoʻi, ʻaʻole e hoʻopiʻi nā polar terres no ka olakino, a ʻo ko lākou manawa ola he 25 mau makahiki he 25, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā manu ʻē aʻe. Aʻo kekahi mau kanaka, e like me ka ʻepekema, hiki ke ola a hiki i 30 mau makahiki.

He manu liʻiliʻi nā ʻāpana Arctic, ʻo ka nui o nā ʻano he 35 a 45 cm. Hoʻopuka lākou me ka hānai ʻana i nā ʻano kai ola, nā iʻa liʻiliʻi, nā mollusks a me nā hua ʻōpiopio, ʻaʻole hoʻi i manaʻo e ʻai i ka hua o ka ʻai i ka hāʻule i loko o ka tundra. ʻO ka mahalo, he mau kāne ʻohana ʻoi aku kēia mau mele a hana i nā kāne no ke ola.

ʻO Arctic terns kekahi ʻano hiʻohiʻona. He koa wiwo ʻole lākou, a i ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana i nā hui, hikiʻole iaʻu ke pale aku i ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā ʻalopelo arctic a ʻaʻole hoʻi e makaʻu i kekahi kanaka inā lākou e manaʻo he mea pōʻino lākou iā lākou. Mahalo nui ʻia kēia makaʻu i nā manu ʻē aʻe e hoʻomaka e noho kokoke i nā kahe a Arctic ma ka manaʻolana o ka pakele ʻana mai nā ʻōlelo kuʻuna.

ʻOiai ka loli maʻamau o ka noho mau ʻana, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ka ʻĀkē home o kēia mau manu, no ka mea maʻa lākou i hānai aku i kā lākou mau moa, a ʻo lākou iho i hānau mua i nā kihi komohana ʻākau. Noho lākou i nā kai ʻo Arctic o Kanada, Alaska, Greenland, ʻĀpana ʻĀpana a ʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻi, ma ko mākou ʻāina ma ke kahakai holoʻokoʻa o ka Moana Arctic.

Hoʻopōla

ʻOiai ʻo ke kāne a me ka poli tern wahine ka mea mālama i ka hapanui o ka makahiki, e hana kēia mau manu i nā pualikoa lōʻihi i ke ola.

I kēlā me kēia makahiki e hoʻi nei lākou i ka pūnaewele nui like ʻole. I ke kahakai a me nā pali kahakai, nā pā polar tern i puka nui ai nā kolone nui. I ka wā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai, hana ka kāne polar tern i kahi hulahula nani. Ua ukali ʻia e ka wahine, lele ʻo ia i luna. Ua lele mālie nā manu ʻelua i ko lākou mau ʻēheu, a laila hoʻoliʻu i ka manawa liʻiliʻi i ka lewa a holo wikiwiki i lalo. E hoʻomau ka hana o ka mare ma ka honua. Hāʻawi ke kāne i kāna mea aloha i ka mālama - iʻa, ʻoiai ke haʻaheo ʻo ia a puni ʻo ia i ka wahine me nā ʻēheu i lalo a ʻoi ʻia kona huʻu. ʻO kahi wahine me kahi iʻa i kāna beak e kū pinepine i ka lewa. E like me ka mea aloha, hoʻohana nā terns i kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i ka lepo.

Hoʻopili nā manu i ka lua me nā mea kanu. Noho ka wahine polar tern i nā hua he 1-3. He pale pale o nā hua o kēia manu, ua uhi ʻia lākou i nā ʻili liʻiliʻi, no laila ʻike lākou i waena o ke one a me nā pebbles. Hāpai nā mākua iā lākou. Kūleʻa ʻo Chicks ma hope o 20-25 mau lā.

ʻOi aku mau pōkole i ʻelua mau lā hou mai ka pūnana. Mālama nā mākua iā lākou no hoʻokahi mahina. ʻO ka pale ʻana i ka pili, ʻaihue nā manu i kekahi kanaka ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi nā moa o kēlā mau ʻanu i pili i ka pili. Kūkulu nā ʻele a hope ma hope o 20-30 mau lā.

Hoonikau o ka noho

ʻO kahi noho nui o ka manu e noho inoa ʻia ma kona inoa, noho i kēia mau manu ma ke komohana o Kanada, Alaska, me ke kahakai ʻo Greenland, ma ka Scandinavian Peninsula, a ma nā loea Rūka mai ka Kola Penina a Chukotka. I ka hiki koke ʻana i ka ʻohi ma ke Arctic, lele koke ka manu a hiki i ka hema e hiki ai a hiki i ka hau Antarctic.

ʻIke ʻia ʻo Arctic Tern no ka mea pio. Arctic tern i ka lele. Kukui Tika. Noho ʻo Arctic Tern e hoʻopaʻa ana i kona mau ʻēheu.

Nā lehelehe manu lele

ʻO ka pōkole polar tern ka pīpī - ʻo ia wale nō ka manu e ʻike i ke kauwela ʻelua i ka makahiki - i ka hema a me ka ʻākau o ka hemisekela. ʻO kēia mau mau poʻohiwi lele lele lele maoli - i ko lākou neʻe makahiki ʻana a lele lākou ma kahi o 80,000 km, no laila, ʻoi aku ma luna o 10 mau makahiki huakaʻi, ua uhi ka manu i kahi mamao e like me ka lele ʻana i ka Pae a hope.

Mahalo i nā mea lako o nā manu a me nā hoʻopuni manu ʻana, ua hoʻokō nā ornithologists i ke alahele o nā manu. No laila ua hiki ke ʻike e lele nā ​​manu i ka hema me ka wikiwiki ʻole, e noho lā i nā manawa lōʻihi ke kū nei, no ka laʻana, ma Newfunlandland, ua pau kēlā mau i ka 30 mau lā. ʻO ka holo holoʻokoʻa o kahi manu e lawe ana mai 70 a 130 mau lā, no laila ke kiʻekiʻe ākea ka nui o kahi manu ma kahi o 330 km i kēlā me kēia lā. ʻAi pinepine nā manu kuahiwi kauwela ma kahakai o ka Moana Weddell.

