Laulā - iʻa iʻa, nona ka ʻohana iʻa. ʻO kekahi kino puʻu ikaika, a me nā maka e kū ana ma kekahi ʻaoʻao o ka iʻa, ʻelua mau ʻano kūʻokoʻa. ʻO ka manawa pinepine nā maka ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau. ʻO ke kino o ka papa ahi he asymmetrical me kahi pālua ʻelua: ʻo ka ʻaoʻao me nā maka he wahi ʻeleʻele me kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo-ʻoni a hina, a he “keʻokeʻo” hoʻokahi keʻokeʻo, pili ʻole i nā wahiʻeleʻele. Hoʻohana ʻo Flounder i nā pūlaki a me nā iʻa i lalo. Ma nā hopu kalepa, ua hiki kona lōʻihi i ka lōʻihi ma 35-40 cm. ʻO ka ulu ʻana o nā pākani o nā pāla holoholā mai nā haneli he ʻumi a he ʻumi miliona hua.
ʻO keʻano
He kino ākea ka poʻe āpau. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻaoʻao o ka iʻa, i neʻe ai ma muli o ke kaʻi ʻana i ka metamorphosis, ka ʻano o nā ʻano āpau āpau. Hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa me ka pepa pepa: ʻoi loa ia mai ka launa pū ʻana me ka lalo o ka waihona kālā, ʻaʻohe makaʻi ma ʻaneʻi. Ke neʻe nei ka maka mai kēia ʻaoʻao i ka ʻaoʻao, no ka mea maikaʻi ʻole ke nānā aku i nā mea e hana nei me ka maka hoʻokahi.
ʻO ka ʻāpana ʻākau o ka iʻa he mau ʻāpana pectoral. Aia hoʻi kekahi maka i neʻe mai ka lalo. He puaʻa ʻo Flounder e hiki ai iā ia ke hoʻopalulu i kekahi ʻaoʻao. Pono kēia no ka iʻa no ka peʻe ma ka lalo mai nā mea hoʻolaha kai makemake e ʻai nui ma luna. Inā ʻoe e kau i kahi flounder ma kahi chessboard, a laila e ʻike maoli ana nā kukui a me nā ʻeleʻele ma luna, e like me ma ka papa.
Nā Manuia
ʻElua mau ʻano nui o ka flounder: he kaʻe kahawai a me kahi puʻu moana. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ua like nā iʻa me kekahi, akā hiki ke ʻokoʻa i ka nui a me ka paona kino. I loko o loko o ka genus he nui nā ʻano mea flounder o ka ʻano nui, akā i hopu ʻia ka hapa nui loa i loko o ke kai. Kaumaha ʻoi aku ʻo ia ma mua o ka hapalua, a ʻo 2 paha ka lōʻihi o ke kino. Hoʻopihi ka mea hoʻopihapiha wai ma ka 50 kenimika, aʻo ka wā e hiki ai i ka nui o 2 kilograms, a me nā mea uila kai - a hiki i 60 kenimika, ke kaumaha - 7 kilograms. Akā i ke kiʻi ke nānā aku nei lākou like.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻike nā mea a pau e ʻike i kēia ʻano iʻa no ka manawa mua: no ke aha ke kolo flatfish? Pono kēia e alakaʻi i kahi ʻano haʻahaʻa loa a kākili i ka lepo i ka nui e hiki ai, e kāʻei i kona ʻano, inā ʻae ʻole ka iʻa i ka iʻa no ka poʻe predator. Malek flounder mau ʻele kuʻuna, a o kona helehelena hoʻi he maʻamau, ʻike ʻole iā mākou. Eia nō naʻe, i ka ulu ʻana o ka iʻa, ua hele ka iʻa i ka metamorphosis, a ua ʻaila ʻē aku ia ma nā ʻaoʻao, a ua neʻe ʻia nā ʻaoʻao a pau o ke kino no ka hiki ʻana o ka noho maʻalahi.
Nā kuʻuna a me nā home
ʻO nā ʻano kai like ʻole o ka kai a me ka muliwai he mau ʻāpana like ʻole. Noho ka loko iʻa ma ka wai o ke Kai Kūʻai. Akā maʻamau nō hoʻi i loko o ke Kai Paʻa, ʻĀkau a Okhotk. Hiki i ka muliwai kahawai ke noho i loko o ke kai a me nā kahawai, kahi e hiki ai iā lākou ke ʻauʻau aku. ʻO ka iʻa iʻa ma ke Kai ʻOleʻele a me ke Kaiʻula, i nā kahawai e kahe ana iā lākou, ʻo Yenisei hoʻi. Ua hoʻokaʻawale lākou i kahi ʻano spounder kūikawā: ka ʻUleʻele.
ʻO ka papa inoa Black Black he iʻa kālepa waiwai nui, e makemake ana nā lawaiʻa e huli. ʻO ka palahalaha ʻo ka ʻeleʻele, e like me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, e makemake i ke alakaʻi i kahi ʻano haʻahaʻa. Iʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ka lepo a maloʻo ia i ka maʻalahi ke eli iā ia. Akā e mahalo i ka hiki ke hoʻāʻo i ka mea nui: ʻaʻole e nui ka nui o nā pōhaku ʻoniʻoni ma lalo, no laila, he nui nā kala a hoʻoneʻe i ka iʻa o luna.
Hoʻoikaika
He mea ʻole kahi wai pōkole - wai wai a lawaiʻa paha, nā lālā āpau o kēia ʻohana mea makemake loa i ka lawaiʻa. Kau i ka pōʻino, huli ka iʻa i ka iʻa a lele koke a lele i kēia kūlana. A hala ke pilikia ʻana, hāʻule hou lākou i ka lepo a me ke kiko.
Aia i ka wahi e noho ai ka flounder, hiki iā ia ke hoʻololi i kona kala me ka wikiwiki o ka uila, ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pale i makemake ʻia. Ke kūlike ʻāpana o ka iʻa ma ke kala o ke kai a me kona ʻano. Ke hoʻololi nei, ke hoʻokō nei ka flounder i kahi kala e like me aneane ʻole e ʻike. Kahi kapa ʻia kēlā kapa ʻia he mimicry. ʻAʻole naʻe nā luna inoa āpau o kēia moʻomeheu i kēia waiwai, ʻo ka mea wale nō a lākou e ʻike ai. Ke nalowale nei i ka ʻike, ʻaʻole hiki i ka iʻa ke hoʻohuli i ke kala o kona kino.
Flounder - iʻa kai, nā nui mai nā huina he nui i ʻekolu haneli kilekilo. ʻO ka paona a me ka laulā e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i nā ʻano. Loaʻa kekahi poʻe i ʻehā mau mika ka lōʻihi. Ua lohe nā mea he nui o mākou iā halibut, akā ʻike ka mea āpau he manu ākea kēia. ʻO wai ka iʻa - muliwai a kai paha e ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka lehulehu. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka halibuts ka nui loa o nā ʻalā nui e noho ana i ka loko o ka Pākīpika a me Atlantika. ʻO ka iʻa i kaupaona ʻia 363 kilogram ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a ʻo ia ka waiwai nui loa i ʻike ʻia e ka ʻepekema. ʻO kahi mea kupanaha ʻo ia ke hiki i kēia ʻano o kahi flounder ke ola a hiki i ka makahiki he kanalima. Eia kekahi, ʻo Flounder kahi iʻa lawaiʻa aʻai nui.
Kauʻai
ʻAno like ʻo Flounder. Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia i nā iʻa predatory. ʻO ke kumu o ka meaʻai i hana ʻia ai nā ʻōpala, mollusks a me nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi. Akā ʻai mau ka meaʻai i nā iʻa liʻiliʻi e holo ma ka ʻaoʻao. ʻAʻole makemake ka iʻa e haʻalele iā ia, i ʻole e lilo i ka ʻaihue nona iho.
ʻOiai ke kaona o kahi flounder he mea hoʻohiwahiwa o ka poʻe predator, makemake nui nā anglers e hoʻohana i nā mau mau. No ka hana i kēia, lawe lākou i nā ʻiʻo a i ʻole clam ʻiʻo. I ka iʻa no ka iʻa i ka makaʻala i kāna waiwai e pono ai, pono ia e kuhikuhi pololei i lalo o ka ihu. Inā ʻaʻole, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke haʻalele i ka home, a me ka ʻoliʻoli pū.
