He liʻiliʻi ka ʻohana ambisto, aia nā amphibians i kāhea ʻia mai 5 mau genera a me nā 28 ʻano. No Ambistomaceae nā pūʻulu amphibian nona nā ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana i hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻia i nā makahiki he mau makahiki i hala. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā 1980, ua helu ka ʻohana i nā ʻano 35 a me 4 genera - Ambystoma, Rhyacosiredon, Dicamptodon, a me Rhyacotriton, akā naʻe, ke hoʻohana nei i nā kaʻina o ka hana molekula i nā haʻawina ʻauhau a ua hoʻololi ʻia nā ka helu ʻana o ka pūʻulu holoʻokoʻa a i loko o ka genera.
Loaʻa nā ʻelele o ka ʻohana ambisto ma North North a Central America wale nō. I nā ʻāina ʻōlelo Pelekane, kapa ʻia ʻo Ambistomovs i nā mole salamanders. Hoʻomaʻomaʻomaʻo nā ʻAmelika i ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, kahi e pālahalaha ʻia nei lākou mai nā wahi ma ke ao hema o Canada a ma ka hema hema o Mexico a hiki i Mexico.
Loaʻa i ka Ambistome ko lākou kaulana a kaulana aku i ka axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), kahi i hoʻohana nui ʻia e nā ʻepekema i nā haʻawina like ʻole ma ke ʻano he holoholona kahu ʻai, a laila ua lilo i ka aquarist a hoʻomaka i ka laulā. ʻO Axolotl kahi ʻōpiopio neotenic me ka inoa kūloko "axolotl", kahi e unuhi nei me ka "pāʻani ʻana i ka wai."
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ambistos ko lākou ʻano genus Ambysloma, nona ka 21 mau ʻano, pālahalaha loa a kaulana hoʻi no kona kaina neotenic. Hoʻopili kekahi mau ʻōiwi i nā ʻano liʻiliʻi he nui ma ka ʻaoʻao mamao o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau: ʻo ka genus Rhyacotrilon me 1 ka ʻano a me ka genus Dicamptodon i hōʻike ʻia e 2 mau ʻano, a i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa: he genus Rhyacosiridon he 4 mau ʻano, a ʻo ka ʻano genus Bathysiridon - 1 mau ʻano.
Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā ʻona ʻāina i hoʻokumu ʻia e ke poʻo ākea, ke kino ʻōpō mānoʻo me nā kua he mau bony grooves, nā maka liʻiliʻi, nā maka ʻōpio a me kahi huelo e hoʻopuni ʻia ana ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻāpana. He ʻano kupaianaha a me nā motley ke kino o nā ʻano he kino: ma ko lākou kino e kūʻē ana i kahi ʻano uliuli he mau kukui, nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā hiʻohiʻona o nā kiʻi: e hoʻomaka ana mai nā ʻāpana kikikaʻe a hoʻopau i nā lipia melemele nui.
Noho ka poʻe ʻōpiopio i ko lākou ola ma lalo o ke kuʻi lāʻau, noho ma lalo o nā ʻōpala lau a i ʻole nā ʻuʻu i ʻeli ai lākou a noho i nā ʻuahi i waiho ʻia e nā holoholona ʻē. ʻO kekahi mau holoholona e noho ana ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ʻAmelika i loko o nā lua a me ka hoʻoilo. Noho wale nā ambistome, ʻai i nā ʻano invertebrates.
Hoihoi wale nā loea makua i ka wai i loko o kahi manawa pōkole liʻiliʻi, e koho ana no kēia mau keena wai kahi i hānau ʻia ai lākou. ʻO ka ulu pinepine ʻana ma ka amphibian i ka wā ma ka wā mua o ka wā ma mua, ʻoiai he nui nā ʻano lāʻau, no ka laʻana, he kani a (A. annulatum) a me kahi kinipōpō (A. opacum) i mau mea ulu ʻia, ʻano i loko o ka ʻālaʻi.
Kūpono ka ʻano ʻano me ka ambist, e ʻohi ana i kā lākou hua i nā helu he nui, a i kekahi manawa he mau ʻāpana like ʻole, e hoʻopili ana i nā ʻeke kūikawā. E hoʻomau ana ʻo Ambistomy i nā hua me nā huaʻai i loko o nā loko wai pīhoihoi a lohi paha. Hana ʻo Ambistoma i kahi mea ʻē aʻe: e waiho ana i nā hua ma ka ʻāina ma nā ʻano ʻihi ʻāina, kahi hiki ke hoʻopiha koke ʻia me ka wai o nā ua nui i ke kohi.
Ke alakaʻi nei ʻo Larvae i kahi ola aquatic, akā i ka hoʻohālikelike o ke kino a me nā ʻōnaehana kino ua like like lākou i nā pākeke. ʻO ka waiho kino o ke kino, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ua hoʻopau ʻia a me ka monophonic. ʻOkoʻa ʻo nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo Ambisto i mua o nā pākeke ma mua o nā kuʻina o 3 mau pā o waho i nā pihi 4 gill ma hope o ke poʻo. Aia nā ʻulaʻokeʻo i nā ʻulaʻula mai nā pulupulu capillaries kohoorm gill piha i ke koko. I ka ʻoi aku, ma ka larva, ma ka aoao dorsal ma ka ʻaoʻao dorsal mai ka piko o ke poʻo a hiki i ka hopena o ka huelo a ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ventral mai ke kihi o ka huʻu a ka cloaca, nā kuʻekuʻe kiʻekiʻe nā puʻu puka caudal. Hoʻea pinepine ka hiʻu i kahi kaula huelo.