Puka aku ʻo Terns ma waho o ka Arctic i ke kakahiaka waena o ʻApelila, hoʻi nui ka wikiwiki a ʻaʻole hoʻi i lōʻihi i ka manawa lōʻihi, no laila aia lākou ma ka home i ka 36-50 mau lā, ʻo kēia manawa o ko lākou lele mokulele he 500 km i kēlā me kēia lā.

ʻO nā ʻona Arctic i luna o ka pōhaku. Arctic Tern: kiʻi o kahi manu i ka lele.

Arctic Tern / Sterna paradisaea Pontoppidan, 1763

Kāleka

Kahi pua manu me ka helehelena like me kona helehelena e like me "kona kaikuahine" muliwai tern. ʻO ka loa o ke kino o ka manu he 35-45 cm, ʻo nā ehepa e pili ana i 80-85 cm, ke kaumaha o ka manu mai 85 a 130 ka grika.

He lole ʻoluʻolu loa ka mea o waho o ka manu. I nā manu pākeke, nā hulu ma ka umauma a me ka ʻōpū e hina hina i ka kala, i kekahi manawa me ka tinge pinkish. Ma ke poʻo o kahi pāpale hulu ʻahuʻula. Hoʻohuihui ʻia ka lole o ka hulu o ka manu e kahi ʻeleʻele hina hina, ʻo ka ʻaoʻao o luna o nā ʻēheu e pena ʻia, a ʻo ka hulu ka ʻulaʻulaʻula i nā ʻēheu i luna a ma ka moʻo. ʻO nā hulu o nā ʻēheu i unuhi ʻia me nā kaula kiki o ka ʻeleʻele ma nā kihi.

Kākānika nā wāwae o ka manu. ʻO ka beak o nā tern, e like me nā wāwae, i hoʻonaninani ʻia nā ʻulaʻula ākea, a ma kekahi o nā manu i ka lā Malaki a ʻAukake, ʻo ka piko o ka beak e hoʻomaʻomaʻo ia. I ka ʻai, ua ʻeleʻele ke poʻo o ka manu, a i ka hoʻoilo ka lae i lilo i mālamalama.

I nā ʻōpiopio'ōpiopio, ʻo ka ʻili puhalaka ʻoi aku ka pōkole ma mua o ka manu ʻoi aku ka liki. ʻO nā keikihāne o ka Arctic tern like a like me nā muliwai tern pēpē, ʻo ka mea wale nō o ka ʻeleʻele blackish plumage ma ke ʻāʻī a me ka lae. ʻO ka hiʻu o ka manu ka keʻokeʻo ma luna a me ka hina hina, ma ka ʻaoʻao ma lalo.

Hoʻopau ʻole ka moe a ka manu ma kēia mau manu.

Arctic Tern ma ka pōhaku. Arctic tern ma ke kai i kahi pōhaku me nā eheu ʻoki. Arctic Tern me nā lele.

Mea ʻai

Hoʻokomo i ka meaʻaiʻai manuahi i ka manawa. I ka manawa o ka neʻe ʻana i ka wā hīmeni, ka mana o nā kai a me nā iʻa liʻiliʻi, krill, mollusks a me nā crustaceans. I mea e hopu ai i ka pio, piʻi ka manu i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 10-11 mika a nānā pono ʻia i ka wai, i ka manawa e loaʻa ai ka "meaʻai", holo nā manu ma hope o ia, akā no ka hohonu paʻa wale nō. Ua kapa ʻia kēlā mau tern e holo mau i nā mokulele holoʻokoʻa, inā inā hiki ʻole ke hopu ʻia ka mea pio, e ʻimi ana ka tern i kāna mea ʻuʻuku a ma lalo o ka wai.

I ka wā hana ʻana, e hānai ana ka tern i nā larvae a me nā mea liʻiliʻi wai, nā ʻūʻeleʻa, nā iʻa liʻiliʻi - ʻaʻole ma mua o 50 mm. I kekahi manawa ulu nā meaʻai kanu i loko o ka meaʻai - nā hua wale nō.

Arctic tern me kahi iʻa ma kona beak. ʻO nā ʻona Arctic Tern i loko o ka lele.

ʻAuhea ke kolo ʻo Arctic Tern?

No ko lākou loaʻa ʻana, koho i nā ka nahele i ka ʻāina ma nā kahakai o ke kai ʻākau, no ka mea, ua nui mau ka meaʻai o lākou ma laila. ʻO ka maʻamau ka mea i lilo i kahakai ʻo Greenland, ka ʻākau o Canada, Russia, Alaska a me nā mokupuni circumpolar. ʻO kahi liʻiliʻi loa, hiki i kekahi o nā manu ke noho i ka tundra, kokoke i nā loko a me nā ʻōpū, e hānai ana i nā mea ulaula a me ka iʻa. ʻO nā ʻōpū manu manu liʻiliʻi e ʻike ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao Beritania, Irani.

Nā manu aopuni i nā koloni, ʻaʻole i emi pinepine - i nā mahele ʻelua i nā ʻōpala a i ʻole kahi ʻāina ākea e pili ana i ka wai, hiki iā lākou ke hūnā i nā pōhaku. Hiki i nā wahi huna manu nā ʻuʻuku o nā mea kanu (ma muli o ka makani a me nā ʻino), no laila e kūkulu nā ʻūhā i kā lākou ʻuʻuku ma ka ʻāina mākeke, no kekahi manawa ke koho nei i kahi ākea ākea a no ka mea ʻole ka mea i ʻike ʻia. ʻO ka līlū palū ke kīnā me ka mauʻu o ke kai, nā ʻāpana lāʻau a me nā ʻalā.

Noho pinepine ka hakakā no ka ʻāina i loko o ke kuahiwi o ka manu - ma ka waena o ka noho ʻana, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻopō ʻana i nā moa i luna o nā wahi, kahi e noho ai nā ʻōpiopio ʻōpiopio.

He kime lua i ka lani. Kukui Tika. Arctic tern ma luna o kahi pōhaku i paʻapū me ka moss. Arctic tern i nā mokulele, nānā hope.

ʻAno hānau

Ua lilo ke ʻano he ʻenehana a ʻo Arctic i kona mau makahiki he 3-4 mau makahiki. Eia nō naʻe, make pinepine nā kāwili mua, ma muli o ka nele o ka dexterity o ka ʻōpio ʻōpio no ka hānai keiki.

