ʻO ka lio o Przewalski * Flora

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ʻO ka lio o Przewalski
(kahi hoʻohālikelike przewalskii)
Aupuni: nā holoholona (Animalia).
ʻAno: Chordata (Chordata).
Kākau: nā mammals (Mammalia).
Palapala: artiodactyls (Perissodactyla).
Kāā ʻohana: kūlike (Equidae).
Genosa: lio (Equus).
Kākauka: ʻO ka lio o Przewalski (Equus przewalskii).

ʻO ka lio o Przewalski nalo loa mai ka holoholona hihiu. Ua ʻike ʻia ka holoholona holoholona hihiu ma ka Dzungarian Gobi i 1968. ʻO nā kumu nui e nalo ai ka ʻohana ʻo Przhevalsky: ʻo ka luku ʻana i nā ʻelele o kēia ʻano ʻano a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻāina, ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā wahi kīhāpai a me ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana i ka lua wai, a me ka hoʻomohala ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka pua holoholona. ʻO nā lio o Przewalski - ʻokoʻa nā lio haʻahaʻa a kūʻai i ke lio. He mane pōkole lākou, ʻaʻohe pulima, ʻili, nā wāwae ʻākau a me ka hopena o ka mane i paʻi ʻia i ʻeleʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele paha, ua ʻoi aku ko lākou poʻo ma mua o ke poʻo o nā lio lio. Hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia ka ʻili-ʻulaʻula ʻia o kēia mau holoholona i ka lā. E lilo i keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ma luna o ka ʻōpū a ma ka hope o ka muzzle. ʻO ka lōʻihi maʻamau o ke kino o nā holoholona he 200 cm, ke kiʻekiʻe ma nā maloʻo - 130 cm, a me ke paona - 300-350 kg. Ua hoʻokō maikaʻi ʻia nā ʻelele o kēia ʻano ʻano i nā ʻāpana sensory a pau mau, e mālama mau ana lākou.

Noho nā lio a Przhevalsky i nā pipi, aia ʻelua mau pua a: harem a me ka lua. Ma ke poʻo o ka mea mua ka manawa pākahi hoʻokahi. Ma kahi kokoke iā ia ʻehā a ʻelima mau pakeke makua a me kekahi mau ʻīlio. Ke hoʻolohe pono nei nā lālā o nā keiki liʻiliʻi i kona mana piha. ʻO ke stallion kahi e hoʻoholo ai i kahi e kanu ai a ma kahi e hoʻomaha ai, koho i kahi i wahi no ka wai hoʻokaʻawale. Mālama ka kāne i kāna ʻohana, i ka wā o ke koena, mālama ʻo ia i ka makaʻala e pili ana i nā kaʻe e hiki ai ke hāʻawi i kahi hōʻailona i hōʻike ʻia i ka pōpilikia. Hiki i ka wahine ke hānau i kahi keiki kīwī, i hiki i ka makahiki a ʻehā a ʻehā paha makahiki, hoʻomaka nā kāne e komo i ka hana ʻana i ka makahiki ʻehā a i ʻelima paha o ke ola. ʻIkahi nā pēpē i kēlā me kēia makahiki ʻelua a i loko o ka ʻōpū no 11.5 mahina. ʻAi ka hānai i kahi puaʻa me ka waiū a hiki i ka hope ma hope.
Ua hoihoi ia.o ka lio o Przewalski i kapa ʻia no ka makahiki 1879 ua loaʻa ʻia e Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky. A laila mai loko mai o Asia Hikina, nā mokupuni o Lake Lob Nor, lawe ʻo ia i ka ʻili o kahi holoholona i ʻike mua ʻole ʻia.

Lit .: Big Red Book / Oksana Skaldina. - M.: Eksmo, 20014.-480s

ʻO ka lio o Przewalski - Kūʻokoʻa przewalskii Poljakov, 1881

ʻ Categorylelo ʻĀina: 0 - kekahi mea ua nalo i ka hiʻona, kekahi o nā ʻelele ʻelua o ke ʻano o ka artiodactyl fauna o Lūkia. Mālama wale ia ʻia i loko o nā zoos a me nā kahu loea kūikawā o ka honua.

Kākoʻo: I wehewehe ʻia mai nā kahe o Hanobo - hema o ka loko. Ulyungur, Central Dzungaria. I ka wā ma mua, ua noho nā holoholona i ka wahi o ʻEulopa i ka nahelehele-ʻanuʻu, ʻanuʻu, a me nā wahi semi-wao, komo lākou i kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka ulu lāʻau, ka hikina. hapa ʻāpana i uhi ʻia i nā ʻāpana hele wāwae a ʻo kekahi ʻaoʻao hoʻi o ka nahele ʻo Kazakhstan a me ke kūkulu hema o Zap. ʻO Siberia ma ka hikina. i nā ʻauamo Baraba a me Predaltai, ʻo Salair Ridge a me ka Lake. Ma kahi o Zaysan, aia kekahi kahi hūnā ma Transbaikalia, i pili pili me ka ʻāina nui ma waho o Rūsia, e kau ana i nā Dzungaria āpana, ʻo ke kanaka me ko Mongolia a me Kashgar, ma ka hikina. mau ʻāpana o [1,2]. ʻO kekahi o nā kahikaha ʻekolu o ka lio ʻo Przhevalsky - ka laiki palana (E. p. Gmelini) - ua pau loa i ka luku ʻia i ka nohona i ka makahiki 18th-19, ke ola nei ka mea hope loa i ka pio a hiki i ka makahiki 1914-1918, ka lua o ka subspecies - ka hope tarpan (E. p. silvaticus) - luku ʻia i loko o Central ʻEulopa i ke kakahiaka nui, i make nā holoholona manuahi hope loa i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka XX kenekulia. ma Belovezhskaya Pushcha ʻO ke kolu o nā subspecies, ʻo Przhevalsky ka pua maoli, i ʻike maoli ʻia i ka helehelena ma Dzungarian Gobi i 1968, mai kēia manawa i ʻike ʻia i kēia ʻano mai ke ʻano maoli, ʻo ke kumu nui o ka hānai i pau ka hana make mua, hoʻomohala ʻana i ka nohona me ka hoʻoneʻe ikaika mai nā wahi hana ʻai me ka wai inu. 3,5]. 11 Hoʻokahi mau lio Przhevalsky mai Dzungaria a lawe ʻia i ko Zoora lio no ka mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka makahiki 1899-1901, ka hope o kēia mau lio i ka makahiki 1939. Ua hopu ʻia kekahi holoholona holoholona hihiu i ka hanu i ka makahiki 1947. He 50 mau huaʻāina kēia mau keiki. e ka makahiki 1958, i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ka hana o ke ao holoʻokoʻa ma ka hānai ʻana i ka lio ʻo Przhevalsky i nā lāʻau lāʻau a me nā mea hānai. I 1956, ua lawe ʻia he 4 he nui a he 8 mau mahinaʻai i ʻAmelika. I ka hopena o nā 90s. ka nui o nā lio i nā zoos a me nā kikowaena kūikawā e like me ka International Stud Book ma kahi o 1000 mau kanaka.

