Derpled deer | |||||||
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Kahi ʻano ʻepekema | |||||||
Aupuni: | Eumetazoi |
Moulou | Plalani |
Lāpala: | Kāpuka maoli |
Nānā: | Derpled deer |
Derpled deer (lat. Cervus nippon) - kahi momi mai ka ʻohana kaiō (Cervidae).
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino 160-180 cm, kiʻekiʻe ma ka maloʻo 95-112 cm, paona 75-130 kg. I ke kauwela, he ʻulaʻulaʻula ka ʻulaʻula me nā keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, i ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo.
Ua hana maʻamau ʻia ma Kina kahiki ma luna o ka mokupuni o Taiwan, ma North Vietnam, Korea, Japan. Noho ʻo Sika deer ma Primorye hema, lawe ʻia i ka waena waena o ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa a me ka Caucasus i ka makahiki mua o 30s. Ma muli o ka hōʻino mau ʻana, aneane make i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka kenekulia 20.
Paʻu i nā mea kanu lāʻau, ua hina nā huaʻala, nā nati a me nā hua, nā lau o nā kumulāʻau a me nā ʻalā, nā huaʻai a me nā huaʻai, a ʻai pū kekahi i nā ʻōpala a me nā lālā ʻōpiopio i ka hoʻoilo.
Hele ʻo Gon ma ʻOkakopa. Lawe ka wahine i nā pua mua i 2-3 mau makahiki. ʻO ka maʻamau ke hānau ʻia hoʻokahi cub, a ʻelua mau manawa.
Ma Primorye, ʻo Altai, ka Caucasus, ma ka ʻaoʻao o Nalchik a me ka moku nui ʻo Kazbekovsky o Dagestan, ua umele maiʻo ia i ka mahiʻai no ka loaʻaʻole o nā mea aloha. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻaʻole ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o ka wēlima ma mua o 80 cm a ʻo ke kaupaona he 1260 g.ʻO ka hinaika o ka sika i kona mau pepeiao i ka lā o ʻApelila, Iune o ka wā i loaʻa i nā keiki ʻōpio he ʻelua a ʻekolu mau mea naʻe, akā naʻe, i ka pākeke, ke ʻano o ka makahiki, ʻaʻole ka nui o nā kaʻina iʻoi aku ma mua o ʻehā. Pono i mea nui loa nā Antlers i ka mahina o Iune.
ʻO ka helu sika deer i ka nahele aia ma lalo o 3,000 mau holoholona.
Hōʻikeʻike
ʻO Sika deer e holo ana i ke alanui o Miyajima, Iapana
Sika Deer ma Cougar Mountain Zoo, Wakinekona, DC, USA
Sika ʻōlia
Sika kiʻi ma nā kūloko
Kālea Sika ma Prioksko-Terrasny
Ussuri sika deer. Kahu kālā o ka Pūnaewele o Lūkia - ʻ Serieslelo: Kōmike ʻAi, kālā, 2 mau rubles, 2010
Ka hiʻohiʻona Sika Deer a me Ka Pūnaewele
Red sika deer Ua kapa pinepine ʻia nā holoholona taiga, no ka mea makemake lākou e hūnā i ka ulaula pali o nā ululāʻau ākea ākea a me ka subtropical. Eia nō naʻe, ua loaʻa i kēlā me kēia subspecies nā mea e pono ai kona noho maʻamau.
ʻO Maral, ka mea i loaʻa i nā mauna Sayan, koho i nā ʻāpana luna o nā ulu lāʻau, e alualu maikaʻi i ka ʻāina me nā ʻāpana alpine. ʻO nā ʻāpana manchurian e makemake ʻia e nā ʻalā ʻoka, a me Bukerara deer - poplar palaloka a me nā kumulāʻau pōpilikia i pili ma nā kapa o nā kahawai.
E koho i nā holoholona kuahiwi i ke kauwela ke koho i nā ʻāpana ʻākau, i ka hoʻoilo - nā hema. Ma ka Hikina Hema, loaʻa ke ʻike sika deer kokoke i ke kai kai, kahi e ʻai ai lākou ma ka algae a me ka paʻakai.
I ke kauwela, he mau kalaʻula ʻulaʻula ʻē aʻe kēia mau holoholona me ka hoʻonaninani keʻokeʻo, akā ma ka hoʻoilo ma ke ʻano e hoʻoilo ai ke kapa i kahi ʻeleʻele o kahi hina. ʻIke ʻia kahi mane lōʻihi lōʻihi ma ko lākou ʻāʻī, a he wahi keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ma ka ʻili o ka huelo, e kōkua ana iā lākou e noho pū me ka ulu nahele. I ka pō, kahi mau kuhikuhi no kēlā me kēia mea kahi o ka maka, e ʻālohe ʻia i loko o ka pouli me nā kukui ʻulaʻula.
ʻO nā subspecies o kēia mau ungulates he mau ʻokoʻa i ka nui. Hiki i nā specimens nui a wapiti a me ka deer ke hiki i ka 2 mau mika ka lōʻihi a hiki ke kauka a hiki i 300 kilograms, a ʻo ke kākela ʻo Bukhara liʻiliʻi he ʻekolu ʻāpana ia kaupaona a he lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ke kino - mai 75 a 90 mau kenimika.
ʻOkoʻa ʻē ka helehelena o nā pu. No ka hoʻohālikelike Europa, ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia e nā lehulehu nui o nā kaʻina, a he nui ka lei i ulana ʻia me ka lei o ka lei. ʻO ka nui o ka'āpana e noho ʻia e sika deer e hilinaʻi i ka nui a me ka nui o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka meaʻai. Me ka piʻi nui o nā lako meaʻai, e emi ana ka nui o ka wahi i noho ʻia.
Ua hōʻailona ʻia nā palena o kā lākou bipi, e loaʻa ana i kekahi mau kilomika square, a mālama pono ʻia e ka poʻe pākeke, e neʻe ana i ka malihini.
ʻActerlelo ola a me ke ʻano
Kahiʻa sika liar - huna, hilahila, noho mālie a mālama pono hoʻi. He aneane hiki ʻole ke hālāwai me ia ma nā ululāʻau o ka nahele, no ka mea hiki iā ia ke honi i ke komo ʻana o ke kanaka a i ʻole nā holoholona hihiu ma kahi mamao loa. ʻO ka hoʻolohe maikaʻi loa a me ka makemake i ka ʻono hoʻi e kōkua iā ia ma kēia.
Ulu nui nā ʻili i ka sika deer. Ma kahi kokoke i ka lua wai e hiki ai ke loiloi ʻia a hoʻopuni ʻia lākou e nā ʻīlio hihiu. Homo ʻia lākou e nā leopela wikiwiki, nā tigers, a ʻo nā ʻūʻī kekahi manawa.
Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Ussuri melemele melemele (harza) a me nā lynxes i nā holoholona ʻōpio. Loaʻa iā Deer ʻoi loa ka paʻakikī i ka hoʻoilo, ke nui ka nui o ka hau ma ka pūnāwai ma muli o ka nāwaliwali o ka umauma.
Eia naʻe, hikiʻole ke kapa ʻia kēia mau holoholona i mea pio maʻalahi. Holo wikiwiki lākou i ka wā o ka ʻimi a hiki ke hōʻalo inā ʻo ke ala e pakele ai i ka ʻāina e ālai ʻia e ka poʻe predator.
I ia mau kūlana sika hina oholi i loko o ka wai a lawe koke ʻia mai ke kahakai. Ua loaʻa iā ia ka ikaika e uhi i ka lōʻihi o nā kilomita. I ka holo ʻana, ua hiki ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pihi ungulate a hiki i 2 mau mika, a ʻo ka lōʻihi he 8.
Noho ʻo Sika deer ma kahi mau liʻiliʻi, ʻoiai he manawa no nā kumu palekana e hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia i loko o nā pipi nui. Kūpili lākou i ka polūʻeleʻele e hōʻemi i ka hōʻemi o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana.
Mea ʻai
Derpled deer - kanu lāʻau holoholona. Aia ia i nā ʻano o nā mea kanu, ʻo ia hoʻi nā nati, nā ʻalā, nā acorns, nā lichens, nā hua, nā hua, nā nano. Pono ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo i ka wā e loaʻa ai nā lau palu, nā lau, nā ʻōpala o nā kumulāʻau mai lalo o ka hoʻoilo.
E hānai i ko lākou kino me nā mea pono, hoʻomoʻo lākou i ka paʻakai a me ka ʻaʻā ma ka honua me ka waiwai o nā minela. I ka wā anuanu, pono ka māka i ka ʻai, no laila e hoʻomau mau ka poʻe hahai ma ka ulu lāʻau i mea ʻai no lākou.