ʻAno hānau
Nā mokulele Flounder mai Pepeluali a hiki i Mei. ʻO kēia ʻano ʻano i ka manawa ma muli o ka nui o ka laulā ma ke ʻano ākea, a ma kēlā me kēia kūlana, he ʻai ʻo ia i ka manawa i ka wā e kū mai ai nā ʻano hana lima. ʻOiai ka mea ʻo ka flounder e makemake wale e ola hoʻokahi, e hele ana ia i nā pepa e huki. I kekahi manawa i hui ʻia nā ʻano flounder i nā ʻohana, a laila hiki ke ʻano like ʻole nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole.
Ua hiki i Flounder i ka wā pahū ma 3-4 mau makahiki. I ka wā hoʻomaha, e kolo mai ana he mau haneli a me miliona miliona hua. ʻO ka nui o ka caviar ma muli o ke ʻano a me ka nui o ka iʻa. Kūpaʻa ka hua i ka manawa o ka incubation, ʻo ia hoʻi he 11 lā, ma hope o ka hatch i ka palaoa. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka palaoa ma ka ʻaoʻao hema, a ma ka ʻaoʻao hema hoʻi ma ka ʻākau: nā mea a pau e like me nā iʻa maʻamau.
Ma hope o ka hatching, ʻo ka ʻai o ka iʻa ma zooplankton, a i ka wā e ulu ai lākou, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mea ʻai meaʻai. Kūloli koke, ma ka hema hema i ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa, mai laila ka neʻe ʻana o ka maka i ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau. Kuhi loa loa, lilo ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa i ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau. He aha ke kumu, ʻike mau ana ka ʻepekema.
He ʻano kupaianaha ʻē aʻe ʻo Flounder, kahi e hele ai i kahi lōʻihi o ka ʻōlohelohe. Ma muli o kona mau hiʻohiʻona, aneane ʻike ʻole ia ma ka lalo, akā hiki i ka ʻāwelu lawena e hiki ai iā ia ke hopu i kahi kaula, me ka hoʻowalewale i ka "lalo" me kahi ʻano ʻono maikaʻi.
Nā lawaiʻa lawaiʻa
ʻO Flounder kahi noho lalo o laila, no laila, ke kāohi hopu no ka kūpono. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ka hohonu o ka 10 a 100 mau mika, me nā māka a me nā koʻokoʻo ikaika e hoʻohana ana i nā lako kaumaha (mai uka), a he sheer mai ka moku paha, koe wale nō no nā ʻano lawaiʻa like ʻole. Akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e koho i nā koʻokoʻo kai kūikawā i loaʻa kahi koʻi mai ka paʻakai kai pololei.
E like me ka maunu, nā iʻa liʻiliʻi, nā ʻōpala, nā ʻano mollusks, nā ʻōpala, a me nā wīwī (grit ke kai a me ka nereis) ke hoʻohana ʻia He nui nā lawaiʻa e makemake i nā paona artful. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻowai i kāna hoihoi me nā beads o nā kala kukui. Makaha loa ka bait, no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke nānā ʻia ka manawa o ka ʻāʻī.
Hoʻohana a me pono ka poʻe
Manaʻo nā Dietitians i nā iʻa piha he huahana hoʻōla.
ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā mea waiwai e waiwai nui ai ka maʻi o nā maʻi e like me:
- hypothyroidism
- maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi,
- huahuʻi kino,
- kenkiki
- nā maʻi autoimmune
- ʻeha ka maʻi mehana
- anemia.
Ka hoʻohana ʻana o flounder
Hoʻopili ia i ka papaʻai o nā meaʻai no nā maʻi maʻi, maikaʻi ka flounder i kahi pāʻai maʻamau.
Hāʻawi i kāna mau waiwai pono:
- kahi mea momona kūpono i ka wā hāpai,
- kahi wikiwiki wikiwiki ma hope o nā maʻi koʻikoʻi,
- pale ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi ma nā ʻelele,
- hoʻonui i ka hana noʻonoʻo, hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i nā haumāna a me nā haumāna.
- hoonui ulu,
- e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ke ʻano o ka lauoho a me nā kui.
- hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia, hoʻonui i kona turgor.
Pālā ahi
ʻO ka iʻa, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻaʻole e hoʻopōʻino i ka olakino. Ma muli o ke ʻano o ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka iʻa ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻomākaukau. Hoʻokuʻu ka Flounder i ka hapa nui o kona mau pono pono i ka paʻakai, ka uahi a me ka kēkē.
Hoʻololi ʻia ʻo Flounder e kēia mau hana e hōʻino i nā ʻokoʻa kino o nā kino o ke kanaka.
- Mālama ka paʻakai paʻakai i ka lolo i ke kino, e alakaʻi ana i ka edema a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kaumaha koʻikoʻi maikaʻi,
- paʻuhi paʻakai i ka ʻai
- Mālama ʻia ka paʻakai paʻakai ma loko o nā ʻōpū, kahi e piʻi ai i ka lāʻau ululāʻau,
- Uahi a iʻa pāpaʻi ʻia ka ʻike nui o nā carcinogens.
Nui! Hoʻopau ka mea maloʻo maloʻo me ka paʻakai ʻaʻole kokoke i nā mea waiwai nui. Akā ʻaʻole hiki i ka iʻa maloʻo ke ʻai ʻia e nā kānaka me nā maʻi gastrointestinal.
Cod
Cod - kekahi wahi iʻa maikaʻi maikaʻi i noho ai i loko o nā wai anuanu o ka loko moana a me ka nui o Arctic. He waiwai waiwai nui kēlā, ʻo ia ma muli o ka momona kaulana, momona i nā momona a hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka meaʻai kīʻaha. Loaʻa ʻia ʻo Cod ma ke Kaiʻula o ka Pakipika, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o kēia ʻano holoholona.
Hoʻoikaika & Habitat
Ke koho nei kēia kaona moana i kahi ala maʻamau. Makemake ʻo ia e hoʻolilo i kona wā leʻaina hoʻomaha ma ka seabed. Hiki iā ia ke moe wale ma ka wai, a kanu paha iā ia ma ke one i nā maka ʻē aʻe e nānā ai i ke kūlana. ʻAʻoleʻike nui loa ka ʻike ʻana i ka piʻi o ka flounder iʻoi aʻe ma mua o hoʻokahi mita mai ke kai.
He mea no ka iʻa - kahi kumu o ke ola, hale a me kahi ala e hoʻopakele ai mai nā poʻe predator. Mahalo i mimicry (ka hiki ke hoʻowahāwahā koke i ke ʻano o ka kaiapuni, ʻoiai he nui nā pōhaku a me lalo), hiki iā ia ke lele malū aku i kona mau mea hōʻeha a hūnā koke paha i nā ʻenemi.
ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona nui, ʻo ia ka noʻonoʻo o ka luhi. ʻO he ʻano lā ma muli o ka torso disproportionate a me nā mea maʻamau no ka iʻa maʻamau, ke holo mālie holo aku ka flounder. ʻAno nā lawaiʻa ʻike ʻole i ka hopu ʻia ʻana o kēia ʻano mea i maʻalahi a ʻo ia wale nō ke ʻano o ke ola. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole.
Ke manaʻo nei ka hūpiu i ka palekana - ʻūlū palū ana, me he mea lā ke kaʻi ʻia e ka poʻe o kēia manawa. Ua like kona neʻe me nā neʻe o ka nalu like ʻole o ka neʻe o ka nalu, a ʻo kona wikiwiki hoʻi ʻaʻole iʻoi aʻe ma mua o 10 mau mika no ka hola.
Akā inā ʻike kahi mea kūʻai i ka iʻa mai hope mai, hiki iā ia ke hoʻomohala i kahi wikiwiki maikaʻi loa. Mahalo i kona ʻili pōkole, nā kaulahao ventral symmetrical a me nā elinsated elastated dorsal a me nā pua fins, hiki iā ia ke hūnā ma ka poʻe hahai.
Ma nā pilikia hōʻeuʻeu, hiki i ka flounder ke hana maʻalahi i ka pipi no kekahi mau mika i hoʻokahi manawa, ke waiho nei ma hope o kahi wai wai ikaika e kuhikuhi iā ia i lalo. ʻO kēia no ka uhi ʻana i ka gill i ke ʻano o ka iʻa.
Aia ia ma ke wahi o ka maka o ke kino. E hoʻowalewale ke kahe ikaika a hana i ka lalo, e hoʻohalahala ai i ka mea nāna e hopu a hōʻole paha i ka mea pio. No laila, ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻenehana e kaua aku i ka poʻe i pā mai i ka flounder a i holo paha mai kahi iʻa nui a ʻoi aku ka pilikia.
