Відповідь:

1. ʻO ka holoholona i hana ʻia i nā kānaka ʻākau. 1. ka luna.

2. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka tundra. 2. Lemming.

3. manu lele o ka tundra. 3. ʻApikapa.

4. Ka holoholona lawe hulu manu. 4. ʻōlio Artctic.

5. Hiki i ka wai wai i loko o ka ʻōpala i ka pūnāwai. 5. nā Seagulls.

6.7. ʻO nā holoholonaʻoi aʻe o ka tundra. 6. Wolverine. 7. Na welu.

8. Kaiaawai. 8. Nā ʻakaʻaka.

9. He manu liʻiliʻi me kahi puʻupuʻu lōʻihi e noho kokoke ana i ka wai. 9. ʻApuhipa.

10. ʻO nā wai ʻona nui me ka ʻāʻī lōʻihi. 10. ʻĀina.

11. manuahi polarahi manuahi 11. Owl.

12. Ka holoholona pili o nā tundra o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika. 12. Musk bipi

inā ʻoe e ʻimi ai, hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i nā mea āpau āu e makemake ai.

Khrustan

Khrustan
ʻO ke kāne ma ka lole hoʻoilo
Kahi ʻano ʻepekema

• Eudromias morinellus

Pau loa waleNā ʻōhi hele

Khrustan , a i ole papa walo , a i ole pani ʻolua (lat. Charadrius morinellus) - kahi kahu lole liʻiliʻi, manu ʻo ka ʻohana Charadriiformes. ʻO nā moʻokāki ma Eurasia ma kahi i hoʻāla ʻia ai ka maka o ka tundra pōhaku ma ka hikina hikina o Norewai, aia hoʻi ma nā wahi i loko o ka alpine zone o nā wahi kuahiwi. ʻO nā mea hoʻolalima i kahi māka liʻiliʻi o nā semi-desres i North Africa a me Middle East mai Morocco a Iraq. Mālama ia i nā pepeke a me nā invertebrates ʻē aʻe, ka hapanui o nā pōpoki, nā lele, nā ʻalā a me nā ʻōpū. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea plovers ʻē aʻe, he makaʻu iki a hāʻawi i kahi kanaka i kahi kokoke loa, no ka mea i loaʻa i ka poʻe kamaʻāina ʻo ia ka inoa "nalo plover" a "nodule kīwaha."

Kāleka

Heʻuʻuku iki ʻia ma mua o ke kīkala gula, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kahi pāpoʻomaʻo ka nui o ia, ʻo ka ʻāʻī pōkole a me kahi kui pōkole. Lā 2022 cm, nā ʻēheu 57–64 cm, ke kaumaha 75-150 g. Hiki i ka manu ke ʻike ʻia me nā kikoʻī plumage i ʻike ʻia ma nā pahu hopu ʻē aʻe, ka mea ākea e ka ʻākena ākea keʻokeʻo ākea e hoʻopili ana ma hope o ke poʻo i ke ʻano o ka leka Latin V a me ke keʻokeʻo me kahi kāwele ʻeleʻele i ka umauma, a ma ka lele ma ka hala ʻole o nā wahi mālamalama ("ʻālamalama") ma ka ʻēheu. He ʻokoʻa ke ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka kāne - i ka maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kāne a ʻili ʻia a pena ʻia hoʻi i nā kala saturated.