Hōʻailona a me ka lōʻihi o ka sika deer
Hoʻomaka i ka hāʻule ka mea hana iʻa. ʻO nā leo ikaika o nā kāne e hōʻiliʻili iā 2 a 20 mau wahine a puni lākou, e lohe ʻia no hoʻokahi mahina. I kekahi manawa ma waena o nā mea hoʻokūkū aia paha i hakakā no ka hoʻokūkū. A laila e kiki lākou i nā pū me ka ikaika i lohe ʻia ai ke kani i ke kahe o nā haneli he mau haneli.
Hāʻawi ka wahine i nā makahiapo mua i ka makahiki 2-3 mau keiki, hānau keiki no 7.5 mahina. E like me ke kānāwai, he pēpē hoʻokahi, a ma hope o ka hānau ʻana no nā lā he ʻumi, e waiho malū ana i ka mauʻu.
Palekana makuahine kahi kokoke loa, kahi hūnā hoʻoneʻe ʻia mai kahi moʻo palupalu. I ka mahina mua o ke ola, ua nawaliwali loa ia a pono no i ka hānai pinepine. A laila ke hoʻololi i ka mea kanu mea kanu, ʻoiai e hoʻomau ana ia e loaʻa i ka waiū umauma a hiki i ka makahiki ma kahi liʻiliʻi.
Ke kokoke loa i 12 mau malama o ke ola, e hoʻomaka ana nā kāne ma ka lae o ke kāne, a laila e lilo i mau pepeia ikaika. ʻAʻohe i ossified sika piere Ua loaʻa i kahi waiwai kūʻai kūʻai manuʻala, kahi i hoʻonāukiuki i ka nui o kēia mau holoholona.
ʻO Embryos, nā huelo, ke koko, nā veins, ka ʻili a me ka ʻiʻo o ka ungulates ua koi ʻia no laila ke koi ʻia, no laila ua hoʻomaka ʻia ka huli ʻana me ka mea nui ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka makahiki iwakāluakūmāwalu. kāʻei ʻaihue lilo ia i mea kamaha a helu ʻia i loko Ko Ka Buke Helu e like me nā mea kanu heʻe.
Mālama ʻia ke kūlana ma ka wehe ʻana o nā kīhāpai hānai reindeer kūikawā e hoʻolako nei i nā lako maka no ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Akā ʻo ka heluna kanaka Ussuri sika deer hiki ʻole ke hoʻōla piha. Nani wale nō kona kahua a hiki i kēia lā.
ʻO nā lekiō ke hoʻopihi i nā pepeiaʻe i kēlā me kēia makahiki. He mau lua ʻole nā kikoʻī āpau o mua, akā naʻe, ʻo nā makahiki aʻe ma hope aʻe, a hiki i 10-12 mau makahiki, he nui ka nui o nā kaʻina hana.
I ka hiki ʻana i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, e palupalu mālie ke kāʻei. Ma ka manawa like, ua nalowale ka puhi ʻana a me ka nani o kā lākou mau pepeiao kaulana. I ka hihiu, hiki i kēia mau holoholona ke ola i hoʻokahi a me hoʻokahi hapa makahiki, akā 20 mau makahiki he kenekulia 20 mau makahiki i loaʻa i nā mahiʻai a me nā wahi mālama.
ʻO keʻano
ʻO Sika deer ka ʻohana ʻo "Real deer", nā ʻohana ʻelele. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia ʻanoʻano o ke ʻano hanohano o kona ʻano kino, ʻike ʻia kona nani a hiki i ka wā 3 mau makahiki, ke hiki ke kāne me nā wahine i ko lākou kiʻekiʻe hope loa a kaupaona paona.
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I ke kauwela kauwela, lawa ke kala o nā kāne a pau i ke ʻano, ʻo ke kala ʻulaʻula me nā keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo i ke ʻano o nā hiʻohiʻona. I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻoilo ke kāne i nā kāne a loaʻa i kahi ʻolokeʻula-kala, aʻo ka wahine i lilo i hina hina. Hiki i nā kāne pākeke ke hiki aku i 1,6-1,8 mita ka lōʻihi a me 0.95–1.12 mika ke kiʻekiʻe ma nā maloʻo. ʻO ka paona o ka ʻelele makua e 75-1-1 kilakilo. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne.
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ʻO ka haʻaheo nui a me ka waiwai waiwai o ke kāne he mau ʻehā ʻehā ʻehā, ʻo ko lākou lōʻihi ka mea e like me ka 65-75 kenimika, me kahi ʻāpana polū.
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ʻO ka kala o kēlā me kēia ʻano o kēia ʻano he kū hoʻokahi a hiki ke maʻalahi a ʻeleʻele paha hoʻi i kekahi mau leo. Ma ka piko o ka hune, ua kala ke kala a ʻoi ke kala, a ma ka limu ka māmā a me ka paler. Hōʻuwili ʻia ke kino o ka holoholona me nā wahi i loko, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻōpū, a ma ka kua ma mua o ka liʻiliʻi. I kekahi manawa ke kuhihewa nā wahi keʻokeʻo, hiki i ka lauoho ke lōʻihi i kahi lōʻihi o 7 centimeter.
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Papa ʻĀina
He manu ʻano līlio o Ussuri sika deer a kākau ʻia i loko o ka Red Red Book. ʻO ka noho ʻana o kēia holoholona pili i ka ʻaoʻao hema o Kina, a me ka Primorsky Territory ma Russia. ʻAʻole iʻoi aku ka nui o ka helu o ka poʻe hoʻokahi ma mua o 3 mau poʻo.
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ʻO ka Red Red kahi palapala hoʻopuka kānāwai, aia ka papa inoa o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu e hoʻoweliweli ʻia e hoʻopau ʻia a i ʻole hoʻopau. Pono kēia mau holoholona i ka pale. Loaʻa kahi papa inoa ʻulaʻula no kēlā me kēia ʻāina, i kekahi mau wahi no kekahi moku a i ʻole kahi moku.
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I ka makahiki kenekulia 20, ua hana pū ʻia kekahi kera sika i loko o ka Red Red Book. Ke papa ʻia nei ke ʻano o kēia mau ʻano, ke hihia ʻo ia e pepehi i ka kiu sika, hiki ke kue ʻia a hoʻopaʻi ʻia e ke kānāwai.
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Ma Lūkia, e loaʻa hou i nā kaile Ussuri i kāna helu ma ka Lazovsky Reserve, a i ka Vasilkovsky Reserve. I ka kenekulia XXI, hiki iā ia ke hoʻokō i ka hoʻonui a hoʻonui i ka nui o kēia ʻano.
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Sika ola ola
Noho nā holoholona i nā pā kuʻuna hoʻokahi. Makemake ʻo Loners e kanu i nā wahi o 100-200 ha, kahi kāne no ka harem e pono ai he 400 ha, a he nui o nā poʻo he 15 mau pono e pono ai ma kahi o 900 ha. Ke pau ka huki ʻana, hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā kāne ʻōpio i loko o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi. He bipi ʻōpiopio mau ka pipi, ʻaʻole i hiki aku i nā makahiki 3. Ulu ka nui o ka pipi ma ka hoʻoilo, inā he maikaʻi ʻo ia no ka makahiki.
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I nā pāʻani pāʻani, nā kāne i hōʻea i nā makahiki he 3-4 mau makahiki, hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa i kahi haremona a hiki i ka 4 wahine. I nā papa mālama, hiki i ke kāne ikaika ke uhi mai 10 a 20 wahine. Loaʻa nā hakakā o nā kāne pālua. Hoʻopau ka wahine i nā hua no 7 mau mahina, hāʻule ka calving i ka hoʻomaka o Iune.
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I ke kauwela, hānai i ka sika deer ka lā a me ka pō, a he hana pū nō hoʻi i nā lā māmā i ka hoʻoilo. I ka wā ʻino, no ka laʻana, i ka hoʻoilo, ʻoluʻolu ke kanaka e moe i ka nahele ulu.
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Hāʻawi ʻia, ʻaʻohe hone, hiki i ka pākeke ke neʻe wikiwiki i ka wikiwiki, hiki i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā alakaʻi 1,7 mika kiʻekiʻe. Hōʻalo ka hukalulu i ka neʻe o nā holoholona, hana iā lākou i ka spasmodically a hana i nā pilikia me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai.
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Hiki i ke kaila Sika ke hoʻoili i kahi wā kūlohelohe. ʻAʻole ola ka ola o ka diera i ka nahele ma mua o 15 mau makahiki. Hoʻopili lākou i ko lākou mau ola: ka maʻi, ka pōloli, nā mea kauhele, nā mea pōʻai. I nā mālama, ʻo nā zoos, sika deer hiki ke ola a hiki i ka 21 makahiki.
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Noho kahi e noho ai
I ka makahiki 19, ua noho ʻo sika deer ma northeast China, ma North Vietnam, a ma Iapana, a ma Korea nō hoʻi. I kēia lā, ua noho mau kēia ʻano i Asia Hikina, New Zealand a me Rusia.
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I ka makahiki 1940, ua hoʻokomo hou ʻia ʻo sika deer i nā waihona mālama:
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- Ilmensky,
- Khopersky,
- Mordovian
- Buzuluk,
- Oksky
- Kahikina.