Noho ʻo Flounder i loko o nā wai o ka Pakipika. Hoʻomoʻa ka ʻano o ka muliwai i ka lalo o nā wai anuanu, nā uku. Hiki ke hui i nā Dnieper, Bug, Dniester. ʻO ka nui o nā kai ma ka ʻeleʻele, Iapana, Baltic, Bering, a me ke Kai Waʻo.
Ma ke Kai o Azov ua like ka like o kēia ʻano iʻa. Ma waena o ka ʻEleʻele a me Azov Seas, aia ka waha o ka muliwai o Don, a he ʻoliʻoli nui nā wai kai a me nā ʻano moana.
ʻOiai ke ʻano maikaʻi o ka paʻakai, 'ākea loa ke hālāwai me lākou i laila. Hopu pinepine nā poimana i kēia mau iʻa i nā ʻano ʻenehana a i ʻole ke kūʻai aku. He mea kūpono ia e hāʻawi i kēia ʻano hana iā lākou e loaʻa i ke kālā maikaʻi.
ʻO ka poli a me ka poli a ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ka lōʻihi, makemake i ka wai anuanu, noho wale nō i ka Kara, Okhotsk, Bering a me ke Kaiʻula. Uaʻike nui loa ia e hālāwai me ia i nā kahawai Ob, Kare, Tugur a me Yenisei. E makemake ana ka iʻa i nā ʻala a me nā hoki palaki, kahi hiki ke maʻalahi i ka peʻe, ʻo ia ka wai a kēia mau muliwai.
ʻO ka ʻāpana mākeke ʻo Yellowfin ka iʻa maʻamau ʻohana ʻohana ola i nā wai me nā pae paʻakai kiʻekiʻe a kiʻekiʻe paha. ʻO ka hapa pinepine, ʻo ia ka mea e kau ai ma kahi hohonu o kahi emi a ʻekolu mau mika.
ʻIke nui ʻia kēia iʻa i ka ʻoihana. Noho lākou i ka Pōhaku, Baltic, ʻAmelika a me nā wai ʻē aʻe o ka ʻAmelika. ʻIke pinepine ʻia e ka poʻe pīpī keʻokeʻo ma ke kūloko i ke kahakai o ka Kepani a me Red Seas.
Mea ʻai
ʻAi nā subspecies o flounder i nā manawa like ʻole o ka lā. I kekahi lā, ʻo ka mea ʻē i ka pō. Aia ia i ka terrain a me kahi noho maʻamau. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ke ʻai nei kēia mau hoa o ka manu i ka meaʻai o nā holoholona, inā inā ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hopu i kekahi mea, e ʻoliʻoli nō hoʻi lākou i nā mea kanu.
Eia nō hoʻi, ʻo ka papaʻai o ka flounder e hilinaʻi i kāna makahiki. No ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka pōkole o nā ʻōpio i nā hua o nā iʻa, nā ʻōpala liʻiliʻi, amphipods, benthos, ʻōpala, 'aʻai, a me nā mea ʻuʻuku.
Makemake nā poʻe kahiko i ka loaʻa kālā mai ka palaoa a me nā iʻa liʻiliʻi, nā ʻōpū a me nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o ka ʻohana echinoderm, nā holoholona liʻiliʻi mai ka ʻohana invertebrate, ophiuras, a me nā mea kanu. ʻO nā Shrimps a me nā capelin ka punahele maikaʻi loa no ka flounder.
Ma muli o kahi ʻokoʻa o ke poʻo, ʻo ia ka hoʻonoho ma hope o ke kino, hiki i ka iʻa ke ʻoli i nā mollusks liʻiliʻi a me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe o ka hohonu o ka wai i lalo.
Ua kōkua hoʻi nā niho koi i ka huki iā lākou. He māhu ikaika hoʻi ʻo Flounder. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻokuʻu koke i nā ʻīnī o ka ʻōpala a i ʻole ʻohiʻā i ka ʻōpala, nā mea ʻona a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. No ka hana maʻamau o kēia mau iʻa, pono ka ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana o nā meaʻai momona kiʻekiʻe.
Nā hiʻohiʻona a me ka noho maʻamau
ʻO ka mea like e kiʻi ai i kou maka, ʻo ia ke ʻano: he leʻaleʻa, manaʻo wau he nui i ʻike flounder i loko o ke kiʻi, no kēia ke kumu o ka noho ʻana o lalo. ʻAʻole like kēia ʻano iʻa iʻa mai ka hānau mai, ʻo kona ʻano ʻoi e like me nā iʻa maʻamau, a i ka ulu ʻana wale nō lākou e hoʻomaka ai e like me nā pākeke.
Aia ko lākou mau maka ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kino, a laila ka maka hoʻokahi - hema a hema paha, e neʻe malie i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, a ʻo ka ʻaoʻao kahi e kū ai nā maka ʻelua i ka "top" o ka iʻa, a me ka ʻōpū ʻē aʻe, e lilo ai i mālamalama a puʻu. iʻa nāʻu e holo mau ana ma lalo.
Hiki iā ia ke noho i kahi hohonu a hiki i 200 m, akāʻo ka hohonu ʻoluʻolu loa no ka 10-15m. Kālana ʻia ke ʻano o kēia ʻano iʻa, no ka mea, ua loaʻa nā ʻano ʻano launa - nā poʻe e noho nei ma nā moana:
- hoʻōla
- turbo
- Papa kikin o Kōleʻele
- kāhewa,
- a me nā kamaʻāina o nā muliwai - lalo kahi wai keu wai.
Nā iʻa a me nā loko o ka muliwai i ke ʻano ʻokoʻa ʻole ka mea ʻē aʻe, hiki iā lākou ke ʻokoʻa ke nui, ka nui o nā lawaiʻa kai hōʻea i nā nui nui.Kahi ʻia kahi hihia i ka wā i loaʻa ai nā lawaiʻa i kahi flounder nunui e kaupaona ana i ka 100 kilograms a he ʻelua paha ka nui.
He ʻokoʻa nā ʻano ka habititats, ʻike pinepine ʻia ke kai i ke anā o ka subtropical, ʻo ke kai Atlantika, a loaʻa pū hoʻi iā ia ma ke Kai ʻākau, Keʻokeʻo, ʻulaʻula a me ke Kaiʻula. Noho ka muliwai kekahi i ke kai, akā hiki iā ia ke holo i uka, e loaʻa i ka loko ʻAmelika, i ke Kaiʻula a me nā kahawai i kahe aku iā lākou.
Loaʻa no ia ma ke ala kūpono o ka muliwai Yenisei. Aia kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa kekahi - ka pohō palahalaha ʻo ka ʻĀina nui, ka mea i mahalo nui ʻia e nā lawaiʻa lawaiʻa, he hiki i ka hiki ke like me ka mimicry, alakaʻi i kahi ʻano ulu a me ka hiolo.
ʻActerlelo ola a me ke ʻano
E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna Noho a ka uila ma ka lalo e haku ana i kona ola. ʻOiai ma ke ʻano he mea lehelehe ia, he lawaiʻa ka iʻa iʻa, akā ʻaʻole kēia e hana pono ai, ʻoi aku ia i ka huli ʻana i ka ambush.
I ke kiʻi, ʻo nā flounder masquerades ma luna o ke kai.
Ke moe kū ana lākou, inā pono ka uō i loko o ke one a me ka lepo, ka uō ʻana i nā ʻōpū e like me ka neʻe ʻana o ka neʻe, hana i kahi ʻeha a hoʻolāʻau i ka ʻāina a puni iā lākou, a laila moe pū ma ka lua a kā nā ʻāina i hoʻonoho ʻia i kona kino.
Akā ʻaʻole kēia wale ka mea i hiki i ka iʻa ke hele ʻole - ke kiʻi kona kino ma ke alo o ka ʻaoʻao, ke hiki ke hoʻololi i ka kūlohelohe, nā mea e hāʻawi ai i ka invisibility ʻoi aku ka nui. Ua kapa ʻia kēia tomai i ka mimicry no nā mea āpau, akā hiki i nā ʻano lawelawe āpau ke hoʻohana iā ia, ʻaʻohe hiki i ka iʻa makapō ke hoʻololi i ko lākou kala.