Hooulu: ʻO ka lio ʻo Przhevalsky he ʻano lāʻau iʻa ʻihiʻōmaʻomaʻo, kahi i hōʻike ʻia e nā ʻano ākea ākea. I loko o kahi ākea ākea, ua noho ʻo ka ʻohana tarpan i nā kaola ʻōpala o ʻEulopa, nā ʻenepeke kāpili - ka alahele-ala a me nā anuʻu Vost. ʻEulopa, ka ʻāpana ʻāpana o Rūsia ma kahi kokoke i nā Urals, ka pono kūpono ʻo ka lio Przhevalsky - nā cereal steppes (mahele ʻāpana ala-steppes), nā mākahele like ʻole, nā ʻano kaiāulu, nā papa kiʻekiʻe a me nā puʻu liʻiliʻi [1,2,6]. Mai ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai ka lio Przhevalsky ma Dzungaria, ua nalo aku nei mai ka nūhou ma waena o ka pā waiwai holoʻokoʻa koe wale nō ʻo Dzungaria, hiki ʻole iā mākou ke kamaʻilio wale i nā mea i makemake ʻia o kēia mau kānaka ʻōpio - nāhelehele wīwī manu wīwī e hele wāwae a me nā wīwī wīwī ma loko o nā puʻu nāhelehele a i ʻole nā ʻūlū me hiki i nā wahi inu a me nā wahi kūpono (gorges, ravines). I nā awāwa ākea ākea, ua holo ka lio i ka ʻāina o Kina. ʻO ka halepule Hare, e alakaʻi ʻia e ka pā pākeke a me 4-5 mau mākeke makua me kekahi mau ʻīlio makua, a me nā kahu o nā keiki, ka mea he nui o nā ʻano ʻōpio, he ʻano ʻano o nā lio. Lawe mua nā wahine i nā keiki i nā makahiki he 3-4, hoʻomaka nā kāne e komo i nā mea kanu ma ka 4-5 mau makahiki. ʻO ka maʻa maʻamau i ka Mei-Iune. ʻO ka hapalua nā lā he 11.5 mau mahina. Lawe ka wahine i kahi ihe ʻolo, e hānai ana a hiki i ka hope aʻe. ʻO ka maʻa mau, ʻo ia ka mares foal i kēlā me kēia makahiki 2, ʻike ʻia ka makahiki hanohano o nā wā ʻōpio i lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi loa (ʻo ke ʻano maikaʻi o nā holoholona, kahi ulu o ka pūʻulu)

Ikaika: ʻAʻohe kikoʻī pololei o ka helu ma ka helu o nā lio i ka nūlia no nā kenekulia i hala ma loko o Rūsia a ma waena o ka puni. ʻO nā ʻikepili e pili ana i ka helu o nā lio Przewalski i nā Zoos a me nā kahu hānai o ka honua e hoʻomau mau ʻia nei i ka International Stud Book, kahi e mālama ʻia ai ma Prague Zoo. ʻO nā mea waiwai no ka mālama pono ʻana i nā ʻano ʻōiwi ma nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu i ka nui a me ka nalowale o ka ʻano ʻano he nui, he piʻi ʻana o ka nui o nā maʻi hoʻoilina, kahi hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka ulu ʻana, ola ʻana o nā holoholona ʻōpiopio, ka nalowale o ka wā kanu kūpono a me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻopōmaikaʻi ʻana i nā helu nui o nā hanauna holoholona [11-14] . ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ke kūlana kūpono no ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻano ka hoʻohalike ʻana o nā ʻano kūlohelohe kūlohelohe maoli i nā mea kūlohelohe. ʻO nā mea palena i ke koho ʻana i nā pūnaewele reintroduction, ka hoʻohālikelike o nā kūlana kūlohelohe (climatic, vegetation compaction, the presence of water hole) to the biological needs of the species, the potential for exping the habitat zone, the presence of predators, mastikeun real protection manuʻai, hoopau i ka pili o ka hybridization me nā lio ʻĀpana [6.15-17] . ^ E Ha yM. Kūpono i nā kīpē wahine i ka lulu. nā ʻāpana o ka ʻano o nā ʻano, he ʻalā nui nui ka nānā ʻana a me ka nui o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pua puaʻa i ka koho ʻana i nā āpana i kūpono i ke kihi hou ʻana, e hoʻoneʻe ana iā lākou i nā wahi semi-wao a me ka wao. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole nā palena o nā wao iā lākou iho ka mea palena ʻole; ʻo nā lio mai nā zoos e hana pono a hoʻoneʻe i kahi kaawale i nā wahi wao a kūleʻa maikaʻi.

Palekana: Hoʻokaʻina ʻia ia ma ka papa inoa ʻula ʻĀina IUCN-96, Apipopo 2 o CITES. Kūleʻa maikaʻi i ka hoʻopio. I ka makahiki 1985, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi papahana a ʻae ʻia e hana hou i ka lio ʻo Przewalski i ke kūlohelohe, a hoʻolako ʻia no ka hoʻokumu ʻana o 5 mau ʻōiwi manuahi me nā lehulehu o kēlā me kēia poʻe he 500 a keu paha [3.19]. Hoʻomaka ka hana hana hana hou ma Mongolia (me ke komo ʻana o ka Netherlands a me AN Severtsov Institute of Ecology a me Evolution of the Russian Academy of Science), ʻo ka hui mua i hoʻokomo ʻia ma 1992. Ua kū ʻia ka hana kūleʻa a maikaʻi i Kina (i hana ʻia mai ka makahiki 1987, ka hoʻokuʻu mua ʻia ma 1990) [21-23]. Mai ka makahiki 1985, hoʻomaka ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā hoʻolālā pono a me nā polokalamu no ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o ka lio Przhevalsky i waena o ka Lūkini a me ka CIS hoʻomaka. ʻO ka mea mua, pono e hoʻokō i ka papa hana o ka hana hou ʻana o ka lio Przhevalsky ma Dauria, ma ka ʻāina o ka panepuni o ke ao i loko o ka noho ʻana i kahi ala maikaʻi, kahi i loaʻa ai nā manawa hou no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi nui o nā kānaka hoʻokaumaha kūwaho i ka pae ʻāina o Russia, Mongolia a me Kina.

Hoʻohui ʻia e: KA MEA. Pereladova, V.E. Pihi

Nānā a me ke kāne

ʻO ka poʻe noho o nā wahi i noho ai kēia lio he mea lōʻihi ia manawa a kapa ʻia ia "tachi". Ua kāhea ka Mongols i ka ʻāina i ka pouge tahi ("Ridge Yellow a Wild Horse") i kahi e loaʻa pinepine ai ka lio. Eia naʻe, kaulana kēia holoholona holoholona i ka honua holoʻokoʻa mai ka makahiki 1879, i ka wā i hōʻike ʻia ai e kahi huakaʻi Rūkia, kahi iipuna a me nā mea kūlohelohe, nona ka inoa i kapa ʻia ai kēia ʻano. I kēia manawa, ua palena wale ʻia ka nui o ka lio i ka Dzungaria.

Huli loa ka ʻimi kanaka ʻana i nā lio holoʻokoʻa: hiki i kēia mau holoholona ke hoʻokūkū me nā holoholona home no ka hana ʻai a i ka manawa like he kumu o ka ʻono a me nā ʻili. Akā, noho ka noho kanaka i Dzungaria i nā kenekulia 19. a i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka kenekulia 20, ʻaʻole nui ka nui o ka poʻe i ka hōʻeha i ka nui o nā lio o ka hihiu.

ʻO ka hōʻemi nui ʻana i ka nui o nā lio Przewalski i hoʻomaka me ka hoʻoilo nui loa o ka makahiki 1944-45 ma hope o ke kauwela maloʻo: ua make nā lio i ka pololi. Eia kekahi, ʻo kēia hoʻoilo, ka mea i hoʻoilina i ka mōʻaukala ma Mongolia ma lalo o ka inoa ʻo "Jute of the Year of the Monkey," nui nā ʻohana o nā kamaʻāina kūloko i nā holoholona āpau a hoʻomaka ʻia lākou e ʻimi i ka ʻai. Ua hoʻoliu ka pōʻino kūlohelohe e nā ʻenehana pili: i kēia mau ʻāina ka nui o ka pūʻali koa a me nā neʻe, i lako me nā mea kaua hou a ʻaʻole i loaʻa kā lākou holoholona ponoʻī.

I ka hopena o nā makahiki. 20 kenekulia i loko o ke ʻano ʻaʻohe no ka lio hihiu hoʻokahi.

I ka wā i loaʻa ai ka lio hihiu i waho o kona ʻāina, nui nā zoos e makemake i kēia holoholona i kā lākou kolamu. Ua ʻike ʻia nā pūʻali mua mua no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā lio Przhevalsky i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o ka mea kālepa Lūkini ʻo N. Asanov. I ka hopena o nā kenekulia 20. 55 Ua loaʻa i nā kīlio i hopu ʻia ma ke kūlohelohe (Ukraine), a me kekahi mau zoli a me ʻAmelika Hema. Eia naʻe, ʻo kēia mau lā, 11 wale nō ka hānau hānau ʻana. I ka makahiki 1957, ua lawe ʻia mai kekahi male hou mai Mongolia a Mongolia, kahi i komo ai i ka mane. No laila, ʻo ka poʻe ola lio ʻo Przewalski i loaʻa i ko lākou kumu i loko o nā holoholona he 12 wale nō.