Makemake ʻo Sika deer i ka ʻaoʻao hema a me ka hema o nā kahakai o ka kahakai, ma luna o lākou i ka hoʻoilo hoʻoilo ke kauwela no kahi manawa pōkole. ʻOi aku ka makemake o nā ʻōpio a me nā wahine i ke kokoke ʻana i ke kai a hoʻoili ʻia paha i ka ʻaoʻao.
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ʻO nā mea ʻai
Kēia ʻano ʻai manu like ʻole nā mea kanu, kahi helu ma kahi o 400 mauʻano. Ma Primorye a me Asia Hikina, ʻo 70% o kaʻai meaʻai he mau lāʻau a me nā mea kanu lāʻau. Ke hoʻohana nei ka sika deer:
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- ʻoak, ʻo ia nā acorns, nā ʻōpala, nā lau, nā wana,
- linden a me nā hua waina Amur,
- lehu, Manchurian walnut,
- maple, elm a molowia.
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Ua hoʻohana ka holoholona i ka ʻala lāʻau no ka meaʻai mai ka wa o ka hoʻoilo, i ka wā e uhi ʻia ai nā māpana nui o ka ʻāina me ka hau, a me nā lālā o ke alder, willow a me ka cherry manu ʻaʻole i hoʻowahāwahā ʻia. Kuhi loa wai inu wai.
Kāleka
I ke kauwela, heʻokoʻa ka male a me nā wahine me ka paʻakikī o ka kala. Hoʻohui ʻia lāua ʻelua i ke kala ʻulaʻula me nā pehu keʻokeʻo, koe naʻe na ka māmā o ka wahine. I ka hoʻoilo, he mea maʻalahi ia e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou: ua lilo ka hulu o nā kāne, ʻeleʻele, ʻoliva-brown, a lilo ka māmā o nā wahine. Ulu ka holoholona makua i ka lōʻihi ka 1.6-11.8 m me kahi kiʻekiʻe ma ka maloʻo o ka 0.95–1.12 m a me ke kaumaha o 75 a 130 kg. ʻ smaller liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne. He ʻāʻī lōʻihi a kokoke hoʻi paha ke kūkaʻi, lei ʻia e ke poʻo kiʻekiʻe me ka puʻupuʻu proportional. ʻO ka hoʻonaninani nui o ke kāne he brown brown 4-ʻoniʻoni, nona kona lōʻihi e like me 65-75 cm me ka nui o ka 0.8-1-1 kg.
He hoihoi! Kahi nee a i nā pepeiaohao a hiki i ka 0.9-0.93 cm i ʻike ʻia e nā zoologists.kahi manawa, ua hopu ʻia kekahi kaila sika ʻelemakule me nā puʻupuʻu ikaika loa - he 6 lākou mau kaʻina a hoʻonui ʻia i ka ʻokoʻa 1,9 kg.
Hōʻike kēlā me kēia holoholona i kahi waihoʻoluʻu kū hoʻokahi i ke kani o ka palaka a ma kahi o / a waiho o nā wahi. ʻAe mau nāele i ke kua ma luna o ka hiʻu, akā ʻoi aku ka māmā o nā ʻaoʻao (lalo) a me ka ʻōpū. ʻO ka ʻula ʻulaʻulaʻulaʻula nō hoʻi i ka ʻōpū, loaʻa iā i kahi ʻala ākea.
Hōʻalo ʻia ke kino me nā wahi keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo: ma ka ʻōpū o lākou ka nui, ma ke kua - ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi. I kekahi manawa (maʻamau ma nā ʻaoʻao) hoʻopili like kēia mau wahi, huli i nā kī keokeo a hiki i 10 cm lōʻihi. ʻO ka lōʻihi maʻamau o ka lauoho ma ke kino mai 5 a 7 cm.
Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka sika deer (i ka hoʻopio a me ke ʻano maoli) ʻaʻole wale nā moe me ke kaena ʻula, akā ua hāʻawi pū i nā hua kūpono. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ke keʻa e nā dimensional makua ʻoihana, akā ʻo ka ʻaoʻao o mua e like me ka nui sika.
Kāleʻele Sika Deer
Ua pili nā holoholona i nā pae āpau. Kūpī ka poʻe Loners ma nā wahi o 100-200 ha, he kāne no ka wahine o 4-5 mau wahine (i ka wā e kime) ka nui o 400 ha, a he nui o nā holoholona he 14–16 e uhi ana i kahi o ka 900 ha. I ka hopena o ka wā hoʻoulu, e hui pū nā kāne pākeke i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi. I loko o nā pipi o nā wahine, ʻo nā holoholona heterosexual hou ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 2 mau makahiki e ola nei. Kū ka ʻōpū i ka hoʻoilo, ʻoi aku ia i nā makahiki hōʻiliʻili.
I ke kauwela, e nānā ʻo sika deer i ka meaʻai i ke kakahiaka a i ke ahiahi, i nā lā hoʻoilo, ke ikaika nei nō hoʻi lākou, akā hiki ʻole iā lākou ke waiho i ko lākou wahi i loko o ka heʻe, a e hūnā ana i nā kihi o ka nahele. Hōʻike lākou i ka holo holo wikiwiki i ke kauwela a me ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo ʻole o ka hoʻoilo, maʻalahi ka lele ma luna o ke kiʻekiʻe (a hiki i 1.7 m) mau kuʻekuʻe. ʻO ka uhi uhi hau (mai 0.6 m a i luna) lilo ia i pōʻino maoli no kahi kāʻei. Holo ka holoholona i ka mānoanoa o ka hau a hiki ke neʻe iki i ka lele wale, e hoʻoneʻe koke i ka ikaika. Hoʻolaha nā hana hoʻoilo ma ke ʻano he ʻulea wale nō, akā e ʻimi pū i nā meaʻai.
He hoihoi! He lawaiʻa maikaʻi ʻo Deer, e uhi ana iā 10-12 km. Hoʻōla ka wai mai ka huehue a me ka ʻōpio, no laila i ka manawa o ka hōʻila o nā hua lāʻau, hele nā holoholona i uka, kū i ka wai a i nā wahi i puhi maikaʻi ʻia e ka makani.
ʻO Sika deer, e like me ka nānā ʻana o nā zoologists, hōʻike ʻia e nā neʻe mokulele.
ʻĀnō ke ola
I ka wao nahele, ʻaʻole e ola ʻo ka waʻa ma mua o 11-14 mau makahiki, e make ana i ka maʻi maʻi, nā mea hōʻeuʻeu nui, nā pōloli, nā mea ʻino a me nā mea poʻo.. ^ E Ha yM. I nā mahiʻai antler a me nā zoos, hiki i ka nui loa ke ola o ka sika deer hiki i 1821 mau makahiki, a ʻo nā wahine kahiko (ma hope o 15 mau makahiki) e hānau aku nō i nā keiki bipi.
ʻO Habitat, noho
ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu i noho ai ʻo sika deer ma northeast China, ma North Vietnam, Japan, Korea a me Taiwan. Ma Kina, ua piha loa ua nani kēia mau nani, akā mau lākou ma Asia Hikina (mai ka ʻAmelika Ussuri a hiki i Vietnam Vietnam a me kekahi mau mokupuni e pili ana iā ia). Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Sika deer i Aotearoa.
Aia mākou i kēia mau artiodactyls i loaʻa ma ke kūkulu hema o ka Far Hikina: e hoʻonui aku ana ka laha ma mua o Rūsia a i ka Penini Korea a i ke komohana a Manchuria. I nā makahiki 40 o ke kenekulia hope, ua hoʻonoho ʻia ʻo sika deer ma kahi mau ʻāina mālama Soviet.
- Ilmensky (kokoke iā Chelyabinsk),
- Khopersky (kokoke iā Borisoglebsk),
- ʻO Mordovian (ʻaʻole mamao mai Arzamas),
- Buzuluk (kokoke iā Buzuluk),
- Oksky (hikina hikina o Ryazan),
- Teberdinsky (Caucasus Keʻena).
- Kuibyshevsky (Lada).
ʻAʻole i nā holoholona i nā aʻa wale nō i ka mālama hope loa, akā ua hana maoli lākou i nā wahi ʻē aʻe, e komo pū ana me Moscow Region, nā kihi o Vilnius, Armenia a me Azerbaijan.
Nui! Ma ka ʻAlima Primorsky, e ʻoi aku ka wao i nā ulu lāʻau ʻalā i ulu ʻole ʻia i lalo o ka nāhelehele ʻalā.
Noho ʻo Sika deer ma ka ʻaoʻao hema / kahakaha o nā kahakai kahakai liʻiliʻi, kahi i ka neʻe ʻole ka hau ma mua o ka hebedoma, ʻoiai e holoi ʻia ana e ka ua. Loaʻa nā wahi punahele i ka ʻāina pā nui me nā kahawai he nui. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka nui o nā holoholona ʻōpio a me nā wahine, ʻaʻole like me nā kāne makua, noho kokoke i ka moana a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka pali.