ʻO ka hopena a i ka weliweli a i ʻole ka weliweli, e piʻi pololei ka luna i lalo mai lalo, a lele i lalo a hiki i kona ʻaoʻao a lele wikiwiki loa i ka wahi palekana, a laila moe hou ma ka ʻaoʻao makapō a huna pū
I ke kiʻi, nā kahawai manu
Hoʻaiho
Noho kēlā ma ke kahakai ʻo Scandinavia, Central Europe a me ke Kaiaulu mai ka palena kahakai a hiki i kahi hohonu o 55 m, me nā estuaries a me kekahi mau loko mai o ke kahakai. ʻO ka flounder muliwai kekahi o nā ʻano lāʻau like ʻole o ka flounder, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o nā ʻano like ʻole e hoʻohālikelike i nā kūlana kūlohelohe hou. Hoomaka ia mai ke kahakai Arctic ma ka akau o Noremania i na wahi me ka wai wela e hapai i ka wai kahakai o ʻApelika Hikina. Hiki iā ia ke noho i ka moana a i ka wai hou. Loaʻa ka loaʻa ʻana o ka muliwai ma nā wai kūmau o nā kai o ke kai. ʻO nā wai kahe wai nui e hoʻāla ai i ka iʻa ma ke kahawai, kahi a lākou e loaʻa ai nā kumuʻai momona.
He aha ka ʻano like o ka flounder?
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nui o ka flounder ka mau maka. Hāpai lākou a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ke kino. No kēia, ua kapa ʻia nā iʻa ʻākau. Kēia iki aʻe, akā loaʻa nō ia mau ʻelele i ka mea nona ke kiko o ke nānā ʻana ma ka ʻaoʻao hema a paʻa paha ma ka ʻaoʻao.
ʻO ka ʻaoʻao hema, ʻaʻohe maka maka, i kapa ʻia "ka ʻaoʻao makapō." ʻO ka ʻili ʻia ka paʻakikī a paʻakikī. ʻO kēia hiʻohiʻona e pale i ka iʻa mai ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā ʻenemi ma ka ʻaoʻao hema a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka neʻe i nā pali a me ke one.
ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano kino o ke flounder:
- Torso. ʻ allowslelo ka ʻōpū manamana i ka mea ʻona e hūnā ma lalo o ka pōhaku, a kanu i loko ona ma ke one a i ʻole ka pipi iki ʻana i lalo. E holo pololei ka laina lateral ma waena o nā maka. ʻO ka ʻili ma ka "ʻaoʻao kūpono" he kūpono a hiki ke hoʻololi i ke kala i ke kala o lalo, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka masking. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao e hoʻopā i ka lalo (hema) ma lalo ke kala ma ke kala.
- Poʻo. Hopu nā maka i kahi kokoke i kekahi. ʻO ka laina lateral, kahi i hoʻokaʻawale wehe iā lākou, e ʻae ana i nā maka convex e hana i kā lākou mau hana kaawale, ka mea e hoʻonui nui ʻia i nā pualana. Aia nā niho koʻikoʻi i ka waha waha, ua hoʻopili ka waha. ʻO kēia hiʻohiʻona i hōʻike ʻia e ke ʻano, a hoʻohana ʻo ia i ka iʻa, e hopu ana i ka iʻa, e holo ana mai ka ʻaoʻao. Aia ka uhi gill ma ka ʻaoʻao hema.
- Nā peni. Hoʻopili ʻia ka hope o ka huelo, akā hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi me kāna hana, e kōkua ana i ka holo koke i ka iʻa. ʻO Dorsal, ma kahi ʻē, elongated, kahi kokoke i ka poʻo. ʻO nā simaline ka ventral. He ʻopiki ko lākou a me nā kumu he nui. Kōkua lākou i ka mea e hana i ka dexterous a invulnerable.
ʻO ka hapa pinepine, ʻo ka ʻona o ke poʻo ke ʻoniʻulu, akā ʻo ka kala i hilinaʻi ʻia i kekahi mau ʻano: ʻano a me kahi noho ʻole.
ʻO ka māhele a me ke ʻano o ke ʻano
ʻO Flounder he kai a he kai noho moku. Ma kahi āna e noho ai, pono nā mea e pono ai ke noho iā ia. He mea maʻamau nā iʻa ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka Moana Pakipika. ʻO nā helu helu nui e ʻike ʻia ma nā Chukchi, Mediterranean, Iapana, Okhotsk a me nā Bering Seas. Noho nā ʻelele o nā kino wai wai i nā palena o lalo a me nā awa o nā muliwai (Dnieper, Southern Bug, Dniester).
ʻO ka paʻakai o ka wai i loko o ke Kai o Azov a me nā kahe e kahe ana i loko, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ana i ka pae wai, e waiho ai i nā ʻelele o ka Flounder-like Black Black flounder e waiho ʻia ma ka waha o ka muliwai ʻo Don. ʻO kēlā mau ʻano e ʻae i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e noho maikaʻi i ka wai o ke Keʻe, a me ke kai Kara a me Okhotsk. Hiki nō hoʻi iā lākou ke ʻike ma ia mau muliwai e like me ka Yenisei, Ob, Tugur Bay.
Makemake ʻo Flounder i kahi pālolo palupalu palupalu. Hoʻolimalima i kahi nohona kūʻokoʻa i ka haʻahaʻa, kanu i loko o ke one. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻohana i nā lā ma lalo o kahi ʻāpana o ke one a nānā i nā maka hemo no nā mea āpau a puni. Hiki iā ia ke piʻi aʻe ma luna o ka lalo i ka pae mika, akā ʻike pinepine ʻia kēia.
ʻO Mimicry kahi mea nui no ka flounder. ʻO kēia manaʻo ʻo "wehe". ʻO ka iʻa e hoʻohana ai i kēia hiʻohiʻona o kā lākou kino e hiki ke pale lele i ka waiwai a hūnā i nā poʻe noho ʻē aʻe o ke kai.
E holo lūlū aku ʻo Flounder me ka lohi, ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 9-11 mika no ka hola. Inā ʻoe e nānā pehea e holo mālie ana, hiki paha ke lawe wale ʻia i kēia wā. Akā wale kēia a ke kaʻi maluhia o ka iʻa. Ke piʻi aʻe nei ka pōʻino, hiki i ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe ka piʻi. Hoʻomoʻa ʻia kēia i ka fectoral fins kūʻokoʻa i kū i kekahi i kekahi, ʻo ka ʻoi a me ka ʻoi pōkole ʻo kā dorsal.
I loko o nā kūlana weliweli loa a me ka leʻaleʻa, hana ka flounder i kahi lele i mua koke i ka 4-5 mau mika. Kau aku ana ma hope o kahi pahu ikaika ikaika i ka lalo. E hoʻāla kahi kahawai wai i ka haunaele mai lalo a haki i ka ʻenemi lele. Hōʻike kekahi ʻano like ma muli o ka uhi gill, aia i ke kaona o ka iʻa ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ke kino.
Nui ka nui o nā mea flounder. I waena o lākou he ʻelua a me nā kamaʻilio kahawai. ʻOkoʻa lākou i waena iā lākou iho i ka helehelena wale nō, akā ma ke ala e hānai ʻia ai lākou.
E noʻonoʻo i kekahi mau ʻano o ka ʻohana Flounder:
- Kākau. Hōʻike ʻia kēia ʻāpana moana i kahi hoʻonohonoho hema hema o nā maka, he kūlana maʻalahi ia no nā ʻelele o nā Kambalovs. ʻAno ke ʻano o keʻokeʻo ke kino o ka ʻulaʻula, a ʻeleʻele paha. Ua loaʻa i kēia inoa kona inoa ma muli o ke kumu nani i ke kua ma hope o nā paʻu ventral. Ua like lākou me nā hōkū. ʻO kona lōʻihi kino kino he 55 cm, ʻo kona paona he 4-4.5 kg.
- ʻO ka mea hoʻohana ʻeleʻele. Ua ʻoluʻolu ʻo ia i ka wai anuanu. Ke alakaʻi nei i kahi ʻano hana ikaika. Ke alakaʻi aku nei ka huli ʻana i ke koko maloʻo. E kali ana i nā iʻa liʻiliʻi a me nā mea ʻae like loa o ka lā kai. ʻO kahi ʻano kaawale o kēia ʻano ka ʻano o ka helehelena ākea o ke kino a me nā ʻāpana a puni ka perimeter o ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka ʻili. ʻAeʻula kahi kala, kokoke i ke gula. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka mea hoʻolaha kai ma kahi o 50 cm, akā i ka manawa like, hoihoi, ke kaupaona nei wale nō he 1-1.3 kg.