Aia nā mea ākea mai ka manawa hānau o ka larva, a ma nā kuʻekuʻe he 4 mau manamana lima, ma nā wāwae ʻalā he 5 o lākou. ʻO nā maka o nā palaka he mau iʻa, ʻaʻohe pale a lele ʻole nā maka o ka maka.
ʻAeʻa ka ʻai ʻōlima ma kahi ambisto, e kūlou ana i ke kino e like me ka iʻa. Hiki i nā mea ulu o kekahi mau ʻano, i loko o nā kānaka ākea o nā tiger ambistomes a me nā mea kokoke ʻē aʻe, hiki ke ulu i nā nui pākeke me ka ʻole o ka metamorphosis. ʻO ka noho ʻana o nā pili nui i ka nui o nā lehulehu e hana ana i kekahi mau ʻano he amphibian piha a ʻokoʻa ʻole kekahi hapa. ʻAʻole waiho nā pākeke i kēlā mau ʻōuli i nā kino wai, mālama i nā mea kanu a me nā lepa o ka pōʻai, ʻoiai ua ulu ka pūliki, a e lawelawe ʻia me ka hanu hou. Loaʻa lākou i ka pākeke me ke ʻole o ka metamorphosis. ʻO nā kānaka Neotenic a me nā mea noho ambistorant i ʻike mua ʻia i nā mauna mauna o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a ma Central Plateau ma Mexico. ʻO nā kūlana i kūpono i ke kaʻe ʻana o nā neoteny he mau kiʻekiʻe nui, ka ʻike ʻole ʻana o nā mea hoʻonani wai a me nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole ma waho o nā wai wai. ʻO ka hapanui o nā lehulehu neotenic no kekahi o nā mea pili i nā ʻano tigist ambistoma - Ambystoma tigrinum, Ambystoma velasci, Ambystoma mavortium a me nā mea pili. ʻO nā ʻano ambist neulic o ambistos i kapa ʻia nā axolotls - Ambystoma mexicanum, Ambystoma taylori, Ambystoma andersoni a me Ambystoma dumerilii. Mālama ka neotenics i ka hiki ke hoʻonui hou i ka hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻōpio ʻōpiopio a hiki ke hoʻihoʻi i nā limu, nā ʻili a me kekahi ʻokoʻa kū o loko.
Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka metamorphosis, nalowale nā hōʻiliʻili a me nā lehelehe, hoʻoheʻe wale ʻia nā ʻōpala iā lākou iho: i ka wā e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, hoʻomaka ka ʻili e loaʻa ke kala maʻamau no nā pākeke, a ma nā maka nā maka. Ma hope ke ʻano o ka hulu, kahi e hoʻomākaukau ai i nā holoholona no ka hoʻololi i ka ʻāina a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kahi kūlana terestrial.
Aia ka ambloist i kahi helu chromosome diploid o 28.
ʻO Axolotl a me nā mea hoʻohana ʻē aʻe - ʻo Ambystoma tigrinum, Ambystoma mavortium, nā mea aloha nui amphibian e mālama e like me nā holoholona.
Kāleka
ʻO Tiger ambistoma ka ambistoma nui loa o ka honua. Aia ʻewalu subspecies i kēia manawa. Ua nui ka poʻo, ua puni ka muzzle. He liʻiliʻi nā maka, ākea ka laulā. ʻEhā mau wāwae no ka wāwae, a ʻelima hoʻi ma nā wāwae hind. He ʻelua mau māka ma ke kū hoʻokahi o ka wāwae. Hoʻopili ke kino o ka ambistoma mai nā ʻaoʻao me nā alohō 13. ʻO ka vertebrae he biconcave, ka ʻōpū o ka iwi ʻōpala i nele, ua hala nā niho palatine. Mahalo i kaʻenehana pineal (pineal gland) ua kālai pono ʻia lākou i ka lewa, ua ʻoluʻolu hoʻi ia. Aia ka kelu pineal ma hope o nā maka.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona a Ombistoma
Ka helehelena ka mea i like me kahi mākaʻikaʻi i ʻike ʻia e nā kānaka he nui, a ma ka ʻāina o nā ʻāina ʻAmelika ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he mole salamander. Noho lākou i ka ululāʻau me ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe, nona ka lepo maloʻo a me nā ʻōpala mānoanoa.
Ka hapanui o nā mea i hoʻokomo ʻia luna ʻelele Aia ma ʻAmelika Hema, ma Kanada hema. ʻO ka ʻohana o kēia mau nīnū he 33 mau ʻano like ʻole o nā ambistos, nona kēlā me kēia mana.
ʻO ka mea kaulana loa o lākou nei:
- ʻĀpeku ambistoma. Hiki ke hiki i ka lōʻihi o 28 sentimeter, ʻoiai ma kahi o 50% o ke kino e noho ai ka huelo. Ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka salamander he 12 mau lōʻihi lōʻihi, a ʻo ke kala he kala kukui o nā pua a he brown paha. ʻEhā mau pepeiao ma nā wāwae mua, a ʻelima hoʻi ma nā wāwae hind. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hālāwai i kēia ʻano ambisto ma nā wahi i loaʻa ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Mexico.
