Kehelaulā
Kalong ( ʻO Pteropus vampyrus )
Kahi ʻano ʻepekema

• Pteropidae

• Macroglossinae Grey, 1866
• Pteropodinae Grey, 1821

Kehelaulā (lat. Pteropodidae) kahi ʻohana mammals mai nā bats squad (Chiroptera) o ka suborder Yinpterochiroptera (ma mua, ma muli o kahi morphology kakaʻikahi, ua kaʻawale kēia ʻohana i kahi suborder ʻo Megachiroptera, ʻaʻole i kākoʻo ʻia e ka neʻe ʻana o kēia mau molekiola hou a me nā data o ka karyological). Nā ʻelele o ka ʻano ʻano Pteropus a ʻoi aku ka hānau ʻana i nā hānau i nā puke lele ʻae manu, a me nā mea nāna o ka genus Kaukau (a i kekahi manawa āpau āpau) - ʻīlio lele. ^ E Ha yM. Wahi a kekahi mau hōʻailona o ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka huila (mau ʻāpana paʻa, ke ʻano pīhoihoi cervical hoʻololi hou ʻia, ka hele ʻana o kahi clalan phalanx ma ka pihi lua o ka lima) a me ka waiho ʻole (maʻamau) o nā echolocation i hoʻomohala, ua manaʻo ʻia nā chiropterologists nā manu lele me ke ʻano nui loa o nā ʻenekopa hou.

Hoʻolālā

ʻAʻole e like me nā pā, hele a nui nā manu lele ʻehā nui: ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 42 cm a me nā ʻēheu a hiki i ka 1,7 m. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau liʻiliʻi nectar-a me nā mea ʻai kai a me ka nui o ka 5-6 cm wale nō, me nā ʻēheu o 24 cm.ʻae loa ka laulā mai ka 15 a hiki i 900 g. ʻAno ka pōkole, kūleʻa ʻole a i ʻole nā ​​manu, nā manu manu manuahi lōʻihi.Notopteris) he lōʻihi loa. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka membrane femoral i ka hapanui o nā ʻano. He lua phalanx ka manamana lua a ua lako pono me kahi puʻupuʻu.

Hōʻōwili me kahi māhele elongated facial. Ua nui nā maka. ʻO ka hapanui ke hilinaʻi nui ʻia ana i ka ʻike a me ka honi, ka hiki ke echolocation (ʻo "the snap" ʻae ", he ʻano o ka ʻano like o nā ʻōpū ʻē aʻe) ua loaʻa wale nō nā ʻīlio lele e lele ana ʻO Rousettus egyptiacus (ʻoiai paha i pili i nā mea pili e pili pono ana). He maʻalahi ka auricle, ʻaʻohe kālima a me kahi tragus i haʻi ʻia, i kekahi manawa me ka hoʻomau ʻia anti-tragus a waho, nā ʻaoʻao o waho a loko i lalo o ka wehe o ka waʻa pepeiao. Loaʻa i nā tubular a me ka dwarf nymphs tubular i kahi wai tubular nostrils e wehe aʻe ma hope. Ua uhi ʻia ka alelo i ka papillae i hoʻomohala ʻia; ʻO nā niho o Buccal he mau-humped ka nalowale, e nalowale ana i nā hiʻohiʻona kolo ʻia o nā ʻōpū ʻē aʻe, i hoʻoponopono ʻia i ka ʻai ʻana i nā meaʻai kanu palupalu, mai ka 22 a 38 i ka huina.

ʻO kaʻeleʻele ke kala o ka hapa nui, akā hiki ke melemele, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, me nā wahi keʻokeʻo ma luna o nā ʻēheu. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona wahine dimorphism. Hōʻike ia iā ia iho i nā kāne i ka palahalula pāwili a me ke kala ʻōlaʻi, ma nā nui nui (nā pā i ke ana, nā mea paʻa, nā pā kaua, nā ʻano o nā pā epaulette), i mua o nā peke ʻiliahi kihila me nā pūlaki lauoho e ulu ana mai iā lākou (nā ʻīlio lele, nā ʻāpana epaulette, nā mea paʻa a me nā epaulettes dwarf, nā huki bovine, Ankhieta), i ke alo o nā peke pharyngeal nui (epaulettes, nā manu lele manuahi manu, nā mea paʻa).

ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike a me ke ʻano

Noho nā ʻelele o ka ʻohana i nā ʻāpana ʻāina a me nā subtropical o ke Komohana Hikina. E ʻae ʻia mai West Africa a i ʻĀpelila, ʻo Hawaiʻi a me nā mokupuni ʻo Carololi, ma ka ʻĀkau loa ka palena o ka ʻohana e pili ana i ka palena o ka Nile (Egypt), Kipani, Suria, Southern Iran a me Japan Hema, i ka hema - i ke komohana hema o Australia. I ka loko o Lūkia i kū ʻole. Ma kekahi mokupuni ʻo Oceania, nā lāhui manu maoli ma mua o ka hiki ʻana mai o ʻEulopa e hōʻike wale ʻia nā manu ʻae manuahi.

Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, he nui nā manu e pili ana i ka pō a i ke kakahiaka, ʻoiai inā he nui nā mau mokupuni e ikaika nei i ke ao. Hoʻohana ʻia ka lā ma nā lei o nā kumulāʻau, ma lalo o nā ea o nā kaupaku, nā ana, ʻaʻole i emi iki i loko o nā nui nui. ʻAʻohe paha he wahi paʻa, e like me nā manu lele ʻalā e ʻimi ana i ka ʻai. Mai nā wahi o dnevka a i nā wahi o ka hānai e hiki ai iā lākou ke hana i nā mokulele a hiki i 30 km ka lōʻihi, a holo lele a hiki i 90-100 km i ka pō. Maʻamau ka nohona ʻo nā ʻano liʻiliʻi i nā ʻohana liʻiliʻi, hiki i nā mea nui ke hana i nā ʻala nui ma ka lalo. No laila, nā kihi manu lele (Eidolon) i kekahi manawa, hoʻonoho leo nui o nā ʻōlima a hiki i ka 10,000 kanaka, ʻo ia hoʻi i nā kūlanakauhale nui. I ka wā hoʻomaha, e kau pinepine ana ka ʻēheu luna i ka ʻaoʻao i lalo, e hoʻopili me ka lākaka ʻoi i kahi lālā a i ʻole ka ʻāʻī paha ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke ana, i kekahi manawa e kau ana ma luna o kekahi wāwae. Hoʻopili ʻia ke kino i nā ʻēheu palahalaha he nui, e like me ka pale, i ka wā wela, he haʻalike lākou e like me ka mea hana. ʻAʻole e lele nā ​​ʻēheu i loko o ka hibernation.

Ke kau ana i lalo i lalo e pale aku i kahi moe e hiamoe ana i ka lā mai nā mea kai ʻāina, a ʻo ka poʻe kiaʻi e ala ana i kahi ala i ka wā e kū mai ai nā manu o nā kao a i nā nāhelehele.

E hopohopo nā manu o nā Mokupuni ʻo Pilipo i nā kānaka a waiho i nā lālā o ko lākou lā, akā ʻike nā kamaʻāina i kahi ala e kū mālie ai lākou. Ma hope o ka uhi ʻana o nā kānaka i nā lau o ka maiʻa, ʻūlū ʻia ka ʻohana manu manu ʻulu a hoʻi mai i kahi o ke ao.

Mea ʻai

ʻO nā manu o ka meaʻai e ʻimi ʻia ma nā ʻike a ulu ke ʻano o ka ʻohu. ʻAʻole like ka mākeke, ʻaʻohe o ka echolocation, koe naʻe me kekahi mau mea ʻē aʻe i ulu aʻe ka ʻōnaehana echolocation ʻē aʻe i ʻokoʻa i nā pā o kēlā me kēia pā.