ʻOi aku ka lole o ke kauwela-kauwela iʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka hoʻohālikelike. I ka wā o kēia manawa, ʻeleʻele-ʻulaʻula ka piko o ke poʻo me nā ʻalā, ke keʻokeʻo ka ʻōpū, ka umauma, ke kua a me ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka ʻuʻuha i ka ʻulaʻula ʻia me ka ʻōpū pōkole o nā puʻupuʻu apiko, ʻo ka ʻāpana o ka ʻēheu he māmā, ʻulaʻula ʻia ka ʻōpū me kahi keʻokeʻo nui i ke waenakonu, ʻōmaʻomaʻo ka ʻūhā. I ka hoʻoilo a me ka hoʻoilo, he palupalu i ke kala me ka nui o ka pale o ka brownish-hina kala - he ulaula ʻulaʻula me kahi ʻeleʻele ʻalohina ʻokoʻa o ke ʻano hānai i lilo i hina hina, e kaohi ana i kahi kukuna ocher hue ma nā ʻaoʻao, lilo ke kihi ma ka umauma i kahi kikoʻī, ke ʻulaʻula a ka ʻulaʻula. Ma ke ʻano maʻamau o ka plumage, lilo ka ʻili i ʻoi aku e like me ke aniani a iʻa nā ʻēheu i ulana ʻia, akā e like me ia ma ke ʻano o ke kīhaha manamana ma ke poʻo a me ka umauma. ʻO nā manu ʻōpio e like like me nā pākeke i ka hulu hoʻoilo, akā ʻoi aku ka nalo - kahi ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele me nā ʻulaʻula ulaula i hui pū ʻia me ka lepo lepo, hinaʻala.

He leo leo

ʻO ka ʻōlohelohe manu ʻole. Ma ka lele, ʻo ka mea nui loa i ka wā e lawe hala, hoʻokō ia i kahi pālulu palupalu a me ka emi ʻana o ke kani. ʻO ke mele a ka wahine he ʻōiwi pōkole "pit-pit-pit", i paʻi ʻia ma ka wikiwiki o ʻelua kekona ka lōʻihi o ke kani ʻana o ka leo o ka lekiō. I ka wā e kamaʻilio ana, hoʻopuka ʻo ia i nā whistles pōkole, kahi mea e like me ka "wikiwiki-quip".

Mālama

Pahu ʻia ka nui o ka ʻano kahi pānaʻi a loaʻa i kekahi mau ʻāpana o ke kuʻuna kuahiwi a me nā kuahiwi mauna i loaʻa kahi mamao mai kēlā me kēia. Aia ma ʻEulopa, ma ka ʻona ʻo Skandinavia, ma ka ʻāina ʻo Kola Peninsula (ʻo ke kahakai o ke kai Barents mai ka palena o ka ʻāina ʻo Ponoy, Monchetundra, Khibiny, ka mea paha i ka Lapland Nature Reserve) a me nā ʻaoʻao hema o Novaya Zemlya. I ka ʻaoʻao o luna o nā Urals, e noho ana i ka ʻākau o ka hui ʻo Iremel a me Yamantau, kahi i nā wahi i maʻamau ai. I nā tundra kiko ma waena o nā awāwa Ob a me Lena, he meaʻokoʻa ʻole paha a he hapa ʻole loa - nā ʻikepili ma nā wahi e ulana ai i kēia mau ʻāina he waiwai ʻole a kūlike ʻole.

Hoʻomaka kahi māhele hoʻoili hou ma ka hikina o ka muliwai Lena a uhi i kahi ʻāpana nui i ka hikina a hiki i Anadyr, ma ka hikina a ka Verkhoyansk Range a me ka waena waena o Kolyma. Eia kekahi, aia nā pūnaewele hoʻokaʻawale i ke Chukchi Peninsula, Taimyr a me kekahi o nā Mokuna Novosibirsk. Ma ke kūkulu hema, aia kahi wahi ākea loa ma Altai a me nā kuahiwi pili i ka hikina o laila - ʻo nā mauna ʻo Sayan Western, Tannu-Ola, Hamar-Daban, Tunkinsky Goltsy, Mongole Altai, Hangai, Tarbagatai, Saur a me ka uha ʻo Saylyugem.