ʻO nā ambistoma tiger kiʻi
I ke kiʻi aia kahi ambistoma marmer
Ambistoma Kikowaena ʻeleʻele
Kelepona ʻAmelika
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona kiʻi o ka Pacific Ambistoma
E nānā kiʻi e ka ambist, i nā mea i kau inoa ʻia ma luna, ʻike ʻoe i nāʻokoʻa nui ma waena o lākou.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o kahi ambistoma
No ka mea he nui nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ambists, kū maoli nō kēlā me kēia ʻano i kona ʻano a me ke ala o ke ola ʻana. ʻO nā mea ʻona o ke kaiāulu i ke ao e makemake e noho i loko o ka pō, a me ka pō ke hele lākou e ʻimi i nā meaʻai. ʻOluʻolu loa a he hilahila hoʻi, ke kīpī nei lākou i ka pōpilikia, makemake lākou e hoʻi i ka lua, ʻoiai inā lākou e waiho ʻole ana i ka meaʻai.
He huna huna nā mea ambistome a ʻoi aku, makemake e hana i nā lua no lākou iho ma lalo o nā lau hāʻule a me nā kumulāʻau i hāʻule. Hoʻopau i kekahi manawa i nā hollows i haʻalele ʻia. ʻOi aku ka makemake o nā salamanders melemona i ke ala o ke ola ʻana, no laila hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike iā lākou ma ka papa o ka honua i nā lā ua wale nō. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole kēia mau amphibians i kūkulu hale no lākou, hoʻohana lākou i nā mea i koe ma hope o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe.
Noho nā ʻōiwi āpau o kēia mau ʻīlio i ka lua a ʻoi aku ka makemake e huli i ka pōʻeleʻele. ʻO kēia ke kumu no ka mea, ʻaʻole lākou e ʻae i ka wela wela, ʻo ka mahana mālamalama no lākou he 18-20 degere, i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi, 24 tikelika.
Hoʻokomo wale ke ʻano, no ka mea aloha lākou i ke kaona a ʻaʻole i waiho i kekahi i loko o lākou iho. Ma ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe kahi manaʻo o ka mālama pono iho. Inā hāʻule ka poʻe ambistome i loko o nā apo o kahi mea nāna e haki mua, a laila ʻaʻole lākou e hāʻawi i ka mea hope loa, e hoʻouī a me ke kuʻi. I ka manawa like, ʻo ka hakakā kūʻokoʻa o ka ambistome e ukali pū me nā leo nui, kahi mea e like me ka pahu pahu.
ʻAlaʻai Ambistoma
Noho nā mea noho manawaleʻa i nā hana kūlohelohe e hānai i kēia mau mea ola:
Nā keiki o ka Ambistome i ka manawa kūlohelohe ka ʻai ʻana i nā meaʻai like:
Kohu ʻia nā poʻe e makemake ana i ka ʻulima i loko o ka meaola no ka mea e hānai iā ia i kēia mau meaʻai:
- ʻai momona
- iʻa
- nā ʻano pepeke (pōpū, kakaka, spider).
Axolotl larva Pono e ʻai ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā, akā hānai ʻia kahi ambisto makua ʻoi aku i nā manawa 3 mau manawa i ka hebedoma.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka helehelena ambisto
ʻO nā ambistomas makua he mau poʻo ākea me nā maka liʻiliʻi. He kino a wili a ke kino me nā alana i wehewehe pono ʻia, nā ʻōpū nā wāwae, he puni ka ʻili.
Maʻemaʻe ka ʻili. I ka maka aia nā neʻe e hūnā. Nui nā ʻano ambisto he hiʻohiʻona nani o nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā kala. Hiki ke hoʻonani ʻia nā kino Ambitist me nā ʻōkuhi māmā a i nā kaula saturated ākea.
ʻO Ambistome ka ʻohana o nā amphibians, i kapa ʻia hoʻi nā mole salamanders, a ua pau ka hopena i ʻAmelika Hema.
ʻO ka hana a me ka lōʻihi o kahi ambistoma
I ka nui o nā ambistoma e hoʻonui, pono ka nui o ka wai nui. ʻO ia ke kumu, ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wā e moe ai, hele nā ambistome i kēlā mau ʻāpana o ka ulu lāʻau i kanu nui ʻia. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā kanaka o kēia ʻano ua makemake e hoʻoulu hou i ka pūnāwai. Akā ʻo ka ʻulipala make a ʻo ka mea hoʻohiwahiwa mau i ka hoʻoilo wale nō.
I ka wā e moe ai, ua kau nā kāne i kahi spermatophore me kahi amphibian, a lawe nā wahine iā ia me ke kōkua o ka cloaca. A laila hoʻomaka ka wahine e waiho i nā ʻeke i loaʻa nā hua, i loko o ka pahu i hiki ke lilo mai 20 a 500 mau huaʻai, aʻo ka pālahalaha o kēlā me kēia
Pono nā Ambistome i ka nui o ka wai e pua
Nā hua hua i waiho ʻia ma ka wai mahana e hoʻomohala mai a 19 a 50 mau lā. Ma hope o kēia manawa, ʻike ʻia nā ʻōpio ambistome i loko o ka honua, ʻo ko lākou lōʻihi e like me ka 1.5 a me ka 2 sentimita.
Ambistoma axolotl E noho mau ana ka larva i ka wai no 2 mau mahina. I loko o kēia manawa hiki mai nā metamorphose koʻikoʻi me lākou, ʻo ia hoʻi, lilo ka axolotl i ka manaʻo nui:
- pau nā poli a me nā hōʻiliʻili
- nā maka heʻe ma luna o koʻu mau maka
- ʻike ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻōpū
- kiʻi ke kino i ke kala o nā ʻano like me he ʻona lā.