Hoʻokomo lākou i ka huaʻai: nā hua o ka mango, ka ʻalapau, ka ʻakaʻa, ka guava, terminalia, sapotilla, ka maiʻa, nā pā niu a me nā mea kanu kai ʻē aʻe. Hiki iā lākou ke koho i nā hua kūpono ma ka lele, a i ʻole ma ka ʻaoʻao o kekahi wāwae. ʻAi i ka pulula huaʻa, e paʻa ana i ka hua i loko o kahi paina a pākaʻi i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, kuʻi a inu i ka wai wai. ʻO ka hapanui o nā holoholona ʻalopika ʻole i ʻānai ʻole i nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka meaʻai, a ʻokiʻoki i nā ʻāpana o ka hua no ka manawa lōʻihi a kaʻu ʻana i ka palala, kokoke a maloʻo. ʻO nā manu manu ʻōpio liʻiliʻi ka lōʻihi ma ka nectar a me ka hae o nā pua. Nā manu ʻēheu Tube, i ʻokoʻa ka mea kanu mea ʻai, ʻai i nā iniseti. Kāhea kekahi mau ʻano ma hope o ka hū ʻana o nā ʻano hua like ʻole. Paʻi ʻoluʻolu ʻo Bouts i ka wai, me ka ʻōlelo ʻana iā lākou ma ka lele, i kekahi manawa ua inu lākou i ka wai o ke kai, ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale ai i ka nele o ka paʻakai i ka meaʻai.

ʻAno hānau

ʻO ka hana hou ʻana i ka hapanui o nā ʻano ʻano, he ʻano wā ia. ʻO ka wahine e lawe i ka 1 (liʻiliʻi ma mua o 2) mau kekona i hoʻokahi makahiki. I nā nui nui, hiki i ka wā hapai a hiki i nā mahina ʻeono. Uhi ʻia nā keiki hou i ka huluhulu, a ʻike ke keiki e lele, lawe pū ka wahine me ia. I nā makahiki 3, ua loli ke ʻōpio mau akua ʻae mauʻu i ke ʻai i nā huaʻai. I ka hoʻopio ʻia, ola kekahi mau manu lele ʻia i 17-20 mau makahiki.

Mea waiwai no ke kanaka

Hiki i nā manu ke hōʻeha nui i ka hortikura, nā mea kanu hua lāʻau. ʻAi kekahi mau iwi i ka ʻai o nā holoholona ʻē. Kōkua nā manu lele lele e kahe i nā hua; nā manu ʻano ʻai manu nectar (ʻo nā mea i kapa ʻia chiropterophilia) ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea kanu i koho ʻia e nā ʻēheu he ʻulu lau, baobabs, a me ka sausagefood (Kigelia).

ʻO nā mea momona o ka ʻohana Pteropodidae nā mea mālama maoli i ka maʻi Hendra (Nā maʻi Hendra) a me ka maʻi Nipach (Pipiʻi Nipah) .

Kahi helu

ʻO ka ʻohana Pteropodidae he 300 mau ʻano like ʻole, i hui pū ʻia ma kahi o 40 genera. ʻO ka nui o nā subfamili i nā ʻano like ʻole like ka 2-3 a 6. ʻO ka mea kūikawā nō ia, ua hōʻike lōʻihi ʻia nā pollen meaʻai i nā manu ʻēheu i ulu i kekahi mau manawa.

ʻO Subfamily Rousettinae (a me Epomophorinae)

I ka hopena o 1980s - ka hoʻomaka mua o 1990s. ua manaʻo ʻia ua kūkulu nā luna o nā mea lele a me Microchiroptera i ka hiki ke pīpī i ka lele ma muli o ka hoʻokuʻu e hoʻololi ai. ʻAʻole naʻe kēia i ʻike ʻike ʻia, akā, ʻaʻole i ākea ka lawelawe a me ka noiʻi genetic molole.