He mau manu monogamous nā polar terns, e hana ana i ka pālua, mālama lākou i kēlā me kēia i kekahi me ke ola, akā nō naʻe, me kēia, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka makahiki i mālama ʻia lākou mai kekahi mai.

I kēlā me kēia makahiki e hoʻi ana lākou i kahi kahua like ʻole. I ka wā pāʻani o ka moena, hana ka kāne i kahi hula ma mua o ka wahine, a laila lele ke lele a kulu nei, no kekahi manawa paʻa ke lele ʻana i ka lewa a kai pū pū pū. Ma hope o ka lele ʻana, hāʻawi aku ke kāne i ka wahine i ka mālama - he iʻa, ke ʻae a lawe ʻia e ka wahine.

I ka masonry o ka polar tern, aia kahi mai 1 a 3 mauʻano o ka hina hina me nā wahi i hoʻomaopopo ʻia, nā ʻano pale e pale ʻia ai nā hua ma waena o nā pou. Hoʻokahi hoʻokahi kaukani makahiki i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Huli ka makuahine a me ka makuakāne e honi ana i nā kao, pale i ka pipi mai kekahi mea e ʻānai ai, a hoʻouka i kekahi holoholona, ​​ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole hoʻoweliweli ka pōʻino i kā lākou, akā ʻo ka ʻanakā kokoke loa. Hāpai nā manu hua manu i 20-25 mau lā.

ʻO nā pēpē hou keiki iho i lalo a hilinaʻi nui i ko lākou mau mākua. Ke ulu wikiwiki nei lākou a ma hope o nā lā 14 e hana i nā ho'āʻo mua e puka i waho o ka pūnana. I ka malama mua o ke ola, he kuleana nā mākua no kā lākou meaʻai, ʻoiai ʻo ka mea ma hope o 20-25 mau lā ua lilo nā manu i manu lele. Hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia nā pēpē liʻiliʻi i nā lā ikaika, no laila, i waena o lākou kahi kiʻekiʻe ola kiʻekiʻe o 82%.

Kēlā mau ka polū. Arctic Tern me nā moa. Hoʻokele ka polar tern i ka lele. Hoʻokomo ʻo Arctic Tern i kahi moʻo pakeke. Hauāʻa polar tern.

KAOLAHA

Kaulana ka Arctic Tern no kāna mau neoneo lōʻihi - ma hope o nā mea, ke hoʻoilo nei ka manu ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke Komohana Hema a me Antarctica. Pākuʻi ʻia nā polar pol ka manu a ʻEulopa a me Siberia ma ke kahakai o Eurasia ma ke komohana, a laila ma ka ʻaoʻao kahakai o ka moana Atlantika i ka hema. Ko nā ʻāpana polar ʻAmelika e lele ana ma ke kahakai komohana a me ka hikina o ʻAmelika Hema.

ʻO ka lele o kēia mau manu i hala mau malama. I ka holoʻokoʻa, lele nā ​​terns mai 20,000 a 30,000 km. I ka hele ʻana o ka lele, noho kokoke nā manu i ka wai i hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa mau i ka meaʻai. ʻO ka lele, ka hana ʻana i kēlā me kēia makahiki i kahi huakaʻi a puni ka honua.

HE MEA KUKAI

ʻO ka hopu ʻia e ka Arctic Tern nui ma luna o nā iʻa a me nā pahu liʻiliʻi, no laila e loaʻa koke nā meaʻai i nā wā lōʻihi. I ka huli ʻana o ka meaʻai, lele ka tern ma lalo o ka wai, i kekahi manawa ke hoka i ka lewa a lele koke i kona mau eheu. No ka ʻike ʻana i ka mea pio, lele koke ʻo ia a hopu i ka iʻa me kāna ʻumiʻumi. Ua kapa ʻia kēlā ʻano pālolo no ka mokulele. Ua ʻike ʻia nā mea noiʻi, ma ka awelika, ʻo ka hapakolu wale nō o kēlā mau hoʻokele manuahi. Inā pōkole ʻole ka pana mua, ua ʻimi ke kai i loko o ka wai i loko o ka wai i loko o ka wai.

ʻO nā ʻāpana Arctic, e like me nā seagulls, e kiaʻi ai i nā wahi a kā lākou mau hoa hele, no ka mea ma kēia mau wahi hiki ke loaʻa kahi kula o nā iʻa liʻiliʻi.

KUPONO NA INOA HUI, KAHAKUI.

• ʻO ka Arctic Tern, i hoʻopio ʻia ma Iune 1966 ma Wales, ua loaʻa ma Australia ma ka hopena o Dekemaba o kēlā makahiki. I ka hopena aku, lele ʻo ia i 18,056 km - kahi palapala mo nā manu migratory.
• ʻO ka pinepine, noho ka gulls e kokoke ana i kahi kolone o nā polar tern. ʻOiai he manu liʻiliʻi ʻo ka Arctic Tern, akā he mea akahele ia a paʻakikī hoʻi. No laila, lawe ʻia nā pale, e noho ana i kokoke i kona mau koloni, e hāʻawi iā lākou iho i ka palekana mai nā ʻenemi.
• Ma Greenland, ua ʻike ʻia nā māka polar i ʻike ʻia ma kahi mamao he haneli mau kilomita mai ka North Pole.
• ʻO ka kolone o nā ʻāpana polar tern i mālama ʻia e ka "patrol" kūikawā. Ke hoʻoulu ʻia e nā manu o ka lewa, holo nā ʻoni āpau i ka ʻenemi.

KAHIKO NUI NO KA PONO O KA AINA KAHIKAI. NA PALAPALA HOOPII

Beak: lōʻihi, kuhikuhi. I ke kauwela he ulaula, ma ka hoʻoilo ka hoʻoilo.

Masonry: Pālolo ka wahine i nā hua he 1-3 i loko o ka pūnana. He kala kia kala, ʻike.

Lūlā: He hina ke kua a nā poʻohiwi a ma luna o nā ʻēheu. He māmā nā hulu ʻeleʻele, he pāpale ʻeleʻele ma ke poʻo.

Lipi: hoʻololi a maʻalahi hoʻi. I ka huli ʻana o ka meaʻai, lele ʻo ia, e lele pinepine ana i kona mau eheu.