- Maʻamau. ʻO ka mākaʻi o Kambalovs, i ʻike nui ʻia i loko o ke kai, he piʻu ʻulaʻula, kahi i hoʻopuehu ʻia nei nā pupu ʻulaʻula. Loaʻa i kēia luna i kahi hiki ke hoʻomohala maikaʻi i ka hilahila. Kūleʻa kekahi kanaka i ka pākeke 1 mika ma ka pala, a kaupaona paha ma kahi o 6.7-7 kg.
- ʻEleʻele. ʻO kekahi inoa ʻē aʻe ʻo Kalkan. ʻIke ʻia kēia ʻano ʻano he mea ʻole ia ma hope o ka Buke Red. Loaʻa i ka ʻenehanaʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele kahi hoʻonohonoho hema hema o nā maka. Ua puni ke kino i ka ʻōuli, he ʻeleʻele a me nā pulu. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nui o ka Kalkan Aia lākou ma ke kino a pau, akā ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau (ka wahi makapō). Hoʻonui ka mea predator i ka 1 mika ka loa, me ke koʻikoʻi ma mua o 20 kg.
- Liiole. Pono kūpono kēia inoa iʻa. Loaʻa iā ia nā kala ʻulaʻula momona a me nā ʻulaʻula ulaula ma ke kino. ʻO ka huelo, e like me ka hapa nui o nā ʻano. He liʻiliʻi a nani hoʻi nā unahi. ʻAʻohe o nā iwi ʻuʻuku ka lili. ʻLewī kāna ʻiʻo, ʻono a me ke olakino, no ka mea ua mahalo ʻia ʻo ia i ka kuke ʻana. E māhele ʻia ma ka wai mai Norewai a hiki i Siberia. Lā 35 cm, ke kaupaona e pili ana i 4 kg.
- Kamchatka. Ua kapa ʻia kēia "hilo." Loaʻa nā loea i kahi inoa inoa ʻelua no ka hoʻāʻo o ka ʻōpala. Noho ana ia ma kahi o ke kaā o Kamchatka Peninsula. ʻOno ka kala, ʻoʻoi aku a pili i ke kala lemon. I ka "hapalua makapō" hina ke poʻo. ʻO ka lōʻihi e pili ana i ka 40-45 cm, ke kaumaha a hiki i 5 kg.
- Polar. Manaʻo maikaʻi kēia ʻano moana i kahi wahi anu. Inā piʻi ke kiʻekiʻe ma luna o zero, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe kūpono kēia mau kūlana. Piʻi ʻia ke kino, oval. ʻO ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻulaʻulaʻa, kokoke i kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo pohō. ʻIliʻulaʻula.
He kiʻi kiʻi hoʻokahi ka Far Eastern flounder, ʻaʻole hoʻokahi wale nō. Loaʻa me ia mau iʻa i iwakālua mau ʻano like. Hoʻopili lākou i ka hōkū flounder, yellowfin, keʻokeʻo-bellied, halibut. Ka ʻāpana ʻāina - Far East. Kūleʻa ke kaumaha ma ke kūloko, mai ka 250 g a i ka 4.5 kg.
ʻO nā mea e hoʻokomo i ka meaʻai
ʻO ka meaʻono o kēlā me kēia subspecies e loaʻa i nā manawa like ʻole - kekahi i ka wā o ka lā, ʻo kekahi i ka pō. ʻO ka mea hoʻohiki, makemake ʻo Flounder i ka meaʻai holoholona, akā inā ʻaʻole hiki ke hopu wale i kekahi mea, hiki iā ia ke loaʻa a me ka mea kanu a me nā mea ʻē aʻe o nā manu. Hiki i nā mea iola aku, nā arthropod liʻiliʻi, nā wīwī, nā algae.
ʻO ka meaʻai punahele no ka flounder ka capelin a me nā huki. Mahalo i nā niho koi a me ka waha ua kūwaha ʻia, hiki i nā iʻa ke aʻalā a me ka wahī i ka ʻōpū o nā kānaka iʻa a ʻai iā lākou.
Kanikau
He koʻikoʻi nui o Flounder, no laila, ʻo ka ʻenemi weliweli loa ʻo ke kanaka. I kēlā me kēia lā, hopu ʻia ka nui o kēia iʻa ma ka honua a puni. Ma kahi o ka mea e lawe nui kahi kanaka i kona ola, ʻaʻole maopopo ʻole ka poʻe noho wai i ka ʻahaʻaina i kāna cape. ʻO ka ʻenemi ma ke kūlohelohe kūleʻa he eel and halibut.
A inā maopopo nā mea āpau me ka ʻaila, no ka mea he mea e hoʻokaʻa ana i nā iʻa like ʻole, a laila like like ka halibut me he flounder, a manaʻo kekahi kekahi he subspecies o ka ʻohana Flounder. Akā ʻo ka mea maoli, ʻaʻohe pili o halibut i ka flounder, no laila hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokūkū me kekahi.
Ika lawaiʻa ʻana mai kahi moku mai kahi moku
I mea e lawaiʻa ai nā lawaiʻa i kahi hopu, pono kekahi lawaiʻa he mea pono ʻole makemake i kekahi mau ʻōlelo aʻo.
No laila he aha kāu e hana ai e hopu i kahi flounder:
- Hiki ke hoʻohana lōʻihi ʻia i nā kuʻuna.
- Pono e koho ʻia ka mānoanoa o ka laina lawaiʻa no ka milo 0.6 mm, no kahi lehele 0.35 mm.
- Ma ke ʻano o ka pain, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i nā iʻa liʻiliʻi, a, ʻo ia wale nō, a me nā ʻāpana, nā ʻōpala, nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi.
- ʻO ka lawaiʻa elele e komo ana i ka hoʻolei ʻana i ka mauʻu ma ka ʻaoʻao. Pono e hana ʻia ka hoʻoheheʻe hou i kekahi ʻaoʻao. I ka hohonu, ua hoʻokumuʻia ka maunu i ka laina plumb.
- Ma hope o ke kāpili ʻia, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻimi i ka paʻa ʻana o ka flounder i ka hoʻokau ʻana, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i kona waha e ikaika wale nō, akā neʻe pū kekahi.
- Pono ʻoe e lawe i ka hoʻokau me ʻoe ma ka moku, no ka mea inā hiki iā ʻoe ke hopu i ka flounder i luna o ka pākī, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī e huki i waho.
Nui ka lawaiʻa lawaiʻa e hopu ana i kahi ʻāpana flounder. No ka lawaiʻa e kūleʻa ana, pono ʻoe e koho i kahi wahi kahuhū a lawe i nā mea pono pono āpau me ʻoe.
He ʻano iʻa maikaʻi ʻo Flounder. ʻO kāna ʻiʻo kahi mea ʻono kupaianaha, a loaʻa nā mea i pono i ke kino. Ma 100 g, he 90 kcal wale nō. Hoʻopili i kahi kiʻi ʻia i kahi ʻoihana ʻoihana, ʻimi pū kekahi nā amateurs maʻamau iā ia. A hoʻoweliweli kēia e hoʻemi i ka lehulehu.
Pehea ʻoe ka lōʻihi o kahi LARGE CATCH?
I ka manawa hope loa i hopu ai ʻoe i nā pōpoki HEALTHY pikiki / carps / bream?
Makemake mau mākou e kiʻi i ka hopena mai ka lawaiʻa - e hopu ʻole ʻaʻole ʻekolu perch, akā he keneta kilogram pāhine - ʻo ia ka mea e hopu ai! ʻIke mākou kēlā me kēia, akā ʻaʻole ʻike ka poʻe a pehea e ʻike ai.
Hiki ke loaʻa kahi hopu maikaʻi (a ʻike mākou i kēia) hoʻomaikaʻi i kahi ʻanoʻano maikaʻi.
Hiki iā ia ke mākaukau ma ka home, hiki iā ʻoe ke kūʻai i nā hale lawaiʻa. Ma ka hale kūʻai he nui loa ia, a e kuke ʻai i ka maunu ma ka home, pono ʻoe e hoʻolilo i ka manawa, a, ʻoiai loa, he mamao loa mai ka home mau home maikaʻi.
ʻIke paha ʻoe i ka minamina i kou kūʻai ʻana i ka maunu a i ʻole ia i ka hale ma ka hale a hopu i ʻekolu a ʻehā paha perches?
No laila hiki paha i ka manawa ke lilo i ka huahana hana pono, ka ʻoihana kūpono i hōʻoia ʻia ma nā ʻepekema a ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana ma nā kahawai a me nā loko o Rusia?
ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana ma mua o ka lohe ʻana i hoʻokahi mau manawa. ʻOi loa kēia - ke manawa pono iā ia iho! A 50% ka hōʻaiʻē inā ke kauoha he bonus nui!
Nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe
ʻIke wale ʻia, akā he kanaka no ka ʻenemi nui no ka flounder. I kēlā me kēia lā a puni ka wahi, hopu ka lawaiʻa i ka ʻāpana o kēia iʻa. Akā ma kahi o ke kanaka, ma lalo o ke kai, makaʻu paha ka mea lapalapa i nā mea ʻē aʻe o nā manu, ʻo ka ʻele a me nā halibut.
Ua maʻa nā mea āpau me ka mea mua, akā, ke hoʻopunipuni ka lua. Ua mahele ʻia nā ʻepekema. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe he ʻano hupa ʻo halibut kahi ʻano flounder a ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke ʻenemi i kekahi ʻano. Ua manaʻo nā poʻe ʻē aʻe iā ia iʻa nāʻu. ^ E Ha yM. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ia he subspecies o ia, no laila e hoʻokūkū maikaʻi lākou me kēlā me kēia.
ʻO kēlā me kēia makahiki ka liʻiliʻi loa o nā loiloi o ka ʻohana flounder. ʻOiai ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wahine nui, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hapa o kā lākou hua e ola ai. Hoʻokomo ka iʻa i kēia mau lā i kēlā me kēia lā, hui pū ʻia me kēia mau mea, nā mākaʻi o ka holoholona holoholona hihiu ma luna.
E mau ana kēia pilikia me kahi hopena ʻole. Eia kekahi, no ka hopena o ke kanaka ma ke ʻano, ua nui ka moana a me nā muliwai no ka mea e make ai nā iʻa liʻiliʻi - nā meaʻai no ka flounder. Hoʻemi kēia i ka pinepine o kāna hānau. Inā hoʻomau mau kēia, e emi nui ana ka nui o ka iwi flounder.
Kāleka
Noho nā ʻelele o nā flatfish no 25-30 mau makahiki a loaʻa i kahi o waho loa, he mea maʻalahi loa ia, e ʻike ʻia ana i waena o nā iʻa.
- he pā pāwīpiha pā hale e hoʻopuni ʻia e ka dorsal elongated a me nā loina anal me nā nui he nui (ma kahi o 55 mau ʻāpana).
- huli ke poʻo ʻāmaʻomaʻi i ke alo (hema ma ka hema)
- pili i nā maka convex i hana ʻia (kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa i kēlā me kēia), ma waena o ka laina kaʻina hope,
- waha hāmū me nā niho niho.
- he ʻaoʻao puni poʻomanaʻo me ka uhi maikaʻi o nā uhi gill a me nā unahi liʻiliʻi ʻoi aʻe,
- he cuncal pōkole pōkole loa me kahi kīʻaha liʻiliʻi ʻole me ke kau ʻana,
- ka ʻaoʻao makapō māmā me ka ʻili ikaika ʻoi.
ʻAʻole i ʻokoʻa ʻē ka waho o ka flounder i ka iʻa o nā iʻa ʻē aʻe. Ma ke ulu ʻana o ka ulu ʻana, ʻike ʻia nā metamorphose o ka ʻōpala i hiki ke ulu. ʻO ka wāwae hema a me ka waha e neʻe lohi ana i ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ke poʻo.
Holo ka iʻa me ka ʻaoʻao makapō, e hōʻano ʻia ana i ka wā a hoʻomaka ʻo ka pāʻani i kahi ʻāpana ʻoka ākea no ka hoʻomoe ʻana ma ka ʻāina, aʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka hana o ka lua pectoral fin a me ka uhi gill. Ma nā ʻano hoʻololi, emi ʻole ka maʻamau (kahe lehelehe wai) e hana ai i ke ʻano - i ka ʻaoʻao hema a hema.
I mea e ola ai, ua hoʻomohala ka flounder i kahi ʻenehana ikaika e hoʻohālike i ke kaiapuni. Mahalo i ka mimicry, hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻo ia iā ia iho e kū i kekahi ʻano paʻakikī, ʻaʻole hoʻi i haʻahaʻa i kēia loiloi i kahi kamela.
I ka wā o kekahi o nā hoʻokolohua, ua hoʻokomo nā zoologists i kahi substrate i loko o kahi pākauaʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo i loko o kahi wai aku. ʻAʻole liuliu loa, ʻike ʻia mai nā wahi ʻino maikaʻi a me nā wahi māmā i ke kino o ka iʻa.
Kaʻuwai wai
Ka helu nui o ka heluna kanaka, akā naʻe i ka mea pili i ka taxa pili, ka nui o nā iwi Platichthys flesus i kūleʻa i kūleʻa no ka noho mau ʻana i ka wai hou a paʻakai. Hoʻonohonoho ka ʻokoʻa i ke kino lapalapa a me nā spines ma ka laina hope. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao i ʻike ʻia he polū polū a i ʻole ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula me kahi kala melemele a me nā ʻāpanaʻeleʻele. E ulu a ulu i 3 kg me ke kino o 50 cm.
No ka hoʻomohala holoʻokoʻa, pono ka loaʻa ʻana o ka flanker masonry i kahi lako hou no ka oxygen ma muli o ka drift i loko o ka wai wai (pelagic roe). Akā hiki wale nō kēia i loko o ka wai paʻakai (mai ka 10 ppm). I nā wai wai wai, ʻaʻole i kaohi ʻia ka palu ma ka palau i lalo, a make, a laila, hele ka iʻa i ka moana i ka ulana.
ʻO ka Baltic maloʻo kahi hōkele nui, ka wai paʻakai haʻahaʻa (11-12%), kahakai lōʻihi, ka hohonu o 30-50 m a me kahi waihona lawaiʻa waiwai momona i kūpono no kēia mau kumu. Ua kapa inoa ʻia ka nilo ma ka inoa ʻo Baltic flounder ma muli o kona hoʻomālahalaha i ka ʻaoʻao kahakai, nā kahawai kahe a me ke kai.
Kahi hōkū
Noho ka inoa ʻo Platichthys stellatus i nā kai ʻākau o ke Kai Pakipika (Bering, Okhotsk, Chukchi, kai o Iapana). Noho ka puka wai i nā kahe, nā wai a me nā haʻahaʻa lalo o nā muliwai (150-200 km mai ka waha). Loaʻa ia kahi hoʻonohonoho hema hema o nā maka, he ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele (ʻōmaʻomaʻo, brown) i nā kihi ʻeleʻele palahalaha ma nā kīwaha a me nā papa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ke ʻano o nā hōkū ma ka ʻaoʻao maka. Ma muli o kona ākea, ʻike ʻia ka taxon me ka Pacific River Flounder. ʻO ka nui maʻamau o ka iʻa he 50-60 cm a kaupaona i ka 3-4 kg. ʻAʻole maʻamau ka nui o nā hopu e loaʻa ana i nā mea nui he 7–9 kg (75-90 cm).
Kalkan Keʻula
Hoʻohālike ka iʻa me ka flounder, akā pili i ka ʻohana kaʻawale o scophthalmos (Scophthalmidae). Noho ana iā ʻAmelika Hema a me ka ʻEleʻele, Baltic, a me ke Kaiʻāina iau. Hoʻoulu ia ma mua o kahi mika ka lōʻihi a kaupaū a hiki i 20 kg. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia e ka hoʻonohonoho hema hema, ka ʻokoʻa a me ka hapa nui o ka pihi tuberous i pālahalaha ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻoni-ʻulaʻula ʻoniʻoni. ʻO kaʻoi aku i ke kai moana, loaʻa iā ia ka mea maikaʻi loa i ka lalo haʻahaʻa o ka Dnieper, Southern Bug, Dniester. Ma muli o ka hoʻonui nui o ka paʻakai o ka moana o Azov ma muli o ka make ʻana o nā kahe e kahe ana ma lalo o ka wai, ua lūlū ka ʻeleʻele i loko o ka waha o Don. Aia kekahi liʻiliʻi subspecies - kahi Azomb rhombus, e ulu ai ka lōʻihi i 40-45 cm.
Ka hoʻokūkū ola
- Puberty: mai 3-4 mau makahiki.
- Spawning: mai Pepeluali a hiki i Mei (ma muli o ka mahana wai).
- Caviar: a hiki i ka 2 miliona huaʻai.