ʻOno ʻai ʻaʻai Sika
ʻO ka papa kuhikuhi o kēia mau artiodactyls ka mea kanu wale nō - ma kahi o 130 mau ʻano ma ka Far East a ʻekolu mau manawa e like me ka nui (390) ma ke kūkulu hema o Lūkia, a me kāna ʻāpana ʻEulopa. Ma Primorye a me Asia Hikina, ma kahi o 70% o ka meaʻai meaʻai he mau lāʻau / mauʻu. Eia i ka hānai kaiʻai:
- ʻaka (acorns, ʻehā, lau, ʻōpana a pua)
- linden a me Manchu aralia,
- ʻAmona hua waina a me kāna hua Amur.
- nā acantopanax a me nā lesedets,
- ʻO ka wili Ash and Manchurian
- maple, elm, sedge a me nā umbrella.
Nā manu ʻili koʻi i ka lua o ka hoʻoilo, ke hina ka nui o ka hau. I kēia manawa, hoʻohana ʻia ka willow, cherry manu, kohoia a me nā lālā alder.
He hoihoi! ʻO nā lau ʻeleʻele ka lau a me ka acorns mai lalo o ka hoʻoilo (me ka uhi uhi ʻana a hiki i 30-50 cm). I ka hoʻoilo, ua ʻai ʻia nā zoster a me nā kelp i ke kauwela, i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kauwela wale nō e like me ke kaʻi maloʻo. Hōʻole pinepine nā Deer i nā lālani lāʻau.
Hele ʻo Sika deer i ka wai paʻakai hoʻoneʻe a me nā minuke wai (mahana), lick algae, lehu, nā pēpē a me nā kukama o ka moana, a inu kekahi manawa i ka wai kai.
Pahu a keiki
Ma Lazovsky Zapovednik (Primorye), lele ka ʻoni sled i Kepakemapa / ʻOkakopa a hoʻopau i ka Nowemapa 5-8. ^ E Ha yM. I ka makahiki hōʻiliʻili no nā acorns, ke pāʻani nei nā mākeke (i ʻae ʻia i nā kāne ua loaʻa i 3-4 mau makahiki) e ikaika mau loa ia. E uwō ana nā kāne makua i ke kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi, loaʻa nā harems liʻiliʻi (3-4 "mau wahine") a nalowale hoʻi ke kaumaha me ka nalo o ke kaumaha. Loaʻa nā hakakā ma waena o nā ʻaila, ʻaʻole like me ke kanaka ʻo Manchurian.
Hānau ka hapai a 7.5 mau mahina, a me ka hoʻopakele ʻana mai ka luhi, e like me ke kānāwai, i ka waena o Mei (ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hopena o ʻApelila a Iune paha). He ʻanā ka nunui o ka māhoe Sika: ʻo ka ʻula nui ke hānau mai i hoʻokahi keiki bipi.
Nui! I nā mahiʻai antler, hana ʻia ke gon / calving ma hope o ke kaona manuahi ma Primorye. I ka hoʻo pio ʻana, uhi ʻia kahi mea ikaika ma ka ʻelima mau manawa, a ʻoi aku ka manawa 10-20 mau wahine.
Ke kaupaona nei nā kāne hou i 4.7–7.3 kg, nā wahine - mai 4.2 a i 6.2 kg. I ka wā kahiko, nawaliwali lākou a moe wahaheʻe i nā manawa a pau, aʻo ka māmā o kā lākou makuahine. Hiki i nā ʻōpio ke hānai i kā lākou ma hope o nā lā 10-20, akā hānai lākou i ka waiū o ka makuahine i ka manawa lōʻihi, a hiki i 4-5 mau mahina. ʻAʻole lākou e haʻalele i ko lākou makuahine a hiki i ka puna wai hope, a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi. Me ka molt lulu mua, nalowale ka hoki i ko lākou ala i ka wai.
I ka mahina 10, ua hoʻolilo ʻia nā paila liʻiliʻi (3.5 cm) ma ke poʻo o nā ʻōpio kāne, a ma ʻApelila mau pūmahi mua, ʻike ʻole ʻia. Lawe ʻia nā kāne ʻōpio iā lākou no kahi makahiki hoʻokahi, e hāʻule ana i ka Mei / Iune o ka makahiki e hiki mai ana ke loaʻa i nā puʻupuʻu branched branched.
Ka pae o nā kānaka a me nā kūlana
Ke mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hina mālie ke kumukū o ka wild sika deer. ʻO ke kumu nui o ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka i ka hopu manu keu, i hoʻolaha ʻia ma luna o kēia mau ungulate no ka mea he nani a me nā ʻaihue. ʻO nā mea maikaʻi ʻē aʻe i ʻōlelo ʻia:
- ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hana hoʻopunipuni
- ka hana ʻana o nā hale noho hou i nā kaukani hou,
- ke ʻano o nā ʻīlio hihiu a me nā ʻīlio
- nā maʻi huakaʻi a me ka pōloli.
ʻO ka lawe ʻana i nā holoholona hili i pili pū me ka ulu ʻana o nā mahiʻai antler, ʻaʻole i ʻike ka poʻe limahana i ka hopu ʻana i nā holoholona i ka wā mua, kahi mea i make ai nā kahe nui.. ^ E Ha yM. I kēia mau lā, pāpā ʻia ka holoholona sika deer i mea ʻole i kēlā me kēia wahi i ka pae kānāwai. Ua hina nā holoholona (i ke kūlana o nā ʻano like ʻole) ma nā ʻaoʻao o ʻ Booklelo Red Red o ka Russian Federation a ma ka International Red Book.
Ma Lūkia, ke manaʻo nei lākou e hoʻokuʻu i nā kuʻekuʻe i nā mokupuni e kokoke ana ma Vladivostok. ʻO ia ka hana mua i ka hoʻoili hou ʻana i loko o nā wahi o Primorye kahi i loaʻa mua ai, akā nalowale kekahi.
Ke kūlike o ka sika deer
He holoholona artiodactyl nani a nani i kapa ʻia ʻo Sika deer, aia kahi kino ikaika a ʻilihune. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino wahine ka lōʻihi o ka 174 kenimika me kahi kiʻekiʻe ma ka maloʻo a hiki i ka 98 sentimeter. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā pākeke makua, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ko lākou kino a hiki i 180 kenimika me kahi kiʻekiʻe ma ka maloʻo a hiki i 118 kenimika. ʻO ka paona o nā wahine i hōʻea ke 74-84 kg, nā kāne, 118-1132 kg.
He poʻo liʻiliʻi, nani, kūpono i ka ʻāʻī ākea a lokomaikaʻi, aia wale nō i nā kāne i hoʻonani ʻia me nā puʻupuʻu nani, ka lei o ia mau ʻelima, ʻehā, ʻelima a keu loa paha - i ʻehiku mau kaʻina, ʻo ka nui o ka nui o ka 80 kenimika. ʻO ka nui o nā kaʻina, ka nui o nā pu a me kā lākou kaupaona nei i hilinaʻi ʻia i ka makahiki o ka holoholona. ʻO Deer-devyavletka, ma ke ʻano ture, he ʻoi nui kona nui. ʻAʻole e like me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe he ʻano tubular o nā pū, a hoʻololi ʻo Fa-Lu i kona mau pū i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
Nā pepeiao nui nui, nui, kelepona ʻana a kūlou mau pepeiao i nā pepeiao.
ʻAno, mālie nā wāwae ikaika e ʻae i ka waiika sika i holo, lele a lele maikaʻi loa. Holo ka lele ʻana i loko o ka ʻuhane piha o ka artiodactyl hiki ke lōʻihi o 10 m mau a me ke kiʻekiʻe o 2 mau mika.
ʻO ke kala o ke kapa wahī o kēia Ussuriite nani, i ke kauwela, he ʻulaʻulaʻula ulaula i loaʻa nā kiʻi pōkole liʻiliʻi e hūnā ʻia ma hope a me nā ʻaoʻao o ka holoholona. I ka hoʻoilo, ua nau kēia kala aniani, e kiʻi ana i kahi kala ʻula-hina. Holo nā wahi a lilo i mea ʻike ʻole. ʻOi aku ka mama o ka ʻōpū a me kahi kokoke i ka huelo o ka sika deer, i kekahi manawa a hiki i kahi ʻulaʻulaʻula. Aia ma ka lōʻihi holoʻokoʻa o ke kino, mai ke kua o ke poʻo a hiki i ka waihona o ka huelo, aia ma kahi ʻaloʻeleʻele a ʻona paha, kahi i kapa ʻia ka palena-hem.
Kahi poto ka huelo o ka holoholona. "Mirror" (keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo a puni ka huʻu), i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka ʻulaʻula a me ka lauoho ʻeleʻele paha.