He wahi ʻāina a me nā noho ʻana

Hōʻike nā haʻawina paleola a me ka ʻike mōʻaukala e pili ana i ka palena o ka lio o Przewalski ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia e Dzungaria (Central Asia), kahi ia i "wehe" ai ka ʻepekema. I kahi mokuʻo Fossil, ua ʻike ʻia kēia ʻano mai ka Late Pleistocene. Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻike ʻike ʻia e pili ana i ka palena ʻākau i waena o 50-55 ° N, ke komohana o kēia mau holoholona i Volga, a i ka hikina a hiki i ka Moana Pakipika. Mai ke kūkulu hema, ua palena lākou i nā mauna kiʻekiʻe. Ma loko o ka māhele o ka hoʻoilina, mālama ʻia nā lio i nā ʻāpana maloʻo a me nā awāwa ma nā pā anuʻu (a hiki i 2000 m ma luna o ke kai.

Ma ka ʻāpana o ka Dzhungar Gobi, hiki i nā lio Przhevalsky ke ola no ka nui o nā kumu wai hou a paʻakai i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā ʻāpana, ʻaʻole lākou i ʻike wale i ka wai a me ka ʻai, akā ke uhi pū ʻana, a me ka noho ʻana ma kēia ʻāina o nā wīpī wahie a me nā wahi kālai ʻia i waiwai nui i ka cereals a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe i ʻai ʻia e nā lio . ^ E Ha yM.

Nānāua a me ka morphology

He lio maʻamau ʻo ia i ka pilau paʻa, me ke poʻo kaumaha, ke ʻāʻī mānoʻo, nā wāwae ikaika a me nā pepeiao liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka lōʻihi kino 220-280 cm, kiʻekiʻe ma ke aniani o 120-1146 cm, paona 200-300 kg. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka huelo i ka lio ʻāʻī, a ʻo ka ʻaoʻao ʻo luna o ka ʻāpana i uhi ʻia me ka lauoho pōkole. ʻO ka mane pōkole, kū, ʻaʻohe bangs.

ʻO ka kala a i ʻole ka lihilihi ma ka lalo o ke kino. ʻO ka mane a me ka huelo, a i waena o ka hope i hope o ka mane a hiki i ke kumu o ka huelo ka mea e paʻa ai ke kāʻei. ʻO ka kala like like o nā wāwae ma lalo o ka ʻeke. He māmā ka hope o ka muzzle. I ke kauwela, he pōkole ke kapa a paʻa ke kapa, a he kukui ke kukui. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hōkoke o ka hoʻoilo, me kahi undercoat pōkole, a ʻoi aku ka palu ma mua o ke kauwela.

ʻO ka hānai kai a me ka hānai

ʻO ke kumu o ke olakino o nā lio ʻulika i loko o ka Dzungaria i loko o ka cereals: mauʻu hulu, palaoa, palaoa, fescue, chiy, reed. ʻAi lākou i ka ʻōpala, nā aniani hihi, a me nā ʻano lāʻau like ʻole. ʻO nā mea ulu, nā saxaul a me nā caragana i kā lākou ʻai. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo nā lio e noho nei i kēia manawa i nā kahu hānai o nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe i kūpono loa i kaʻai o nā ʻano lāʻau kanu kūloko.

Ke alakaʻi nei i ka pūʻulu o nā lio i ka nahelehele, e like me ke kānāwai, ua make ke pākeke makua kāne, a pau ka luna. I ka wā hōʻohiʻulu ʻana, hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha mau holoholona e kiaʻi ana i ke kahe a puni, ʻoiai ʻoi aku kekahi e lele ka ʻū. I ka hoʻoilo, ke hāʻule ka hoʻoilo, "kamaʻilio mau holoholona" - haehae lākou iā lākou me nā hoops mua a lawe i ka meaʻai.

Loaʻa ka lio i ka pilikia ʻokoʻa ma ka hoʻoilo, i ka wā ma hope o ka ua a i ʻole kahiʻu ikaika i hāʻule i ka nui o ka lewa a lilo ka lepo i ka hau (jute). Hoʻomaka nā ʻōmaka, ʻaʻole hiki i nā lio ke huki i ka hau a hiki i ka mauʻu, a hoʻomaka ka pōloli.

ʻAla kūwaho

Ua ʻike ʻia kahi mea liʻiliʻi loa e pili ana i ke ʻano o kēia mau lio i ka helehelena ma mua o ka luku ʻia ʻana ma laila. I ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19, ua hālāwai kekahi huakaʻi Lūkini i kēia mau holoholona i nā manawa he nui i ka Dzhungar Gobi. Ua kākau ʻo ia "he kamaʻāina ʻo ka wao i ka wao nahele a hele i ka ʻohiʻā a inu i ka pō, me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka lā e hoʻi ana ʻo ia i ka wao, kahi āna e hoʻomau ai a hiki i ka lā." Ua hōʻike hou nā haʻawina hou i ka lio ʻo Przewalski i mau kaʻe o ke ala ʻana a hoʻomaha i ka lā.

Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hale i ka hui o 1 kāne pākēne a me 511 mares me nā ʻōpio. Ke waiho nei nā pahu ʻōpio i nā makahiki he 1.5-2.5 mau makahiki a haʻalele ʻia paha i nā hui makua a i hana i nā pūʻulu o nā papa no nā keiki wai. ʻAno wale, ke ola nui nā kāne ʻelemakule, ʻaʻohe hiki ke mālama i ka harem.

Hoʻomau ka ʻōnaehana geobotanical o ka ʻāina i kahi kikoʻi ikaika i ka hōʻiliʻili nui o nā lio. ʻO Dzungaria, ka mea i lilo i bastion hope loa no nā lio Przewalski, he papa haʻahaʻa e piʻi ai nā puʻu haʻahaʻa a me nā puʻu e ʻoki ʻia e nā ʻōpala he nui. Ma ka wāwae o nā pulu he nui nā kumuwaiwai, he mea nui ia no nā lio, ʻoiai ke maloʻo nei ka ʻāina ma kahi ʻāina ʻē. Ma kēia mau wahi aia nā wīwī solyanka, a me nā wahi o nā hulu manu kamala, a me nā ʻano lae saxaul, a me nā momi tamarisk. Ma muli o ka nui nui o ka biotopes a me ka nui o ka nui o nā pulu wai e hiki ai i nā lio ke hana i ka neʻe wale ʻana i ka manawa. ʻO ka laulā o kēlā mau neʻe ʻana i ka waenakonu o ke kenekulia hope ua ʻole ia i kahi o 150-200 km i kahi laina kūpono.

Hoʻokele nā hui o nā lio Przhevalsky a e neʻe pinepine nei, ʻaʻole e noho lōʻihi ana ma kahi hoʻokahi, ʻo ka hapanui ma muli o ka hūnā ʻole ʻia o nā mea kanu.

Hānau a hānai i ka hua

E like me nā lio āpau, hiki i kā lākou nā lālā kūlohelohe i ka wā makua i ka makahiki mau makahiki 2, akā hoʻomaka nā kāne i ka ʻikepili ma mua o ka pau ʻana o ke kauwela. I ka wā hoʻoulu ʻia e hōʻike ʻia: hele mai nā mares i ka hopu ʻana mai ʻApelila a ʻAukake. Hāpai ka hānōnēnē 1111 mau mahina; hoʻokahi keiki i hānau. Hana kēia i ka manawa i loaʻa i ka meaʻai.1-2 mau hebedoma ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, ua mākaukau ka wahine no ka moe hou ʻana;

Hoʻōla piha ʻia ka foalē, hōʻiliʻili ka makuahine i nā kahe amniotic me kāna mau lehelehe a me kāna alelo, a wikiwiki koke ka pēpē. He mau minuke ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, hoʻāʻo ka ʻīlio e kū ma luna o kona mau wāwae, a ma hope o kekahi mau hola ua hiki iā ia ke hahai i ka makuahine. I nā mau hebedoma he ʻelua mau makahiki, hoʻomaka ka ʻōpio e hoʻohālike i ka mauʻu, ma hope o hoʻokahi mahina ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka nui o nā mea kanu i kā lākou papaʻai i ka wikiwiki, akā hoʻomau ka makuahine e hānai iā lākou i ka wai i mau mahina.