Ma ka ʻāina, loaʻa nā ambvae i ka ambisto ma hope o ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o 8-9 sentimeta. I mea e hoʻololi ai i kahi axolotl aquarium i kahi amphibian, pono ʻoe e hoʻololi lohi i ka aquarium i kahi terrarium.
I ke kiʻi axolotl
Pono kēia e hoʻemi i ka nui o ka wai i loaʻa i loko a me ka hoʻonui i ka nui o ka lepo. ʻAʻohe o nā Larva koho ʻē aʻe akā e hele i waho i ka lepo. I kēia hihia, ʻaʻole pono e manaʻo kekahi i ka hoʻololi hoʻohuli, e hele ʻo axolotl i loko o ke ʻano o kahi ambistoma i ʻole ma mua o nā mau hebedoma 2-3.
He mea kūpono hoʻi inā hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohuli i ka axolotl i loko o kahi pākeke me ke kōkua o nā lāʻau hormonal i kūkulu ʻia no ka lāʻau thyroid. Akā hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohana wale ma hope o ke kūkā kamaʻilio ʻana me ka dokter lāʻau.
He mea nui ia e hoʻomaopopo e waiho i ka hua, ʻaʻole komo nā wahine i ka wai me ka ambisto, waiho lākou i nā ʻeke me nā caviar ma nā wahi haʻahaʻa, kahi e hiki mai ana me ka wai nui i ka wai.
Kuhi ʻia nā hua ma nā wahi like ʻole, aʻo nā papa e waiho ana ma lalo o nā kumulāʻau i hāʻule a i ʻole ma kahi o nā lau i koho ʻia. Kakau ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana aku aku (me ka mālama pono), hiki i kahi ambistoma ke ola i 10-15 mau makahiki.
Noho kapa Ambitist
Ke alakaʻi nei nā ʻelemakule i kahi papa ʻāina, ua hoʻohana lākou i ka hapa nui o ka manawa ma lalo o nā lau i hāʻule a i ʻole nā lua. Hiki iā lākou ke eli i nā lua a iʻa i ka noho o nā kānaka ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā ʻāpana he nui o ambistos i ka hoʻoilo. Noho hoʻokahi wale nō ʻo Ambistome. ʻO kā lākou ʻai ka hana o nā ʻano invertebrates.
E hoʻi nā paʻahanaʻelemakule i ka wai i ka wā mālama, a ua koho lākou i kēlā mau kaila i ulu ai lākou. ʻO ka wā mākele e hele pinepine ʻia i loko o ka pūnāwai, akā ʻo kekahi mau mea ʻano lahilahi i ka hāʻule, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻano ambistomes marmer.
ʻO nā ʻano āpau o nā ambistos he oviparous. Hoʻopili ʻia nā haneli he mau haneli he mau haneli paha i nā ʻeke ʻē aʻe. Hoʻokomo ʻo ka wahine i nā hua i loko o ka wai lōlō a wai ʻole paha.
Kūkulu Axolotl me kahi ambistot i alakaʻi i kahi ʻano papa. I ka helehelena e like ai lākou me nā pākeke, akā he 4 mau pūpū o waho o nā kiola mai waho a me 4 mau peke o nā gill. I nā hōʻiliʻili, aia nā pāpale ulaula, mai ka mea o ka capillaries. ʻAʻohe nā maka maka o ka palaki i ka maka ʻole, me ka nānā ʻole, nā iʻa.
Ua kapa ʻia nā ʻōhule he ascolotles e nā mea hoʻohana wale ʻia; hoʻomohala wale lākou i ka wai.
Hoʻoulu ka larva a hoʻomōhala i ka metamorphosis: nāʻuʻalima, nā leʻalā a me nā gills, nā aniani i nā maka, ulu nā māmā a loaʻa nā ʻano maʻamau. Akā ulu kekahi mau axolotl i ka nui o nā pākeke me ka ʻole o ka metamorphosis.
Kelepona Giant Ambistoma
He mea maʻamau kēia ʻano ma nā ulu o nā kapakai o Kaleponi a me Columbia. ʻO kēia mau amphibians nui loa, a hiki i ka lōʻihi a hiki i 30 centimeter. E ʻike wiwo ʻole nā kaona o loko o ka Pākīpika no ka nui, akā hiki iā lākou ke mākaukau i nā lāʻau a ʻimi ikaika no nā invertebrates wale nō, akā no kā lākou mau hoahānau, nāheu, nā bakoka a me nā mea liʻiliʻi.
ʻO ka makaʻu, ka ambistome nui o ka Pākīpika i kani kahi leo nui e like me ka hele ʻana. ʻAʻole kau nā wahine o kēia ʻano i ka hua manu ma kahi ambisto i loko o ka wai, akā, aia i ka punu o nā rodents a i ʻole nā ʻoki ma ka ʻāina.
Kūpono nui nā ambist Pacific nui 30 cm i ka lōʻihi, ʻoiai nui nā amphibians.
ʻOististist ambistoma
Noho kēia holoholona ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika: mai Kaleponi a Wakinekona. ʻO ka ambistoma olympic kahi reptile liʻiliʻi, a hiki i ka lōʻihi o 10 mau kenimika. He holoholona hihiu kēia me ka laupa slim.