Mahele ʻāpana a me kahi noho o ka rula Ussuri
ʻO ka hale noho nui o nā kaila Ussuri o sika deer e uhi i ka ʻāpana o ke Teritori Primorsky o Rūsia, ma ke kahakai hikina o China a me ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka Peninsula Korea. Loaʻa ʻia kēia holoholona ma North Vietnam, Japan a me Taiwan. Ua ʻike ʻia ma nā mokupuni o Peter the Great Bay i ka Moku o Iapana a me nā mokulāʻau hema o nā ʻihi o Kuril archipelago (Kunashir, Iturup, Shikotan Islands). Ua hoʻoili ʻia nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a ua hoʻopili ʻia i nā ʻāina āpau o nā ʻāpana honua āpau. ʻO nā wahi pilikino maʻamau i hui ʻia i nā nāhelehele o ka ʻano Manchu, nā wahi i kālai ʻia i ka ʻauʻau Sikhote-Alin, nā wahi ʻino o nā kahawai o Far East e kahe ana i ka Moana o Iapana.
ʻO ka hapa liʻiliʻi o kēia subieches artiodactyl acclimatized i nā ʻāina ʻē i noho i nā wahi lāʻau me nā koina o nā lau a me nā ʻāpana nui, a me nā puʻu wai o nā kahawai.
ʻO Sika Deer Kaukaʻi a me ke ʻano
"Kāleka-deer" alakaʻi i ke ʻano hene wahine. I ka awelika, he huina keu he 7 a 10 mau kanaka. No ka hoʻoilo, hele nā artiodactyls i nā pānaʻi nui.
Koho ka poʻe Ussurians i kālai ʻia, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ahiahi ahiahi a i ka pō, ʻoi aku ka hoʻomaha ʻana i ke ao i ke ao i kahi kihi hilo iki o kahi o ka nahele. Hiki ke hālāwai me lākou e ʻohiʻiwa ana i ke ahiahi a i ka hoʻoilo wale ma ke kahakai a i nā ʻāpana ʻē kahi a lākou e hū ai mai ka makani ikaika.
Huli ka holoholona a puni o ko lākou ʻāina me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā alanui like ʻole, he nui ka hele ʻana i ka ʻaoʻao. E holo maikaʻi ʻo Deer eʻai, kahi e hiki ai iā lākou e ʻauʻau wale i nā muliwai, akā ke ākea ka moana a hiki i 10 mau laulā. ʻO ia ke kumu e ʻike ai i nā mokupuni o ke kuahiwi o Kuril i ke Kai o Okhotsk, kahi mamao loa mai ka ʻāina nui.
ʻAʻole i like me nā holoholona holoholona hihiu ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole makaʻu ʻo Fa-Lu e hoʻokokoke aku i nā hale o ke kanaka, nā ala a me nā alahele i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, ʻoiai ua maikaʻi ʻole ia. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, ʻoi loa hoʻi i loko o ka hoʻoilo ma laila, ke kipa aku i nā wahi hānai i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ke kanaka.
Huli ʻAi Keikena Sika Deer
Hana ʻia ka poli male i ka makahiki ʻekolu a ʻehā paha o ke ola, ʻoiai ua mākaukau nā kāne wahine no ka moe ʻana i ʻelua mau makahiki.
ʻO Gon (ka wā kanu) i ka ʻoihana sika i ka manawa o ka mahina - mai ka Pōʻakahi a hiki i ka hopena o ʻOkakopa. No ka pono nona ka ʻikepili ma waena o nā pā kāne makua, hakakā ke hakakā nui, e hōʻoki pinepine ana i nā hōʻeha ma nā mea hoʻokūkū. ʻAʻole ia he mau pepeiaʻi wale nō, akā ua ʻili ʻia nā hoove a me nā niho. Akā, ke ʻōlelo nei lākou, ʻo ka mea lanakila - e loaʻa nā mea a pau.
Ma hope o ka wā e moe ai, i ka wā e hoʻopili ʻia nā pilina a pau, nā kāne makua o ka Ussuri sika deer, i hana ai i kā lākou iho "kāne", waiho, waiho i nā wahine i kanu ʻia e kanu pū kekahi.
Ma hope o ka hāpai ʻana i ka hapawāwalu malama, ma mua mai Mei a Iune, ʻo ka ʻeleʻa hoʻokahi wale nō ka makana. Loaʻa loa ka hānau ʻana o ʻelua mau kāne. ʻO ka paona o ka pēpē hou mai 4 a 7 mau kilo.
Nā kahu hānai o ka hua sika deer
Ke kū nei ka ʻele keiki hou o ka Ussuri sika deer ma kona mau wāwae i nā hola mua ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, akā naʻe i loko o kēia manawa palupalu loa ia e hahai i ka makuahine. No laila, noho mau ʻo ia i kahi lōʻihi no ka hūnā ʻana i nā mauʻu lāʻau kiʻekiʻe a ulu wale nō paha. Kuhi ka makuahine ʻeleʻele kokoke i ka cub, e hānai ana iā ia me ka waiū a hiki i ka 10 mau manawa i ka lā.
Ma hope o ka hiki ʻana i ʻelua makahiki ʻelua mau keiki pēpē, ʻoi aku ka waiū, hoʻomaka ka ʻūlū i nā mauʻu a me nā lau ʻōpio o ka ulu lāʻau kūʻokoʻa. Ua hoʻololi iki ʻo ia i ka mea kanu a, i ka makahiki hoʻokahi, waiho a pau i ka mālama o kona makuahine.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka holoholona
He nui nā ʻenemi sika Ussuri ma ke ʻano - he ʻīlio, he tiger Ussuri, he bear brown, he lynx, a ma kekahi mau wahi o ka Far East, he leopona.
ʻO ka ʻenemi nui a me ka weliweli o kēia holoholona hihiu. Ma nā hau hoʻoilo, inā ʻaʻole ke kahoo keu e loaʻa ai ka meaʻai, akā ke paʻakikī loa i pakele ai mai ka hau hohonu mai ka hahai ʻana, ʻo ia nā ʻīlio nāu a me ka luku a hiki i ka hapalima o ka lehulehu sika deer.
ʻO kēia ʻano ʻāpana artiodactyl ua loaʻa i kahi nui o nā kānaka. A me nā mea āpau - ʻōpio a palupalu mālie, uhi ʻia nā pūheilima kīwaha koko - nā ʻōpio i hoʻohana ʻia i mea momona maikaʻi loa - pantocrine. ʻO ia kahi i hoʻopau ai i ka momi a nā mea ʻokiʻoki manuahi i hoʻopōʻino nui ai i ka lehulehu o kēia mea nani.
ʻO ka kumu o ke ʻano a me ka wehewehe
Whakaahua: Sika deer
No ka pua pua (sika deer) kahi wahi kūikawā i hāʻawi ʻia i ka ʻohana deer. ʻO kēia paʻa i ka mea i paʻa ʻo ia i ka depopulation a no laila ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka Red Red Book. Ma muli o ka manaʻo i ka nui o nā ʻāina hikina, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo China a me Tibet, mahalo nui lākou i nā koho therapeutic o nā mākaukau, ke kumu no ka hana ʻana i nā pū i kū ʻole ʻia. ʻO Pantocrine, he hopena maikaʻi ma nā kikowaena o ka hanana ma waena, ua neoneo ʻia mai ka poʻe antler antler o sika deer.
Ua kiʻekiʻe loa ke kumukūʻai o nā pū, a ʻo ia ke kumu e piʻi nui ai ka hulina no ka ʻoki antler, a hāʻule koke kā lākou poʻe kānaka. Ma keia helu ʻana, i ka makahiki he iwakāluakūmākahi i USSR, he ʻumi mau tausani poʻo sika deer, a ma kekahi mau ʻāpana o Asia ua pau i kēia mau manu. Ma muli o ka noiʻi, ua ʻoki ka paleozoologist e huki ʻia ke anana o nā kahe hou i kēia ʻaoʻao ma Asia Hema. Ua manaʻo ʻia aia ka sika deer o ka wā kahiko, ka mea ʻo kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo ke hōʻoia i ka hele ʻana o kahi papa hana maʻalahi a me ke ʻano o nā pū i ka ʻāʻī hanohano.
Nā pilikia pio o ka sika deer
He holoholona nani a wiwo ʻole kēia. A ʻoiai e hiki iā ia ke hoʻokau aku i kahi kanaka iā ia iho ma mua o kona hoahānau pili ʻae, ʻo ke kanaka ʻo Manchurian, akā naʻe, makaʻu i ka hopena o kona ola a hoʻāʻo e pale i ka hālāwai ʻana i kahi kanaka, ʻoiai i ka noho pio ʻana, hiki iā ia ke lele nui a puni ka hoʻopono ʻana i ka hoʻopuni piha ʻia.
Hiki ke ola piha piha o kēia mea i loko o ka hihiu. Ma ka noho pio, hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻole ʻo ia i ka palu, ka mea e haʻalele ʻole i kona mālama home.