Loaʻa nō hoʻi nā wahi o Mose i kekahi ʻōnaehana mauna o Central Europe, no ka hoʻohālike i ka Alps. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā hōʻike e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana o nā ʻōpala o nā crust ma nā Vosges, High Tatras a me Krkonoše massif, akā ʻaʻole i ʻike maopopo no ka mea e hoʻopiʻi pinepine ana nā manu i ʻole a i ʻole pono. E kū ʻole ana ke kūlana o ka nano ma Pyrenees a me Carpathians, a ma kekahi mau wahi ma ka ʻākau o Helene. Ua ʻike ʻia na 1961 a 1969, hrustans ka mea i ʻike ʻia i loko o kahi ʻāina kūlohelohe no lākou - i ka pipa ma ka ʻāina o ka loko kūlani IJsselmeer ma Netherlands. ʻAʻole loaʻa kēia wahi i kahi wahi ākea ākea wale nō, akā hoʻohana ʻia i ka mahiʻai.

Hoʻaiho

Ma ka papa ʻōpala, e noho ana i nā puʻu maloʻo maloʻo e nui nui ana me ka laikini lihue, ʻōpala a me nā nāʻuhele haʻahaʻa. Ma nā wahi kuahiwi, makemake nui ia i nā wahi me kahi papa pālahalaha o nā papa lepo a me nā one pali liʻiliʻi ma luna o ka palena o ka nahele, i nā mea ulu lāʻau. ʻO ia kahi mea pili kaila a me ka hoʻopuʻi ʻia o nā ʻano hana like ʻole e wehewehe ana i ka hāliʻi ʻana a me ka haʻalulu o ka pae. Ma nā kuahiwi o ʻAsia Central, e huki ana i kahi kiʻekiʻe a hiki i 3500 m ma luna o ke kai, ma ʻEulopa ma Swiss Alps a hiki i 2600 m ma luna o ke kai, ma nā Austrian Alps a hiki i ka 2200 m ma luna aʻe o ke kai.

Nā Moho

ʻO kahi manu manu migratory. ʻOiai ʻo ka laulā nui a me ka pālahalaha pālahalaha, noho ʻia nā wahi hoʻoilo i kahi wahi liʻiliʻi o nā wahi semi-desales ma North Africa a me Mesopotamia. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā manu mai Eroma ʻaina ka hoʻoilo ma ke komohana o ka ʻāina ʻAmelika - i nā mauna Atlas, nā puʻu mauna a me nā wahi i kahakai o Algeria a me Tunisia, ma Cyrenaica. Ke neʻe nei nā ʻōiwi Asia i ka Peninsula ʻo Sinai, Iraq a me Iran.

Holo aku lākou ma luna o kahi ākea pālahalaha, ma ka liʻiliʻi ma nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi o nā manu 6-6 (emi pinepine i 20-30), e hoʻohana ana i nā ala mau a kū no ka manawa molting. Ke kumu, he kahua kuʻuna no nā manu lele Kamika i nā Alps Swiss, hala ʻ .lelo Chasseral i ka pae mauna Jura a me kekahi mau wahi o ka puʻu Caspian. Pākuʻi ʻia nā wahi ʻuʻina me nā ʻāina i ʻike ʻia me ka pōʻino lulupulu palupalu. ʻO kekahi mau manu, ʻoi loa mai nā lehulehu ʻEulopa, mai hana i ka hana. ʻO Khrustans e ʻoki nei ma ka Hikina Hoko i ka hele ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana a hiki i ka 10 tausani km a i nā wahi hoʻoilo a me kekahi hoʻi.

Ke haʻalele makahiki ʻana ma ʻAukake - Kepakemapa. ʻO ka mea maʻamau kēia e nā neʻe o nā manu i ka tundra ma waho o ka hua liʻiliʻi, e hoʻomaka ana i ka hopena o Iulai. ʻO ka mea mua e haʻalele i nā nini a ka wahine, a ma hope o hoʻokahi pule a me ka hapa, nā kāne me ka ʻōpio. Hoʻomaka ka hūnā wai ma mua o nā pahu ʻē aʻe mai ka hapalua o Pepeluali a hiki i waena o Malaki, a e hoʻomaka ana mai ka hopena o ʻApelila, e noho ana nā manu i nā wahi hana ʻai. Ma ke kūkulu ʻākau o Siberia, ʻike ʻia nā manu like ʻole: no ka laʻana, ma ka ʻāina o Purinsky mauka ma ke komohana o Taimyr, hiki mai nā manu i ka hapa mua o Iune wale nō. Ke lele, loaʻa nā hipa o ka crustan ma Rūsia ma kahi kokoke i kekahi wahi kūpono, ʻo ia hoʻi ma nā wahi o ka mahiʻai o ka mahiʻai ʻana.