Noho ka poʻe ʻona Olimpiika ma ke kahawai o nā kahawai, e hū ana i ka pōʻino ma waena o nā pōhaku. No ka noho ʻana o kēia mau amphibians i nā wahi maloʻo, maloʻo, ʻike ʻia ko lākou māmā a ua nui ka hanu ma muli o ka ʻili a me ka mucosa waha.
Noho ka poʻe ʻAmelika Oliveka ma kahi kokoke i nā kahawai, huna mai ka pilikia ma lalo o nā pōhaku.
Kelepona Tiger
Noho kēia mau ambistome ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika mai Kanada a i Mexico. Kahi hiki ke ka ambistoma tiger 28 mau kenimike ma ka lōʻihi, a me kahi ʻoi e hana i ka hapalua o kēia lōʻihi.
ʻO lākou nā wahi noho he lāʻau anuʻu a me ka nahele, nā mahina ʻai, nā nahele, nā wao nahele, nā semi-deses a me nā mauna. I loko o ka lā hūnā lākou i nā ʻuā o nā rodents, hānai i ka pō.
ʻO nā mea noho ʻo Tiger, e like me ka hapa nui o nā ʻohana o kēia ʻohana, he nocturnal.
ʻO nā ambistoma Mole keʻano
ʻIke ʻia kahi ambistoma mau momi ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻaoʻao o ke Kaina Hema: mai Louisiana a me North Carolina a hiki i Oklahoma, Northern Illinois, Texas a me Arkansas.
Mālama ka palaki ʻōpiopio i ka hiki ke hoʻōla hou a hiki i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i nā nalo nalowale.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino ambistoma mole he 8.5-9.5 kenimika.Kūpono ʻia nā ʻelele o kēia ʻano i ka mea ʻoiai i ka wā hoʻoulu, hoʻoikaika mau lākou i ka lepo, ʻo ia ke kumu i loaʻa ai i kona inoa nā inoa. Hoʻokomo nā wahine i nā hua liʻiliʻi i loko o nā loko liʻiliʻi i kūkulu ʻia i loko o ka ulu lāʻau pine.
ʻO Taylor Ambistoma
Aia kēia ʻano i ka hope o ka loko o ka lau o Laguna Alcicca, aia kahi kiʻekiʻe i nā kuahiwi a aia i ka'āina ʻo Mexico, Veracruz, he wai paʻakai tena, ʻo ka wai ka wai i loko ona he 18-21 degere. ʻO ke kino o ke ambistoma o Taylor he 15-20 kenimika.
ʻO nā kānaka Ambisto i ulu a me nā holoholona i loaʻa mua i nā wahi kuahiwi o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a ma Central Plateau ma Mexico.
Pūnaewele Ambistoma
Kālaha kēia ambistoma i United States: Massachusetts, Ohio, New Jersey a me Michigan.
Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka metamorphosis, nā hōʻiliʻili a me nā lehelehe hipa e nalowale ana, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā holoholona, hoʻomaka ka ʻili i ke kala maʻamau no nā pākeke.
Noho ka ambistoma kala ma nā wao nahele, kahi e paʻa ai nā loko a me nā muliwai liʻiliʻi. ʻO ia ka amphibian medium-rahi me ka lōʻihi ke kino o 12-20 kenimika.
Ambistoma lōʻihi
E noho nei nā ambistoma lōʻihi loa mai Northern California a Alaska, mai Western Montana a Idaho. ʻAʻole piʻi wale ia i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ke kiʻekiʻe 2800 mika. Mālama ʻia ʻo ia i nā ululāʻau coniferous a ma kēia manawa, a ua loaʻa nō hoʻi ma nā pāpū a me nā ʻāpana alpine. He ambistoma liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi kēia, e lōʻihi ana i ka lōʻihi o 4.1-8.9 centimeter.
ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o nā ambistoma lōʻihi i nā wao koniferous a me nā ʻāpana alpine.
ʻO Ambistoma ʻoli
Noho kēia holoholona i ʻAmelika ʻAmelika: mai nā Great Lakes a hiki i Florida. ʻIke ʻia nā mau waiwai he ʻaumea ma nā ʻano kai like ʻole: ʻano hui like ʻole, nā puʻu pōpilikia, nā pāpū kahakai, nā ʻōpio, nā lau nahele nui, nā kahe wai a me nā puu ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o ke kahe aku o 700 m.Mika ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā wahi paʻa no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe.
I ka lōʻihi, hiki i nā ambistomes marmer ke 9-12 kenimika. ʻO ka hapanui o ko lākou ola aia nō lākou i hūnā ma lalo o nā pōhaku, nā lāʻau lāʻau, nā lau hāʻule i lalo, nā lua a me nā hollows. Ma ka lā maloʻo, e hāleu nui nā kānaka o kēia ʻano ʻano i loko o ka ʻāina, kahi lākou e kali ai i kahi manawa kūpono ʻole.
ʻAʻole ka lau a ʻo Ambistoma i ka wai, akā ma ka ʻāina. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻoponopono hou i hoʻokahi makahiki i hoʻokahi. Hoʻokomo ka wahine i nā hua ma lalo o kahi pā maloʻo a i ʻole ka wai a hoʻomoʻi a mālama iā ia a hiki i ka wai i loko o ka wai.
ʻBlelelo Marmona Ambistoma (Ambystoma opacum).