Laʻi: he manu huluhulu ka manu. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o nā hulu hulu ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o nā hulu manu (ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o mua o ka ʻano o ka Tern maʻamau).

- nā wahi e ʻako ai
- hoʻoilo

E MEA I KE ANO O KA POE KAHIKI

ʻOiʻo Arctic tern kahi kokoke i nā pou ʻelua. He mea ʻino loa ia i nā ʻona Arctic a me subarctic o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, Greenland a me Northern Eurasia. ʻO ka lau o ka hopena kauwela no ka hema a me kahi haʻalulu ma Antarctica a ma ʻApelika hema, ʻAmelika Hema a me Australia.

KAUKA, KAULANA

ʻAʻole hoʻoweliweli ka polar tern i ka pau ʻana, no laila, ʻaʻole pono ia he pale kūikawā.

Nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau a me nā hiʻohiʻona kula

ʻO Krachka o ka laulā nui, me kahi muliwai, he mea like loa. He ʻāʻī kona lōʻihi (ma kahi manu e noho ana e ʻoi aku ma mua o nā kihi o nā ʻēheu ʻono), mai S. h. hirundo, kahi ʻokoʻa, kahi kalaʻeleʻele ʻokoʻa o ke kino haʻahaʻa, a mai S. h. logipennis - me kahi beak ʻulaʻula. ʻO nā manu ʻōpio ma ke kula e aneane ʻike ʻole ʻia. Ke ano o ka lele, me he awa tern. No ka luku, e haʻalele ka manu mai ka lele. Ua neʻe ka neʻe a neʻe liʻiliʻi i ka ʻāina; i ka manu e noho ana, ka mea hoʻoluhi pōkole (ʻoi aku ka pōkole ma mua o kahi muliwai nīnika.)

Hoʻohālike ʻia ka leo me ka leo o ka muliwai tern, akā ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe. A ʻoi aku ka leo o ka uwē ʻana ma mua o ka muliwai, e like me ka "kerrr" a i ʻole "krrr". I ka wā o ka uahi i ke kolone, e lohe ʻia nā ʻikina o "cue", i hoʻoiho ʻia e nā manu e lele ana ma luna o ka mea pilikia. ʻO ka uē o ka tern e hoʻi ana i ka kolone (Advertising-call by: Cramp, 1985) like me "kriyr" a i ʻole "pir", aneane mau loa ia i loko o kahi puʻu nui e like me "kiti-ki-kiyer, kiti-ki-kiyer. "Ko" kiti-ki-kiri. "." Hoʻohene ka leo like ʻole e ke kāne e hānai ana i ka wahine (ʻo ka hope, noi i ka ʻai, subtly squeals "pee-pee-pee." A ʻo "tee-tee-tee.") I ka hopena hope loa, hiki iā ke lohe ke lohe i kahi ʻōpala kūwili maloʻo (hoʻohana ʻia nō hoʻi ia i ka wā e holo ai no nā mea ʻulaʻula hulu) a me ka hoʻopio a sonows a i nā kani paha (no nā kikoʻī hou e ʻike: Anzigitova et al., 1980, Cramp, 1985).

ʻO keʻano

O na kala o ka plumage ka mea like me na maka o ke kahawai, aka i pnliki ka waiho ana o na pali uliuli mai na aoao o ke poo, a i ka waiho ana o ke au o ke kino keokeo-hina-hina a oi aku paha i ka ashen, a o ke aniani o ka puhaka i oi aku ia i oi loa aku ma mua o ke kahawai tern, a ku i ka makana a me nā pāpālina haʻahaʻa. ʻO nā hulu hulu manu me nā palena keʻokeʻo ʻē aʻe, keʻokeʻo ka hulu ʻiliʻula keʻokeʻo, akā wale nō nā pale o waho i nā pākeke lua, a ʻo nā pihi waho he ʻeleʻele hina. ʻO nā ʻōlima mua, e like me nā kahe wai, akā ua pālahalaha ke keʻena keʻokeʻo o loko o waena, ma waena o ia a me ka ʻūhā hulu manu i noho ai he peʻe hina wale nō 1.5-1,5 mm ākea.Ke hoʻomohala ʻia nei ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ma nā kihi a me nā pūnaewele pūnaewele o nā flyworm liʻiliʻi. ʻUlaʻulaiki ka beak, i kekahi manawa me ka hāpoki ʻeleʻele, ʻulaʻula nā wāwae, ʻeleʻele ka iris.

He kāne a he wahine i ka lole hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo. Hoʻohālike ʻia me nā ʻāpana o nā kahe i nā lole kūpono, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou e ka ulana ʻana o nā manu lele a me ka lua (ʻike ma luna), a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi ʻana o ka waiho ʻula o ka hina hina ma lalo o nā poʻohiwi, nā pihi topone a me ka huelo.

ʻAʻano Downy. Ua like like me ke kaho kaiāulu o ka wai tern, nā kūpeʻe haʻahaʻa o kēia mau ʻano he ʻelua like me ka paʻakikī a ʻaʻole hilinaʻi. Hoʻonohonoho ka laulā maʻamau o ke kihi mai ke aniani hina a hiki i ka tan, nā wahiʻeleʻele a me nā ʻūpihi i pālahalaha a puni kēia ʻaoʻao. ʻO ka lae, ka pale a me ke ʻāʻī hoʻi he keʻokeʻo a ʻeleʻele; Ke keʻokeʻo ke kino o lalo, ma nā ʻaoʻao a me ka'ōpū me ka pale hina a hina paha. Beak, rainbow a me nā wāwae, e like me ka terns wai.