Hoʻolaha

Ua kaulana no kekahi aia wale nō ka hui o nā ʻano ʻenehana o kēia wā i ka eucus. I ka hiʻohiʻona, ua like ia me kahi zebra - ʻo nā kāʻei like i ke kino, he mane pōkole. Kēia lālā mau ʻohana i kūkulu ʻia mai ia - ʻo ka tarpan steppe, nā tarpan ulu a me nā lio Przhevalsky. E hala ʻole ka mea mua i ka wana o nā kenekulia 20, a ʻo nā manu hope wale nō i koe a hiki i kēia lā.

ʻAʻole hiki i kekahi ke pane pololei i ka 100% inā he holoholona maoli nō a ʻole paha. Hoʻomaopopo kekahi poʻe loea i ka mea hihiu, ʻo kekahi ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka paleogenetics kūikawā, ke kūʻē nei he mea he maiʻa nō nā lio Botai nā mea i hele hihiu.

ʻO ka lio Botay ka huki mua mua i ka hale o Botai, aia ma Northern Kazakhstan.

ʻO ka mōʻī Breed

ʻO ka mea mua e hālāwai me kekahi poʻokela o kēia ʻano ʻano, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky. I ka huakaʻi ʻana ma Asia, a hiki i ka ʻāina i hiki ʻole iā Dzungaria, aia ma ka palena o Kina Nui a me Mongolia, loaʻa ʻo ia i kekahi mau lio o kēia mau kaʻa i ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka poʻe ʻEulopa.

Ua kāhea ka poʻe inoa iā lākou he "tahs", ua unuhi iā Lūkini, ʻo ia ke ʻano o "ka melemele melemele". Noho ākea ko lākou wahi noho ʻia, ʻike ʻia nā lio ma ka ʻāina ākea o nā ʻāpana ʻāpana mai Kazakhstan a hiki i Mongolia i ʻĀkau. Mai ka lawe ʻia ʻana, ua lawe mai ka ʻepekema i ka ʻōpala a me nā ʻili o kahi holoholona, i hāʻawi ʻia iā ia e kahi mea kālepa, ʻo ia hoʻi, i loaʻa iā lākou mai kahi mea Kyrgyz lawaiʻa. Aia ma luna o ia mau kumuhana ua wehewehe ʻo Polyakov i kahi holoholona ʻike ʻole a hāʻawi i kona inoa - a ʻo ka lio a Przhevalsky.

I ke kenekulia mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wehe, ua hoʻomaka koke ka neʻe ʻana o ka lio - i kekahi wahi o East Altai, a me kona helu. No ke aha mai? ʻO kahi hoʻonohonoho o nā mea i pāʻani nei:

ka luku ʻana i nā holoholona e nā mea helu mai,
he maloʻo ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi
kua hoʻomaka nā holoholona e hānai iā lākou mai ka ʻai.
haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no ka hoʻohālikelike i nā kūlana hou, ka mea e hoʻopilikia kino i ka hoʻopiʻi.

Inā he mea ʻole kolohe kanaka, a laila ʻaʻole paha mākou i ʻike i kēia ola ʻē aʻe e ola ana, a ua hui pū ia me nā pūʻulu o nā holoholona piha e like me ka tarpan a i savannah zebra - quagga.

Nā polokalamu Reintroduction

I nā makahiki o ke kenekulia hope, ua maopopo iā ia kahi nalowale i kahi puaʻa kūlohelohe. Ma ka manawa like i ka pio ʻana ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa ʻaʻole i piha o 20 mau kānaka e hiki ke hoʻoulu.

Ma 1959, hoʻokipa ʻo Prague i ka 1st International Symposium ma ka mālama ʻana o Przewalski's Horse, kahi i hoʻolālā ʻia ai kahi hoʻolālā kolekō e mālama ai i nā mea make. Ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻolālā, ua manaʻo e koho pono i kā lākou poʻe mamo e hōʻemi i ka ʻaihue ʻana, e hoʻololi i kēia mau kuʻuna ma waena o nā wahi ulu a mālama i nā lio o Przewalski i ka hui kūlohelohe kūlohelohe. Ua hoʻohālikelike kēia ʻōnaehana o nā hopena i nā hopena maikaʻi. Wahi a ka puke honua āpau, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka lehulehu o ka honua i ka 200 ma 1972, a i 680 mau kanaka e 1985. No laila ua paʻa ka noʻonoʻo i ke kapa ʻia ʻo “bottleneck”.

Ma ka makahiki 1985 hoʻokahi, ua hoʻoholo ʻia e hoʻomaka i ka ʻimi no nā wahi e hoʻi ai i nā lio hihiu i ka kūlohelohe. Ua hana nui ʻia ka hana, a ma 1992 i hōʻea ʻia nā lio mua mai ka Soviet Union a me ka Netherlands i Mongolia i ke kaola. I kēia manawa, ʻekolu mau heluna kanaka i hana ʻia ma Mongolia. Ke ulu nui nei nā mokuna o nā lio mua. ʻO ka huina o nā lio ola o Przhevalsky e kokoke ana i 300. ʻO lākou, e like me ko lākou poʻe kūpuna manuahi, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea kanu ʻai i nā mea ʻona, e loaʻa ana i nā wahi inu, e pale iā lākou iho i nā ʻīlio ....

Loaʻa ʻae

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia holoholona hihiu, ʻike ʻia i hoʻokahi manawa ʻaʻole ia me ke kina ʻole kekahi me kekahi. A no ka mea, he hiʻohiʻona ʻano maʻamau, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua paʻa mau i nā ʻano o kahi lio a me ka hoki.

Hoʻonā ʻia ia me ka waihoʻoluʻu camouflage me ke kaila brown (savras), akā ʻo ke kāohi (mane a me nā huelo), ʻeleʻele loa nā wāwae ʻeleʻele. ʻO ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū a me ka hopena o ka moʻo, he māmā, a ʻo ka ihu ka "mealy", ʻo ia hoʻi, ma kāna wahi ua ʻalike ʻia nā lauoho, a ua ʻike ʻia ka holoholona i kona ihu i loko o ka palaoa.

I ke kauwela, he pōkole ke kapa, uaʻoi aku kona ʻano ma mua o ka hoʻoilo. Akā i ka wā anuanu he mānoanoa a lōʻihi loa, i hoʻokumu ʻia kahi undercoat mahana. ʻO ka mane ka ʻūhā, pōkole a paʻakikī, ua like ia me kahi mohawk i kālua ʻia. ʻO ka huelo ma ka ʻaoʻao luna i uhi ʻia me ka lauoho pōkole a hoʻopau i kahi "pala", aneane e kokoke ana i ka ʻāina. ʻO ka huʻu ka mea like me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka huelo o ka hoki a kulanui paha. ʻAʻole he ʻōpio kēia lio. ʻIke ʻia ka “pōkā” pōkole ma ke kua.

Ma ke poʻo nui, ākea nā maka liʻiliʻi. He kino a wili a ke kino. ʻO ka pōkole pōkole ke kōkua ʻana i ka holoholona i ka wikiwiki o ke keʻokeʻo.

ʻO kēia mau lio liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi:

ʻaʻole e lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ke kino i nā mita he ʻelua,
kiʻekiʻe 135 cm, loa 1.5 mika,
ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka paona awelika ma mua o 350 kg, akā ua loaʻa pū kekahi mau mea kaumaha me ka nui o ka 400 kg.

Loaʻa nā pūkili liʻiliʻi o ka nui liʻiliʻi a me ke akahele. ʻIke ka holoholona i ka ʻenemi ma kahi mamao loa, mahalo i kona ʻano maikaʻi loa o ka ʻono a me ka hoʻolohe ʻono. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou e mālama i ko lākou mau maka.

Aia a hiki i kēia manawa, hiki ke lohe i kekahi i ka ʻōlelo ʻoi loa kēia lio kūlohelohe ʻē aʻe o ke kūpuna o kekahi lio home. Eia nō naʻe, nā māmua āpau ma ka "and" genetic ʻepekema. Ma hope o nā ʻano noiʻi, ʻike lākou i ka wā, e like me nā lio ʻōlima, aia he 64 chromosome, a laila he 66 mau ʻelena, ʻo ia hoʻi, e like me ke ʻano genetic, ʻaʻole pili ʻole kēia mau ʻano.