Inā ʻaʻole makemake kēia, a laila hoʻomake ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka palaka a hiki i ka pūnāwai, a i kēia manawa mālama pono ka wahine i ka pipi, e huli ana i ka hua a pale iā ia.
Ambistoma pōkole
Noho kēia noho mai Missouri a Ohio. ʻO ka nui awelika o kahi ambistoma pōkole e pili ana i 17.7 kenimika.
ʻOi aku ka nui o nā hale noho pōkole i nā hale kahe hū, ua ʻike ʻia nā kahe wai o nā kahawai, nā ʻāina mahiʻai, nā wahi nahele a me nā pā wai, a ma kekahi manawa ke hele mai nā pākeke ma nā pali pōhaku. I hoʻokahi makahiki, hiki i hoʻokahi wahine ke hāʻawi i nā hua 300-700.
Inā loaʻa ʻoe i kahi hala, e koho i kahi ʻāpana a me ka paʻi Ctrl + Kākau.
Hoʻaiho
Noho lākou i nā wahi āpau: nā ululāʻau deciduous a coniferous, alpine and subalpine meadows, field, semi-deses and desurun, waterfalls (rare). Hiki ke loaʻa i nā wahi ākea, nā nahele, nā kula, nā nahele, nā pā kula, a me nā kūlanakauhale hoʻi. No ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā pōpoki kai pono (wai ka wai 18-24 ° C): nā ʻōpala, nā loko a me nā kino mau o ka wai. E makemake ʻo Tiger ambistoma i kahi lehele a i ʻole ka leka uila.
Hoike ʻike
ʻO Ambistomaceae, i kapa ʻia he salamanders mole ma nā ʻāina ʻ Englishlelo Pelekane, he ʻeha loa i ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, kahi lākou i kahele ʻia mai Kanada hema a me sankia hikina a hiki i Mexico. ʻIke ʻia nā Ambistomas no kā lākou kamaʻāina - axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), kahi i hoʻohana nui ʻia e like me ka holoholona kahu ʻai ʻana i nā noiʻi like ʻole, ma hope aku i hele mai ai i nā aquarist. ʻO nā ʻona he ʻēheʻe ʻē aʻe (A. tigrinum, A. mavortium) - he mau mea ʻaumaha maʻamau loa i nā mokuʻāina ʻo ʻAmelika, a mālama ʻia lākou i kekahi manawa he mau holoholona.
ʻAno pākēnē e noho ana ma ka ʻāina, ʻike ʻia nā ambistome e ke poʻo ākea, nā maka liʻiliʻi, he kino kino ʻōpio me nā ʻōpū o nā pua bony, nā limu manamana a me kahi huelo e hoʻopuni ʻia ana ma ka ʻāpana ʻāpana. Nui nā kiʻi he kiʻi nīnūnē ʻia: me nā waihoʻoluʻu lahilahi a me nā ʻulaʻula (mai nā ʻulaʻula uliuli a i nā lipina melemele nui) i ka ʻeleʻeleʻele. Noho ka ʻumiʻumi o ka pālima i ka hapa o ko lākou ola ma lalo o ke kuʻi nahele ma lalo o ka ʻalā lau a i ʻole nā ʻūʻu i eli ai a noho i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. ʻO kekahi helu o ka hoʻoilo ʻohana ma loko o kēia mau puʻupuʻu. Noho wale lākou a hānai i nā ʻano invertebrates like ʻole. Hoʻi wale nā mākua i ka wai i ka manawa pōkole o ka hana, e koho ana no kēia mau keena wai kahi i hānau ʻia ai i hoʻokahi manawa. ʻO ka pinepine ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia mau manawa i ka hoʻomaka mua ʻana, akā he helu o kahi ʻano e hoʻohou ai i ka hāʻule, no ka laʻana, he kani ana i ka ambistoma (A. annulatum) a me kahi hamala ()A. opacum).
ʻO nā ʻano hua like i oviparous, i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o kekahi mau keneke, a i kekahi manawa he mau ʻāpana o nā ʻāpana like ʻole, e kau ana i ka waiho ʻana a i ʻole nā kahuhina wai, nā ʻāpana ʻōpala wale nō kahi e waiho ai i nā huaʻai i nā ʻano hemo i ka ʻāina, a laila piha koke i ka wai i ka ua hoʻoilo. He like nā ʻōleʻa meʻe me ka hoʻohālikelike a me ka ʻano like o nā pākeke pālua. Hoʻohuiʻokoʻa ʻia lākou mai 3 mau pā o waho o nā gills waho me 4 mau aniani o nā kaila gill ma hope o ke poʻo. Aia nā ʻulaʻokeʻo i nā ʻulaʻula mai nā pulupulu capillaries kohoorm gill piha i ke koko. Eia kekahi, mai ke kumu o ke poʻo a ka hope o ka huelo mai ka ʻaoʻao dorsal a mai ka palena aʻe o ka huʻu a ka cloaca mai ka ʻōpū loa o ka ʻōpū, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā piula kiʻekiʻe, e hana ana i ka hope caudal. Hoʻea pinepine ka hiʻu i kahi kaula huelo. Aia nā Limbs mai ka manawa hānau o ka larva me 4 manamana ma ka mua a me 5 ma ka kua. ʻO nā maka o ke anaka he mau ʻāpana o ka maka a he "ʻaʻole i hāʻule ʻia", "iʻa". ʻO ka laulā maʻamau ka maʻamau a me ka maʻalahi. Haʻaleʻa lākou, e hālei ana i ke kino e like me ka iʻa. Hiki i nā nāhelehele o kekahi mau holoholona (ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kānaka hema o nā tiger ambistomes a me nā mea pili i hoʻopili ʻia) hiki ke ulu i nā nui pākeke me ka ʻole o ka metamorphosis. Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka metamorphosis, nā hōʻiliʻili a me nā lepa hope, ua pau nā holoholona, hoʻomaka ka ʻili i ke kala no nā pākeke a ʻike nā maka. Ma hope ke piʻi ʻana o nā māmā, e hoʻomākaukau ana i ka holoholona no ke ola piha ʻana.