Kōahu lole. Hoʻohālike ʻia ka waihoʻoluʻu o ke poʻo a me ke kino o ke kaila o ka muliwai, akā ke keʻokeʻo ka lalo a me nā ʻili hulina i luna. He hina nā pūnaewele o waho o ka pāpale, ua keʻokeʻo ka hoʻopau a me nā kaupaona o loko. He ʻokoʻa ka ʻili o nā ʻēheu ma mua o ka muliwai tern: ʻoi aku ka laka o ke kākala a ka ʻōpala, ua ʻoi aku ka māmā o nā pualikua ma mua o nā pale ākea nui (a ʻaʻole ʻeleʻeleʻele aʻe ma mua o nā kahe wai), ua hoʻomāhuahua aʻe ka waihoʻoluʻu keʻokeʻo ma ko lākou mau wēlau, ʻo nā ʻōpū o loko o nā hulu manu ʻōpio me ke kula ākea ʻoi aku. . ^ E Ha yM. ʻEleʻele ʻia ka beak me kahi ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ka ʻulaʻula paha, e ka Kepakemapa ʻoi ʻeleʻele mau ia, ʻeleʻele-ʻulaʻula, a ʻulaʻula, a hina paha ka popo i ka ua, a ʻeleʻele ka palahalula.

ʻO ka lole o ka hoʻoilo mua. Ma hope o kahi molt piha, ʻike like ka lole ka hoʻoilo o ka hoʻoilo, akā, ke kū nei ka kalapu kalima ma ka lele. I ka pūnāwai a me ke kauwela o ka makahiki o ka kalena ʻelua, ʻaʻole nā ​​kā terns i ka lole mare, e mālama ana i ka hoʻoilo. Hiki paha nā mea kūʻokoʻa i kēia manawa ma ka ʻoli ʻākau ʻokoʻa; ua ʻokoʻa lākou i nā ʻanuʻu muliwai i loko o nā hale like ʻole me nā manu hoʻoilo pākeke, a me ke ʻano o ka molting ʻana i nā lele. I ke kolu o ka makahiki o ke kalena, ua kau nā terns i kahi lole, akā ʻo kekahi manu (e pili ana iā 11%) he mau ʻokoʻa kuʻuna o ka lole o ka hoʻoilo ma mua o ko lākou mau ʻēheu, lae, ka lei a me ka ʻōpū.

ʻĀnō a me nā ana

Nā helu waiwai o nā poʻe (mm) (ZM MSU) a me ke kaumaha kino (g) (Bianchi, 1967):

Ke loa lōʻihi
Males: (n = 44) —257–286 (average 268),
Wahine wahine: (n = 20) - 246-276 (average 265).

Beak Length:
Males: (n = 41) - 26.2–33.8 (average 30.3),
Wahine wahine: (n = 20) - 26.7-31.1 (ʻokoʻa, 28.8),

Nā Lāʻau Pin:
Males: (n = 43) −13.7-16.7 (average 15.3),
Wahine wahine: (n = 21) - 13.8-16.7 (average 15.1).

Hoʻohui kino:
Males: (n = 56) - 82–135 (average 104),
Wahine: (n = 37) - 89–153 (awelika 107).

Hoʻololi

(Cramp, 1985). Hoʻopili ʻia ka hana wai ʻana i ka lole i ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka plumage o ke poʻo, ka ʻōpū o ke kua, ke kua, a me nā ʻulu poʻohiwi i kekahi manawa hiki ke hoʻomaka e loli i loko o ʻOkakopa, i ka wā o ka hele ʻana. Ma ka lā Pepeluali, ʻae ʻia ka molting o ka plumage liʻiliʻi a me ka hulu manu, ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā ʻēheu lele i Kēkēmila - Ianuali a hoʻopau, like, me Mei. I kekahi mau manu, he mea hiki ke kāʻili ʻia nā flyworm ma mua e like me nā poʻe pākeke. Hana ʻia ka hē waʻa i ka lua hoʻoilo hoʻoilo ma ka manawa like me ka poʻe pākeke. Hoʻomaka ka lūlū ʻana i ka lole o ka nuptial lua ma hope o nā pākeke, a hopu i kahi hapa o ka plumage: nā ʻēheu luna a pau, kahi ʻāpana o ka hulu a me nā hulu manu o ka lae a me ka ʻōpū ʻaʻole i hoʻololi ʻia. He mea kupaianaha loa ia i ka manawa like 1-2 hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā mea lele mua.

ʻO ka molting ka hopena i ʻelua mau manawa i ka makahiki: prenuptial piha a me ka mahele prenuptial. Hoʻomaka maʻa pinepine nā hoʻoilo post-nuptial i ka hoʻoilo. ʻAʻole maopopo ka lā kūpono o kona hoʻomaka - ʻike ʻia, ka hopena o Kepakemapa - ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Nowemapa. I ka mahina o Ianuali, ua noho piha nā manu i ka hoʻoilo palau no ka hoʻoilo, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā hulu hulu i ka hoʻomaka o Pepeluali - i ka hoʻomaka o Malaki. ʻO ka pre-molting e hopena i ka hopena o Pepeluali - Malaki, a hoʻopau i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o ka pūnāwai. Hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻōpū o ke poʻo, ka ʻōpala, nā ʻili a me nā uhi e uhi ai, ʻaʻole like me ke kahawai tern, he loli ʻole o ka lele ʻana o ka ma waena a i ʻole waho.

Kālā

Nā kikowaena waena. Hōʻailona ka lua o nā ʻano a me nā ʻaoʻao o Eurasia a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika e pili ana i ka Moana Arctic, nā mokupuni a me nā kahakai o ka ʻĀpika ʻAmelika a me North Pacific. Ke Komohana o ʻEulopa, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka ulana ma Islande, ma Jan Islanden, Island Island, Svalbard, a me nā kahakai ʻo Great Britain, Ireland, Netherlands, Denmark, Kelemānia, East Germany, Norekona, a noho i ka mokupuni Baltic holo loa o Suetena a me Finland, a ma ka ʻākau o keia mau aina - a me na wai loko. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noho kulekele ma Palani, Belgium a me Polani (Cramp, 1985).