He 20-25 mau makahiki ka ola o kahi holoholona.

ʻO nā lio holoholona hihiu ma ka Zoo Maikaʻi

Ua kamaʻilio ʻia ʻo nā lio mua no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ke kikowaena Moscow Zoo i lawe ʻia ma Dzungarian Gobi. Wahi a nā palapala mai ka waihona zoo, ua hana ʻia kēia i ka makahiki 1917. Mai kēlā manawa, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā hanauna o nā holoholona i kā mākou hōʻiliʻili. Ua lilo mākou i mau mea ikaika no ka International Wild Horse Breaging Program, ka mea i pani ʻia e ka Prague Zoo (Czech Republic), kahi i mālama ʻia ai ka papa puke Przewalski no nā makahiki he mau makahiki. ʻO nā mea hoʻokele o nā papahana, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia puke, e hoʻohālikelike i nā ʻaina mau puaʻa no ka hoʻoulu ʻia (nā ʻaihue a me nā wahine e hiki ke noho wale ʻia i nā zoos like ʻole, akā ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe), nā papahana hoʻololi holoholona ma waena o nā zoos a me nā mea hānai ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa e pale ai i ka ʻaihue ʻana (pili pono nā ʻalā pili. holoholona). Wahi a kēia papahana, ʻike ʻia kā kāua kāne, nā makahiki i hala aku nei i loko o ka hui harem ma ka hoʻolaha ʻo Hoofed Row ma New Territory o ka zoo, ua neʻe nei kēia i kekahi kūlanakauhale liʻiliʻi kokoke i Prague, kahi i loaʻa kahi kikowaena nui no ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā lio Przewalski. Ma laila ʻo ia ke komo pū ʻana i ka papahana ʻoihana ʻai holoholona.

I kā mākou hoʻolaha ʻana i kēia manawa, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ʻelua mau mares - ka makuahine, hānau ʻia i 2003, a me kāna kaikamahine, ua hānau ʻia i ka puna o 2013. ʻO ka aneane like me ke kala, ikaika kino, aia kēia mau lio i ka laina ʻo Askanian o ka lio puaʻa i ka pio. Ma kahi o ia mea, aia kekahi mea'ē aʻe - ka laina o Prague, ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ke aloha nui o nā ʻano, he ʻano kalaila nui, kahi ʻōpū keʻokeʻo a kokoke i ka hopena o ka muzzle. ʻO kēia mau laina ka hopena o ke ʻano like o nā kūpuna o nā lio o kēia wā i hopu ʻia i ka hihi, a me ka nele o ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā holoholona ma waena o nā ʻāina ʻē i ka hapa mua o ka kenekulia 20. ʻO kēia mau laina ʻelua he mau ʻano genotype pua maka maʻamau, he mea nui loa e mālama.

Ke noho maʻamau

ʻOiai ʻaʻole aneane lākou i ʻike ma ke ʻano kūlohelohe (ʻo ka manawa hope i ʻike ʻia ai lākou ma ke kolikia Mongoli i 1969) a noho mau i ka hoʻoilina ʻana, ʻaʻole i nalowale nā lio i kā lākou mau hana a me ka hoʻonaninani manu. He poʻe ikaika a paʻakikī paha, e hele mai ana i nā lanakila i nā hakakā me nā pahu kūwaho.

Noho ka holoholona i loko o kahi holoholona, aia kahi 5-10 mau wahine me nā cubs, a me kahi pākeke makua ke alakaʻi iā lākou. A hiki pū i ka pā i nā ʻōpiopio "hoʻokahi" pālua. ʻO nā keiki keu ua nalowale ka mana ma luna o kā lākou harem e komo pū me lākou. ʻO nā lio kahiko ka mea i hiki ʻole ke uhi i kā lākou "harem" hoʻopau i ke koena o kā lākou ola.

Ke neʻe nei ka pipi a puni ka wahi, e ʻimi ana i ka meaʻai a me ka wai, ma kahi lae a i ʻole ke kahe a i ʻole ke kau ʻana, akā hopohopo i ka pōʻino, hele aku ia i ka puʻu a i ka wikiwiki ka 50 km / h, e holo ana ma nā wahi liʻiliʻi. Ke alakaʻi ʻia nei ka pipi e kahi māka paʻa, ʻike ʻia ʻo ia i ke kāne alpha.

Kūpono lākou i ke kakahiaka a i ke ahiahi paha, ke ʻano o ke kuahiwi. I ke ao, makemake lākou e hoʻomaha, e kālele i kahi kiʻekiʻe, ʻoiai ʻo ka maka a me ka hoʻomaha a me nā oki, a hele ka hale me ka nānā ʻana i ke kaʻe, a mai ka kiʻekiʻe e wehe maikaʻi ka ʻike a ʻike ʻia ka ʻenemi ma kahi mamao loa. Inā ʻike ka kāne i ka pōpilikia, hoʻopuka ʻo ia i kahi kani a alakaʻi i nā bipi. ʻAi pū lākou. ʻOiai ʻo kekahi e “ʻai”, he mau kiaʻi "ka maka" a laila hoʻololi nā holoholona i nā mana.

ʻO ko lākou mau ʻenemi kūlohelohe wale nei a me nā kime. ʻO kahi ʻohana o nā mea e kau ai, e hoʻouka i ka bipi, ʻimi e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia a make i nā holoholona nāwaliwali - ʻōpio, ʻelemakule a maʻi ʻole paha. Eia nō naʻe, kahi lio ikaika a ikaika hiki ke pepehi i ka ʻīlio a i ʻole ka pōpoki me kahi pana o ka holema. I ka hoʻoweliweli ʻia ʻana, hana ka poʻe pōpoki i ke kani. Ke kū nei nā holoholona a me ko lākou mau poʻo i ka waenakonu o ka pōʻai ma kahi a nā cubs, a me kā lākou mea kaua koʻikoʻi - ua kuhikuhi ʻia nā wāwae hind ikaika i ka ʻenemi.

Ma nā wahi mālama, noho ʻia nā lio a ʻano like ma ke ʻano me nā kūlana kūlohelohe, akā e hānai i nā mea kanu kūloko.

Ma ka zoo, hana pinepine lākou i ka neʻe ʻole o ka neʻe, no ka mea, neʻe ka pipi, i ka neʻe mau. ʻOiai ke hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kūlana ʻoluʻolu i loko o ka noho pio ʻana, ʻaʻole ia e hāʻawi i ka wahi o ka hoʻopuni i kahi ʻano nui e like me ka mea i loko a me ka mālama kūlohelohe.

Hoʻaiho

I ka nāhelehele, makemake lākou i nā awāwa awawa, kahi i kiʻekiʻe ʻole ma mua o 2 km ma luna o ke kai kai, a i ʻole i noho i nā ʻōpala maloʻo. ʻO kahi wahi ʻoluʻolu loa no lākou, ʻo ka Dzungarian Gobi. Maanei ua loaʻa iā lākou ka ʻai, ka paʻakai liʻiliʻi a me nā ʻōmole wai maʻamau, a me kekahi nui o nā pā hale kūlohelohe. Ua neʻe lākou i ka ʻāina o Kazakhstan, Mongolia a me Kina. Mahalo i ka hana a nā pale pale ʻona, ua ʻike nui ʻia ka lahilahi ʻōlelo ākea o ka lio. Ma ke komohana ua hōʻea i Volga, ma ka hikina - i nā ʻāpana Daurian, i ke kūkulu hema - ua palena ʻia i nā mauna kiʻekiʻe.

Noho lākou i nā manawa noho a me nā wahi hoʻāno o Rūsia, Mongolia a me Kina, kekahi mau ʻāina ʻEulopa.

Mea ʻai

Ke kūlohelohe nei ka ʻai, ka ʻai ʻana o nā lio i nā mea ʻaihue - nā mea kanu, nā ʻuala - saxauls, caragana, hulu manu, wormwood, thyme, chia a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. I ka hoʻoilo, pono lākou e ʻuki i ka hau ma ko lākou mauʻu mua a ʻai i ka lau maloʻo. Ma ka noho pio ʻana ma muli o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole hiki i nā poʻe loea ke hoʻopalike i ka hānai holoholona kūpono, ua nalowale ka hanauna lua o nā lio i kekahi o kāna mau hōʻailona - nā niho nui.