- ʻO ka wā inkubation: 11 lā.
Noho ka muliwai flounder a hana i nā wai hou, akā hāliʻi i ka moana. Kūpono ka kiko ma ka hohonu o 25-40 m, a hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā hua i loko o ka wai e kau mua ana ma ka kolamu wai, a ma mua o ka kolo ʻana o ka metamorphosis ma lalo, ua kolo ʻia ka pipi mai nā hua manu ma ka papa kahi e hānai ai i nā huaola planktonic liʻiliʻi. Ma hope o ka hatching, ua kū ana nā maka o ka flounder i nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ke poʻo. Loaʻa i nā ʻōkuhi Flounder kahi like me ke ʻano o nā iʻa ʻē aʻe. Mālama ʻia ka iʻa iʻa ma ke kai. Hoʻopuni ʻoe i kēia manawa, neʻe ka maka hema o ka pahu i ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ke poʻo. Eʻeleʻele ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka iʻa o ka iʻa, a laila hoʻokuʻu ka puna i ka ea mai ka puhaka kaukau ʻana a kau i lalo. Ma ka hopena o ke kauwela, loaʻa lākou i ka puʻu ma nā wai kahawai.
Pākaʻi polar
Nā lāʻau arctic-pale (Liopsetta glacialis) me kahi kino o ka oval elongated o ke kala ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni monophonic a me ke kala pālima. E makemake ana i ka lepo siliki. Noho kahi noho o nā Kara, Barents, Keʻokeʻo, ke kai Bering a me nā Okhotk. Hoʻomoe i ka hoʻoilo ma lalo o ka hau, ma kahi wela o ka wai (a hiki i - 1,5 ° C). ʻO ka manawa pinepine, ʻo ka mahana wela o ka manawa hoʻuʻu i nā wai liʻiliʻi o ka muliwai ʻo Siberia. Loaʻa ia ma nā wahi a pau i Kara, Yenisei, Ob, Tugur.
Laulā
Nui nā ano o nā iʻa launa e noho mau ana i ka wai paʻakai, he nui nā mea i loaʻa i ka pāpū lau a me ka hohonu o nā mau mile. Hoʻohālike lākou e ka nui o ka nui o ka nui, ka ʻaha o ke kino, ka ʻāpana o nā pua, ʻike ʻia a me ka ʻaoʻao makapō.
Pākuʻi maʻamau
ʻO ka taxon kumu (Pleuronectes platessa), e noho ana i ka nāwaliwali ikaika a ikaika i ka wai paʻakai (10-40%) ma ka hohonu o 30-200 m, kahi kumu nui lawaiʻa nui. Noho ka Hikina Hema, ʻAmelika, Poʻomaʻo, nā Pale, Baltic a me nā kai ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka kala nui ka ʻulaʻula-ʻōmaʻomaʻo me nā ʻulaʻula a ʻulaʻula paha. Hoʻoulu ia i 6-7 kg, ʻo ka nui o ka nui e piʻi ana i ka m 1. He maikaʻi mimicry i hoʻolālāʻia.
Ke Kelealele keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo
ʻO ka ʻōpū o lalo o ke kai, e ulu ana i ka hapalua mika. ʻO ka hapa lawaiʻa liʻiliʻi loa he 21 cm.ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona - kahi laina kiki, c kapae ʻia i hope, nā ʻāpana waiū o ka ʻaoʻao makapō, ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ka ʻulaʻula ʻāpana o ka ʻaoʻao maka. ʻElua mau subspecies:
- Ke kōpaʻi loko i ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo (Lepidopsetta bilineata mochigarei) - noho i ka kahakai kahakai o Primorye a me ke kai o Iapana.
- ʻĀkau (Lepidopsetta bilineata bilineata) - i loko o nā wai o Kamchatka, Okhotsk a me Bering Seas. Ke kūkulu nei ʻo nā iwi i nā lehulehu i ka Pāpā ʻo Peter the Great (hema a Primorsky Krai) a me ka Tatar Strait, e hoʻokaʻawale ana iā Sakhalin mai ka ʻāina nui.
Pālahalaha pālahalaha
ʻO nā ʻano anu anu i maloʻo (Limanda aspera) mai loko mai o ke ʻano o ka limanda, kahi mea maʻamau ma ka Moana o Okhotsk, Iapana a me ke Kai Bering. ʻO nā iʻa lehulehu mai ke kahakai komohana o Kamchatka a me Sakhalin. E makemake ana ia i nā hohonu o 15-80 mika, kahi e hoʻopili ai i nā ʻeleʻele. ʻO nā inoa inoa ʻē aʻe no ka taxon - ʻae ʻia ka limanda a me nā chermona flounder - e hāʻawi ʻia ma muli o nā unahi me nā kakalaioa a me nā kino pelekane i hoʻolālā ʻia e nā pua melemele-melemele. ʻO ka nui ka nui loa he 45-50 cm me ka paona o 0.9-1.0 kg.
Halibut
I nā ʻano ʻekolu, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano he 5 e noho i ke kai ʻAmelika a me nā wai nui o ka Pākīpika a me Arctic Ocean (Barents, Okhotsk, Bering, Sea o Japan). ʻO ka nui ka nui no ka halibut keʻokeʻo (Pākīpika - Hippoglossus stenolepis, Atlantic - Hippoglossus stenolepis), e ulu ana ke 450 cm ka lōʻihi a kau ʻo 350 kg.
ʻO ka mea ʻoi loa ka nui o nā genus ka halibut arrow-toothed halibut (ʻAmelika - Atheresthes stomias, ʻAsia - Atheresthes evermanni), ʻaʻole loaʻa ke kaupaona ma luna o 7-8 kg me ka lōʻihi o 70-80 cm.ʻO ke ʻano nui o ke ola o ka taxon he mau unahi, e like me ka ʻike (ctenoid me nā denticles ma ka ʻaoʻao. ) a me ka makapō (cycloid me kahi kaila nani). ʻO ka halibut waena he ʻelele ʻeleʻele (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), nona kahi 35-40 kakano he puke me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka 125-130 cm
He rhombus nui
ʻO kekahi iʻa ʻē aʻe, e like me ka flounder, he mea kū i ka ʻohana Kalkan - ʻo ka pheasant, a i ʻole turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), me kahi kino nui me ke pani ʻole ʻana o nā unahi. Ma kahi o ka mea, ua hāʻawi ka mea maoli i ka hana palekana i ke ʻano o nā iwi nui. Ma muli o ke kahe nui o nā fins a me ko lākou nui i ka lōʻihi (ka lōʻihi a hiki i 1 mita), ʻike ʻia ka iʻa ma ka rhombus nui. He nui nā holoholona ʻoihana kai ka nui o ka moana a ulu nui i nā mahiʻai i Sepania, Pokukala, Palani, Islandia a me Kina. ʻO ka māhele kūlohelohe o ka flounder-turbot ka Baltic, Northern, Mediterranean Sea.
Paulo
ʻO ka inoa ʻepekema manuahi no ka paʻakai ʻEulopa (Solea solea). ʻO ka iʻa thermophilic nona nā genus Soleidae a noho i ke kahakai ʻAmelika, Red, Mediterranean, South China, Baltic a me ʻEleʻele. Hoʻoulu ia i 65-70 cm me ke kaumaha o 2.5-3.0 kg. Aia ia ke kūlana o ka leʻaleʻa o ka honua e mahalo i ka launa ʻono, momona a ʻono me ka liʻiliʻi o nā iwi. Hāʻawi ʻia ka paʻakai ʻEulopa e ke kino lau elongated, ka mea i hoʻopili ʻia e ke poʻo asymmetric me kahi waha ʻeha a me ka maka ʻākau. Hoʻomaʻi ʻia ka ʻaoʻao ʻike ʻia i kahi keʻokeʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo me nā ʻeleʻele he nui a uhi ʻia me nā unahi liʻiliʻi.
Ma lalo o ke ʻano inoa inoa kālepa "ʻōlelo maʻalahi" e kūʻai pinepine aku nā mea kūʻai mai nā mea pili ʻole i nā ʻona a maikaʻi loa, akā, ʻo nā iʻa pangasium, nona nā mākaʻikaʻi o ka wai ichthyofauna.