ʻAno hānau

Hele nā ​​manu i loko o nā ʻohana liʻiliʻi i nā wahi liʻiliʻi i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wai i loko o ka tundra a ʻo ka hapa nui o ka ʻāina i uhi ʻia i ka hau. I ka nui o nā hihia, ʻo ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā pālua e hele i ke kula ma hope koke o ka hōʻea ʻana, ʻoiai hoʻi i nā kaona ākea ākea hiki iā lākou ke hana a hiki i ka lele. Ke hoʻohewa nei, ʻo ka hoʻololi o nā hana he ʻano - ka ikaika o ka hana i kēia manawa e hana ʻia e ka kāne, e like me ka hapa nui o nā manu, akā i ka wahine. I ka wā o ka moena, ke hoʻāʻo nei ia e hoʻowalewale i ka manaʻo o kahi kāne me kāna ʻano hōʻike - e hana ʻo ia i nā huakaʻi lōʻihi ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 100-300 m, nā kīʻaha, pana pinepine ke poʻo i ka poʻo i ka honua a lele i kona mau ʻēheu. Inā ʻaʻole pane mai ke kāne, e hoʻi ka wahine i ka pūʻulu nui. ʻO ka pinepine, ua hui pū ʻia ka kāne hoʻokahi me kekahi mau wahine holo i ka manawa hoʻokahi, ma waena o ka ʻaeʻae i nā hakakā liʻiliʻi. Ke neʻe pinepine nei ka ʻohana mai kahi wahi a i kēia wahi, a loli mau kona ʻano. I waena o nā crunters aia kahi hihia o nā wā pinepine loa i ʻike ʻia i loko o ke ʻano pololi, a ʻo kahi wahine cohabits me nā kāne kāne no hoʻokahi manawa.

Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka pālua i hana ʻia i ka hui nui a koho i kāna pānaʻi kūloko, kahi e pale aku ai i nā manu ʻē aʻe. Ma nā wahi i kaupalena ʻia ai nā kūlana, hiki iā ia ke pale i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o 2 pālua. Aia ka papa i kau ʻia ma ka puʻu pā maloʻo, maloʻo a haʻahaʻa ia i ka lepo, sparse i waiho ʻia e ka mea kanu kokoke - ʻehā i ka mauʻu a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana o ka lichen. ʻO ka mamao ma waena o nā nests kokokeke mai ka 200 m a i kahi mau mile.

I loko o ka lima i laila ka 2 a hiki i ka 4 (ka maʻamau 3) ka nui o nā hua i alapine ʻia, ʻo ko lākou ʻano pālani like me ka huaʻala tern i nā ʻōpū. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o ka huaʻaina ka ʻoliva e hoʻomālamalama i ka pālolo a hoʻomālamalama paha, nui nā wahi, ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha. ʻO ka nui o nā hua lahilahi (36-47) x (26–31) mm. Ma ke kānāwai, i loko o nā hola 36 ma hope o ka waiho ʻana i ka huaʻala hope loa, hoʻokahi keiki kāne i loko o ka pūnana, kahi piha a piha loa i ke kuleana no ka hānai ʻana i ka hua. Aia pinepine ka wahine ma kahi kokoke, e kiaʻi ana i ka ʻāina, akā hiki iā ia ke haʻalele i ka pūnana a hana i kahi pānaʻi hou me kekahi kāne. ʻO ka manawa incubation he 23 - 29 mau lā, noho mālie ke kāne a paʻa ʻole i ka nalo, ʻoiai ke hele aku ʻoe ma kahi kokoke. ʻO nā keikikāne i hānau koke iho ai e waiho mau i ka pūnana a haʻalele i hope o ke kāne. No lākou, he hana paʻakikī kēia, ʻoi loa no ka poʻe i kālai ʻia i ka manawa hope a ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka manawa e maloʻo ai. ʻO ka hopena, make ka ʻāpana o nā hua. I ka lā mua, hoʻokele ka brood ma kahi o 50 m, a ma hope o ʻekolu ua lawe ʻia ia i kahi lōʻihi a hiki i 700 m, ke neʻe nei i ka ʻāina paʻakikī loa. Hiki i ka mea lele ke lele i nā pipi i nā makahiki 4 wiki.