Kahu ʻia i nā mālama, hānai nā holoholona i nā mea kanu e ulu ana i loko o lākou, a ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nō hoʻi i ka hoʻoilo ke ʻai i nā lālā o nā lāʻau a me nā kumulāʻau.

I loko o nā zoo, ko kā lākou ʻai 'ana:

mai ka mauʻu
mauʻu hou
apana
nā lau āpala - kāpeti, kāoboti a me nā hua pua,
bran, nā ʻō.

Pahu a keiki

Ua hoʻokau nā poʻe ʻepekema i ka alohilohi i ka manawa a hana i nā hana āpau ʻaʻole e nalowale i kēia ʻano holoholona. Akā ma ka manawa mua, ua hākahi kēlā me kēia aupuni i kēia pilikia me ka pilikino, kahi i hoʻoweliweli hou ʻia ai i ka nalowale o ka nalo ʻana o ka lio Przewalski, no ka mea ua hoʻopili pinepine ʻia nā kānaka kūʻokoʻa. Ua alakaʻi ʻia kēia mau mea i ka hānau ʻana o nā pēpē me nā maʻi genetic, a hoʻomaka ka holoholona i make i loko o masse.

No ka mālama ʻana i ka lehulehu o nā mares, ua hoʻomaka lākou e hele me nā ʻano hīnaʻi like ʻole, no laila ua loaʻa iā lākou nā kiʻi hou, a hoʻomaka ka nui ʻē aʻe mai nā kūpuna, ʻike ʻia i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19.

Ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā lio i ka noho pio ʻana, ʻelua mau lā i hele mai - ʻo Askanian a me Prague. Loaʻa iā lāua ʻelua nā kime o nā holoholona hihiu, he mea nui ia e mālama. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā laina ʻelua i ka ʻaoʻao o waho. ʻO ka mea mua i kahi loleʻulaʻula ulaula a me kahi kino ikaika. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka laina Prague e kekahi ʻano kilike o nā holoholona, me kahi kala māmā - ʻo ka ʻōpū a me ka hopena o ka muzzle i kokoke ke keʻokeʻo.

ʻO ka uluʻana i ka moekolohe ma mua o nā pahu. I nā wahine i 2 mau makahiki, ma nā kāne ma 5 mau makahiki. I ka pūnāwai, ʻoi aku ka wahine a me ke kāne male, ʻoiai ke ʻalā nui mau nei ka ʻala i kā lākou "harem". Hoʻopau mau ʻia nā mea e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai nā kāne ʻē aʻe no ka wahine. Ua hānai nā kāne a pākani aku i ko lākou hoa hakakā me kā lākou mau mākela nui. Ma ka maʻamau hiki ʻole lākou ke pale aku i nā hōʻeha ʻana, nā kīwaha a me nā mea i hōʻoki ʻia.

Hānau ʻia ka wahine e 11 mau mahina, a hānau ka pēpē i ka pūnāwai a me ke kauwela, i ka wā e mahana a ʻaʻohe ka ʻai o ka meaʻai. Hoʻokahi wahine hoʻokahi wahine.

Ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau, ʻo ka paona o ka foal he 35-45 kg. A hiki i ʻeono mahina, e ʻai ʻo ia i ka waiū o ka makuahine, ʻoiai aia ma 2 mau pule he ʻumi ʻo ia e ʻōmala i ka mauʻu. Ma hope o kekahi mau hola, hiki i kahi pēpē hou i kona mau wāwae a hahai ka makuahine i nā wahi a pau. Inā haʻalele iā ia ma hope ona, a laila hoʻomaka ka makuahine me ka makemake ʻole e hoʻolalelale iā ia, i lalo ʻole o ke kumu o ka huelo. Ke hoʻohana nei i ka like like, ua kau iā ia mai ka hānai ʻana i ka waiū.

Ke kūlohelohe ka hau, i ʻole e weliweli nā keiki i ke anuanu, hoʻoiho ʻia lākou i loko o kahi apo i hana ʻia mai ka pākeke, kahi e hoʻomehana ai lākou iā lākou me ko lākou hanu. ʻO ka ʻona hoʻokahi makahiki ka mea i haʻalele i ka bipi ʻaʻole i kona ʻāpono ponoʻī, e alakaʻi ka luna alakaʻi iā ia i waho.

Ke hoʻāʻo nei nā poʻe loea e lele i kahi lio hihiu me nā pua ʻē aʻe, akā paʻa ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻāla a maikaʻi ʻole, no ka mea, ua nalowale loa ka hualoaʻa i ka maikaʻi o ka huaʻōlelo makuahine. ʻO ka pahuhopu o nā mea kuʻuna, e loaʻa i kahi pua hou hou, ka mea e hoʻopaʻa i nā hiʻohiʻona piha a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka lio Przewalski, akā he mau wahi nui ʻē aʻe.

Ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana a me nā ʻano

I ka makahiki 70 o ke kenekulia 20, ʻaʻohe holoholona hoʻokahi i loko o ka wahi kūlohelohe, akā ma nā kahu hānai ma ka honua a hoʻopakele i 20 mau mea kūpono i kūpono no ka hoʻoulu ʻana. Eia nō naʻe, i ka makahiki 1959, ua hāpai ka poʻe noiʻi i ka pilikia o ka hoʻopau ʻana o nā ʻano ʻano a ua hui ʻia kahi hui kūwaho honua kahi i hana ʻia ai kahi hoʻolālā no ka mālama o ka heluna o nā kānaka. Ua pōmaikaʻi nā hana a hoʻomaka ʻana ko lākou helu, e ka makahiki 1985 i hoʻoholo ʻia e hoʻihoʻi i ka holoholona i ka kūlohelohe.

Ua wehe ʻia kahi dossier no nā lio āpau e noho ana i ka noho pio ʻana; ke hui nei ka Prague Zoo me kēia. Mālama ʻia kēia holoholona hihiu ma ka moku'āina a me nā pae honua. Hāʻawi ʻia i loko o ka Puke Red ʻaʻole wale ia o nā ʻāina pilikino, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Russia, akā i ka International. Hoʻomaka ka hana hana e hoʻihoʻi hou i ka helu o nā holoholona ma ka home kūlohelohe. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo nā kānakaʻepekema a e hiki koke mai ana ka manawa e pau ai nā ʻano.

Nā Kūlana Kūʻai

Nui nā ʻike maoli e pili ana i ka ʻano:

Ua ʻike ʻia ka hopena ma hope.
Hoʻohālikelike kēia mau holoholona i ka wiwo ʻole, a makaʻu wale i ko lākou ʻenemi kūlohelohe - ʻo ka ʻīlio.
Lili nui loa nā pā.
ʻO kēia ka ʻano holoholona hihiu a hiki i kēia lā.
ʻO ka moʻo kona pili aloha, he ʻīlio a ʻAmelika - he kulanui, i kapa ʻia ʻo semi-donkey, no ka mea he nui nā mea like me kahi lio.
ʻO ka stallion ke alakaʻi o ka pipi, akā no ka ʻimi ʻana i ka wai a me ka meaʻai, hāʻawi ʻia ka kuleana nui i ka wahine.

ʻO nā lio aloha aloha a Przhevalsky e noho mālie i loko o nā paka o ke aupuni, nā mālama a me nā mālama. Hāʻawi ka luna kiaʻi i ka manaʻolana e ʻike ka hanauna o ke kanaka i kēia ʻano holoholona.

ʻIke moʻolelo

I ka makahiki 1878, ua hoʻi hou aku ʻo Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky mai ka lua o ka holo ʻana i ʻĀkia Central. Ma ka palena o ka Lūkini-Kina, ma ka māka kuhi Zaisan, loaʻa iā ia ka makana mai ka mea kūʻai aku ʻo A.K. Tikhonov ka ʻili a me ka ʻūhā o kahi hōiho manuahi i loaʻa e ka poʻe lawaiʻa o Kazakh (Kyrgyz-kaisaks). Hoʻouna akula ʻo Przhevalsky i kēia mau kumuwaiwai i St. Petersburg, i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Zoological, kahi i nīnau ʻia ai ʻo ia e I.S. Polyakov. Ua ʻike ʻo ia ka pili ʻana o ka ʻili a me nā ʻūhā i nā holoholona i ʻike ʻole ʻia i ka ʻepekema a hana i ka wehewehe mua ʻana i kahi lio hihiu. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Polyakov i nā ʻano ʻano i ka hanohano o ka mea ʻike - ʻo ka lio ʻo Przhevalsky (Kūlike przewalskii Polj., 1881).