ʻIke ʻia me he kaila sika Ussuri, ʻike ma kēia wikiō.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me nā ʻano hana
Kiʻi ʻOihana: Sika deer ma Russia
Līlū ka sika deer me ka malu loa. He hālāwai me kēia holoholona wiwo ʻole i kahi wahi ākea, ʻaʻole ka helu ʻana i nā palapona mānoʻo ka like o ke kīnā. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻolohe i ke ala o kahi malihini a makemake ʻole paha i kahi wānana ma kahi mamao loa. Mai ia mea he pepeiao ia a me kahi ʻano nui o ka ʻono. Me ka loli o ka wā, loli ka ʻano o ka holoholona.
I ke kauwela - kūlohelohe ka ʻelima a ke ʻai mau nei. I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻoemi ka nui o ka ikehu, lilo lākou i ka hemahema, kū pinepine i ka pā. Kahi wale me ka neʻe o ka makani ikaika e pono ai ia e ʻimi e mālama i ka ulu lāʻau. He pāʻani a paʻakikī loa ʻo Sika deer. He poʻe lawaleʻa maikaʻi lākou, hiki iā lākou ke uhi i ka lōʻihi a hiki i 12 km ma ke kai.
Ua makemake ʻia ka holoholona i nā maʻi maʻi maʻi, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hihia o nā maʻi.
- rabies, necrobacteriosis, pasteurellosis, anthrax a me ka maʻi pā,
- kūpeʻe, candidiasis,
- dicroisliosis, helminths (pāwili, puni a me ka lipon).
- nā ʻoki, nā midges, nā lio, nā ʻōpū a me nā mea ʻē aʻe mai ka ʻohana o ka ectoparasites.
ʻO ka hope o ka mea i luna aʻe, e hoʻokau i kaʻeha a me nā hopohopo.
ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻenehana a me ka hana hou
Kuhi: Sika deer cub
Deer puberty ka hana ʻana i ka makahiki 1 a me 6 malama, akā mālama pinepine ʻia nā wahine i ʻekolu makahiki. Mākaukau nā ʻatikala e hoʻohua i mua ma mua o nā makahiki he ʻehā. Hoʻomaka ka wā hana ma ka mahina ʻo Kepakemapa a hoʻopau i ka hoʻomaka o Nowemapa. ʻO ka lōʻihi o kahi o 30 a 35 mau lā. I loko o kēia manawa, lohe ʻia ke kani ʻana o ke kāne ma kahi lōʻihi o nā haneli mau mika. Hana ʻo Mating i kekahi mau lā, ʻo kēia no ka mea ʻaʻole i loina i ka wahine.E hana i ke kaʻina hana i kekahi mau manawa me ka manawa pōkole, ma luna o nā kāne kahakaha kūikawā mau - nā waiʻala.
Hiki i ka lōʻihi o ka hāpaiʻana he 215 - 225 mau lā a i ʻole (7.5 mahina). Hoʻokahi mau keiki hānau keiki, a ma nā ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe o nā māhoe ʻokoʻa. Ke kūlohelohe nei ka hānō i Mei, ʻaʻole hiki i Iune. Hiki ke kaupaona ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo hou mai 4,5 a 7 kg. Hoʻopau i ka hānai o ka makuahine, ka bipi keiki hou, i ʻōlohelohe pinepine ai ma hope o ka puka ʻana, e hana i nā hana mua i mau hola. Hiki i nā keiki bipi ke hoʻomaka i hānai i 15 a 20 mau lā ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, a e huki i ka waiū a hiki i ka make ʻana o ka lā aʻe, inā ʻaʻole lawe ʻia mai ka makuahine.
Hoʻoulu ʻoi aku ka wā ʻōpiopio i ke kauwela, me ka hiki ʻana o ka hoʻoilo, e hoʻolohi i kēia mau kaʻina. Ma hope o ka lua o ka makahiki o ke ola ka ʻokoʻa o nā hiʻohiʻona, ʻokoʻa ka wahine, a loaʻa i ke kāne nā pūliki liʻiliʻi ma ke kumu o ka iwi, a ulu lākou i mau pū.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o sika deer
Kuhi: Wild sika deer
ʻO ka mea pōʻino, he nui nā maʻi maʻi o ka sika deer, ʻo ia hoʻi:
- nā ʻīlio hae
- nā kahu lāʻau, nā leopona, nā leopadi hau
- brown bear (hōʻeha iki paha)
- pokiha, martens, mau ʻīlio hihiu (pio i ka hanauna ʻōpio).
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ka ʻōpala hina i kēia mau mea. Holo ka poʻe ʻōpala i nā paʻi, ka hoʻokele a me ka puni ʻana i kahi pā liʻiliʻi. Loaʻa kēia i ka hoʻoilo a me ka hoʻoilo mua, i ka wā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka neʻe ʻana o ka sika deer. ʻO ka nāwaliwali a me ka lethargy o ka holoholona, i ka hopena me ka waiho ʻole o ka nui e pono ai ka hānai, e pili pū kekahi. Loaʻa pinepine nā Loners i mea pio no ka ʻohana cat, he mau mea ʻokoʻa lākou.
Hiki ke hopu ʻia kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo hilinaʻi. Aia ka hiki i kēia mau ʻōleʻaleʻa ke neʻe loa a hiki i ka hau hau, ʻaʻole i lawa ka manawa a ka mea pio ke pakele. Ma ka hau hoʻoilo a me nā hau maloʻo, hiki i ka holoholona ke make mai ka luhi, no ka mea hiki ʻole ke loaʻa i kāna ʻai ponoʻī. E lilo a nāwaliwali a me ka hōʻeha a me nā ʻeha, kahi i hoʻokaʻawale i nā poʻe nāhelehele o ka liʻiliʻi a me ka liʻiliʻi. ʻO ke ala wale nō e pale ai iā ʻoe iho ke pakele. Mai poina e hōʻemi nā holoholona i ka lilo o ka poʻe i ʻimi no ka ʻōpio ʻōpio no ka hana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau.
Kahu kiaʻi Sika
Whakaahua: Sika deer
Palapala ʻia nā Sika deer ma ka papa inoa o ka Red Union of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. ʻO ka hana koʻikoʻi ʻo ia ka mālama a mālama i ke ola o nā ʻano luhi ʻokoʻa ma kahi o ka hānai. Nā mea kikoʻī i kākau inoa ʻia ma ka Red Book o nā aupuni ma hope o Soviet e loaʻa mau i ka pale ma ka pae kānāwai. ʻOiai ia he palapala kūpono koʻikoʻi a loaʻa iā ia nā kulekele hana no ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻano luhi.
Ma hope iho he mau hoʻololi a hoʻāʻo e mālama i nā ʻano ʻano, alakaʻi kēia i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona:
- kahi kūlana (ka māhele honua)
- ka nui a me ka pae ʻana i loko o nā pipi,
- hui kūlohelohe (wā hoʻoulu),
- ka mea i kau aku ai i ka manawa o ka makahiki (akā, ʻaʻole haʻalele nā holoholona i ko lākou mau wahi, a he mea e hoʻonui ʻia ana he mau haneli he ʻeka).
I kēia manawa, aia kahi manaʻo no ka hoʻōho ikaika o ka lehulehu ma ka hihiu, a ke uku nei ka mālama nui ʻana i nā mālama kūlohelohe a me nā wahi e pili ana iā lākou. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia kekahi mau hana i loaʻa ka mana ma hope o ke kālai ʻia ʻana ma ke ʻano he papahana aupuni.
ʻO kahi hana nui:
- mālama e pili ana i nā ʻano o ka manu (inā hiki, ke ʻalū ʻana i nā ʻano o nā ʻano manuʻai),
- hana hou ʻia o nā wahi i noho ai nā holoholona,
- ka hoʻololi a me ka hana ʻana i nā wahi i mālama ʻia,
- palekana palekana mai nā mea wānana a me nā poachers (ʻo ka mea mua ka lawe ʻia ʻana e nā ʻīlio puaʻa).
ʻOiai ka hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻana i ka hopu, ʻaʻole i loli ka nui o ka nui o ka nui sika deer, a he emi ka manawa. ʻO kēia ke kumu i ka hoʻomau nei nā pōʻino i ka pōʻino nui, ke alualu nei i ka holoholona i loaʻa ka waiwai i kahi ʻano i loko o ke ʻano o ka ʻili ʻōlapa a i ʻole nā ʻōpio i hou ʻole ʻia. ʻAʻole maopopo inā loaʻa paha kahi hiki i ka wā e hoʻonui i nā palena o nā mea kanu lāʻau, ka mea o ka hana mua, ʻaʻole wale ia e lawe wale i ka pant, akā e hoʻopiha hou i nā kumulāʻau ken. Derpled deer pono e pale ai ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kanaka, inā ʻaʻole hiki koke iā mākou ke nalowale i kēia holoholona nani.