Wehewehe kahua
Hoʻohana ʻia nā amphibians o ka liʻiliʻi a ʻokoʻa paha. Maʻemaʻe ka ʻili. Aia nā pūhaka eyelov. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana. Hoʻohālikelike nā ʻelele o ka ʻohana e ka biconcave (amphitic) vertebrae, ka ʻike ʻole ʻana o kahi iwi ulu o ka ʻūhā, kahi i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e nā niho palatine. ʻO ka hala ʻole o nā ʻōpū ma waena o nā ihu a me ka maka o ka piko o luna e hoʻokaʻawale i kahi ambistome mai nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ʻAmelika Hema - pūpū ʻole (Plethodontidae) Hoʻokaʻa ʻia nā Diploid hoʻonohonoho - 28
ʻĀpana
- nā papalua premaxillary pili (ossa premaxillaria) i hoʻokaʻawale, ʻaʻole hui pū i loko o hoʻokahi iwi,
- ua hui ʻia nā iwi nasal (ossa nasalia) i ʻole, ka ʻāʻī ʻana, kēlā me kēia kīlou mai kekahi, a laila i kū i ke kikowaena, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka kaʻina o ka iwi maxillary ma waena o lākou a hoʻokaʻawale loa iā lākou.
- ua ulu maikaʻi nā iwi maxillary (ossa maxillaria),
- ka hele ʻana o nā iwi pālua a me nā ʻōpū ʻili a me ka ʻāoʻa manuahi (ossa septomaxillaria),
- ka nele ʻana o nā iwi ʻeha (ossa lacrimaria),
- nele i nā iwi squamous (ossa quadratojugularia),
- Ua hōʻike ʻia nā wahi ʻino (ossa pterygoidea),
- ka wehe ʻana o ka ʻāpana carotid ma loko o ka parasphenoid i kekahi mau ʻano,
- kumula ʻulaʻahi (os angulare) pili ʻia me ka mandibular (mandibula),
- ke kolamu (columella) a me ka operculum i ʻike ʻia he mau iwi pepeiao ʻokoʻa, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā kapili auditory ma kekahi mau ʻano a i ʻole ka kola i hoʻopili ʻia me ka capsule i loko o kekahi.
- he loli hou nā niho opener, i hoʻololi ʻia mai ke kua o ka opener,
- nā niho me kahi lei ākea a me ka enamel,
- ka ihu mua o ka ʻiʻo e hoʻoulu ai i ka ʻōpū i lalo (musculus levator mandibulae) pili i nā mea o ka extra-occipital i ka hoʻomaka.
I loko o kahi pepeiao
- ua hōʻike ʻia ka puali pili,
- ʻāhiʻo amphibious (recessus amphibiorum) ma loko o ka pepeiao i loko o nā pepeiao,
- ka vīkē auditory (saccus oticus) ua vascularized a piha i nā paʻakai kaleka,
- kanawai perilymphatic kanalima (canalis perioticus) me ka ʻole i hoʻopili;
- nui kahe a perilymphatic (cysterna periotica) nui.
ʻO ka huaka o ke ʻōpala a me nā wāwae
- scapula a me ka coracoid i hoʻopili ʻia e hana i kahi scapulocoracoid,
- He amphicelic mau kino ola,
- ʻelua pāpālua poʻo
- puka nā lua o nā ʻiʻo i loko o nā ʻeha o ka neural o nā vertebrae āpau, me ka ʻole o ka nalu o ka nalu ma waena o ka atlas a me ka mua o nā ʻōpū, nā ʻāpana mua a me ka lua o ka vertebrae mua.
- ʻO ka glomeruli o mua o nā keiki ua hōʻemi a hele paha paha.
Neotenia
ʻO ka noho ʻana o nā pili nui i ka nui o nā lehulehu e hana ana i kekahi mau ʻano he amphibian piha a ʻokoʻa ʻole kekahi hapa. ʻAʻole waiho nā pākeke i kēlā mau ʻōuli i nā kino wai, mālama i nā mea kanu a me nā lepa o ka pōʻai, ʻoiai ua ulu ka pūliki, a e lawelawe ʻia me ka hanu hou. Loaʻa lākou i ka pākeke me ke ʻole o ka metamorphosis.
ʻO nā kānaka Neotenic a me nā mea noho ambistorant i ʻike mua ʻia i nā mauna mauna o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a ma Central Plateau ma Mexico. ʻO nā kūlana i kūpono i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā neoteny he kiʻekiʻe nui, ka nele o nā mea hoʻonani wai, a me nā kūlana maikaʻi ma waho o nā kino wai. ʻO ka hapanui o nā nīnika neotenic nona nā ʻāpana o nā ʻano heist ambist - Ambystoma tigrinum, A. velasci, A. mavortium a pili mau.