Kālai

Aia ma kahi o ʻelua mau kaukani Przhevalsky mau kaiho ma ka honua, e iho nei mai 11 mau lio i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20 ma Dzungaria a me 1 ka hale lio hale. ʻO nā keiki o kēlā mau lio i hoʻopio ʻia i loko o ka noho pio ʻana no nā hanauna he nui i nā kūlohelohe a me nā mālama kūlohelohe i ka honua. Mālama ʻia ka puke lio o Przewalski ma Prague Zoo. Ma USSR, ua mālama ʻia ka nui o nā lio Przhevalsky ma Asainia-Nova Reserve (Ukraine). Ma mua o ka hoʻonāukiuki, ʻo ia ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu a me ka mea nona ka Askania-Nova F.E. Falz-Fein ka mea i hoʻonohonoho mua i ka holo kaua e hopu i nā lio Przhevalsky ma Dzungaria.

Ka palena iki loa o ka puna wai mua o nā lio Przhevalsky hou i ka mea i ka wā o ko lākou kahe ʻana: ka hū a me ka hiki ʻole o ka male inana. ʻAʻole ma ka ala maikaʻi loa e mālama ʻia ai nā lio: ma ke ʻano kūlohelohe, he mau neʻe mau lio ʻōiwi, e hele ana i nā mau hola he nui i ka lā.

I ke kūlohelohe, mālama-semi a me nā hoʻoiho

ʻO ka manawa hope loa i ka holoholona hihiu i ʻike ʻia ma 1969 ma Mongolia. Wahi a nā mea ʻike maka, hoʻomaka ka nui o nā lio i ka hoʻoilo ma ka hoʻoilo o 1944-1945, i hōʻike ʻia e nā palaho nui (ma lalo o −40 ° C) a me nā lā he nui i ka hau. Loaʻa pinepine ʻia kēlā mau ʻaʻā ma Mongolia, i hoʻokahi manawa hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki. I kēlā manawa, make nā holoholona he nui mai kahi kīpē ʻole, ka mea i koi i ka poʻe kamaʻāina e ʻimi ana i nā holoholona hihiu, komo nā lio Przewalski. Ua hoʻāhuā ʻia ke kūlana i ka ʻike i ka pūʻali koa Kino a me Mongoli i ke kahe i kahi e noho ai nā lio. ʻIke ʻia nā pūʻali pale pale pilikino i nā palena palena. ʻO kēia mau mea i hoʻomaka ai i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pū ka nui o nā pū me kēia panalāʻau, ʻaʻole i hōʻole ka poʻe nona ka mea hānai. ʻO ka hopena, ua nalowale ka lio o Przhevalsky mai kona wahi maoli.

Mai ka makahiki 1992, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā polokalamu ʻo Przewalski reintroduction (hoʻi i ka nahele) i Mongolia (Hustain-Nuruu National Park a ʻo Tahin-Tal Center, Big Gobi Biosphere Reserve, Mahele B). Mai ka makahiki 2005, ua ʻike ʻia kahi kikowaena hou o ka hana hou ʻana ʻo Homin Tal ma Mongolia (loaʻa i ka punawai poʻokela o Har Us National Park, komohana ʻoko o Mongolia). Hāpai kēia mau kānaka ulu hānai mau he ʻelima haneli mau kānaka ma ka hopena o 2015. Aia pū kekahi mau hana hana hou ma Kina, kahi papahana ma Kazakhstan.

Mai ka makahiki 2015, ka makahiki ʻumikūmālua i ka honua a me ka mua ma ka papahana ʻo Russia i ka hana hou ʻana o ka lio Przhevalsky i kau ʻia ma Rū ma Orenburg Reserve. ʻO kona inoa inoa "The Przhevalsky Horse Semi-Free Population Program in the Orenburgsky Nature Reserve". I ka wā hoʻopaʻa, mai Iulai a ʻOkakopa 2015, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻoihana pono āpau no ka moku mua ma ka ʻaoʻao Pre-Ural Steppe o Orenburg Reserve a me ka Przewalski Horse Reintroduction Center. A i ka lā 18ʻOkakopa 2015, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka hui mua o nā lio holika mai Farani. Ma Nowemapa 20, ua lawe ʻia mai ʻelua mau hui hou mai Khortobad National Park, Hungary. I Iune 2018, ʻo ka pua kīwaha mua o Przewalski i hānau ʻia ma Reintroduction Center.

I nā makahiki mua o 1990, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia kekahi mau lio ma ke ʻano he hoʻokolohua ʻana i loko o Iukalia i ka wahi o ka hoʻokūkū kaulike Chernobyl, kahi i hoʻomaka ai lākou e hoʻohou ulu. I kēia manawa he haneri a kū hoʻokahi, 3 mau bipi.

Ma mua, ʻo ia mau lio maikaʻi i ka nahele nā anuʻu, nā wāwae, a me nā wahi hoʻi o nā ʻāina ʻo ʻEulopa, nā kihi ʻaki a me nā ʻāpana wahie o Kazakhstan a me ke kūkulu hema o Siberia Western ma ka hikina i ka lālapa Baraba a me Pre-Altai, Salair Ridge a me Lake Zaysan. [ kumu ʻole i koho ʻia ma kahi o 3743 mau lā ]

ʻOiai ke hoʻomau nei ka lono me ka nui o ka lio ma waena, a i ʻole, a me nā lio maʻamau ka lōʻihi, no ka 45,000 mau makahiki o ka noho ʻana o ʻelua mau ʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā ʻano lio o Przewalski i ka nui o nā ʻano lio, ʻoiai ʻo nā lio o Przewalski i ka mālama kūlohelohe i mau ʻākena a me nā meaʻai paʻakikī ʻē aʻe kūpono ʻole no ka hānai ʻana i nā lio . ^ E Ha yM. No laila, hele pinepine nā hybrids i nā lio, nā poʻe i waiho pū ʻia me nā lio Przhevalsky i maʻamau ʻaʻole i hāʻawi i nā hua ma muli o ka palaka maikaʻi a make ʻole paha. ʻOiai ke ʻano o nā ʻōiwi o nā lio Przhevalsky i loko o ka ʻano o nā lio maʻamau, ke ʻano ka ka metabolism, ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, a me nā maʻi puʻuwai o nā lio Przhevalsky e like me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe - hōʻike ʻia kēia e nā haʻawina DNA ʻaʻole wale nō o nā lio Przhevalsky hou, akā ʻo nā koena o nā lio hihiu i make i ka wā ma mua. Wahi a kahi noiʻi e nā kānaka ʻepekema mai Rusia a me Austria, i hoʻopuka ʻia i ka hopena o ke kauwela 2017, ua huli ia i mau lio ʻo Przewalski hou i mau lio i ka meaʻai ʻo Dzhungarsky Gobi i nā mea kanu lāʻau i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻoiai ma mua o ka kenekulia 19, ua makemake ʻo mau lio ʻo Przhevalsky i ka mauʻu i ka pūnāwai a me ka ʻohi. a i ka hooilo i hooilo ʻia ai nā lau o ka lāʻau saxaul, caragan, etc. (ʻoiai ua ʻai lākou i ka lau). Eia paha, i nā lā kahiko, ua hoʻololi nā lio i kā lākou ʻai no ka hana maʻamau, no ka mea, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ke kulans, a ua ʻai lākou i nā anuʻu. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, hele lākou i ka wao nahele o Dzungar Gobi mai nā wahi wahi i ka pae wāwae. Eia kekahi, pono pinepine nā lio e hūnā i nā kānaka, a i ka hoʻoilo, hūnā lākou i nā lāʻau lāʻau i hoʻopuehu ʻia ma nā paena a ka poʻe Gobi. ʻAʻole ka hoʻoweliweli ʻia nā lio i ka poʻe e pono ai e peʻe i nā lāʻau, akā, na nā ʻīlio a me nā ʻīlio hihiu. A ke kumu, i ka hoʻoilo ʻōlohelohe ʻo Przewalski i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā holoholona me nā lio ʻōpio (nā holoholona he mau manawa pinepine ka nui ma muli o ke koho ʻana e nā poʻe ma ke ʻano o ka hamuhalapa a lanakila no ka nui o kā lākou helu) no nā kālā liʻiliʻi o ka mauʻu mauʻu i ka hoʻoilo, Przhevalsky. Ua maopopo i ka mea e hoʻomohala hou i ka mālama ʻana i kā lākou genome mai ka hōʻaiʻē ʻana i nā ʻano o nā lio maʻamau, pono ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā lio ʻo Przewalski e ʻai i nā kumulāʻau lāʻau a me nā mea kanu lāʻau o ka wīwī a me ka wao ma mua o ka hoʻopili hou ʻana.