Mea ʻai

Mālama nui ia i nā mea hihiu (akā ʻaʻole wale nō), ma ka manawa like i koho ai i ka nui o ka namu i ka cricket a me nā nui o nā bumblebees. Hāʻawi ʻia ka makemake nui i nā pīpī makua me kahi uhi chitinous paʻakikī, e like me nā weevils a me nā pīpī lepo, a me nā hua pua o nā nutcrackers. ʻO nā mea'ōpala'ōwili, nā pōpoki a me nā wīwī i kūkulu i kahi hapa nui o ka meaʻai. E loaʻa ana i nā ʻalā, nā ʻanuʻu a me nā pepeiao. I ka hoʻoilo, e ʻai ʻo ia i nā ʻano o nā ʻano liʻiliʻi. Ma kahi liʻiliʻi, ua hānai ia i nā hua i loaʻa i nā mea kanu - nā hua, nā hua, nā lau, nā pua a me nā pua, inā paha nā greens saxifrage a me nā wai wai wai.

Holo aku ia ma ka ʻona o ka honua, e ʻimi ana i nā mea make mai kahi mamao aku a hopu iā ia ma hope o ka holo pōkole. Loaʻa nā ʻluna liʻiliʻi ma loko o nā ʻōpū o nā manu, nā manu e ʻele a kikoʻī nō ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻai.

Nā hōʻailona kūwaho o ka ʻīpī

He manu liʻiliʻi ʻo Khrustan. ʻO ka lōʻihi kino 21,5 - 24.7 cm i nā kāne. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā wahine, 24.0 - 27.5 mau kenimika lōʻihi.

He lōʻihi kahe o nā ʻēheu he 12,5 - 16 cm. ʻO ke kāne ma ka moe ʻana i ka plumage a me ke poʻo ʻeleʻele ma luna, ʻo kēia ʻano o ka ʻoni o ka hulu manu i hāʻawi ai i kekahi inoa i ka sandpiper - ka ʻeleʻele pihi. ʻO ke alo me ke kiʻi keʻokeʻo. ʻO nā pale keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo e hele ma luna o nā maka ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka lei o ke poʻo.

ʻO Chrustan (Charadrius morinellus).

ʻO ka ʻili o ke kino he brown. ʻO ka uhi ʻana i nā hulu o ka poʻohiwi a me nā hulu hoʻonaʻauao i loaʻa nā palena ʻulaʻula ma luna. ʻO nā ʻeleʻele kokoke i nā puka pepeiao i ʻulaʻula-hina, ke koena o ka plumage ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo i keʻokeʻo me nā polū ʻulaʻula, a ʻo ka ʻāʻī hoʻi ʻo ia. ʻO ka goiter brown me kahi hiʻu hue ʻoluʻolu, ke kumu hoʻohuli palaki. I kekahi manawa ke kū ka ʻāʻī ʻeleʻele ma lalo o ka goiter, e huli ana i kahi kaula keʻokeʻo.

ʻŌpū i ka ʻōpū ma nā ʻaoʻao o kahi hue. ʻEleʻele ka lalo o ke kino. ʻO nā keʻena ʻiwe lalo ko keʻokeʻo me ka hue ocher hue. ʻUlaʻula-ʻulaʻula nā hulu. ʻO ka paʻu o ka huelo he brownish-hina, nui loa me ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ma nā pihi, a ma mua o kona neʻe ʻana i kahi manamana kala-blackish-brown.