Sika ʻōnaehana kino ʻoihana
Kahi ka ʻōmole i ka laulā. Aia ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lau o nā kāne ʻōpio ma waena o 85-118 cm, he lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ke kino mai 90 a 118 cm. ʻO 265-335 mm ka lōʻihi o ke ʻūlapa, he weight live ka 93 a 148 kg. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā wahine wahine Sika deer ma mua o nā kāne (ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kaumaha ma mua o ka 20%). ʻO kahi poʻo liʻiliʻi me kahi muzzle liʻiliʻi, he ʻāʻī lōʻihi a me nā wāwae wīwī e hāʻawi i ka sika deer i kahi ʻōpiopio. Ua lōʻihi ka pepeiao, ua kuhikuhi ʻia i mua, ke piʻi lākou i nā kihi o ka fossa preorbital, a hele paha i mua. Nui ka ʻōhā o ka ihu, ka mea kikowaena waena o ka lehelehe luna, ka papa ākea ma waena o nā ihu a pākaʻi i nā ʻaoʻao o ka hope. He nui ka nui o nā kelepona preorbital. ʻO ka iris o sika deer he brown me kahi haumana paʻa i ka pae.
ʻO ka hoʻoilo o ka hoʻoilo ma kahi o ka sika deer he ʻumi a me kahi pōpoki kaʻai. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka lauoho ma ka kua i kēia manawa, e pili ana iā 5-6 cm.ʻO nā muzzle i mua o nā maka a me nā ʻōpū ma lalo o ka carpal a me nā hock hoʻouhi i uhi i ka lauoho pōkole a paʻa. ʻO ka lauoho ma ka metatarsal kelepa i hoʻokumu i kahi ʻano o ka elastic pill e kūʻai ma luna o ka maka maʻamau o ka ʻili e puni ana. Ua uhi ʻia me ka hulu o ka huluhulu sika, i ka lōʻihi o ke kino, ʻaʻole ia e kū i ka hopena o ka pala. ʻAʻohe o loko (ventral) o ke kaʻe o ka lauoho. I nā kāne, ʻo nā hulu o ka ʻāʻī, inā hoʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao lalo, ua elongated i 9-10 cm a hana i kahi ʻano mane.
ʻO ka mōʻaukala a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka sika deer
ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia ka ʻāina fossil, akā ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā kaika sika, akā ʻike kona mau aʻa i ke ʻano Pliocene C. magnus Zdansky mai Kina, ʻehā mau mea ʻehā hana i nā pū. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka sika deer i palena iki i nā panalāʻau hikina o Kina, Korea, ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka ʻAla Hikina, a me nā mokupuni ʻo Iapana a me Taiwan.
Ma loko o Rūsia, loaʻa ka sika deer i ka hihiu ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka Primorsky Keʻena hema o ka 46th paralelala. I ka wā i hala iho nei, noho ʻo ia i ka māhele āpau o nā kahe o ka hikina o Sikhote-Alin i loko o kēia mau palena. I kēia manawa ua hoʻomāhele nui ʻia. ʻO ke kumu ka nele o nā kūlana kūpono i nā wahi a i ʻole ka lulu ʻana i waho a me ka luku ʻia e ke kanaka. Ma ka waena o ka makahiki hope, ua loaʻa nā sika deer i ke awāwa o ka muliwai. ʻO Ussuri mai luna aʻe a hiki i ka waha o Nora. I kēlā manawa, ma ka ʻaoʻao kahawai o ka pā o Sikhote-Alin, ʻo ka palena ʻākau ke awāwa ʻo Bikina. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole ʻo ia ma laila, me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole o ka manawa i paʻa i ke pio.
ʻO Sika Deer Biology
ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā kao ʻoka i ʻike ʻia i ka wao nahele a me ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana iā Ussuri taiga me ka nui o ka oak maoli, Maple, linden, lehu, Walch Manchurian, velvet a me nā mea kanu o nā pua ʻo Manchurian. ʻO ka ʻāina kahi o ka nohona nā puʻu kuahiwi me nā puʻu pōhaku a me nā wahi e kau ai, nā nui awāwa (nā māka), nā kahawai a me nā muliwai. Hāʻawi ʻia ka makemake i nā wahi i loli mau ai nā ʻano lāʻau me nā ʻōpala, nā ʻāina ʻāina punahele a ke kanaka i ke kauwela. Ua hoʻokomo paʻa ʻo Sika deer i kahi ulu lāʻau ulu ulu i ulu ma ka pūnaewele o nā puhi mua.
ʻO kahi mea e hoʻokō koʻikoʻi i ka hana a hoʻopili i ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka sika deer ka hohonu o ka uhi hau. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke loaʻa i ka meaʻai mai loko o ka hau hohonu, a ʻo ka kiʻekiʻe o ka uhi hau ma ke 20-30 cm ka palena loa. ʻAʻole liʻiliʻi ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻoilo. Ma nā ʻaoʻao komohana o Sikhote-Alin, ʻoi aku ka hohonu o ka hau ma lalo o ka hikina, akā ʻoiai ua waiho ʻia ma kahi uhi mau a lōʻihi loa ia aku ka lōʻihi o nā nalo i ʻike ʻia i ka hapa nui o lākou. Mālama ʻia ka hapanui o kāna mau holoholona ma kahi kokoke i ke kahakai o ke kai o Iapana, kahi e hoʻoilo ʻole ai ka hoʻoilo a hāʻule koke ka hau i ka hau. ʻOi aku ka mamao mai ke kai, lilo ka ʻelele ma mua.
Noho ʻo Sika deer ma nā pūʻulu o nā holoholona he 7-10, e hōʻuluʻulu i kekahi manawa i nā pūʻulu o nā ʻumi, a me nā pā o kekahi, he mau haneli. Kahi ʻia nā holoholona o nā holoholona o kēlā me kēia ʻano a me nā ʻano. I ka wā e ulu ai ka pepeiaohao (nā ʻōpio), mālama maʻamau nā kāne, nā wahine no ka manawa calving a me nā hebedoma mua o ka lactation hoʻi ka hoki mai ka bipi, kahi e hui pū ai lākou i ka ikaika o ka ʻeleʻele. Ma ke poʻo o ka pipi, e like me Mirolyubov (1936), ka wahine. I ka hihia o ka pōʻino, hana ka mea hope i kahi pīpī me kahi hoʻohui o kahi kani haʻahaʻa. Kāwele nui nā kahe ʻōpala i nā puʻu nui. I ka manawa like, nā keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo i ka lūlū o ka huelo, e kū like, kū hou ka reflexively a me ka aniani e kokoke ana i ka huluhulu nui e hoʻonui i ka nui, e kōkua ana i ka holo ʻana i nā holoholona ʻaʻole e nalowale i kēlā me kēia.
ʻO nā holoholona kanaka ʻo Sika deer he mau holoholona kūlohelohe. Kūpono ka hakakā ma waena o lākou (koe wale nō nā kāne i ka wā o ka rut). E like me nā mea hana e pale aku ai a me ka hoʻouka ʻana, lawelawe nā kāne i nā pū ʻehā ossified. I ka wā e ulu ai ka hope, e hakakā nā kāne, e like me nā wahine, e hakakā me ko lākou mau niho a i ʻole wāwae mua, e hoʻopuka ana i nā hōʻili a me nā lā o nā hi o ko lākou mau mele. ʻO Sika deer kahi lawaiʻa nani. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia nā hihia he nui o ka hele ʻana i nā kuʻekuʻe ma luna o 10 km ākea no ka neʻe ʻana mai ka ʻāina nui a i nā mokupuni a i ʻole kekahi e ʻike ʻia, ʻaʻole wale nō ma ka hoʻoilo wela, akā ʻo ka hoʻoilo wale nō.
Ke neʻe nei ʻoe i loko o nā ʻāina i noho ʻia, ʻimi kūleʻa nei ka sika deer i nā ala e hele ai nā ala. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano ma mua e nā mea ʻoihana e hana i nā pā me nā lua manu (Ludev), a me nā pahele.
Hoʻokele ʻo Sika deer i nā hola o ka lā i loko o nā kumu lāʻau ma lalo o ke kumu o nā kumulāʻau a me nā kumulāʻau. Wehe ʻia nā puka no ka wā ahiahi, i ke kakahiaka a i ka pō paha.
Sika ʻai leole. I ka hana kūlohelohe, hānai ʻia nā kaika sika i nā mea kanu, hoʻomaka mai nā pelahihi a hoʻopau i nā lau, ʻāhā, nā ʻōpala, a me nā lālā o ka nui o nā kumu lāʻau. Eia kekahi, ke ʻano o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā mea kanu hānai. I ka pūnāwai, ʻo ka meaʻai nui ka mea ʻōpio ʻōpiopio, me nā ʻano pōmaikaʻi, umbellate, Asteraceae, a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe. I ke kauwela, ʻo ka punahele a me ka meaʻai nui nā lau a me nā pua o nā hua waina. Hāʻawi ʻo Oak i ka nahele i ʻike ʻia me ka meaʻai ʻaʻole wale i ke ʻano o nā lau a me nā pua, akā he ʻele nō hoʻi, ka mea i loko o nā makahiki o ke ʻālua nui, ua kokoke pau kēia meaʻai i ka hoʻoilo. Ma waena o nā mea kanu anu i ʻike ʻia a ka inoa ʻo T. I. Ryabova (1935) kekahi inoa o nā ʻano lāʻau ʻala. I ka hoʻoilo, ʻo ke kumu o ka palaʻai ʻo ka ʻai lāʻau, a aia wale nō i kekahi o nā lāʻau ʻala-hoʻoilo. ʻO ka nui o nā hua lāʻau, nā lālā o ka pelepela, nā walnut a Manchurian a me Aralia ʻohi nui loa i ka manawa i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole ka mea kanu wale nō, akā ua ʻai ʻia ka ʻōpala i nā mea hope loa, nā mea pinepine e make ai nā lāʻau.