ʻO keʻano

ʻO ka lio ʻo Przhevalsky kahi ikaika kumukanawai ikaika me nā ʻōpū māla maikaʻi a me nā ʻōpū, he kino kūpaʻa, ʻāwīwī, a me kahi hiehue liʻiliʻi o ka mane, ka hiku a me nā pala. Ua nui ka poʻo, ua liʻiliʻi ka pepeiao, kuhikuhi, kelepona, liʻiliʻi nā maka. ʻĀ pololei a mānoanoa ka ʻāʻī. ʻAno nāwaliwali nā ʻōwili, pōkole, pōkole ka kua, ʻoi aku ka ʻōpū i loko o kahi pālahalaha, hoʻi muscled, ʻōpū nui a hohonu hoʻi ka umauma. He ikaika nā nāpeʻe, o ka pololei kūpono, loaʻa nā wāwae i kahi kūlana maʻamau. Pākuʻi ʻia ka paia o nā pu, ʻoi hoʻi, ua hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia ke pua, piha, maikaʻi nā pepeiao o ke ʻāpana, maʻemaʻe, me nā hakahaka. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka dimorphism i ke ʻano ma ka ʻaoʻao o waho. ʻO nā ana nui (ma ka cm): kiʻekiʻe i ka maloʻo - 136 (mai ke 124 a 153 cm), ka lōʻihi o ke kino kūlou - 138, ka ʻūhā umauma - 158, ka ʻōpū o 62, ke kūleʻa metacarpus - 17. Kūkā kino o nā lio Przhevalsky i ulu i nā kūlana kūlohelohe. kokoke i kahi kikoʻī. ʻO nā helu liʻiliʻi o ka māhina bony, a me nā ʻatikala e pili ana i ka hohonu o ka umauma a me ka hoʻowalewale (i helu ʻia ʻo ka palena o ka lōʻihi o ke kino i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka umauma ma luna o ka ʻāina) e hōʻike i nā hōʻailona ʻike ʻole ʻole e holo ana i ka pua ʻo Przhevalsky. No laila, ʻo ka pua liʻiliʻi, ʻokoʻa ka lio holoholona i ka nui o ka nui o ka nui o ka nui o ka holoholo, elongated a me ka nui o nā lio holookoa. Hoʻopili loa ia i ka mahiʻai ʻana i ka lio a me nā heʻa hehi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ke poʻo nui me ka ʻāʻī ʻīlū o kahi hōʻailona ia o nā lio hihiu - ʻoi loa ka nui o ka poʻo o ka poʻo nui i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kekahi ʻano kīlani lio.

ʻO ka lole o Savrasai mau ia - ke one melemele me nā manamana lima, mane a me ka huelo. ʻO kahi kāʻeiʻeleʻeleʻele ma ke kua mai ka lau a i ka huelo. ʻO ka mane ka pōkole, paʻa, ʻaʻohe bangs, ʻeleʻele me ka ulaula ʻulaʻula o ke kala o ka lole nui ma ke kumu. Ma nā wāwae o kekahi mau mea he mau kaula - zebroidity. Kahi keʻokeʻo ke kī o ka muzzle (ʻo ka ʻoka i kapa ʻia ka ihu ") akā i loko o nā lio ʻulaʻula he uliuli (" mole ihu "). ʻO ka lihi o luna o ka huʻu i uhi ʻia me ka lauoho pōkole o ke kala o ka lole nui o ka lio, i ka hopena - lauoho lauoho lōʻihi. ʻO kahi mane kūikawā a me kahi huelo nā hōʻailona no kahi lio hihiu. ʻO nā lio ʻumi hale he mane lōʻihi a kahi manuahi fluff mai kinohi.

ʻO nā ikepili hou e pili ana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka lio ʻo Przewalski

Wahi a nā geneticists, kekahi lio ʻōiwi (Hoʻohui ʻia ferus caballus) hele mai na lio hihiu o ka Honua Mua. Kūkulu ʻia ka genotype o nā lio Przewalski o 66 mau chromosome, a ʻo kēlā lio ʻōlena he 64 mau chromosome, nā DNA mitochondrial a like ʻole. ʻO kēia ka mea, ʻo ke kūpuna o ka lio hale, ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka tarpan, ʻokoʻa ia e like me ka lio Przhevalsky a ma ka make maoli i make i ke kenekulia 20.

Wahi a ka noiʻi hou i kēia makahiki ʻo 2018, ka mea, ʻaʻole ka ʻohana ʻo Przhevalsky wale nō ʻaʻole ke ʻano kupuna o nā lio ʻokoʻa, akā, he feral kekahi i nā wā kahiko, he ʻano kihi puaʻa home. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i nā koena pua he 20 mau puaʻa mai ka moʻomeheu Botai i loaʻa ma kahi o Krasny Yar (Kazakhstan). ʻO kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe o nā lio kahiko ua ʻike ʻia - ʻekolu mau hoʻohālike mai Yakutia a me Taimyr, ʻehiku mau lio Przhevalsky, 7 mau makahiki Bronze (mau makahiki 4.100-3,000), 18 mau makahiki Iron Iron (2,800-2,200 mau makahiki) a me 7 mau ʻano holo lio Roma ( ma waena o 2000-100 mau makahiki i hala) a me 22 mau lio hou (18 mau pua).

Ke noʻonoʻo nei i nā hopena, ua huli:

ʻO nā huahena no nā lio domesticated i hana i ʻelua kālima kūʻokoʻa. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo ia nō ka lio Botay a me Borley. ʻO ka huaʻani lua kahi mau lio i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kekahi wā ma hope a ua pili pono pū kekahi i nā lio o kēia wā. Aia nā lio a Przewalski kokoke i nā lio Eneolithic o ka moʻomeheu Botai.
I loko o ka lāʻau phylogenetic i kūkulu ʻia, ua ʻike ʻia ka lio hale, mai ka Bronze Age a i nā ʻano hou i kēia wā, ʻaʻole nā hua i ka moʻomeheu Botai a me nā lio Borley.

ʻO ka hopena holoʻokoʻa ʻelua o nā manawa kūʻokoʻa o ka loiloi a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā lawelawe ʻana i nā lio i ʻike ʻia i ka mōʻaukala kanaka. ʻO ia ka moʻomeheu Botayan nāna i hānai i nā lio Botayan, a no ke kumu ua hala ʻole nāu, a ma nā ʻano genetics, mālama ʻia nā lio fali o Przhevalsky - nā hua pololei o nā lio fula o Borley, ʻo ia ka hui hope o nā lio ʻōiwi o ka moʻomeheu Botai. ʻO ka lua o ka wā o ka noho ʻana i nā lio i hana ʻia ma ka Pae ʻo Bronze, kahi puni i ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻano genetic mai nā lio Botai. Hoʻopau nā genetics a me nā mea mōʻīwī i ka lio o Botai i hoʻohana wale ʻia i ka moʻomeheu Botai ma ke ʻona (no ka waiū, ka ʻiʻo, nā mea ʻili a me nā hale kaʻa, me ka mea pono a me nā kiʻi e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano hōʻa lio. I nā makahiki i hala aku nei ʻo 4000, ʻaʻohe lio hoʻokahi i lilo i mana kūpono i ka lio Botai. Hōʻike kēia i ka lua o nā kūpuna mua o nā lio ʻokoʻa o kēia mau makahiki - ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hoʻoholo mua ʻia ka wahi o ka hoʻoku ʻana, ma muli o ka piha ʻole o ka mea.

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