Kiʻi 80. Māhele ʻāpana Tern
1 - kahi e kū ana i ke kuhi (nā mākaʻikaʻi i hōʻike i ka palena ʻole ʻole), 2 - pili i nā wahi mākiki liʻiliʻi a me nā noho pākahi, 3

Ma USSR, kaulana nā noho kūlike i nā ʻāina Baltic, ma nā mokupuni i ke komohana a me ke kūkulu ʻākau o Estonia (Peedosaar, Onno, 1970, Aumees, 1972, Renno, 1972, Aumees et al., 1983). I ka makahiki 1978, ua hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia ka hana komo ʻana o ka polar tern ma ka wahi o Riga (Strazds, 1981, Strazds, Strazds, 1982) i nā makahiki ʻĀina ma hope mai o nā makahiki 1950 (Viksne, 1983). ma ka waha o ka Vyborg Bay (Khrabry, 1984), ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka Leningrad Region. I kēia manawa ʻaʻole ia e nīhou, ʻoiai i ka makahiki 1940, ua loaʻa kekahi kolone ma ka ʻaoʻao kahakai o Lake Ladoga (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). I ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka Arctic tern, noho ʻo ia i ke kai ʻo Barents a me ke Kai White i ka Kola Penola, a me nā mokupuni ʻo Ainu, ʻehiku mau moku a me nā mokupuni ʻē aʻe (Uspensky, 1941, Blagosklonov, 1960, Kishchinsky, 1960a, Malyshevsky, 1962, Bianchi, 1967, Kokhanov, Skokova, 1967) ke kahakai ʻo ke Kai Keokeo, me nā Solovetsky Islands (Spangenberg, Leonovich, 1960, Kartashev, 1963, Korneeva et al., 1984). Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka inoa ma loko o nā loko nui o ka moku ʻo Kola (Vladimirskaya, 1948), ʻaʻole ia i hānai i nā loko o ka hema o Karelia (Neufeldt, 1970).

Kiʻi 81. ʻO ka wahi o ka polar tern ma USSR
1 - ka wahi ākea (ka palena ona i hōʻike i ka palena i palena ʻole ʻia), 2 - nā pūnana i ke kaula kahiki liʻiliʻi, 3 - i noho kaʻawale, 4 - nā wahi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia, 5 mau lele, 6 - mau kuhikuhi o ka neʻe ʻana i ka pūnāwai, 7 - like me ka neʻe ʻana o ka pua.

Holo aku ka hikina, ka palena hema o ka palena mai ke kahakai a ʻoi aku paha a paʻa ʻole paha me ka palena hema o ka pae tundra, i kekahi manawa e iho ana i loko o ka nahele-tundra a me ka ʻākoū ʻākau (Dementiev, 1951, Uspensky, 1960). Aia ka palena ʻākau o ka ʻāina kai nui ma kahakai o ka moana Arctic a me nā mokupuni e kokoke ana. Krachki noho i ka Malozemelskaya a me Bolyzezemelskaya tundra (Gladkov, 1951, 1962, Lobanov, 1975, Mineev, 1982), pūnana ma waena o Yamal (Danilov et al., 1984), a laila ke kihi hema o ka palena, ka mea, i ka kaʻe o ka Arctic Circle, ma ka Yenisei - kokoke ia Igarka (Skalon, Sludsky, 1941, Rogacheva et al., 1983). Aia nā ʻike no ka pili ʻana i kēia ʻano nui ma ka hema hema - ma ka waena waena o Ob ma kahi kokoke o Surgut a ma waena o ka ʻaoʻao o ka muliwai. ʻO Vakh (Vdovkin, 1941, Sharonov, 1951, ZIN), ka mea, he nahu ʻano kaʻawale i ka ʻāina ʻo Arctic tern ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka hema o Labytnangi ma lalo o Ob (Danilov, 1965). Ma ka hikina, ka polar tern e noho ʻo Taimyr, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ma nā wahi like ʻole: ma kekahi mau wahi ma ka peni ʻo ia ka mea i honi ʻia (Krechmar, 1966, Zyryanov, Larin, 1983, Kokorev, 1983, Matyushenkov, 1983, Pavlov et al., 1983, Yakushkin , 1983, Morozov, 1984). Ma ke kahawai ʻo Khatanga, ʻike ʻia ka palena ma ka wahi o 68 ° N. (Ivanov, 1976).

Ma ka muliwai ʻO Lena, ka palena hema o ka palena e waiho ana ma ka ʻākau o 68 ° 30 ′ N (Labutin et al., 1981), ma Indigirka - hema hema o 69 ° 30 ′ N (Uspensky et al., 1962), ma Kolyma - ma waena o 67 ° a 67 ° 30 'N (Buturlin, 1934; Labutin et al., 1981). ʻO ka inoa o nā ʻĀina Arctic i ʻike ʻia ma Alasea (Vorobev, 1967), ma Chaun Bay a ma ka mokupuni o Aion (Lebedev, Filin, 1959, Zasypkin, 1981), ma ka hikina o Chukotka (Tomkovich, Sorokin, 1983), ma ka ʻaoʻao kahawai wai. Kanchalan (Kishchinsky et al., 1983). Ka puka hema o ka nee mau ana i ka waena waena o ka muliwai. ʻO Anadyr a me ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka uka ʻo Koryak, e hana ana i kahi ʻāpana ākea loa o ke aloha me ka muliwai tern (Kishchinsky, 1980). Ka mea, noho ia i ka aoao o Chukotka, akā nests sporadically ii (Portenko, 1973). Ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka palena o ka palena mau ʻia, ʻike ʻia kekahi mau wahi e pili ana i ka noho malihini ʻana: ma ka Parapolsky dol (Dementyev, 1940: Lobkov, 1983), ma ka lalo haʻahaʻa o ka muliwai. Karagi (Lobkov, 19816), ma ke Hekekona ʻo Hek i ka lalo haʻahaʻa o ka muliwai. ʻO Gatymynvayam (Firsova, Levada, 1982), ma ka mokupuni ʻo Karaginsky (Gerasimov, 1979a), ma ke kahakai komohana o Kamchatka ma ka nuku o ka muliwai. Tigil (Ostapenko et al., 1977) a me ke kauhale. Kirovsky (Lobkov, 1985). ʻO ka ʻaʻa ma ka wai o lalo ua manaʻo ʻia. Penzhins a ma kahakai o ka Bay Penzhinskaya (Yakhontov, 1979), a me ka ʻaoʻao ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana hema o Kamchatka i ka hui Ust-Bolsheretsky (Glushchenko, 1984a).