ʻEleʻele ka iris. He pōkole ka beak, ʻo ka hapa mua o ka ʻaoʻao kuʻi o luna. ʻO nā limana pōkole me nā manamana lima 3, brown i ka pena me kahi hue-melemele.

He hopohopo ka manu, a hāʻawi ʻia i kahi kanaka e hele kokoke i kahi, no ia mea i loaʻa iā ia ka inoa inoa "plover plover."

ʻO ka plumage o kahi wahine Khrustan i oi aku i ka saturated ma mua o ke kāne. ke aniani ka ʻeleʻele o ke poʻo, ʻaʻole maopopo ka hiʻohiʻona inky ma ka goiter.

ʻO nā manu makua me ka plumage hoʻoilo ma kahi ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele o ke poʻo.

Hoʻokomo ʻia nā pua me nā ʻulaʻula ulaula. ʻO ke koena o ka plumage he hina hina-ʻulaʻulaʻula i ke kala me nā ʻāpana ʻulaʻula i nā hulu. Ua ʻoi aku ka māmā, ʻo ka lihi ma luna o ka maka he keʻokeʻo.

He ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele hoʻi nā ʻōulu ʻōpio me nā palena o nā hulu ʻulaʻula. ʻO nā puʻe, nā ʻaoʻao, ma lalo o nā mea ʻeleʻele a hina hina paha.

ʻO ka pālahalaha o kahi crustan

Noho ʻo Khrustan i ka Artct a me nā kuahiwi mauna o Asia a meʻEulopa. E hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā ʻano ʻāpana me kahi wīwī. Noho ʻo ia ma ka puni ʻo tundra o West Siberian, akā i kēlā me kēia wahi he manu hihiu. Aia ia ma nā kuahiwi a me nā paia o nā Ural Polar; mai ka Ural Range, ko laila noho ka wahi mamao ma ka hema. Ke piʻi nei nā mauna i ke kiʻekiʻe o 2000 mika. Kuke ʻia ʻo Crustan ma ʻEnelani, ʻEnelani, ʻIkelana, ma ke kūkulu ʻāina o Sweden.

Noho ia ma Lapland a ma ka lā Kola Penina. Loaʻa ma nā mokupuni o Vaigach a me Kolguyev.

Ma nā kuahiwi, e noho nā mau crustans ma nā wahi me ka ʻōpala a me nā papa.

Haʻalele Hrustan

Koho ʻia nā wahi maloʻo i ka tundra. Ma nā pāpū, noho nā manu ma nā kaila wai nui, nā puʻu me nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi.

Noho ʻo Hrustans i ka puʻu tundra mauʻu a me nā nahele tundra.

Makemake ʻo Hrustans i nā wahi i lalo a i nā ʻōpala paha i nā mauna e noho ai lākou ma luna o ka palena o ka nahele, me nā ʻāpana o ka alpine, kahi lāʻau ulu maikaʻi. Nā manu
pili i nā wahi me ka papahele, papahele, nā domes mauna, akā koho lākou i ka maloʻo a maloʻo, i uhi ʻia me nā pulu.

E hānai nā manu i loko o nā thickets o ka alpine birch i nā ʻohana liʻiliʻi. ʻAʻole honu nā manu i nā wahi me ka ʻole o nā mea kanu.

E hoʻolohe i ka leo o Khrustan

I ka wā ʻōhake o ʻAkake, lilo i mau ʻēheu nā moa. ʻAno ke kāne a alakaʻi i nā hua. Haʻalele ʻo nā wahine i nā wahi papa liʻiliʻi a lele i ka hema.

Holo aku ia ma ka ʻona o ka honua, e ʻimi ana i nā mea make mai kahi mamao aku a hopu iā ia ma hope o ka holo pōkole.