Sika keiki puaʻa
Hōʻalo ʻia ka manawa male (gon) i ka sika deer mai Sepatemaba a hiki i Nowemapa. ʻO ka kiʻekiʻe o ka rut e kō i ka mahina o ʻOkakopa. I kēia manawa, hōʻiliʻili i nā kāne i nā wahine wahine e puni iā lākou iho. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ia i hoʻokahi kāne i ka wā hana o ka wahine a hiki ke hānai iā 5-7, i kekahi manawa DO '10 a ʻoi aku ka wahine. Mālama ʻia ka hune i kēia manawa ma nā pūʻulu o nā pahuhopu 10-30 (me nā holoholona liʻiliʻi). ʻAʻole hōʻike nā wahine i nā hōʻailona o ke ala. ʻO nā kāne, i nā wā maʻamau, he ʻoluʻolu loa, i ka wā ʻoi e haki loa, e ʻāʻī ana, e ʻeli ana i nā lua o ka lepo a me ka pā ʻana i ka ʻōpala. Ma waena o lākou, e like me nā kākelele ʻē aʻe, loaʻa ka hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū, a hiki i nā holoholona ke hōʻeha nā hōʻeha nui ma luna o kekahi me nā pu. Aia nā pilikia i ʻike ʻia i ka wā o ka hakakā i ke kaua e hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā pū a make. Hōʻalo i kahi kāne make i ka bipi e ʻimi ana i kahi harem hou a mālama paha i kahi mamao mahalo mai ka mea lanakila. Ma ka hopena o ka rut, he ʻōpala loa nā kāne. Uhi ʻia ka wahine e ka kāne ma waena o nā manawa he nui. ʻAʻole ʻike maoli ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi a me ke cyclicality o ka estrus, akā ma ka hihia ʻole o ka paʻipaʻi ʻana i ka estrus mua, ʻike pinepine ʻia ka hopena. Kuhi ʻia ka lōʻihi o ka hāpai ʻana ma o ka nānā pololei ʻana a he liʻiliʻi iki ma mua o 7% o nā malama. Hoʻomaka maoli ka calving mai ka hopena o Mei a kū i ka hapalua o Iulai. Akā i ke kūlana o ka mālama ʻana i ka mākeke semi-free, inā i pau ʻole i ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana o kekahi mau holoholona, he hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka lawaiʻa holoholona, a, no laila, hoʻomau ka male ʻana. I kēia mau hihia, ʻaʻole pinepine nā keiki.
ʻO nā mahina mua o ke ola, ulu wikiwiki lākou a hiki i ka paona o 25-35 kg e nā makahiki ʻeono. ʻO ka molt mua e hele i ka manawa like me nā wahine makua. I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻoheheʻe ka ulu, akā ulu ulu nui ka ʻiole a hiki i ʻelua mau makahiki ʻelua, hiki i ka 80% o nā kau pā momona i kēia manawa. ʻO ka paona nui loa, e like me I. Mirolyubov, i nā kāne, ʻike ʻia i ka makahiki o 7-10 mau makahiki, i nā wahine i nā makahiki he 4-6. ʻO ka hōʻemi ʻana i kahi mea ola, hoʻopaʻi ʻia ma ka pae o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pu, hoʻomaka i ka makahiki 12 mau makahiki. ʻO ka palena makahiki e hiki ai i kahi kaila sika ke ola i loko o ka mālama mālama i ka mālama semi-free he 20-25 mau makahiki he mau makahiki .. aia kekahi mau makahiki i hānau ʻia ai nā wahine i ka makahiki 18-20 makahiki.
He kāne male a Antler reindeer male
ʻO ke kumu kūʻai o nā ʻokiʻoki a me ka piʻi wikiwiki ʻana i ka helu o nā holoholona hihiu i lawe mai i kahi lālā hou o ka holoholona hihiu - antler reindeer malery.
A lilo ka deika deer kahi meaʻokoʻa wale nō ka wā e lawe ʻia mai kona makuahine i ke ʻano mua o ke ola a hānai i kahi kamaʻilio pololei a kū pū me kahi kanaka. Akā no kēia mea, ʻaʻole ka ʻae ʻo ia i ka hana iā ia e hana i kahi mau o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, e like me ka hoʻokalakupua i ka hana ʻōpiopio, a me nā kāne a pau, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi loa a me ka aloha i nā manawa ʻē aʻe, i ka wā kolohe ke lilo i kūwaho a me ka weliweli no ka limahana mālama. Ma lalo o nā kūlana o kā lākou maʻamau semi-free, nā hopena o ka home i loko o ke ʻano o ka aʻa e ʻike wale ʻia ana i ka hana pono ʻana i ka hoʻoilo hoʻoilo, ke kīloi nei ka hānai manuahi, hele mai i nā mea hānai manu i mua o ia, a lawe mau kekahi holoholona i ka meaʻai mai nā lima o ka poʻe e mālama nei.
ʻO ka hānai ʻana o Antler reindeer i Primorye ala i ka hopena o nā 60s i ka makahiki hope ma ke kumu o ka lawaiʻa predatory i ka taiga me ke kōkua o nā kāne kīlohelohe a me kā lākou hōkeo ʻana i nā pā a i ka wā e hoʻomohala ai nā mea holika, a hahai ʻia e ka luku. ʻO nā paionia o ka male ʻana i ka male kāne maoli, he mau malihini o Rūsia, ka mea, me nā kāne kāne, hoʻomaka lākou e loaʻa i nā wahine i hopu ʻia, me ka manaʻo e loaʻa a hānai i keiki. Ma aneane like, wehe ka manawa, ʻaʻole ka luku kāne, e hoʻokomo (ʻokiʻoki) i nā mea kuʻuna mai ka ola ola, ʻo ia ka mea e hōʻoia ai i ka hana hou ʻana o nā huahana antler mai nā holoholona like ʻole a nui hoʻi ka mahuahua o ka pono o ka male ʻohe reindeer. ʻOnji mau kenimita 1.5–2 ʻoi aku ma mua o ka lei o ka antler ma ka hope aʻe, a i kekahi manawa i ka makahiki hoʻokahi, e ulu hou. Ua paʻa paʻa ʻia inā ʻaʻole e pili kino i ka ʻokiʻoki ʻana i nā mea aʻokiʻoki i kēlā me kēia holoholona e like me ka nui a me ka nui a me ka maikaʻi o nā mea pīpī e ulu a hiki i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana.
Me kēia poʻe kahu hipa manuahi, kahi i hānai ʻia ai nā holoholona nui i ka makahiki a ua hōʻole ʻia i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa pono ʻana, ʻoi loa mai ka hopena o ke kenekulia hope loa kahi nui o ka ʻāina e lawaiʻa nei i ka ʻoihana e hana nei.I kēia mau kumulāʻau, mālama ʻia nā kaika sika i nā wahi ākea nui - nā māla i kahi i hana ai lākou i ka hānai i nā makahiki āpau. Ma kahi maloʻo koʻikoʻi a i ʻole ka palena palena ʻole a me ka nele o ka meaʻai maoli, ʻo ka holoholona i hānai ʻia me ka ʻōpala. Noho ʻo Deer ma kahi kokoke i ko lākou ka puka ʻana ma waho, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka waiwai waiwai i ka pana ʻana o nā kāne i mea e loaʻa ai nā mua aloha. Ua mālama pū ʻia ka wahine me nā kāne ma nā māla a me nā kāne reindeer kāne, ʻo ka hana o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka hana zootechnical e hana ʻole ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hana pinepine ʻia ka puhi ʻana o nā kāne maikaʻi loa no nā kumu o ke kumukūʻai nui o nā ʻāohe. A ke hopena, loaʻa kahi kolo o ka deer, i hōʻike ʻia ma ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa o ka paona ola, hōʻino ʻia i ke ʻano o ka nui a me ka nui o nā aniani.
Loaʻa i ka male ʻana ka mea hānai i ka hoʻomohala holomua a me ke alakaʻi pono i ka wā Soviet. ʻO ko mākou aupuni ka mea hoʻokahi i ka honua kahi i hoʻomohala pono ʻia kēia ʻoihana holoholona. ʻO ka mea e ola ana i ka ʻoihana sika deika i lawe ʻia ma lalo o ka pale palekana. Ke kālai ʻia nei no ka pāpā i kēia makahiki.