ʻO nā mea e pili ana i ka neotenic i kapa ʻia nā ambistos axolotl — A. mexicanum, A. taylori, A. andersoni a A. dumerilii. ^ E Ha yM. Mālama ka neotenics i ka hiki ke hoʻonui hou i ka hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻōpio ʻōpiopio a hiki ke hoʻihoʻi i nā limu, nā ʻili a me kekahi ʻokoʻa kū o loko. (ʻike i nā Amphibians Tailed - hoʻoponopono hou)
ʻO nā ʻikena:
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā enemi me nā manu, raccoons, possum. ʻO ka iʻa iʻa a me ka pipi pā pōlio i ka hua lāʻau a me nā caviar. Ke hoʻokokoke aku nei ka ʻenemi, loaʻa i ka ambistome tiger kahi kūlana pale: hele ke kino i ke kuapo, hāpai ke aniani a huli a mai kekahi ʻaoʻao. Ke haki nei, lulu ka ʻōmole waiu mai ka ʻili, e hāʻule ana i ka ʻenemi. ʻO kekahi poʻe predator ka mea pio ma ka hānai, ʻoiai lākou o nā mea momona, e like me nā raccoons. Hoʻolaha lākou i ka ʻōpala i loko o ka ʻōpala a pau ke hoʻopau ʻia nā mea pona a pau.
Meaʻai / kai
Hiki i ka ambistoma Tiger ke ʻai i ka ʻai, ʻo ia ka hapalima o ka lōʻihi o ka amphibian ponoʻī. Ma kahi o 30-60 mau mea i loaʻa i loko o ka ʻōpū me ka ambivalent 9-10 cm lōʻihi. Holoi ia me ke kōkua o ka ʻono, hoʻouka ʻana i ka neʻe a paʻa. Hoʻopili kokoke i ka mea pio, kokoke ke ambistoma i ka ʻāho ma luna, pale i ka alelo, hopu i ka ʻai a kau a kau i loko o ka waha. ʻAi ʻia nā pākeke a me nā lolo a pau nā mea liʻiliʻi i ka nui: nā ʻōpala, mollusks, a me nā invertebrates ʻē aʻe.
ʻAno lawehala
I loko o ke ao, ua hūnā ka ambistoma tiger i ka puʻu o nā rodents, ma lalo o nā kīʻaha, nā pōhaku, a me ka ʻimi i ka pō. Inā ʻaʻohe mea kūpono, a laila hiki iā ia ke ʻeli i kahi lua ma kāna pono iho. Hōʻalo i ka lā a i hāmama ākea. E makemake i nā wahi haʻahaʻa, ʻaʻole ia i lawe ʻia mai nā wahi waiwai. Hele i loko o ka wai i ka wā kanu. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻoilo ma ʻOkakopa. Hoʻopili ʻia i nā ʻuā o nā rodents.
ʻAno hānau
ʻ islelo hoʻonāukiuki. Ua hopu ka wahine i ka cesspool o spermatophores i kau ʻia e nā kāne a waiho i nā ʻeke hua manu a hiki i 200-500 mau huaʻa (1.9-2.6 mm i ka diameter). I ka wā mālama, hiki i kahi wahine i waiho i nā hua 100-1000. Hoʻomaka ka spawning i nā hola 24-48 ma hope o ka hoʻoulu ʻana, i ka pō. Hāpai ka wahine i nā hua, hoʻopili ʻia i nā koʻokoʻo, mauʻu nā lau, nā lau, nā pōhaku, ka driftwood, i.e. nā mea āpau e waiho ana ma lalo o kahi waihona waiwai. Me kahi kenekulia nui, hoʻomaka nā kāne e hakakā kekahi me kēlā me nā wahi maikaʻi loa. Hiki i ka mea lanakila ke hoʻopau i ka mea i hoʻopau ʻia. ʻO kekahi manawa ʻo ka male ʻana ma ke hoʻopunipuni a waiho i kāna spermatophores ma luna o ka spermatophores o nā kāne kāne.
Hoʻohui
ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ka pūpū o 1317 mm. Pulu ʻia ke poʻo, liʻiliʻi nā maka. I nā lā 4-6 mua ʻo ko lākou ola ʻana i nā lāʻau yolk. ʻO nā mea hoʻohalike o nā tiger ambist he mau mea wīwī, nā mea make ma nā mea ʻino a me nā invertebrates. E makemake i ka wai mahana - 23-26 ° C. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻōhua ambistoma i ka wai he 75-120 lā. Loaʻa i ka lōʻihi o 80-86 mm, ka metamorphose larvae a haʻalele i ka noho waiwai. I ke kuahiwi, ulu nā ʻalā no kahi o hoʻokahi makahiki. Loaʻa pinepine nā hihia o ka neoteny holoʻokoʻa. I ka loaʻa ʻole o ka hānai, nā maʻi maʻamau.
Salamander a me nā algae
I loko o nā kiko o kekahi mau ʻano (ambistoma keʻokeʻo ʻeleʻele Ambystoma maculatum etc.) Noho nā ola Algae Oophila mau huakaʻi. ^ E Ha yM. Aia kēia mau algae ma lalo o ke kinona o nā hua i loko o nā embryos a me nā poʻe pākeke. I loko o nā sela amphibian kahi i waiho ai i ke algae, hoʻopuni ʻia nā hopena e ka mitochondria. ʻO kēia mauʻu algae huaʻai a me nā ʻōpū i ʻōmaʻomaʻo. No kekahi kumu, ʻaʻole pane mai ke ʻano maʻi o ka vertebral i kēia algae.