Noho nō hoʻi nā ʻāpana Artctic i nā mokupuni o ka ʻauʻau ʻo Arctic. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Nesting ma Franz Josef Land (Gorbunov, 1932, Parovshchikov, 1963, Uspensky, 1972, Tomkovich, 1984), ma Novaya Zemlya (ma ka liʻiliʻi ma nā komohana komohana a me ke komohana ʻākau), ʻo Vaigach Island (Belopolsky, 1957 , Uspensky, 1960, Karpovich, Kokhanov, 1967), ʻaʻohe ʻike pololei loa e pili ana i ka ulana o kēia ʻano ma kēia mokupuni ʻo Kolguev Island (Dementiev, 1951). ʻO ka hikina aʻe, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka hana ma ka mokupuni ʻo Bolshevik (Bulavintsev, 1984); ʻaʻohe ʻike pono e pili ana i ka pili ʻana i nā mokupuni ʻē aʻe o ka Honua (Laktionov, 1946). ʻO ka pili a nā Arctic ma nā mokupuni ʻo Novosibirsk a me ka Wrangel Island (Dementiev, 1951, Rutilevsky, 1958, Portenko, 1973).

Nā Moho

ʻO nā ʻāpana Arctic o ke Kai Puhi a me nā Baren, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā manu mai nā kahakai o ke kai ʻo Kara, Taimyr (paha mai nā palena hikina) e lele i ke komohana i ka wā e hāʻule ai, a laila neʻe i ka ʻaoʻao me ke kahakai ʻo ʻEulopa a me ke kahakai komohana o ʻAmelika, e hōʻea ana i nā wahi hoʻoilo i Nowemapa - Kekemapa. Lele nā ​​manu mai ka ʻaoʻao komohana komohana o ʻAmelika Hema i ka ala like pū kekahi, e hui pū ai me nā wahi o West-Pale-Arctic ma nā kahakai o West Europe. ʻO nā ʻalaha Arctic o ke Kai Bering a me Alaska hoʻi e lele i ka ʻaoʻao hema ma ke kahakai komohana o ʻAmelika. ʻO ka mea ʻike, lele nā ​​ʻāpana o nā ʻāina hikina o US US i ke ala like (Cramp, 1985).

ʻO ka hana o ka manu ʻōiwi manu ʻoi loa (Bianchi, 1967). Hoʻomaka ka hē nui ʻana o nā ʻāpana Arctic mai ke aniani ʻo Kandalaksha i ka waena o nā makahiki ʻumikūmālua o Iulai a ua hoʻomaka i ka hoʻomaka - waena o ʻAukake; i ka hopena o ka makahiki 1960, ua hōʻike nā manu o kēia iwi i kahi ʻano lewa e lele i kahi lā hope aʻe - ma kahi o 20 mau lā ma mua o (Bianchi. Akamai, 1972). Hoʻomaka ia ma ʻAukake, neʻe ʻo terns i hema, a lele i ka Moana Baltic a me ke kahakai o ʻEulopa Komohana. I Kepakemapa, mālama ʻia ka hapanui o nā manu ma ʻEulopa, akā, ke kiʻi mua nei nā mea kiʻekiʻe i ke kahakai komohana o ʻApelika. I ʻOkakopa - Nowemapa, hoʻomau ka neʻe i ka hema ma ke kahakai komohana o ka ʻāina ʻEulika a i ka mahina o Dekemaba a hiki i ka hoʻoilo ma nā wahi hoʻoilo i nā wai Antartika. Hoʻomaka ka haunaele, i ka manawa Malaki, a ma ka hopena o ka lua o ka makahiki o Mei i kū mua mai ai nā manu mua ma Kandalaksha Bay (no 17 mau makahiki nānā, ke ʻano o ka manawa o nā hiʻohiʻona o nā keaka mua mai 6 a 23.V, ʻo ka lā awelika ʻo 16.V), a me ka hoʻohena , ʻaʻole i holo nā manu i ka wai i loko o ke Kola Penina, akā lele ma ka Moana Baltic, Finlandia a me ka Leningrad Region. Ka neʻe ʻana o ka pūnāwai puna ma loko o ka ʻaoʻao hema a Lake Ladoga i ka hopena hope o Mei a i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Iune (Noskov et al., 1981).

Hiki ke lele aku kekahi mau manu, ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻōpio mai ke alahele holo nui a ʻike ʻia i ka hohonu o ka ʻāina. No laila, ʻo nā manu ʻōpio o 27.VIII 1958 a me 30.VIII o 1960 i loaʻa ma ka moku Chelyabinsk a ma Western Ukraine (Khmelnitsky māhele ʻia), ʻike pū nō lāua i ke Kai ʻEleʻele (Bianchi, 1967).

Ma nā mokupuni ʻo Ainu (West Murman), ʻike mua nā manu mua ma 8-25.V, ka awelika o 21 mau makahiki 18VV (Anzigitova et al., 1980), ma nā Mokupuni ʻehiku (East Murman) - 24–31.V, ma ka awelika 28 .V (Belopolsky, 1957), ma nā loko o ka Lapland Nature Reserve - 21.V—6.VI, ma ka awelika ʻo 11 makahiki 29.V (Vladimirskaya, 1948), ma Franz Josef Land - 7-24.VI, ma ka awelika 18 .VI a i ʻole kahi liʻiliʻi aʻe (Gorbunov, 1932, Parovshchikov, 1963, Tomkovich, 1984). I ka tundra Malozemelskaya, ʻike ʻia nā polar tern mua i ka 25-31.V., I nā tundra Bolshezemelskaya - ma ka 31.V–3.VI (Mineev, 1982), ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Yamal - 28-V - 8.VI, ma mua o Iune (Danilov et al. ., 1984), i West Taimyr i nā makahiki like ʻole a ma nā wahi like ʻole - mai ka 3 a hiki i ka 21.VI (Krechmar, 1963, 1966), ma ka lalo o Yenisei ʻākau o Igarka - i nā makahiki mua o Iune (Rogacheva et al., 1983). ʻO nā lā i kau inoa ʻia, ʻoiai ka mea o kēlā me kēia mai ia makahiki a hiki i ke ʻano o ka pūnāwai, e wehewehe pono ana i ka neʻe o nā kiʻi Artctica i ka pūnāwai mai ke komohana a i ka hikina i Taimyr. Ka mea ʻike, lele ka ʻanu i East Taimyr, e neʻe ana mai ka hikina, mai Chukchi a me Bering Seas, kū ʻia lākou ma kēia lā 11-15.VI a lele aku nō hoʻi i ka hikina i ʻAukake (Matyushenkov, 1979, 1983). I ka hikina hikina o Taimyr, ʻike ʻia nā polar terres i nā wahi e pili ana i ka mua: i ka tundra Prikolymsk i ka 27.V, ma ke Alazey ma 31.V, i nā tundra Yano-Indigir ma 30.V— 1.VI (Vorobyov, 1963, 1967), ma Chaun lowland 1. Kondratyev, 1979), ma Uelen 31.V, ma ke kahawai o ke Koloa 1 .VI, ma Wrangel Island - 12.VI (Portenko, 1973). ʻOiai he mea nui ia inā ka wā o nā kaiāwa i ka tundra o ke ʻākau kahiki ʻo Yakutia ma mua o ke kahakai o Chukotka. Inā ʻaʻole ia he hopena kuhihewa ʻole o ka mahana a me nā puna wai mua i ka wā o ka nānā ʻana, hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo i ka neʻe ʻana o nā kiʻi i loko o ka ʻāina ma kahi ʻāina ma kahi o ka wahi o Shelikhov Bay a me Penzhinsky Bay. ʻO kekahi hihia, ma ke kahakai hikina o Kamchatka ma ka moku o Tigil, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano kaiāulu i ka hapa lua o Mei (Ostapenko et al., 1975) a ma 1972-1919. hele nā ​​manu migratory he 22-26.V ma ka muliwai. Omolon (Kretschmar et al., 1978).