Habitat a me ke ʻano o ka flounder
Ma muli o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa a me ka hoʻololi ʻoliʻoli, ʻo ka iʻa lau ʻia i hoʻonui ʻia ma ke kahakai āpau o Eurasia a me kai moana. E manaʻo nui nei ʻo Flounder i nā kūlana o ke kai ʻeleʻele, Azov, Caspian a me Mediterranean, i ke ea kūlohelohe o nā kai Baltic, North a me Norwegian. He nui nā ʻano ʻano i hoʻoponopono ʻia i ka wai liʻiliʻi me nā wai hou o nā muliwai me ka hiki i ke kapakai. Akā ʻo nā ʻāpana kūʻokoʻa i ka moana o ka Pākīpika a me Arctic - ke Kara, Chukchi, Iapani, Bering, Okhotsk, a me nā mea hehi lawena - ua waiwai nui ʻia i ka iʻa flounder.
Flounders alakaʻi i kahi noho i lalo o kahi noho i lalo, hana like me ka ʻili o ke ʻano o nā ʻōpū a puni (mimicry). ʻO ka hapa nui o ka manawa i ka iʻa ʻana o ka iʻa ma ke alo o ka lepo a i ʻole ka mauʻu aniani i loko o nā alapine i lalo. He ʻano kūpono loa nā camouflage a i ka manawa like ka hoʻopau i ʻelua mau hana o ke ola - e hopu i ka pio mai kahi ʻōheu a ʻaʻole hoʻi e ʻai ʻia e nā mea kikoʻī nui.
ʻOiai ʻo ka luhi ʻano ʻike a me ka maʻamau o ka neʻe lōwili ʻana i ka ʻāina ma muli o nā neʻe e like me ka neʻe ʻana i ka nalu, he lawaiʻa maikaʻi loa ʻo flounder. Hoomaka koke ʻia a hiki i ke hoʻomohala i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe i nā lōʻihi pōkole. Inā pono, ʻoi aku "ʻokiʻoki" i ke kino no kekahi mau mika ma ke ala kūpono, e hoʻokuʻu ana i kahi kahe wai nui ma ka lalo ma loko o ka uhi gill ma ka ʻaoʻao makapō. ʻOiai ka hoʻokolo paʻa ʻana o ka silt a me ka one, ka iʻa e hopu ai i ka iʻa a hūnā paha i kahi mea kuhi.
He aha nā mea e ʻai ai nā flounder
Aia i ke ʻano o ke taxon, hiki i ka hana ʻai ke huki i ke ahiahi, i ka pō a i ke ao. ʻO ka papa meaʻai ka meaʻai o ka mea mai nā holoholona. Pāloi ka poʻe ʻōhiu i ka pōpoki, ʻōpala, amphipods, 'āpau, nā ʻōpū, a me nā caviar. ʻAi nā makua i nā ophiuras a me nā echinoderms, iʻa liʻiliʻi, nā holoholona invertebrate, nā mea kanu, a me nā ʻōpala. ʻO Flounder i kahi huki a me nā capelin pili kūleʻa maʻamau.
He wahi kūpono nā wahi hope o ke poʻo no ka huki ʻana mai ka ʻōpū o ka lepo e noho ana i ka mānoanoa o ka lalo, e waiho ana i nā siphons hanu ma ka papa. ʻOi loa ka ikaika o nā ʻuʻo toothy me ka hiki ke maʻalahi i ka iʻa me nā pūpoki palupalu nā pā o nā cardiids (cores) a me nā mea ʻami. Ma nā ala he nui, ʻo ka pāʻai ʻana o ka meaʻai ʻai-kiʻekiʻe e hoʻoholo ai i ka waiwai nui o nā ʻelele āpau o Pleuronectidae.
Hoʻolaha kālā
Ua loaʻa i kēlā me kēia pākēlani kona manawa kikoʻī a hilinaʻi ma kēlā me kēia wahi, ʻo ka manawa o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pūnāwai, a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka wai wela (a hiki i + 2-5 ° C). ʻO ka wā maʻamau e pili ana i ka hapanui o nā ʻano maʻamau i ka manawa mai Pepeluali a hiki i Mei. Akā aia kekahi mau mea - nā turbo (rhombus nui) e hele ana i ka spawning ma ka Baltic a me North Seas i ʻApelila-ʻAukake, a ua kuʻi aku ka polar i nā loko a i loko o ka wai hau i uhi ʻia i loko o Kēkēmiki.
Hele ka Puberty i ka makahiki 3-7 o ke ola. Hōʻike ʻia ka wahine e ka fecundity kiʻekiʻe; aia ke kahakaha paha he 0.5-2 miliona hua pelagic me kahi wā inkubation o 11-14 mau lā. E like me nā kumu spawning, hohonu (7-15 m) nā wahi kahakai me kahi pākē one ke koho ʻia, ʻoiai ua pōmaikaʻi nā flounder i ka hohonu o ka 50 m ma muli o ka mana nui o ka masonry a me ka nele o ka pono e hoʻopili iā ia i kahi substrate paʻa. Loaʻa i ka pāpaʻu ka laulā kūlike me ka ʻaoʻao hoʻomohala symmetrically. Hana a Zooplankton a me nā benthos liʻiliʻi i kahi meaʻai meaʻai.
ʻO ka lau momona a me kahi caviar - pono a me ka hōʻeha
ʻO ka iʻa he elastic, a me ka ʻoluʻolu a me ka momona momona. Ma muli o nā mea i maʻamau o ka puka, i ka wā e ʻokiʻoki ana, ʻaʻole i loaʻa kahi ʻelua, akā he 4 mau puʻupuʻu. ʻO ka waiwai kai ʻai o ka flounder he 90 kcal no 100 g. Ma muli o kāna haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa kalolo a me nā aspartic a me nā gehu glutamika, nā iʻa ʻaʻa hapa ka mea o ke olakino olakino a me ka hoʻolaʻa hou. ʻO kekahi hoʻohana maikaʻi o flounder i nā pono waiwai e pono ai e ke kino:
- nā kahe maloʻo maʻalahi (15 g),
- thiamine (0.14 mg), riboflavin (0.15 mg), pyridoxine (0.12 mg),
- mau huahelu B12 (1.2 μg), B9 (6 g), D (2.8 g), C (1 μg),
- potassium (320 mg), kalumona (45 mg), ka kalepo (180 mg), yele (50 mcg),
- keleawe (110 μg), fluorine (430 μg), kaʻaila (190 mg).
Ma muli o kāna mau ʻano gastronomic a me nā waiwai, ʻike ʻia ka ʻiʻo flounder i kahi mea maikaʻi a me ke ʻano no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka metabolism a me ke kaumaha, hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka pae o ka "maikaʻi" kolamu i ke koko, hoʻonui i ka hana hana a me ka pale ʻana, hoʻoulu hou i nā hana hoʻoponopono hou i ka naʻau, ka ʻili a me ka lauoho.
Mālama maikaʻi ʻia ka iʻa me ka maʻa, ʻomo, hoʻomaloʻo, waihī, puhi ʻole, hoʻāhu ʻia, kālua ʻia i ka umu a ma ka pā. Akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e hoʻohana i nā kaʻina haʻahaʻa no ka mea ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka hōʻike ʻana i ʻole e luku i nā huaora a me ka waiwai o ka momona. ʻO nā kīʻaha o ka iʻa ka waiwai no nā keiki, nā wahine hāpai, nā poʻe me nā pilikia o ka ʻeha gastrointestinal a me ka metabolism. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona gastronomic maikaʻi loa i ka caviar flounder. Loaʻa kahi nui o ka protein (> 20%) a he kumu waiwai nui ka protein, aʻo ka mālamaʻana i kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka huahana (80 kcal no 100 g). ʻO nā ala kaulana no ka hana ʻana i ka caviar he paʻakai a me ka palaoa.
Nā Hoʻohui
Akā, ʻaʻole e lawe i ka pono honua o ka flounder iʻa no ke kino he ʻoiaʻiʻo. Aia kekahi mau contraindications e pono ai ke noʻonoʻo ma mua o ka ʻai ʻana i ke kai.
- holomua,
- makahiki makahiki o ke keiki
- nā maʻi o ka pūpū a me ka ʻōnaehana excretory ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ukana ma luna o nā pūpū a me ke kua ʻana.
E pili pono i kēia mau koi i ka iʻa paʻakai, ka mea e paʻa ai ka wai i loko o ke kino a hoʻonāukiuki i ka huhū. Pono e hoʻohana pono me ka ʻaina poki i hiki ke hoʻololi maikaʻi i ke ʻano o ka waiū makuahine a hāʻawi i nā hoʻopiʻi i ka ʻōnaehana cardiovascular.