I ka wā hemo, ua nalowale nā ​​kai polar mai nā hē he nui i ka ʻāina ma ʻAukake. ʻO ke kau ʻana ma mua o ka hoʻomaka a i ka waena paha o Kepakemapa i mālama wale ʻia ma ka hema o Yamal (Danilov et al., 1984), i nā tundra Bolshezemelskaya (Mineev, 1982) a ma Franz Josef Land (Parovshchikov, 1963, Tomkovich, 1984). A ʻo ke kuhikuhi o ka neʻe ʻana o ka heluna o nā ʻōiwi like ʻole, ʻaʻohe mākaʻikaʻi mau ʻia, hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo wale nō i ka wā o ka ʻūlū ke lele nā ​​manu, i ka laulā, ma nā ala like ʻole e like me ka pūnāwai, akā i ka ʻaoʻao like ʻole. Holo i nā hipa a hiki i 100-350 mau kanaka ma ke kaʻe o Uelen i kū i ka makahiki ʻekolu o ʻAukake (Tomkovich lāua ʻo Sorokin, 1983).

I nā mahina kauwela no nā hemisekau ʻākau, hele a holo mau nā ʻāina i nā ʻāina ākea mai Antarctica a i nā wahi e loaʻa ai nā kahua i loko o ka ʻAliki. ʻIke ia, he ʻano like o nā ʻāpana o nā manu ʻelua mau makahiki (Bianchi, 1967). I ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana i ka pūnāwai, lele pinepine nā polar tern i nā hui o kekahi mau mea liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻohana 100-1-1 (Mineev, 1982, Danilov et al., 1984). ʻO nā ʻōuli o nā hipa a me nā ʻohana o nā manu i ka wā hoʻoilo he nui ka nui (Cramp, 1985).

Ma kahi o nā mea i ʻōlelo ʻia, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻākuā polar i ka ʻāina Pskov (Zarudny, 1910), Czechoslovakia, Austria, Switzerland, Italia, Turkey, Algeria, a me Cyprus (Cramp, 1985). Ua hōʻea ka mokulele Fram i ka Arctic Tern ma 27.VII 1895: ma 84 ° 32 ′ N (Dementiev, 1951).

Helu

No ka hapa nui o nā wahi o ka USSR, ʻaʻole i kuhikuhi ʻia. 10-25 mau huina ʻaole i loko o Latvia (Strazds, 1981, Strazds, Strazds, 1982), i ka helu like ma ka Birch Islands o ke Kaiʻāina o Finelani (Brave, 1984), a ma Estonia he 10 tausani mau pasangan (Peedosaar, Onno, 1970, Renno , 1972), e like me nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe, 12.5 tausani mau pālua (Thomas, 1982, i ʻōlelo ʻia e: Cramp, 1985). Ma kahi o 25 tausani mau mau pakanani i kuhi ʻia ma ke Kaiʻula i ka 1960, a ma kahi o 10 tausani mau pôpeku nene ma ka kahakai Murmansk (Bianchi, 1967). Ua emi ka helu o ka poʻe keʻokeʻo o Ke Kai Hula (Bianchi, Khlyap, 1970; Bianchi, Boyko, 1972); ʻo ia wale nō ka mea like me nā iwi tern o ke Komohana Murman (Anzigitova et al., 1980). ʻAʻole nui ka polar tern ma Franz Josef Land - i ka makahiki 1981 ʻaʻole 30 mau mea hou aku i ʻike ʻia ma Graham Bell Island (Tomkovich, 1984), ka liʻiliʻi ma ka hikina o Taimyr (Matyushenkov, 1983), loaʻa ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina o Chukotka (Tomkovich, Sorokin , 1983) a, ma ka ʻaoʻao ākea he nui ma ka Chukchi Peninsula a me Wrangel Island (Portenko, 1973).

ʻO kēia tern i nā mea maʻamau ma kā tundra o Yakutia (Vorobyov, 1963) a ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe: ma Chaun Lowland a me Island Island (Lebedev, Filin, 1959), ma ke Kolyuchinskaya Bay (Krechmar et al., 1978). . ^ E Ha yM. Kanchalan (Kishchinsky et al., 1983). Nui mau anana o nā polar tern e kūʻiʻo i ka mokupuni ʻo Karaginsky (Gerasimov, 1979a). Ma ka laulā, ka hapa nui o nā polar terres ma ke komohana, ʻo Atlantika hapa o ka Palearctic: no ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ma kahi o 100 tausani mau pālua i nuku wale i Islandia, a me 21 tausani mau huakaʻi ma Norewani (Cramp, 1985). ʻO ka huina o nā ʻano nui i ka USSR, ʻo ia hoʻi, he mau haneli haneli mau tausani kaulua.